Unit 3

• Cloud Computing Architecture :

• Introduction
• Cloud Reference Model
• Types of Clouds
• Economics of the Cloud
• Open Challenges.
• Definition.
“Cloud computing is a utility-oriented and
internet centric way of delivering IT services
on demand. These services cover the entire
computing stack : from the hardware
infrastructure packaged as a set of virtual
machines to software services such as
development platforms and distributed
applications. “
 • 5 essential characteristics :
1. In demand self service
2. Broad network access
3. Resource pooling
4. Rapid elasticity
5. Measured service
 • 3 service models
1. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
2. Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS)
3. Infrastructure-as-a-Service(IaaS)
 • 4 deployment models
1. Public clouds
2. Private clouds
3. Community clouds
4. Hybrid clouds
• Cloud reference model.
• IaaS
- provides virtualized computing resources over the
internet.
- A cloud provider hosts the infrastructure
components present in an on-premises data
center, including servers, storage and networking
hardware.
- provider also supplies services like billing,
monitoring, log access, security, load balancing,
clustering, backups, replication and recovery.
• PaaS
- is a third-party provider delivers hardware and
software tools needed for application
development over the internet.
- Allows to avoid the expense and complexity of
buying and managing software licenses .
• SaaS
- is a software distribution model in which a
third-party provider hosts applications and makes
them available to customers over the Internet.
- SaaS removes the need for organizations to install
and run applications on their own computers or in
their own data centers. This eliminates the
expense of hardware acquisition, provisioning and
maintenance, as well as software licensing,
installation and support.
 • Types of clouds
1. Public
2. Private
3. Hybrid/hetrogeneous
4. Community
• Public cloud
- is defined as computing services offered by third-party providers over
the public Internet, making them available to anyone who wants to use or
purchase them. They may be free or sold on-demand, allowing customers
to pay only per usage.
- It can save companies from the expensive costs of having to purchase,
manage and maintain on-premises hardware and application .
- A fundamental characteristic of public cloud is multi-tenancy. A public
cloud is meant to serve a multitude of users and not a single customer.
- A public cloud can offer any kind of service : infrastructure, platform, or
applications.
- For example, amazon EC2 is a public cloud providing IaaS, Google
AppEngine is a public cloud providing an application development PaaS,
and Salesforce.com is a public cloud providing SaaS.
• Private clouds
- Cloud environments dedicated to the end user, usually within the user's
firewall.
- Although private clouds ran on-premise, organizations are now
building private clouds on rented, vendor-owned data centers located
off-premise.
- Private clouds are virtual distributed systems that relay on a private
infrastructure and provide internal users with dynamic provisioning of
computing resources.
- Different from public clouds , instead of a pay-as-you-go model, there
could be other schemes which take into account the usage of the cloud.
- Another interesting opportunity that comes with private clouds is the
possibility of testing applications and systems at a comparatively lower
price rather than public cloud before deploying them .
• Hybrid clouds
- It is a mix of on-premises, private cloud and
third-party, public cloud services with
orchestration between the two platforms.
- A computing environment that combines a
public cloud and a private cloud by allowing
data and applications to be shared between
them.
• Community cloud
- Is a cloud service model that provides
a cloud computing solution to a limited number of
individuals or organizations that is governed, managed
and secured commonly by all the participating
organizations or a third party managed service
provider.
- Candidate sectors for community clouds are
media industry, healthcare industry, energy and other
core industry, public sector, scientific research,
openness, community, graceful failures, convenience
and control, environmental sustainability.
 Economics of the cloud

- economics of cloud computing deal with the knowledge

concerning the principles, costs, and benefits
of cloud computing.
- The biggest benefit is financial, the pay-as-you-go model.
- Its reduces the capital cost associated to IT infrastructure.
- Eliminates the depreciation associated with IT assets.
- Replacing software licensing with subscriptions.
- Cutting down the maintenance and administrative costs of
IT resources.
 - Three different strategies or pricing models of cloud
computing is
(a). Tiered pricing- services are offered in several tiers,
and each tier offers a fixed computing specification
and SLA at a specific price per unit of time.
(b). Per unit pricing- this model is suitable in cases where
the principal source of revenue for the cloud provider
is determined in terms of units of specific services.
(c). Subscription based pricing- this is the model used
mostly by SaaS providers in which users are paying a
periodic subscription fee for the usage of the software
.
 Open challenges
1. Cloud definition
NIST – it characterizes cloud computing as :
on-demand self-service, broad network access,
resource pooling, rapid elasticity and measured
service.
- classifies services as SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS.
- categorizes deployment models as public,
private, community and hybrid clouds.
2. Cloud interoperability and standards.
There was no common agreement on the
protocols and technologies used but organizations
such as Cloud Computing Interoperability Form
(CCIF), Open cloud consortium and DMTF cloud
standards incubator are leading the path.
The Open Virtualization Format (OVF) is an
attempt to provide common format for virtual
machine image.
3. Scalability and fault tolerance.
The ability to scale on demand is the most attractive
feature.
The ability to tolerate failure is more important.
4. Security , Trust and privacy
These are major obstacles.
the traditional cryptographic technologies are used to
prevent data tampering .
The challenges within this area are concerned in
devising secure and trustable system from different
perspectives : technical, social and legal.
5. Organizational aspects
what is the new role of the IT department when
the company completely relies on cloud ?
How compliance department will perform its
activity when there is a considerable lack of
control over application workflows ?
What are the implications for organizations that lose
control over some aspects of their services ?