Journal for Nature Conservation 46 (2018) 6–27

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Journal for Nature Conservation

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jnc

Identification of endemic vascular plant species hotspots and the T

effectiveness of the protected areas for their conservation in Sierra Madre
Oriental, Mexico
⁎
María Magdalena Salinas-Rodrígueza, , Modesto Jesús Sajamab, José Said Gutiérrez-Ortegac,
Pablo Ortega-Baesb, Andres Eduardo Estrada-Castillóna
a
Herbario de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Carretera Nacional 85 km 145, 67700 Linares, Nuevo León, Mexico
b
Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas (LABIBO), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Av. Bolivia 5150, 4400 Salta, Argentina
c
Laboratory of Community Ecology, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, 263-8522 Chiba, Kantō Region, Japan

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: More than 50% of the Mexican flora is represented by 11,001 species of endemic vascular plants. These high
Mountain levels of endemisms should be a primal criterion for the recognition of areas for conservation. However, it is
Endemism unknown whether the current network of protected areas guarantees the conservation of endemic vascular plant
Hotspot species. We focused in the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMOr), a mountain chain along Eastern Mexico that is re-
MaxEnt
cognized as one of the most important hotspots of vascular plant endemism in the country. At present, SMOr
Marxan
includes 73 protected areas, but their effectiveness for conservation of endemic species has not been evaluated.
Protected areas
We aimed to calculate the number of endemic species that are currently considered in protection areas and
propose the recognition of new areas that may include a greater endemic species diversity. Hotspots of en-
demism in SMOr were identified using herbaria information of 734 endemic species. The location of hotspots
were identified from distribution patterns generated in the program MaxEnt. Also, Marxan program to re-
construct a map to propose new protected areas that include a greater number of endemic species. We observed
that the richest hotspots are located in broken terrains with temperate or semi-arid climates, chalky soils, and a
mixture of forests and scrublands featuring pines and oaks. When considering that at least 10% of the geographic
distribution of each species should be conserved, the current protection areas include 66% of the endemic
species, which might be an acceptable percentage, although it excludes an important number of potentially
threatened species. Therefore, we propose the recognition of ten more areas that might be promising for the
conservation of the remaining 34% of endemic plants in SMOr. This study demonstrates that current efforts for
conservation in Mexico may be greatly improved when considering the hotspots of vascular plant endemisms.

1. Introduction 1985), which is the case of around 11,001 vascular plants in Mexico
(Villaseñor, 2016). This means that more than 50% of the Mexican
Mexico represents one of the most importanthotspots of biodiversity vascular plants are endemic, and merit consideration in local and global
on Earth (Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, Da Fonseca, & Kent, 2000). conservation plans, given their potential vulnerability to extinction
This richness is associated with a high heterogeneity of habitats: three- (Brundu et al., 2017; Lamoreux et al., 2006; Riemann & Ezcurra, 2005).
quarters of the Mexican territory is mountainous (Cantú, Estrada, The usual conservation strategy applied in Mexico has been the de-
Salinas, Marmolejo, & Estrada, 2013; Espinosa & Ocegueda, 2008) and claration of Protected Areas (PAs) (García-Frapolli, Ramos-Fernández,
includes eight biomes (WWF, 2001) categorized in 55 types of vege- Galicia, & Serrano, 2009), which are geographic regions where the
tation (INEGI, 2011). Such environmental variation might be also the utilisation and conservation of species is regulated by public institu-
reason why Mexico shelters more than 10% of the endemic species of tions. Unfortunately, this measurement often disregards the conserva-
the world (Mittermeier & Goetsch, 1997; Villaseñor, 2016). The concept tion of endemic plant species because their inclusion represent a big
of endemic species refers to taxa that are confined to narrow distribu- challenge: endemic plants usually show disparate distributions and
tion areas (Anderson, 1994; Gaston, 1994; Kruckeberg & Rabinowitz, depend of non-continuously distributed abiotic factors, such as

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: manesalinas@outlook.com (M.M. Salinas-Rodríguez).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2018.08.012
Received 9 January 2018; Received in revised form 22 August 2018; Accepted 22 August 2018
1617-1381/ © 2018 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
M.M. Salinas-Rodríguez et al. Journal for Nature Conservation 46 (2018) 6–27

geomorphology, type of bedrock, or climate, which are difficult to de- million hectares representing 11.2% of the continental surface of
limitate geographically. It is necessary to find an optimal trade-off be- Mexico. Its altitude ranges from 5 to 1313 m above sea level (m. a. s. l.)
tween the areas that merit conservation and the occurrence of endemic (INEGI, 1998). The bedrock is sedimentary, dates to the Cretaceous;
species. lithosoils are predominant, but some zones have high concentrations of
There are previous researches that have demonstrated the risk of chalk (INEGI, 2013). The high variation of geomorphology and topo-
low efficiency of PAs for the conservation of endemic species. For ex- graphy, with steep slopes and a great range of altitude favored biolo-
ample, the endemic plants in Tadzhikistan are located in mountains gical diversification (Luna, Morrone, & Espinosa, 2004; Rzedowski,
that historically constrained their distribution (Nowak, Nowak, & 2015). Until 2015, there were 177 PAs covering 12.10% of Mexican
Nobis, 2011). This geographic restriction has kept the endemic species territory about 25,628,239 ha according to the Comisión Nacional de
out from the currently established PAs, despite that activities such as Áreas Naturales Protegidas de Mexico (SEMATNAT, 2015). SMOr has
intense grazing goats are threatening the endemic species (Nowak et al., 73 out of 177 Mexican PAs that encompass 3,294,874 ha (9.97% of the
2011). Likewise, in China, more than 90% of the total endemic seed polygon). Six of them belong to the network of PAs of UNESCO's Man
plant species are mainly distributed at mountains, but only nearly 27% and the Biosphere Programme: El Cielo, Sierra Gorda de Querétaro,
of their distribution are covered by PAs (Huang et al., 2016). The same Barranca de Metztitlán, Cuatro Ciénegas, Parque Nacional Cumbres de
happens in Italy, where a large number of type localities of endemic Monterrey and Maderas del Carmen (World Database on Protected
plants occur in mountain areas, but 33% of them are outside PAs Areas).
(Brundu et al., 2017). In Lebanon, the highest concentration of endemic
species occurs at mountains, but only 26% of sites rich in endemism are 2.2. Collection of vascular plants data
designated as PAs, which represent only the 45% of the total plant
species diversity of the country (Dagher-Kharrat, El Zein, & Rouhan, We assembled a database of endemic vascular plants species from
2018). Similar patterns have also been seen at regional level. A research the SMOr physiographic province based on information from herbaria
in Valencia, Spain, a territory of high plant diversity, showed that re- (CFN.L., MOBOT, MEXU, AAU, ANSM, ARIZ, ASU, BH, TEX, NY, among
gional networks do not provide protection to 70% of the most en- others), a Mexican biodiversity database (Red Mundial de Información
dangered plant species (Laguna et al., 2004). The authors proposed the sobre la Biodiversidad, REMIB-CONABIO) and the Global Biodiversity
necessity of increasing the number of small PAs named micro-reserves Information Facility (GBIF). Each collection site was reviewed using the
to provide effective protection to rare, endemic and endangered plants, specialised bibliography of each species and validated with Google
since most of these have a scattered distribution and occupy micro- Earth Plus and ArcGis 10.1 to ensure that the locations occur within the
environments. Even at smaller areas as in New Caledonia, 83% of en- SMOr polygon. To reduce sampling bias, only species that had more
demic and threatened species do not occur in PAs, suggesting that ex- than five collection sites were taken into account, since most of endemic
tinction risk may be greatly reduced if the areas for conservation are species are micro-endemic and have only one collection site. All the
increased between five and nine times (Jaffré, Bouchet, & Veillon, used taxonomic nomenclature follows the International Plant Name
1998). In Mexico, Riemann and Ezcurra (2005) suggested that in Baja Index Byng et al. (2016); Christenhusz, Reveal et al. (2011) and
California, PAs shelter a proportion of 75% of endemic plants. How- Christenhusz, Zhang, and Schneider (2011).
ever, studies that have tried to conserve important groups, such as
Cactaceae (Del Conde, Contreras, & Luna, 2009; Gómez & Hernández, 2.3. Modelling patterns of species’ distribution
2000; Hernández, Gómez, & Bárcenas, 2001; Martínez & Jurado, 2005),
have disregarded the inclusion of many other endemic plant species. To construct distribution models, we used MaxEnt 3.3.0 (Phillips,
To formulate effective strategies to conserve a high number of en- Anderson, & Schapire, 2006) and SDM Toolbox (Brown, 2014) to pro-
demic species in such rich areas, researchers and land managers must cess data that included 19 bioclimatic variables (Hijmans, Cameron,
know the spatial pattern of the distribution of those species (Bojórquez, Parra, Jones, & Jarvis, 2005) from the WorldClim database (http://
Azuara, Ezcurra, & Flores, 1995; Townsend & Watson, 1998). For this www.worldclim.org/), the raster layer from the Serial Edaphic Vec-
reason, evaluating the spatial patterns of endemic plants might be an torial Data II of INEGI (2013), and the use of land and vegetation type
appropriate approach to identify an optimal species assembly that in- layer V of INEGI (2011) (Appendix A). The prediction capability of
cludes important hotspots sheltering rich and unique biodiversity models for each species was evaluated by calculating the area under the
(Godoy-Bürki, Ortega-Baes, Sajama, & Aagesen, 2013; Villero, Pla, curve (AUC) (Phillips et al., 2006). Jackknife was used to calculate the
Camps, Ruiz-Olmo, & Brotons, 2016). This is especially important when relative contribution of each variable to the models.
hotspots are located throughout heterogeneous environments that vary
in soil types (Kruckeberg & Rabinowitz, 1985; Major, 1988; Stebbins, 2.4. Identification of hotspots of endemism
1980), climate variation (Barthlott, Lauer, & Placke, 1996; Raupach &
Finnigan, 1997; Ricklefs, 1977), or altitudinal gradients (Agakhanjanz The SMOr polygon was divided into a hexagonal grid of 7110 cells
& Breckle, 1995, 2002; Kazakis, Ghosn, Vogiatzakis, & Papanastasis, of 30 km2 due to the following three reasons: 1) hexagonal planning
2007; Noroozi, Akhani, & Breckle, 2008; Pawłowski, 1970). In this units are often more economically efficient and will produce more ef-
study, we focus in Sierra Madre Oriental (SMOr), a mountain chain ficient results of conservation (Birch, Oom, & Beecham, 2007; Nhancale
distributed along Eastern Mexico (Fig. 1). We aimed to a) identify & Smith, 2011); 2) we determine that 30 km2 is approximated to 10% of
hotspots of endemic plants species to facilitate their conservation, b) the average size of PAs in Mexico, which facilitates the data manage-
evaluate the effectiveness of the current network of PAs, and c) propose ment; and 3) smaller areas are easier to identify than large areas,
new PAs to ensure the conservation of at least 10% of the ranger of each especially for conservation of micro-endemic species (Laguna et al.,
species, and at least the 60% of the total of species that we identified, 2004). To determine the species richness at each cell, we superimpose
according to the recommendation of IUCN and Global Strategy of Plant the grid map and the rasters maps obtained from MaxEnt distribution
Conservation 2011–2020 (Sharrock, Oldfield, & Wilson, 2014). model of each species.

2. Material and methods 2.5. Effectiveness of PAs

2.1. Study area Worldwide, the declaration of PAs has been considered a main
strategy for conservation (Bruner, Gullison, Rice, & Da Fonseca, 2001;
SMOr is a mountain region that encompasses a little more than 22 Chape, Blyth, Fish, Fox, & Spalding, 2003). Attempting the protection

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M.M. Salinas-Rodríguez et al. Journal for Nature Conservation 46 (2018) 6–27

Fig. 1. Geographical position of Sierra Madre Oriental polygon defined according to Cervantes et al. (1990).

of all species in PAs would be costly and unworkable at the short-term. layers of species distributions generated by MaxEnt, into a layer in-
Therefore, we followed the recommendations of the International cluding all of Mexican PAs. This was used to analyse the effectiveness of
Union for Conservation of Nature to aim that at least 10% of each PAs with the software Marxan 1.8.10 (Ardron, Possingham, & Klein,
species’ range of distribution lies within the PAs. If at least 60% of the 2010; Game & Grantham, 2008). We used threshold of at least 10% of
target range (10%) of all endemic species considered in this study lie distribution range of each species and at least 60% of the total of en-
within the PAs network, then the network would be considered effec- demic specie that lies within one or more of the PAs (Sharrock et al.,
tive, in agreement with the Global Strategy of Plant Conservation 2014). This was also used to identify hotspots that are excluded from
2011–2020 (Sharrock et al., 2014). It is expected that certain percen- PAs and that should be considered in conservation.
tage of endemic species will occur outside the current system of PAs.
Therefore, we added the hexagonal grid of the SMOr polygon and the

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M.M. Salinas-Rodríguez et al. Journal for Nature Conservation 46 (2018) 6–27

Fig. 2. Hotspots of species richness of endemic vascular plants of the Sierra Madre Oriental. The number of species per cell is indicated.

3. Results 3.2. Distribution patterns of hotspots

3.1. Collection of vascular plants data The average number of potential endemic species per cell was 38,
with a maximum of 165 and a minimum of 1. We found two large
We built a database of 3157 records belonging to 734 endemic concentrations of cells rich in endemic species (Fig. 2; one concentra-
vascular plant species (Appendix B). In order to strengthen the MaxEnt tion was observed in the center region of the SMOr, comprising lithosoil
models as much as possible, we only analysed species with at least five areas of the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. These
occurrence locations, thus, the average of localities of the total number areas contain the highest mountains with temperate forests, which are
of species was 5.23. dominated by oaks, pines, Pseudotsuga, Abies, Juniperus, and chaparral
communities. The second concentration of cells rich in endemism was
found in the southern region of the SMOr, throughout the states of

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M.M. Salinas-Rodríguez et al. Journal for Nature Conservation 46 (2018) 6–27

gradients, from high temperate ecosystems to low semi-arid ecosystems

in SMOr. Our results coincide with those of Martínez and Jurado
(2005), Del Conde et al. (2009), Gómez and Hernández (2000) and
Hernández et al. (2001), who found identical hotspots as we did for
Cactaceae. Altitude and soil types were the variables that mostly de-
termined the location of hotspots.
Regarding to the altitude variable, we found that some endemic
species are located at the highest summits throughout the mountain
ranges, as reported by Dagher-Kharrat et al. (2017). The highest peaks
in SMOr are reservoirs of relict Nearctic flora, with alpine grasslands
and scrublands. Examples of such peaks include El Viejo (which has the
richest cell identified in this study), El Potosí, Cerro San Antonio Peña
Nevada, and Cerro La Pingüica. However, most hotspots were found at
mid altitudes, between 1000 and 1500 m a. s. l., which is a pattern also
found in at mountains of Europe and Asia (Agakhanjanz & Breckle,
1995; Agakhanjanz & Breckle, 2002; Noroozi et al., 2008; Pawłowski,
Fig. 3. Percentage of coverage within the PAs of plant species with a target of 1970). Moreover, most hotspots in SMOr were strongly associated with
10%. calcareous soil types and alkaline characteristics with chalky floors
(Kruckeberg & Rabinowitz, 1985; Major, 1988; Stebbins, 1980). This
Guanajuato, Querétaro, and Hidalgo, comprising crasicaule, micro- association matches with the study of Nowak et al. (2011) in Tadzhi-
phyllous, or rosetophyllous scrubland vegetation types. In contrast, no kistan, since those are neutral or alkaline soil types that might be highly
endemic species were found in 83 of the 7110 cells. These 83 cells occur favourable for the development and persistence of endemic plant spe-
in the western part of the polygon (i.e., northern Zacatecas) and at low cies.
altitudes, in evergreen or sub-deciduous forests, gallery-evergreen for-
ests, sub-deciduous medium evergreen forest and sub-evergreen 4.2. Effectiveness of PAs in SMOr
medium evergreen forest vegetation types, in the states of San Luis
Potosí, Hidalgo, Veracruz, and Puebla. In total, the current PAs effectively cover 66% of at least 10% of the
distribution range of 479 out of 734 endemic vascular plants in SMOr,
thereby surpassing the 60% coverage that is suggested by the Global
3.3. Effectiveness of PAs
Strategy of Plant Conservation 2011–2020 (Sharrock et al., 2014). On
that basis, the set of 73 PAs within the SMOr could be considered ef-
Using the threshold that 10% of each of the 734 endemic species
fective. The most-extensive of these, such as the Sierra de Arteaga (238
ranges of distribution lies within PAs, we found that 479 species (66%)
potential species), Parque Nacional Cumbres de Monterrey (216 po-
are protected, and that 255 (34%) are not (Fig. 3). Among the 479
tential species), and the Sierra Gorda de Querétaro and Guanajuato
protected species, 143 have a 100% representation within one PA. Most
(197 potential species), are located in hotspots rich in endemisms. We
of the richest PAs occur at hilly terrains, such as the Área de Protección
must mention that the last two are part of the network of PAs of MAB-
de Flora y Fauna Sierra de Arteaga (238 potential species), Parque
UNESCO. These areas share the characteristic of have wide altitudinal
Nacional Cumbres de Monterrey (216 potential species), Reserva de la
gradients, a variety of gypsum soils and an extremely complex topo-
Biosfera Sierra Gorda de Querétaro (197 potential species), Reserva de
graphy (Brundu et al., 2017; Dagher-Kharrat et al., 2017; Nowak et al.,
la Biosfera Barranca de Metztitlán (166 potential species), and Zona de
2011). We consider Sierra de Arteaga and Parque Nacional Cumbres de
Restauración Ecológica del Lobo Mexicano (164 potential species)
Monterrey to be the areas that contain the highest number of endemic
(Fig. 4).
plant species in SMOr. In terms of number of endemic species per unit
area of PAs, we found that Maderas del Carmen (184,757 ha) and Río
3.4. Proposal of new PAs Sabinas, La Encantada, and Santa Rosa (775,541 ha), in Coahuila, have
the lowest diversity of endemic plant species (< 100 species), despite
To remedy the gap of 255 species whose distributions do not lie their large size. In these cases, we suggest that the conservation should
within any PA, Marxan selected 294 additional cells that would protect consider targeted species and their environmental requirements
at least 10% of their distribution (Fig. 5). Many of these cells (also (Godoy-Bürki et al., 2013), and that at least in the SMOr, larger areas of
referred to as planning units) are extremely species-specific and iso- PAs does not necessarily include higher number of endemic plant spe-
lated. For this reason, those 294 cells could be grouped into 10 high- cies.
priority areas for conservation: 1. Sierra Las Delicias 2. Sierra La Paila
3. Sierras de Parras and General Cepeda 4. Pico de Teyra and adjacent 4.3. Proposal of new PAs
mountains 5. Sierra del Astillero 6. Gran Sierra Plegada and chalky
zones 7. Sierras de Aramberri and Zaragoza 8. Altiplano de Nuevo León We found a gap of 255 endemic species whose distributions do not
and Tamaulipas 9. Arid hillsides of Querétaro and Hidalgo 10. Sierra lie within any PA. Therefore, although at least 60% threshold of en-
Otomi-Tepehua of Hidalgo and Veracruz (Fig. 6). All ten sites are lo- demic plant species is achieved, which means that current PAs may be
cated at relatively high altitudes (> 1000 m a. s. l.), in zones of tem- considered as effective, the current PAs are insufficient to guarantee the
perate, semi-arid climate with calcareous bedrock, chalky soils, and survival of all the endemisms in SMOr. For example, species such as
highly complex orography; the main habitat characteristics that the Nama constancei J.D. Bacon and Obregonia denegrii Frič have less than
hotspots showed. 1% representation. Moreover, although species such as Mammillaria
chionocephala J.A. Purpus, Turbinicarpus valdezianus (H. Moeller) Glass
4. Discussion & R.A. Foster, Iresine orientalis G.L.Nesom and Pinus pinceana Gordon
were widely distributed within the SMOr (they are present in more than
4.1. Hotspots of endemism in SMOr 3500 cells of the SMOr’s PAs), only 22% of their total distributions lie
within those current PAs.
We found two main hotspots that comprise extended altitude Previous studies have also used Marxan to suggest the importance of

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M.M. Salinas-Rodríguez et al. Journal for Nature Conservation 46 (2018) 6–27

Fig. 4. Effectiveness of the ANP for the conservation of the endemic species of plants of the SMOr.

identifying hotspots of endemic species plants to consider them into cells are non-continuous, we had to select ten extra areas that may serve
guidelines for conservation of biodiversity (Mendoza-Maya et al., 2015; as links between the isolated cells and the current or our proposed PAs.
Smith et al., 2008). In our study, Marxan identified a set of 264 cells Coincidently, these extra areas have ecosystems that develop in soil
that should be added to the current network of PAs in order to protect types that might refuge endemic species (Anderson, 1994; Gaston,
more endemic species. Some cells were so rich in endemisms that 1994; Kruckeberg & Rabinowitz, 1985), particularly the chalky soils.
Marxan selected them in 70% of the iterations. However, since most Regrettably, the choice of PAs in Mexico mainly rely on the

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M.M. Salinas-Rodríguez et al. Journal for Nature Conservation 46 (2018) 6–27

Fig. 5. Cells or planning units proposed by Marxan for Sierra Madre Oriental. The intense color indicates highest conservation priority for endemic plants.

information of species richness and the presence of species at risk of to consider areas rich in endemism to when evaluating the location,
extinction in geographic areas. Yet, this criterion does not always dis- size, connection and the priority for the establishment of PAs. In a
criminate between endemic and non-endemic species (Godoy-Bürki broad sense, it is necessary to consider more than one aspect of biodi-
et al., 2013; Riemann & Ezcurra, 2005). Considering endemisms might versity, and not only species richness. Therefore, future conservation
provide a valuable approach for delineating important areas for con- proposals should analyse regional variations in spatial patterns of di-
servation (Bojórquez et al., 1995; Townsend & Watson, 1998). versity to expand criteria for selection of areas for conservation. Our
research represents a first attempt to propose an improvement for the
4.4. Conclusion conservation of endemic flora in SMOr.

The current network of PAs in SMOr might be effective to conserve a

high diversity of endemic vascular plants. Nevertheless, we recommend

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M.M. Salinas-Rodríguez et al. Journal for Nature Conservation 46 (2018) 6–27

Fig. 6. Priority areas for conservation with high frequency of selection in Sierra Madre Oriental: 1. Sierra Las Delicias 2. Sierra La Paila 3. Sierras de Parras and
General Cepeda 4. Pico de Teyra and adjacent mountains 5. Sierra del Astillero 6. Gran Sierra Plegada and chalky zones 7. Sierras de Aramberri and Zaragoza 8.
Altiplano de Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas 9. Arid hillsides of Querétaro and Hidalgo 10. Sierra Otomí-Tepehua of Hidalgo and Veracruz.

Acknowledgements the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León for supporting the doctoral
research, the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Mexico for
We thank the Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas de la funding this investigation (CVU-376629 to first author), and Mr. Jim
Universidad Nacional de Salta, Argentina, without whose valuable Smith for the translation support. J.S.G.O. thanks the Japan Society for
support this investigation would not have been possible. We also thank the Promotion of Science for Grant-in-aid No. 18F18076.

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Appendix A. Used variables in modeling of distribution

Bioclimatic variables

BIO1 = Annual Mean Temperature

BIO2 = Mean Diurnal Range (Mean of monthly (max temp − min temp))
BIO3 = Isothermality (BIO2/BIO7) (*100)
BIO4 = Temperature Seasonality (standard deviation * 100)
BIO5 = Max Temperature of Warmest Month
BIO6 = Min Temperature of Coldest Month
BIO7 = Temperature Annual Range (BIO5–BIO6)
BIO8 = Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter
BIO9 = Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter
BIO10 = Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter
BIO11 = Mean Temperature of Coldest Quarter
BIO12 = Annual Precipitation
BIO13 = Precipitation of Wettest Month
BIO14 = Precipitation of Driest Month
BIO15 = Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation)
BIO16 = Precipitation of Wettest Quarter
BIO17 = Precipitation of Driest Quarter
BIO18 = Precipitation of Warmest Quarter
BIO19 = Precipitation of Coldest Quarter

Edaphic variables

Andosol
Cambisol
Castañozem
Chernozem
Feozem
Fluvisol
Litosol
Luvisol
Planosol
Regosol
Rendzina
Solonchak
Solonetz
Vertisol
Xerosol
Yermosol

Land use and Types of vegetation variables

Cultivated forest
Ayarín Forest
Oak forest
Oak-pine forest
Gallery forest
Mesquite Forest
Oyamel Forest
Pine forest
Pine-oak forest
Tascate Forest
Induced forest
Cloud Forest
Chaparral
Body of water
Crasicaule Shrub
Microphyllous shrubland

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Land use and Types of vegetation variables

Rosetophyllous shrubland
Tamaulipas thorny scrub
Submontane shrubland
Xerophilous mesquital
Induced palmar
Natural palmar
Cultivated grassland
Gypsophilous grassland
Halophylous grassland
Natural grassland
Evergreen forest
Deciduous forest
Low spiny deciduous forest
Subdeciduous low forest
Gallery evergreen forest
Subdeciduous medium evergreen forest
Sub evergreen medium evergreen forest
Tular
Vegetation of sandy deserts
Gallery vegetation
Gypsy vegetation
Hydrophilic halophilic vegetation
Halophyte xerophilous vegetation

Appendix B. Coah: Coahuila, NL: Nuevo Leon, Dgo: Durango, Zac: Zacatecas, Tamps: Tamaulipas, SLP: San Luis Potosi, Gto: Guanajuato,
Qro: Querétaro, Hgo: Hidalgo, Ver: Veracruz, Pue: Puebla. IUCN Red List: LC: Least concern, NT: Near Threatened, V: Vulnerable, E:
endangered, CE: Critically Endangered, DD: Deficient data. NOM059 SEMARNAT 2010: P: In danger of extinction, Pr. Special protection, A:
Threatened

Division Family Endemic species Area of endemism IUCN red list Nom059

Pteridophyta Aspleniaceae Asplenium ultimum NL,

Pteridaceae Cheilanthes apiacea NL,
Pteridaceae Cheilanthes chipinquensis NL,
Pteridaceae Cheilanthes hintoniorum NL,
Pteridaceae Notholaena brachycaulis NL,
Pteridaceae Notholaena bryopoda NL, Coah,
Pteridaceae Notholaena leonina NL,
Pteridaceae Notholaena rigida NL,
Pteridaceae Pellaea ribae SLP,
Selaginellaceae Selaginella carnerosana Coah,
Selaginellaceae Selaginella gypsophila NL,
Selaginellaceae Selaginella parishii Coah, Zac, NL, Pue
Gymnospermae Pinaceae Picea engelmannii Coah, NL, LC P
Pinaceae Pinus culminicola Coah, NL, LC Pr
Pinaceae Pinus greggii Qro, Hgo, Ver, Pue, Coah, NL V
Pinaceae Pinus pinceana Coah, NL, Zac, SLP, Gto, Qro, Hgo LC P
Pinaceae Pinus remota NL, E P
Zamiaceae Ceratozamia microstrobila SLP, Qro, E A
Zamiaceae Ceratozamia sabatoi Qro CE P
Zamiaceae Ceratozamia hildae SLP E A
Zamiaceae Ceratozamia kuesteriana Tamps, CE P
Zamiaceae Ceratozamia latifolia SLP, Hgo, Qro, E P
Zamiaceae Ceratozamia zaragozae SLP, V A
Monocotyledonae Amaryllidaceae Allium hintoniorum NL,
Amaryllidaceae Allium ownbeyi NL,
Amaryllidaceae Allium traubii NL,
Amaryllidaceae Zephyranthes howardii NL,
Amaryllidaceae Zephyranthes morrisclintii NL,
Arecaceae Brahea berlandieri NL, Tamps, SLP, Pr
Coah, Hgo,
Arecaceae Brahea decumbens Qro, Tamps, SLP Pr

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Arecaceae Brahea moorei SLP, Qro, Hgo, Tamps,

Asparagaceae Agave albopilosa NL,
Asparagaceae Agave bracteosa Coah, NL, A
Asparagaceae Agave doctorensis Querétaro
Asparagaceae Agave gracielae Qro, SLP,
Asparagaceae Agave montana Coah, NL,
Asparagaceae Agave nickelsiae Coah,
Asparagaceae Agave ovatifolia NL,
Asparagaceae Agave tenuifolia Qro,
Asparagaceae Agave victoriae-reginae Coah, Dgo, NL, P
Asparagaceae Beaucarnea compacta Gto,
Asparagaceae Calibanus glassianus Gto,
Asparagaceae Dasylirion miquihuanense NL, Tamps,
Asparagaceae Dasylirion quadrangulatum NL, Tamps, A
Asparagaceae Hemiphylacus hintoniorum NL,
Asparagaceae Jaimehintonia gypsophila NL,
Asparagaceae Milla bryani Coah,
Asparagaceae Muilla purpusii Coah,
Asparagaceae Nolina nelsonii NL, Tamps,
Asparagaceae Yucca endlichiana Coah, Pr
Asparagaceae Yucca linearifolia Coah, NL,
Bromeliaceae Hechtia lepidophylla Qro, Hgo,
Bromeliaceae Hechtia pretiosa Gto,
Bromeliaceae Hechtia zamudioi Qro,
Bromeliaceae Tillandsia escahuascensis Pue,
Bromeliaceae Tillandsia inopinata Gto, Hgo, Qro, SLP, Tamps,
Bromeliaceae Tillandsia suesilliae Hgo, SLP,
Commelinaceae Callisia hintoniorum NL,
Commelinaceae Commelina queretarensis Qro,
Commelinaceae Gibasis gypsophila NL,
Commelinaceae Gibasis hintoniorum NL,
Commelinaceae Tradescantia murilloae Qro,
Commelinaceae Tradescantia nuevoleonensis NL,
Commelinaceae Tradescantia sillamontana NL,
Cyperaceae Carex asynchrona Tamps,
Cyperaceae Carex evadens Qro,
Cyperaceae Carex mackenziana NL,
Cyperaceae Cypringlea coahuilensis Coah, NL,
Cyperaceae Eleocharis moorei Hgo,
Cyperaceae Eleocharis rzedowskii NL,
Cyperaceae Rhynchospora zacualtipanensis Hgo,
Iridaceae Sisyrinchium arguellesiae Qro, NL
Iridaceae Sisyrinchium hintoniorum NL,
Iridaceae Sisyrinchium microbracteatum NL,
Iridaceae Sisyrinchium novoleonense NL, Coah,
Iridaceae Sisyrinchium zamudioi SLP,
Iridaceae Tigridia catarinensis SLP
Iridaceae Tigridia potosina SLP,
Iridaceae Tigridia rzedowskiana Qro,
Orchidaceae Brachystele chiangii NL,
Orchidaceae Malaxis chica NL,
Orchidaceae Malaxis hintonii NL, Coah, Tamps,
Orchidaceae Malaxis wendtii Coah, NL,
Orchidaceae Microthelys hintoniorum NL,
Poaceae Bouteloua johnstonii Coah, Zac,
Poaceae Bromus densus NL, Coah, Tamps,
Poaceae Calamagrostis coahuilensis Coah, NL,
Poaceae Festuca coahuilana Coah,
Poaceae Festuca hintoniana NL, Tamps,
Poaceae Festuca valdesii NL, Coah, Tamps,
Poaceae Muhlenbergia jaime-hintonii NL,
Poaceae Poa mulleri NL,
Poaceae Sporobolus coahuilensis Coah,
Poaceae Tridax hintoniorum NL,
Poaceae Trisetum curvisetum NL,

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Dicotyledonae Acanthaceae Anisacanthus juncea Coah, Zac,

Acanthaceae Holographis ilicifolia Coah, Dgo,
Acanthaceae Justicia coahuilana Coah,
Acanthaceae Justicia decurvata Coah, Dgo,
Acanthaceae Justicia hintoniorum NL,
Acanthaceae Justicia zamudioi Qro,
Acanthaceae Mirandea huastecensis NL,
Acanthaceae Ruellia jimulcensis Coah, Dgo,
Amaranthaceae Atriplex prosopidum Coah,
Amaranthaceae Iresine orientalis NL, Tamps, Hgo
Amaranthaceae Tidestromia rhizomatosa Coah,
Anacardiaceae Cotinus chiangii Dgo,
Anacardiaceae Cotinus carranzae Qro,
Anacardiaceae Rhus muelleri NL, Coah,
Apiaceae Aletes coahuilensis Coah,
Apiaceae Arracacia hintonii NL,
Apiaceae Arracacia schneideri NL, Coah, Tamps,
Apiaceae Osmorhiza geohintonii NL,
Apiaceae Tauschia hintoniorum NL, Coah,
Apiaceae Tauschia infernicola NL, Coah,
Apiaceae Villarrealia calcicola Coah, NL,
Apocynaceae Cynanchum maccartii NL,
Aquifoliaceae Ilex servinii Qro,
Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia lassa Coah, Tamps,
Asteraceae Acourtia carranzae Qro,
Asteraceae Acourtia elizabethiae Qro,
Asteraceae Acourtia hintoniorum NL,
Asteraceae Acourtia joaquinensis Qro,
Asteraceae Acourtia moctezumae Qro,
Asteraceae Acourtia potosina SLP,
Asteraceae Acourtia venturae Gto,
Asteraceae Agalinis gypsophila NL, Pr
Asteraceae Ageratina astellera Coah, Zac,
Asteraceae Ageratina campyloclada NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Ageratina flourensifolia Coah,
Asteraceae Ageratina glischra Coah,
Asteraceae Ageratina gypsophila NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Ageratina ilicifolia NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Ageratina nesomii NL,
Asteraceae Ageratina potosina NL,
Asteraceae Ageratina riskindii Coah,
Asteraceae Ageratina viejoana NL,
Asteraceae Ageratina zapalinama Coah,
Asteraceae Astranthium beamanii NL,
Asteraceae Astranthium splendens NL,
Asteraceae Bahia autumnalis NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Bartlettina tamaulipanum Tamps,
Asteraceae Bidens longistyla NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Brickellia aramberrana NL,
Asteraceae Brickellia hintoniorum NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Brickellia laccata Coah,
Asteraceae Brickellia nesomii NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Brickellia stolonifera Coah,
Asteraceae Brickellia urolepis Coah, NL
Asteraceae Brickellia wendtii Coah,
Asteraceae Chaetopappa plomoensis Coah, NL
Asteraceae Chaptalia hidalgoensis Hgo,
Asteraceae Chaptalia lyratifolia NL, Coah, Tamps,
Asteraceae Chaptalia madrensis NL, SLP,
Asteraceae Chaptalia mexicana Qro,
Asteraceae Cirsium bicentenariale Qro,
Asteraceae Cirsium coahuilense Coah,
Asteraceae Cirsium novoleonense NL,
Asteraceae Cirsium pinetorum Pue, Hgo
Asteraceae Coreopsis guanajuatensis Gto,
Asteraceae Coreopsis queretarensis Qro,

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Asteraceae Dahlia foeniculifolia NL,

Asteraceae Dahlia neglecta Hgo,
Asteraceae Dahlia spectabilis SLP,
Asteraceae Dahlia tubulata NL, Coah, Tamps,
Asteraceae Erigeron chiangii Coah, NL
Asteraceae Erigeron cieloensis Tamps,
Asteraceae Erigeron gypsoverus NL,
Asteraceae Erigeron heleniae NL,
Asteraceae Erigeron hintoniorum Coah, NL,
Asteraceae Erigeron onofrensis NL, Tamps,
Asteraceae Erigeron pattersonii NL,
Asteraceae Erigeron pinkavii NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Erigeron scoparioides Tamps,
Asteraceae Erigeron turnerorum NL,
Asteraceae Erigeron vicinus Coah,
Asteraceae Flourensia ilicifolia Coah,
Asteraceae Flourensia microphylla Coah,
Asteraceae Flourensia monticola NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Flourensia retinophylla Coah,
Asteraceae Flourensia solitaria Coah,
Asteraceae Flyriella harrimanii Tamps,
Asteraceae Flyriella stanfordii NL, Tamps,
Asteraceae Flyriella leonensis NL,
Asteraceae Gaillardia gypsophyla Coah,
Asteraceae Gaillardia henricksonii Coah,
Asteraceae Gnaphalium flavocephalum Coah,
Asteraceae Gnaphalium hintoniorum NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Grindelia hintoniorum NL,
Asteraceae Grindelia obovatifolia NL,
Asteraceae Grindelia turneri NL,
Asteraceae Grindelia vetimontis NL,
Asteraceae Grindelia villarrealii NL,
Asteraceae Gutierrezia grandis NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Haploesthes fruticosa Coah, NL
Asteraceae Haploesthes robusta Coah,
Asteraceae Heliopsis filifolia Coah,
Asteraceae Henricksonia mexicana Coah, Dgo,
Asteraceae Heterotheca gypsophila NL,
Asteraceae Hieracium gypsophilum NL,
Asteraceae Hymenopappus hintoniorum Coah,
Asteraceae Isocoma gypsophila NL,
Asteraceae Koanophyllon galeana NL,
Asteraceae Koanophyllon hintoniorum NL,
Asteraceae Koanophyllon richardsonii Tamps, NL,
Asteraceae Machaeranthera crutchfieldii NL,
Asteraceae Machaeranthera heterophylla NL,
Asteraceae Machaeranthera johnstonii NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Machaeranthera restiformis Coah,
Asteraceae Marshalljohnstonia gypsophila Coah,
Asteraceae Melampodium argophyllum NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Packera hintoniorum NL,
Asteraceae Packera zimapanica Coah, NL, Tamps, Hgo
Asteraceae Parthenium lozanoanum NL, Hgo,
Asteraceae Perityle bisetosa Coah,
Asteraceae Perityle carmenensis Coah,
Asteraceae Perityle coahuilensis Coah,
Asteraceae Perymenium hintoniorum NL, Tamps,
Asteraceae Perymenium moctezumae Qro,
Asteraceae Perymenium tamaulipense Tamps,
Asteraceae Pinaropappus pattersonii NL,
Asteraceae Pinaropappus powellii Coah,
Asteraceae Porophyllum amplexicaule NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Psathyrotopsis hintoniorum Coah,
Asteraceae Psilactis odysseus NL, Coah, Tamps,
Asteraceae Ratibida coahuilensis Coah, NL,
Asteraceae Roldana neogibsonii Ver, Hgo, Pue,

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M.M. Salinas-Rodríguez et al. Journal for Nature Conservation 46 (2018) 6–27

Asteraceae Roldana nesomiorum NL,

Asteraceae Roldana sundbergii NL,
Asteraceae Rumfordia alcortae NL, SLP,
Asteraceae Rumfordia exauriculata NL,
Asteraceae Sabazia elata Qro,
Asteraceae Sabazia glandulosa Qro,
Asteraceae Sabazia mullerae NL,
Asteraceae Senecio claryae Coah,
Asteraceae Senecio pattersonii NL,
Asteraceae Senecio powellii NL,
Asteraceae Senecio riskindii Coah,
Asteraceae Senecio viejoanus NL, Tamps,
Asteraceae Simsia bicentenarialis Gto, Qro,
Asteraceae Solidago ericamerioides NL,
Asteraceae Solidago gypsophila Coah,
Asteraceae Solidago orientalis NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Sphaerocardamum macrum NL,
Asteraceae Stevia coahuilensis Coah, NL,
Asteraceae Stevia hintoniorum NL, Coah, Tamps,
Asteraceae Stevia potosina NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Stevia viejoana NL,
Asteraceae Steviopsis nesomii NL,
Asteraceae Strotheria gypsophila NL,
Asteraceae Symphyotrichum gypsophilum NL,
Asteraceae Tagetes moorei Hgo,
Asteraceae Tagetes mulleri NL,
Asteraceae Tetrachyron omissum Qro,
Asteraceae Thelesperma graminiformis Tamps, NL,
Asteraceae Thelesperma muelleri NL,
Asteraceae Thelesperma scabridulum NL, Coah, Zac,
Asteraceae Thelesperma subaequale NL, Coah,
Asteraceae Trigonospermum hintoniorum Tamps, NL,
Asteraceae Verbesina abietifolia Qro, SLP,
Asteraceae Verbesina aramberrana NL,
Asteraceae Verbesina carranzae Qro, SLP,
Asteraceae Verbesina daviesiae Coah, NL,
Asteraceae Verbesina hidalgoana Hgo,
Asteraceae Verbesina hintoniorum NL,
Asteraceae Verbesina langfordae NL,
Asteraceae Verbesina lanulosa NL,
Asteraceae Verbesina olsenii NL,
Asteraceae Verbesina richardsonii Tamps,
Asteraceae Verbesina steinmannii Qro,
Asteraceae Verbesina tamaunuevana NL,
Asteraceae Verbesina zaragosana NL,
Asteraceae Vernonia faustiana Coah,
Asteraceae Vernonia hintoniorum Tamps,
Asteraceae Vigethia mexicana NL,
Asteraceae Viguiera hidalgoana Hgo,
Asteraceae Viguiera nesomii NL,
Asteraceae Viguiera paneroana Qro,
Asteraceae Xanthisma pseudorestiforme Coah, NL,
Asteraceae Xylothamia parrasana Coah, Zac,
Asteraceae Xylothamia pseudobaccharis Coah, Dgo,
Asteraceae Xylothamia riskindii NL, Coah, Zac,
Asteraceae Xylothamia truncata Coah,
Asteraceae Zinnia citrea Coah, SLP, Pr
Asteraceae Zinnia coahuilana Coah,
Asteraceae Zinnia zamudiana Qro,
Berberidaceae Berberis albicans Qro,
Berberidaceae Berberis hartwegii Tamps, SLP, Qro, Hgo, Ver,
Berberidaceae Berberis muelleri NL, Guanajuato
Boraginaceae Antiphytum hintoniorum NL,
Boraginaceae Cryptantha geohintonii NL,
Boraginaceae Cryptantha gypsites NL,
Boraginaceae Lithospermum album Tamps,

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Boraginaceae Lithospermum barbigerum NL,

Boraginaceae Lithospermum hintoniorum NL,
Boraginaceae Lithospermum jimulcense Coah,
Boraginaceae Lithospermum leonotis NL,
Boraginaceae Lithospermum nelsonii NL,
Boraginaceae Lithospermum notatum NL,
Boraginaceae Mimophytum benitomartinezii Qro, SLP,
Boraginaceae Mimophytum omphalodoides Hgo, Pue,
Boraginaceae Mimophytum richardosnii Tamps,
Boraginaceae Nama constancei Coah,
Boraginaceae Nama cuatrocienegensis Coah,
Boraginaceae Nama hintoniorum Hgo, NL, Tamps,
Boraginaceae Nama hitchcockii NL,
Boraginaceae Nama johnstonii Coah,
Boraginaceae Nama marshii Coah,
Boraginaceae Nama rzedowskii SLP,
Boraginaceae Nama serpylloides Coah, Tamps,
Boraginaceae Nama turneri SLP, NL,
Boraginaceae Onosmodium dodrantale NL,
Boraginaceae Phacelia carmenensis Coah,
Boraginaceae Phacelia hintoniorum NL,
Boraginaceae Phacelia marshal-johnstonii Coah,
Boraginaceae Phacelia neffii NL,
Boraginaceae Phacelia potosina NL,
Boraginaceae Phacelia vossii NL,
Boraginaceae Phacelia zaragozana NL,
Brassicaceae Cardamine auriculata NL, Tamps, Hgo,
Brassicaceae Nerisyrenia baconiana Coah,
Brassicaceae Nerisyrenia incana Coah,
Brassicaceae Nerisyrenia johnstonii Coah,
Brassicaceae Physaria argyraea NL
Brassicaceae Physaria inflata Coah, NL,
Brassicaceae Physaria johnstonii Coah,
Brassicaceae Physaria mexicana Coah, SLP,
Brassicaceae Physaria mirandiana NL,
Brassicaceae Physaria wyndii Coah,
Brassicaceae Romanschulzia meyeri NL,
Brassicaceae Sphaerocardamum compressum Coah,
Brassicaceae Synthlipsis densiflora Coah,
Brassicaceae Thelypodiopsis arcuata Coah, NL,
Brassicaceae Thelypodiopsis incisa Coah,
Brassicaceae Thelypodiopsis retrofracta Coah, Zac,
Burseraceae Bursera medranoana Hgo,
Buxaceae Buxus moctezumae Qro,
Cactaceae Acharagma aguirreanum Coah, CE Pr
Cactaceae Acharagma roseana NL, Coah, V Pr
Cactaceae Ariocarpus agavoides Tamps, SLP E Pr
Cactaceae Ariocarpus retusus Tamps, Coah, NL, SLP, E Pr
Cactaceae Ariocarpus scaphirostris NL, LC
Cactaceae Astrophytum capricorne Coah, NL, LC A
Cactaceae Astrophytum myriostigma SLP, Tamps, LC A
Cactaceae Astrophytum ornatum Hgo, Qro, SLP, Gto, V A
Cactaceae Aztekium hintonii NL, NT Pr
Cactaceae Aztekium ritteri NL, LC A
Cactaceae Aztekium valdezii NL,
Cactaceae Coryphantha borwigii Coah, NL,
Cactaceae Coryphantha difficilis Coah, LC
Cactaceae Coryphantha georgii SLP, NL, Tamps, Pr
Cactaceae Coryphantha hintoniorum NL, E Pr
Cactaceae Coryphantha pseudoechinus Coah,
Cactaceae Coryphantha pulleineana SLP, Tamps, V
Cactaceae Cumarinia odorata SLP, Tamps, LC Pr
Cactaceae Cylindropuntia anteojoensis Coah, V Pr
Cactaceae Echinocereus longisetus Coah, LC A
Cactaceae Echinocereus nivosus Coah, LC A
Cactaceae Echinocereus parkeri NL, V Pr

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Cactaceae Echinocereus primolanatus Coah, CE Pr

Cactaceae Echinocereus pulchellus NL, LC
Cactaceae Echinocereus rayonesensis NL, LC
Cactaceae Echinocereus viereckii NL, Tamps LC
Cactaceae Escobaria asperispina NL,
Cactaceae Escobaria laredoi Coah, Zac, DD Pr
Cactaceae Escobaria lloydii Coah, Zac, DD
Cactaceae Escobaria zilziana Coah, Dgo, NL, DD
Cactaceae Ferocactus echidne NL, Tamps, SLP, Gto, Qro, Hgo, LC
Cactaceae Ferocactus pilosus NL, Coah, Dgo, SLP, Zac, Tamps, LC Pr
Cactaceae Geohintonia mexicana NL, NT Pr
Cactaceae Grusonia bradtiana Coah, LC
Cactaceae Grusonia moelleri Coah, Dgo, Zac,
Cactaceae Grusonia vilis SLP, Coah,
Cactaceae Lophophora diffusa Hgo, Qro, V A
Cactaceae Mammillaria albicoma NL, Tamps, SLP, V Pr
Cactaceae Mammillaria amajacensis Hgo, E
Cactaceae Mammillaria baumii Tamps,
Cactaceae Mammillaria carmenae Tamps, LC P
Cactaceae Mammillaria carretii Coah, NL, CE Pr
Cactaceae Mammillaria chionocephala Coah, Dgo, Zac, NL, V D2
Cactaceae Mammillaria cielensis Tamps,
Cactaceae Mammillaria coahuilensis Coah, A
Cactaceae Mammillaria coahuilensis Coah, NT P
Cactaceae Mammillaria glassii NL,Coah, Tamps CE P
Cactaceae Mammillaria hahniana Tamps, Gto, Qro, LC
Cactaceae Mammillaria laui Tamps, NT Pr
Cactaceae Mammillaria luethyi Coah, E A
Cactaceae Mammillaria magallanii Dgo, Coah, Zac, E Pr
Cactaceae Mammillaria melaleuca Tamps, LC
Cactaceae Mammillaria melanocentra NL, CE A
Cactaceae Mammillaria picta Coah, NL, Tamps, SLP, E Pr
Cactaceae Mammillaria pilispina Coah, NL, Tamps, SLP, LC
Cactaceae Mammillaria plumosa Coah, NL, LC
Cactaceae Mammillaria roseoalba Tamps LC
Cactaceae Mammillaria sanchez-mejoradae NL, LC A
Cactaceae Mammillaria surculosa Tamps, SLP, NT A
Cactaceae Mammillaria viescensis Coah, NT A
Cactaceae Mammillaria weingartiana NL, NT A
Cactaceae Mammillaria winterae NL, LC
Cactaceae Neobuxbaumia polylopha SLP, Gto, Qro, Hgo, V
Cactaceae Neolloydia matehualensis SLP, DD
Cactaceae Obregonia denegrii Tamps, E A
Cactaceae Opuntia megarhiza SLP,
Cactaceae Opuntia pailana Coah,
Cactaceae Opuntia pyriformis Zac, Dgo,
Cactaceae Opuntia zamudioi Gto,
Cactaceae Pelecyphora strobiliformis SLP, NL, LC A
Cactaceae Stenocactus arrigens Qro,
Cactaceae Stenocactus boedekerianus Zac,
Cactaceae Strombocactus corregidorae Qro,
Cactaceae Strombocactus disciformis Qro V
Cactaceae Thelocactus conothelos NL, NT A
Cactaceae Thelocactus lausseri Coah, LC A
Cactaceae Thelocactus macdowellii Coah, NL, LC
Cactaceae Thelocactus panarottoanus SLP, LC
Cactaceae Thelocactus rinconensis Coah, NL, SLP, Zac, LC A
Cactaceae Thelocactus tulensis NL, LC A
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus alonsoi Gto, CE
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus beguinii NL, V Pr
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus booleanus NL, LC Pr
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus dickisoniae NL, LC Pr
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus gielsdorfianus SLP, Tamps,
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus hoferi NL,
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus jauernigii SLP, P
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus laui SLP, CE A

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Cactaceae Turbinicarpus lophophoroides SLP, P

Cactaceae Turbinicarpus mandragora Coah, CE Pr
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele Qro, Hgo, V A
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus pseudopectinatus NL, Tamps, SLP, NT Pr
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus saueri Tamps, SLP, NT A
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus schmiedickeanus Tamps, NL, SLP V Pr
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus subterraneus NL, CE A
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus swobodae NL, E P
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus valdezianus Coah, NL, SLP, Zac, E P
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus viereckii NL, Tamps, SLP,
Cactaceae Turbinicarpus zaragozae NL, E P
Campanulaceae Calcaratolobelia margarita NL,
Campanulaceae Calcaratolobelia pringlei NL,
Campanulaceae Lobelia anatina Coah,
Campanulaceae Lobelia henricksonii Coah,
Campanulaceae Lobelia orientalis Qro,
Campanulaceae Lobelia porphyrea Hgo,
Campanulaceae Lobelia sublibera NL,
Caprifoliaceae Abelia grandifolia Qro,
Caprifoliaceae Achnatherum hirticulme NL,
Caprifoliaceae Valeriana moorei Hgo, SLP,
Caprifoliaceae Valeriana otomiana Hgo, SLP,
Caryophyllaceae Arenaria gypsostrata NL,
Caryophyllaceae Arenaria hintoniorum NL,
Caryophyllaceae Drymaria jenniferae Coah,
Caryophyllaceae Drymaria lyropetala Coah, NL,
Caryophyllaceae Drymaria pattersonii Coah,
Caryophyllaceae Drymaria pratheri NL,
Caryophyllaceae Drymaria subumbellata Coah,
Caryophyllaceae Drymaria suffruticosa Coah,
Caryophyllaceae Paronychia albomarginata NL, Coah,
Caryophyllaceae Paronychia hintoniorum NL,
Caryophyllaceae Stellaria hintoniorum NL, Coah,
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea miquihuanensis Tamps, NL,
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea rzedowskii Hgo, Gto, Qro,
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea zimmermanii Coah,
Convolvulaceae Merremia austinii Tamps,
Crassulaceae Echeveria elegans NL
Crassulaceae Echeveria cuspidata Coah, Tamps, NL
Crassulaceae Echeveria humilis SLP P
Crassulaceae Echeveria rodolfi Tamps,
Crassulaceae Echeveria turgida Coah,
Crassulaceae Echeveria walpoleana NL, SLP,
Crassulaceae Lenophyllum weinbergii Coah,
Crassulaceae Pachyphytum garciae Qro,
Crassulaceae Sedum booleanum NL,
Crassulaceae Sedum caducum Tamps.
Crassulaceae Sedum carinatifolium Qro,
Crassulaceae Sedum chrysicaulum NL, Coah,
Crassulaceae Sedum clausenii Gto, SLP, Hgo,
Crassulaceae Sedum diffusum NL,
Crassulaceae Sedum diminutum Coah,
Crassulaceae Sedum dulcinomen NL,
Crassulaceae Sedum edwardsii Tamps
Crassulaceae Sedum glassii Gto,
Crassulaceae Sedum gypsophilum NL, Coah,
Crassulaceae Sedum hintoniorum NL, Tamps,
Crassulaceae Sedum jerzedowskii Qro,
Crassulaceae Sedum macdonaldii NL, Coah,
Crassulaceae Sedum papillcaulum NL,
Crassulaceae Sedum retans SLP
Crassulaceae Sedum rhodocarpum NL, Tamps
Crassulaceae Villadia jimulcensis Coah,
Crossosomataceae Velascoa recondita Qro,
Cucurbitaceae Apodanthera cucurbitoides SLP,
Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita scabridifolia Tamps, Coah,

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Cucurbitaceae Cyclanthera jeffreyi Qro,

Ericaceae Comarostaphylis sharpii Tamps,
Ericaceae Vaccinium kunthianum NL, Tamps, Hgo, Pue,
Euphorbiaceae Cnidoscolus shrevei Coah, Dgo,
Euphorbiaceae Croton rosarianus Pue,
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia beamanii NL, Coah,
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia correllii NL,
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia crepitata Coah,
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cressoides Coah,
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia ivanjohnstonii Coah,
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia longecornuta NL, Coah,
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia mcvaughiana Coah, NL
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia montereyana NL, Tamps,
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia neilmulleri NL,
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pinkavana Coah,
Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus fraguensis Coah,
Fabaceae Astragalus coahuilae Coah, Zac,
Fabaceae Astragalus greggii NL, Coah,
Fabaceae Astragalus legionensis NL, Coah, Tamps,
Fabaceae Astragalus mario-sousae NL,
Fabaceae Astragalus pomphocalyx Coah, NL, LC
Fabaceae Astragalus regiomontanus NL,
Fabaceae Astragalus rupertii Coah,
Fabaceae Bauhinia coulterii Qro, Hgo, SLP, Tamps,
Fabaceae Bauhinia lunarioides NL, Coah, Tamps,
Fabaceae Bauhinia macranthera Coah, NL, SLP, Tamps,
Qro, Hgo, Ver,
Fabaceae Bauhinia retifolia Hgo, Qro, SLP,
Fabaceae Coursetia insomniifolia Coah,
Fabaceae Dalbergia palo-escrito Qro, Hgo, Ver,
Fabaceae Dalea boraginea Coah,
Fabaceae Dalea eriophylla Coah, NL, Tamps, SLP
Fabaceae Dalea gypsophila NL,
Fabaceae Dalea radicans Coah,
Fabaceae Desmanthus pringlei NL,
Fabaceae Desmodium subrosum Zac, NL,
Fabaceae Inga huastecana Qro, Ver, Pue,
Fabaceae Lotus hintoniorum NL,
Fabaceae Lupinus caballoanus NL, Tamps,
Fabaceae Lupinus cacuminis NL, Coah,
Fabaceae Lupinus hintoniorum NL,
Fabaceae Lupinus muelleri NL,
Fabaceae Mimosa unipinnata Coah,
Fabaceae Myrospermum sousanum NL,
Fabaceae Phaseolus novoleonensis NL,
Fabaceae Phaseolus plagiocylix Coah, NL,
Fabaceae Sophora juanhintoniana NL,
Fabaceae Sophora puprusii Coah, Zac
Fagaceae Quercus clivicola NL
Fagaceae Quercus furfuracea Pue, SLP,
Fagaceae Quercus galeanensis NL, Tamps, V D2
Fagaceae Quercus graciliramis NL,
Fagaceae Quercus hintoniorum Coah, NL, V D2
Fagaceae Quercus hirtifolia Pue,
Fagaceae Quercus hypoxantha NL, Coah, SLP, DD
Fagaceae Quercus invaginata Coah, NL, DD
Fagaceae Quercus miquihuanensis NL, Tamps, E
Fagaceae Quercus pringlei Coah, NL, Hgo,
Tamps,
Fagaceae Quercus saltillensis Coah, NL, Zac,
Fouquieriaceae Fouquieria fasciculata Qro, A
Gentianaceae Eustoma barkleyi Coah, NL,
Gentianaceae Geniostemon gypsophilum NL,
Gentianaceae Geniostemon rotundifolius Qro,
Gentianaceae Gentiana hintoniorum NL,
Gentianaceae Sabatia tuberculata Coah,

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M.M. Salinas-Rodríguez et al. Journal for Nature Conservation 46 (2018) 6–27

Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis pulchella NL, Tamps,

Juglandaceae Carya palmeri NL, Tamps, SLP,
Qro, Hgo, Ver
Juglandaceae Juglans mollis Hgo, NL, SLP, Tamps
Lamiaceae Clinopodium maderensis Coah,
Lamiaceae Hedeoma ciliolata NL,
Lamiaceae Hedeoma irvingii NL, Coah,
Lamiaceae Hedeoma johnstonii Coah,
Lamiaceae Hedeoma microphyllum SLP,
Lamiaceae Hedeoma montana Coah,
Lamiaceae Hedeoma oblatifolia Coah,
Lamiaceae Hedeoma palmeri NL, Coah, Tamps
Lamiaceae Hedeoma pusilla NL,
Lamiaceae Hedeoma quercetorum NL, Tamps, Coah,
Lamiaceae Hesperozygis pusilla NL,
Lamiaceae Monarda bartlettii Tamps,
Lamiaceae Monarda eplingiana Coah,
Lamiaceae Monarda pringlei NL, Coah,
Lamiaceae Poliomintha bustamanta NL,
Lamiaceae Poliomintha dendritica Coah, NL,
Lamiaceae Poliomintha longiflora Coah, NL,
Lamiaceae Poliomintha maderensis Coah,
Lamiaceae Salvia buchananii Qro,
Lamiaceae Salvia chionophylla Coah,
Lamiaceae Salvia coahuilensis Coah, NL,
Lamiaceae Salvia jorgehintoniana NL,
Lamiaceae Salvia lanicalyx Coah,
Lamiaceae Salvia monclovensis Coah,
Lamiaceae Salvia muelleri Coah, NL,
Lamiaceae Salvia pseudopallida Coah,
Lamiaceae Satureja hintoniorum NL,
Lamiaceae Scutellaria aramberrana NL,
Lamiaceae Scutellaria carmenensis Coah,
Lamiaceae Scutellaria hintoniorum NL,
Lamiaceae Scutellaria lutilabia NL,
Lamiaceae Scutellaria monterreyana NL,
Lamiaceae Scutellaria muzquiziana Coah,
Lamiaceae Scutellaria stewartii Coah,
Lamiaceae Stachys albomentosa Hgo, SLP,
Lamiaceae Stachys hintoniorum Coah, NL,
Lamiaceae Stachys langmaniae NL,
Lamiaceae Stachys moorei Hgo,
Lamiaceae Stachys sandersii SLP,
Lamiaceae Stachys vulnerabilis NL,
Lamiaceae Tetraclea subinclusa Coah,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula agnata Gto, Hgo, Qro
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula calderoniae Qro,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula crassifolia Hgo,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula cyclosecta NL, Tamos
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula debbertiana SLP
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula ehlersiae NL, SLP, Hgo,
Tamps, Qro,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula elizabethiae Hgo, Qro,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula emarginata Ver, Pue,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula esseriana SLP, Hgo, Qro,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula gracilis NL, Coah, Tamps,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula gypsicola SLP
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula ibarrae Hgo,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula immaculata NL,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula jaumavensis Tamps,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula knodoi NL,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula laxifolia Tamps,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula martinezii Qro,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula moctezumae Qro,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula reticulata NL, Hgo,
Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula rotundiflora NL,

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M.M. Salinas-Rodríguez et al. Journal for Nature Conservation 46 (2018) 6–27

Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula takakii SLP,

Linaceae Linum gypsogenium NL,
Linaceae Linum lasiocarpum NL,
Linaceae Linum modestum NL,
Loasaceae Mentzelia gypsophila NL,
Loasaceae Mentzelia hintoniorum NL,
Loasaceae Mentzelia pattersonii Coah, NL, Tamps,
Magnoliaceae Magnolia tamaulipana Tamps, E
Malpighiaceae Echinopterys setosa Coah,
Malvaceae Allowissadula glandulosa Qro,
Malvaceae Batesimalva lobata Coah, Dgo,
Malvaceae Sphaeralcea reflexa Coah, Dgo,
Melanthiaceae Schoenocaulon ignigenum Tamps, NL,
Melanthiaceae Schoenocaulon macrocarpum NL,
Nyctaginaceae Anulocaulis hintoniorum Coah,
Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis nesomii NL,
Nyctaginaceae Omphalodes aliena Coah, NL,
Nyctaginaceae Omphalodes carranzae Coah,
Nyctaginaceae Omphalodes chiangii Coah,
Nyctaginaceae Omphalodes erecta NL, Tamps,
Nyctaginaceae Omphalodes mexicana NL, Coah,
Nyctaginaceae Selinocarpus purpusianus Coah, NL,
Oleaceae Menodora gypsophila NL,
Oleaceae Menodora hintoniorum NL, Coah,
Onagraceae Oenothera pennellii Coah, NL, Tamps,
Zac,
Onagraceae Oenothera stubbei NL,
Orobanchaceae Castilleja bella NL, Coah,
Orobanchaceae Castilleja galehintoniae NL,
Orobanchaceae Castilleja hidalguensis Hgo,
Orobanchaceae Seymeria deflexa NL,
Orobanchaceae Seymeria gypsophila NL, Tamps,
Orobanchaceae Seymeria pailana Coah,
Orobanchaceae Seymeria tamaulipana NL, Tamps
Papaveraceae Argemone fruticosa Coah, Hgo,
Papaveraceae Argemone subalpina NL,
Papaveraceae Hunnemannia hintoniorum NL,
Phrymaceae Hemichaena spinulosa Coah, NL,
Plantaginaceae Mabrya coccinea Coah,
Polemoniaceae Gilia gypsophila NL,
Polemoniaceae Ipomopsis wendtii Coah,
Polemoniaceae Phlox patersonii NL, Coah,
Polygalaceae Polygala viridis Coah,
Polygonaceae Eriogonum fimbriatum NL,
Polygonaceae Eriogonum henricksonii Coah,
Polygonaceae Eriogonum turneri NL,
Portulacaceae Portulaca matthewsii Qro,
Primulaceae Samolus dichondrifolius Coah,
Ranunculaceae Clematis coahuilensis Coah,
Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sierrae-orientalis NL
Rhamnaceae Rhamnus standleyana Coah, NL,
Rosaceae Cercocarpus mexicanus NL,
Rosaceae Cercocarpus rzedowskii Tamps, SLP,
Rosaceae Crataegus aurescens NL, Coah,
Rosaceae Crataegus cuprina NL
Rosaceae Crataegus grandifolia NL,Coah
Rosaceae Crataegus greggiana Coah, NL,
Rosaceae Crataegus johnstonii Coah,
Rosaceae Crataegus serratissima Hgo, Qro
Rosaceae Crataegus sulfurea Coah, NL,
Rosaceae Potentilla butandae Gto,
Rosaceae Potentilla leonina NL, Coah,
Rosaceae Potentilla queretarensis Qro,
Rosaceae Prunus cercocarpifolia Coah,
Rosaceae Rosa woodsii Coah,
Rubiaceae Chiococca henricksonii Coah,

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M.M. Salinas-Rodríguez et al. Journal for Nature Conservation 46 (2018) 6–27

Rubiaceae Coutaportla pailensis Coah,

Rubiaceae Galium carmenicola Coah, Pr
Rubiaceae Galium hintoniorum Tamps,
Rubiaceae Galium juniperinum NL,
Rubiaceae Galium lacrimiforme Tamps
Rubiaceae Galium oresbium NL, Coah,
Rubiaceae Galium pringlei NL,
Rubiaceae Hedyotis mullerae Coah,
Rubiaceae Hedyotis sharpii Hgo
Rubiaceae Hedyotis teretifolia Coah,
Rubiaceae Machaonia pringlei Coah,
Rubiaceae Randia hidalguensis Qro
Rutaceae Thamnosma pailense Coah,
Rutaceae Thamnosma stanfordii Coah,
Sabiaceae Meliosma mexicana Qro, Tamps,
Saxifragaceae Heuchera lakelae NL, Coah,
Scrophulariaceae Emorya rinconensis Coah,
Scrophulariaceae Leucophyllum alejandrae NL,
Scrophulariaceae Leucophyllum flyrii SLP,
Scrophulariaceae Leucophyllum hintoniorum NL,
Scrophulariaceae Leucophyllum langmaniae NL, Coah,
Scrophulariaceae Leucophyllum pruinosum NL, SLP, Tamps,
Scrophulariaceae Leucophyllum revolutum SLP, NL, Tamps,
Scrophulariaceae Leucophyllum zygophyllum NL, Tamps, SLP,
Scrophulariaceae Penstemon galloensis NL,
Scrophulariaceae Penstemon henricksonii Coah,
Scrophulariaceae Penstemon luteus Coah,
Scrophulariaceae Penstemon punctatus Coah,
Scrophulariaceae Penstemon wendtiorum Coah,
Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia mexicana NL, Tamps,
Solanaceae Lycianthes hintonii NL,
Solanaceae Lycianthes venturana Pue,
Solanaceae Lycium arochae Coah,
Solanaceae Lycium leiospermum Coah, Zac, SLP
Solanaceae Lycium parishii Coah, NL, SLP,
Solanaceae Physalis hunzikeriana NL,
Solanaceae Physalis muelleri NL,
Solanaceae Physalis Querétaroensis Qro,
Thymelaeaceae Dirca mexicana Tamps,
Urticaceae Urera martiniana Hgo, Qro, Tamps,
SLP,
Verbenaceae Glandularia alejandrana NL,
Verbenaceae Glandularia turneri NL, Coah,
Verbenaceae Tiquilia tuberculata NL,
Verbenaceae Tiquilia turneri NL, Coah,
Verbenaceae Verbena falcata NL,
Verbenaceae Verbena jhonstonii Zac, Coah, NL,
Tamps,
Violaceae Hybanthus pennellii NL,
Violaceae Hybanthus potosinus SLP,
Violaceae Viola galeanaensis NL, Coah,
Vitaceae Vitis jaegeriana SLP,

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