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Aves, Finca Estrella de Agua – Páramo de Frontino, municipality of Salento,

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 Chec List
ISSN 1809-127X (online edition)
© 2011 Check List and Authors
Open Access | Freely available at www.checklist.org.br Journal of species lists and distribution

Aves, Finca Estrella de Agua – Páramo de Frontino,

Species

municipality of Salento, Quindío, Colombia

of
Lists

Enrique Arbeláez-Cortés 1,2*, Oscar H. Marín-Gómez 1, Oscar Baena-Tovar 1 and Juan C. Ospina-González 1
1 Universidad del Quindío, Programa de Licenciatura en Biología y Educación Ambiental, Facultad de Educación. Cra. 15, Cll. 12 N. Armenia,
Q, Colombia.
2 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Museo de Zoologia, Departamento de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias. Circuito Interior,
Ciudad Universitaria, 04510. México, DF, México.
* Corresponding author. E-mail: enriquearbelaez@gmail.com

Abstract: We present a list of 92 bird species from Finca Estrella de Agua – Páramo de Frontino section (3,100 – 3,400 m)
in Salento municipality, Quindío Department, Central Andes of Colombia. The list was made by a combination of visual and
aural records and mist net captures during 2005, and complemented by opportunistic records during three consecutive
years. Notably, our list includes three Colombian endemics and semi-endemics: Eriocnemis derbyi (DeLattre and Bourcier,
1846), Eriocnemis mosquera (DeLattre and Bourcier, 1846) and Myioborus ornatus (Boissonneau, 1840). Three threatened
species were detected: Andigena hypoglauca (Gould, 1833), Bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons (Lawrence, 1880), and Buthraupis
wetmorei (Moore, 1934). Records led to altitudinal range extensions of four species: Pipreola riefferii (Boissonneau, 1840),
Glaucidium jardinii (Bonaparte, 1855), Margarornis squamiger (d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1838), and Pachyramphus
versicolor (Hartlaub, 1843). We highlight the importance of this area for conservation plans.

Introduction Materials and Methods

The Andes of South America span a length of 10,000 Study site
km and cover an area of 1,800,000 km2. They contain some This study was conducted on the western slope of the
of the most diverse and threatened bird faunas worldwide, Central Andes of Colombia at the northeastern section of
with almost 17% of all the global bird species recorded in Quindío Department (Figure 1), Salento municipality, in a
an area of only 1.3% of the world’s land surface (Fjeldså zone between Finca Estrella de Agua (3,100 m, 04°37’23.9”
and Krabbe 1990; Kessler and Herzog 1998). In Colombia, N, 75°25’52.3” W) and Páramo de Frontino (3,400 m,
Andean ecosystems persist mainly as fragments with 04°37’9.1” N, 75°25’30” W). This locality is different from
different sizes and isolation levels (Kattan 2002). Therefore, Páramo de Frontino, Antioquia, Western Andes (Krabbe et
it is important to have available inventories of the species al. 2006). Mean precipitation is around 1,400 mm/year,
persisting in such fragments in order to understand the and mean temperature ranges between 6 and 12°C (Suarez
conservation requirements of species (Stiles and Roselli and Cuadros unpublished data). The area is located near
1998) and to promote additional biological studies. Los Nevados Natural National Park. Two main vegetation
In general, for Colombia, there are several studies that types are characteristic of this region: cloud forest and
describe the distribution, behavior, and ecology of bird páramo (Figure 2).
species in the Andes (e.g. Stiles et al. 1992; Stiles and Roselli The cloud forest is located between 3,100 and 3,300
1998; Cuervo et al. 2003; Krabbe et al. 2006). Despite m, and the vegetation is composed of trees, bushes
those and other recent works dealing with bird species and ferns. Some representative plant species of this
richness of the Central Andes of Colombia (e.g. Rodríguez forest are: Hedyosmum cumbalence, Chloranthaceae;
2003; Marín-Gómez 2005; Cuervo et al. 2008a; b; Donegan Weinmannia mariquitae, Cunnoniaceae; Tibouchina
et al. 2009) the local bird diversity of these mountains is grossa, Miconia latifolia, Melastomataceae; Calamagrostis
still unknown for many localities as is exemplified by the effusa, Chusquea tessellata, Poaceae; Pentacalia silvicola,
description of new species from this zone during the last Baccharis, Asteraceae; and Cyathea, Cyatheaceae (Ospina-
years (e.g. Cuervo et al. 2005). González and Valencia unpublished data). The trees
Although there are some ornithological studies in the are about 10 - 15 m high and several are covered by
highlands of Quindío department (Chapman 1917; Renjifo epiphytes (e.g. mosses, orchids, and bromeliads) and by a
1994), studies dealing with birds in this part of the Central parasitic plant (Gaiadendrum punctatum, Loranthaceae).
Andes have been conducted mainly in altitudes below The higher section of the study area (between 3,300
3,000 m (Renjifo and Andrade unpublished data; Renjifo and 3,400 m) is a Páramo with “Frailejones” (Espeletia
1991; 1999; 2001; Marín-Gómez 2005; 2007). The aim of hartwegiana, Asteraceae), grasses, bambues (Chusquea,
this study is to present a list of the bird species of a well Calamagrostis, Neurolepis, Poaceae), and puyas (Puya
preserved and scientifically unexplored highland region, trianae); mixed with small patches of elfin forest
between 3,100 - 3,400 m, in the Quindío department, composed of bushes and small trees (up to 8 m high)
Central Andes of Colombia. Results were discussed in (Diplostephium, Asteraceae; Miconia, Brachyotum,
terms of the need of biodiversity conservation in this Tibouchina, Melastomataceae) (Ospina-González and
Colombian region. Valencia unpublished data).

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 Arbeláez-Cortés et al. | Aves, Finca Estrella de Agua – Páramo de Frontino, Colombia

Figure 1. Finca Estrella de Agua – Páramo de Frontino section (3,100 – 3,400 m), Salento, Quindío, Central Andes of Colombia, where birds were
surveyed between 2005 and 2008. Source: Instituto Geográfico Agustin Codazzi 1998. Scale - 1: 10000.

between 06:00 h and 17:00 h each day, for a total of 330

mist net hours. As a surrogate for the species frequency
we report the number of records (occasions in which we
recorded one species) for each species on each habitat
(Table 1). The nomenclature and classification follows the
South American Checklist Committee (Remsen et al. 2009)
while the conservation status and endemism was assigned
following Renjifo et al. (2000; 2002).

Results and Discussion

We recorded a total of 92 bird species, belonging to 28
families (Table 1). Five species were detected only through
mist netting, and 26 were recorded during the subsequent
visits to the area. These results indicate the importance of
ad libitum observations in order to thoroughly document
the species richness of a zone (e.g. O’Dea et al. 2004).
Figure 2. Two main vegetation types in the Páramo de Frontino, Salento, The list includes three species presently categorized
Quindío, Colombia: Páramo (the open landscape where “Frailejones”,
Espeletia hartwegiana, presence is evident) surrounded by elfin and of conservation concern (vulnerable): the Gray-breasted
Montane Forest. Mountain-toucan Andigena hypoglauca (Gould, 1833), the
Rufous-fronted Parakeet Bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons
Data collection (Lawrence, 1880), and the Masked Mountain-tanager
The study area was visited three times, four days long Buthraupis wetmorei (Moore, 1934) (Figure 3D); the latter
every visit, between September and November 2005. record also represents an important range extension for
Several posterior short visits were conducted by OHMG, the species that was published elsewhere (Arbeláez-
between 2006 and 2008. We made visual and aural Cortés and Baena-Tovar 2006). Three Colombian endemics
recordings while walking along a narrow path of 6 km and semi-endemics were also recorded: the Black-thighed
in length that crossed the study area. In every visit we Puffleg Eriocnemis derbyi (DeLattre and Bourcier, 1846)
sampled two kilometers long sections, and every section (Figure 3A), the Golden-breasted Puffleg E. mosquera
was visited twice at day: one at 06:00 h - 10:00 h, and other (DeLattre and Bourcier, 1846), and the Golden-fronted
at 14:00 h - 18:00 h. We did not obtain nocturnal records. Redstart Myioborus ornatus (Boissonneau, 1840).
In total we completed 96 hours of field observations (64 We also document important altitudinal range
hours in the cloud forest and 32 hours in the páramo). extensions (that cover an increment of more than 300 m
Additionally, we set up a total length of 30 m of mist nets of elevation), for the following species: the Green-and-

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 Arbeláez-Cortés et al. | Aves, Finca Estrella de Agua – Páramo de Frontino, Colombia

black Fruiteater Pipreola riefferii (Boissonneau, 1840), the tanager Urothraupis stolzmanni (Taczanowski and
Andean Pygmy-owl Glaucidium jardinii (Bonaparte, 1855) Berlepsch, 1885) (Figure 3E), and the Chestnut-breasted
(Figure 3B), the Pearled Treerunner Margarornis squamiger Chlorophonia Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys (Sclater, 1851).
(d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1838), and the Barred Becard All of these are species with scarce records, scattered
Pachyramphus versicolor (Hartlaub, 1843). These species populations, or “leapfrog” distributional ranges along the
were only known for Colombia from altitudes up to 2,700, Andes (Hilty and Brown 1986; Fjeldså and Krabbe 1990,
2,800, 3,000, and 2,400 m, respectively (Hilty and Brown Ridgely and Tudor 1989; 1994; Restall et al. 2006).
1986), and were recorded in this study at 3,100, 3,200, It is worth mentioning that in our study area we
3,350, and 3,200 m, respectively. Three of these species observed indirect evidence of the presence of some
were recorded via mist net captures (P. riefferii, G. jardinii endangered Andean mammals like the Andean Bear
and M. squamiger), while P. versicolor was observed in a (Tremarctos ornatus) by signs of feeding (claw marks in
bird mixed species flock together with some species of Puya sp.) and the Mountain Tapir (Tapirus pinchaque)
tanagers (e.g. Buthraupis, Anisognathus, and Hemispingus). by the non-visual record of one individual that run away
Another set of noteworthy records were those of the through dense vegetation. The presence of both species in
Purple-backed Thornbill Ramphomicron microrhynchum the area was confirmed by local people. These observations
(Boissonneau, 1839), the Ocellated Tapaculo Acropternis are evidence of the health of the area explored and add
orthonyx (Lafresnaye, 1843), the Black-backed Bush- value to the conservation importance of this region.

A C

Figure 3. Noteworthy bird species recorded in the Finca Estrella de Agua – Páramo de Frontino section (3,100 – 3,400 m), Salento, Quindío, Central
Andes of Colombia. A, Eriocnemis derbyi, a Colombian semiendemic species; B, Buthraupis wetmorei, a vulnerable species; C, an individual of Glaucidium
jardinii that represents an altitudinal range extension; D, Scytalopus spillmanni, a very secretive species of Andean highland forests; E, Urothraupis
stolzmanni, a species with scarce records in the region.

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Table 1. Bird species recorded at Finca Estrella de Agua – Páramo de Frontino section (3,100 – 3,400 m), Salento, Quindío, Central Andes of Colombia.
The habitat (Cloud Forest or Páramo) where each species was recorded is indicated. The total number of records for each species are presented as a
surrogate of their frequency in the area. The letter “X” indicates species recorded by OHMG only during the additional visits to the area (only presence/
absence data is available for these species). Means by which species have been recorded is informed (Type of record: O = observed, H= heard, C =
captured with mist-net).

Family/Species Forest Páramo Type of record

Cracidae
Chamaepetes goudotii (Lesson, 1828) 1 O
Penelope montagnii (Bonaparte, 1856) 12 O,H
Accipitridae
Accipiter ventralis (Sclater, 1866) 1 C
Geranoaetus melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1819) X
Buteo polyosoma(Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) X
Charadriidae
Vanellus resplendens (Tschudi, 1843) X
Scolopacidae
Gallinago nobilis (Sclater, 1856) X
Columbidae
Patagioenas fasciata (Say, 1823) 1
Psittacidae
Bolborhynchus ferrugeneifrons (Lawrence, 1880) 1 O
Amazona mercenaria (Tschudi, 1844) 1 O
Strigidae
Ciccaba albitarsis (Bonaparte, 1850) X
Glaucidium jardinii (Bonaparte, 1855) 6 H,C
Caprimulgidae
Caprimulgus longirostris (Bonaparte, 1825) X
Apodidae
Streptoprocne zonaris (Shaw, 1796) 1 O
Trochilidae
Heliangelus exortis (Fraser, 1840) 8 O
Ramphomicron microrhynchum (Simon, 1921) 1 O
Chalcostigma herrani (DeLattre and Bourcier, 1846) 7 O,C
Oxypogon guerinii (Boissonneau, 1840) X
Metallura tyrianthina (Loddiges, 1832) 7 1 O,C
Eriocnemis derbyi (DeLattre and Bourcier, 1846) 1 2 O,C
Eriocnemis mosquera (DeLattre and Bourcier, 1846) 13 4 O,C
Coeligena torquata (Boissenneau, 1840) 9 O
Coeligena lutetiae (DeLattre and Bourcier, 1846) 1 O
Pterophanes cyanopterus (Fraser, 1839) X
Trogonidae
Trogon personatus (Gould, 1842) 12 1 O
Ramphastidae
Andigena hypoglauca (Gould, 1833) 3 H
Picidae
Veniliornis nigriceps (d’Orbigni, 1840) 1 C
Colaptes rivolii (Boissonneau, 1840) 4 O
Campephilus pollens (Bonaparte, 1845) 1 O
Furnariidae
Schizoeaca fuliginosa (Lafresnaye, 1843) X
Synallaxis unirufa (Lafresnaye, 1843) X
Hellmayrea gularis (Lafresnaye, 1843) 3 O
Margarornis squamiger (d’Orbigni and Lafresnaye, 1838) 28 3 O,C

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 Arbeláez-Cortés et al. | Aves, Finca Estrella de Agua – Páramo de Frontino, Colombia

Table 1. Continued.

Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii (Lafresnaye, 1840) 7 O,C

Grallaridae
Grallaria squamigera (Prevost and Des Murs, 1846) 9 O,H
Grallaria nuchalis (Sclater, 1859) 8 H
Grallaria rufula (Lafresnaye, 1843) 7 O
Rhinocryptidae
Scytalopus spillmanni (Stresemann, 1937) 10 ? C,H
Scytalopus canus (Chapman, 1915) X
Acropternis orthonyx (Lafresnaye, 1843) 1 O
Tyrannidae
Phyllomyias nigrocapillus (Lafresnaye, 1845) X
Mecocerculus stictopterus (Sclater, 1858) 17 1 O
Mecocerculus leucophrys (d’Orbigni and Lafresnaye, 1837) 14 3 O,C
Anairetes agilis (Sclater, 1856) X
Pseudotriccus ruficeps (Lafresnaye, 1843) 4 O,H
Myiotheretes striaticollis (Sclater, 1853) X
Myiotheretes fumigatus (Boissonneau, 1840) X
Ochthoeca diadema (Hartlaub, 1843) X
Ochthoeca frontalis (Lafresnaye, 1847) 2 1 O,C
Ochthoeca rufipectoralis (d’Orbigni and Lafresnaye, 1837) X
Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris (Lafresnaye, 1843) 9 O,H
Ochthoeca fumicolor (Sclater, 1856) 2 O,C
Cotingidae
Ampelion rubrocristatus (d’Orbigni and Lafresnaye, 1837) 6 O,C
Pipreola riefferii (Boissonneau, 1840) 16 C,H
Pipreola arcuata (Lafresnaye, 1843) X
Tityridae
Pachyramphus versicolor (Hartlaub, 1843) X
Corvidae
Cyanolyca armillata (Gray, 1845) 3 O
Hirundinidae
Orochelidon murina (Cassin, 1853) 2 O
Troglodytidae
Cinnycerthia unirufa (Lafresnaye, 1840) 1 O
Troglodytes solstitialis (Scalter, 1859) 23 O,H
Cistothorus platensis (Latham, 1790) 20 O,C,H
Henicorhina leucophrys (Tschudi, 1844) 4 H
Turdidae
Turdus fuscater (d’Orbigni and Lafresnaye, 1837) 35 4 O,H
Thraupidae
Sericossypha albocristata (Lafresnaye, 1843) X X
Hemispingus atropileus (Lafresnaye, 1842) X
Hemispingus superciliaris (Lafresnaye, 1840) 12 O
Hemispingus verticalis (Lafresnaye, 1840) 8 O
Buthraupis montana (d’Orbigni and Lafresnaye, 1837) 16 O,C,H
Buthraupis eximia (Boissenneau, 1840) 26 O
Buthraupis wetmorei (Moore, 1934) 2 C
Anisognathus lacrymosus (Du Bus, 1847) 33 O
Anisognathus igniventris (d’Orbigni and Lafresnaye, 1837) 90 5 O,C,H
Dubusia taeniata (Boissenneau, 1840) X
Iridosornis rufivertex (Lafresnaye, 1842) 10 1 O

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 Arbeláez-Cortés et al. | Aves, Finca Estrella de Agua – Páramo de Frontino, Colombia

Table 1. Continued.

Tangara vassorii (Boissenneau, 1840) 74 O,H

Conirostrum sitticolor (Lafresnaye, 1840) 19 O
Diglossa lafresnayii (Boissenneau, 1840) 7 7 O,C
Diglossa humeralis (Fraser, 1840) 1 C
Diglossa cyanea (Lafresnaye, 1840) 13 4 O,C
Urothraupis stolzmanni (Taczanowski and Berlepsch, 1885) 1 3 O,C
Emberizidae
Haplospiza rustica (Tschudi, 1844) X
Catamenia homochroa (Sclater, 1858) X
Arremon torquatus (d’Orbigni and Lafresnaye, 1837) 1 O
Atlapetes pallidinucha (Boissenneau, 1840) 4 2 O,C
Atlapetes schistaceus (Boissenneau, 1840) 3 O
Parulidae
Dendroica fusca (Muller, 1776) X
Myioborus ornatus (Boissenneau, 1840) 31 O,C,H
Basileuterus luteoviridis (Bonaparte, 1845) 2 O
Icteridae
Cacicus chrysonotus (d’Orbigni and Lafresnaye, 1838) 1 O
Fringillidae
Carduelis spinescens (Bonaparte, 1850) 19 O,C
Carduelis magellanica (Vieillot, 1805) X
Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys (Sclater, 1851) 1 O

Acknowledgments: This work is a product of the semillero de Hilty, S.L. and W.L. Brown 1986. A Guide to the Birds of Colombia.
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and the Programa de Licenciatura en Biología y Educación Ambiental) de especies; p. 561-590 In M.R. Guariguata and G.H. Kattan (ed.).
by providing financial support for our fieldwork. The Corporación Ecología y conservación de bosques neotropicales. Costa Rica: Editorial
Autónoma Regional del Quindío (CRQ) provided access to the study area. LUR.
Andrés Felipe Castaño helped identifying the species of plants. Humberto Kessler, M. and S.K. Herzog. 1998. Conservation status in Bolivia of
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Ridgely, R. S. and G. Tudor. 1994. The Birds of South America: Volume II: Received: January 2010
The Suboscine Passerines. Austin: University of Texas Press. 814 p. Last Revised: November 2010
Rodríguez, Q. 2003. Estudio de la comunidad aviaria en la Reserva Accepted: January 2011
Natural Semillas de Agua páramo de Los Valles, Cajamarca, Tolima. Published online: February 2011
Boletín Aleteo 9 (Abril 2003): 1-15. Editorial responsibility: Darius Pukenis Tubelis

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