ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My deep heartfelt gratitude to my guide , my

physical education sir, CENTER POINT SCHOOL
,KATOL ROAD,NAGPUR for his constant
guidance, supervision and encouragement,
which lead the way for the development of
independent thinking and innovative ideas. It
was his guidance,
and scholarly analysis helped me for the
successful completion of this thesis. I shall
forever be grateful to him.

Index
1. athletics

2. History and
development
3. events
4. Track and field
5. Track events

6. championship

7. Medicine ball

8. BMI
History :
Antiquity and Middle Ages

A copy of the Ancient Greek statue  Discobolus, portraying a discus thrower

Athletic contests in running, walking, jumping, and throwing are among the oldest of all sports and their roots
are prehistoric.[2] Athletics events were depicted in the Ancient Egyptian tombs in Saqqara, with illustrations of running at
the Heb Sed festival and high jumping appearing in tombs from as early as of 2250 BC.[3] The Tailteann Games were an
ancient Celtic festival in Ireland, founded around 1800 BC, and the thirty-day meeting
included running and stone-throwing among its sporting events.[4] The original and only event at the first Olympics in 776
BC was a stadium-length running event known as the stadion. This later expanded to include throwing and jumping
events within the ancient pentathlon. Athletics competitions also took place at other Panhellenic Games, which were
founded later around 500 BC.[5]
The Cotswold Olimpick Games, a sports festival which emerged in 17th century England, also featured athletics in the
form of sledgehammer throwing contests.[6] Annually, from 1796 to 1798, L'Olympiade de la République was held
in revolutionary France, and is an early forerunner to the modern summer Olympic Games. The premier event of this
competition was a running event, but various ancient Greek disciplines were also on display. The 1796 Olympiade marks
the introduction of the metric system into sport.[7]

# Modern era :
The Royal Military College, Sandhurst has claimed to be the first to adopt this in 1812 and 1825, but without any
supporting evidence. The earliest recorded meeting was organised at Shrewsbury, Shropshire in 1840 by the
Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt. There are details of the meeting in a series of letters written 60 years later by C.T.
Robinson, who was a pupil there from 1838 to 1841. The Royal Military Academy at Woolwich held an organised
competition in 1849, but the first regular series of meetings was held by Exeter College, Oxford from 1850.[8]
The 100 metres sprint at the 1896 Summer Olympics.

The first modern-style indoor athletics meetings were recorded shortly after in the 1860s, including a meet at Ashburnham
Hall in London which featured four running events and a triple jump competition.[9][10]
The Amateur Athletic Association  (AAA) was established in England in 1880 as the first national body for the sport of
athletics and began holding its own annual athletics competition – the AAA Championships. The United States also began
holding an annual national competition – the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships – first held in 1876 by the New
York Athletic Club.[11] Athletics became codified and standardised via the English AAA and other general sports
organisations in the late 19th century, such as theAmateur Athletic Union (founded in the US in 1888) and the Union des
sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques (founded in France in 1889).
An athletics competition was included in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 and it has been as one of the foremost
competitions at the quadrennial multi-sport event ever since. Originally for men only, the 1928 Olympicssaw the
introduction of women's events in the athletics programme. Athletics is part of the Paralympic Games since the inaugural
Games in 1960. Athletics has a very high profile during major championships, especially the Olympics, but otherwise is
less popular.
An international governing body, the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF), was founded in 1912; it adopted
its current name, the International Association of Athletics Federations, in 2001. The IAAF established separate
outdoor World Championships in 1983. In modern times, athletes can receive money for racing, putting an end to the
so-called "amateurism" that existed before.
The Comité International Sports des Sourds had been formed by 1922, to govern international deaf sports, including
athletics.[12]

Events :
The International Association of Athletics Federations, the sport's governing body, defines athletics in five
disciplines: track and field,road running, race walking, cross country running, and mountain running.[14] All forms of
athletics are individual sports with the exception of relay races. However, athletes' performances are often tallied together
by country at international championships, and in the case of cross country the finishing times of the top athletes from
each team or country are combined to declare a team victor.
 Track and field
Track and field competitions emerged in the late 19th century and were typically contested between athletes who were
representing rival educational institutions, military organisationsand sports clubs.[15] Participating athletes may compete in
one or more events, according to their specialities. Men and women compete separately. Track and field comes in both
indoor and outdoor formats, with most indoor competitions occurring in winter, while outdoor events are mostly held
in summer. The sport is defined by the venue in which the competitions are held – the track and field stadium.
A variety of running events are held on the track which fall into three broad distance categories: sprints, middle-distance,
and long-distance track events. Relay races feature teams comprising four runners each, who must pass a baton to their
team-mate after a specified distance with the aim of being the first team to finish. Hurdling events and
thesteeplechase are a variation upon the flat running theme in that athletes must clear obstacles on the track during the
race. The field events come in two types – jumping and throwing competitions. In throwing events, athletes are measured
by how far they hurl an implement, with the common events being theshot put, discus, javelin, and hammer throw. There
are four common jumping events: the long jump and triple jump are contests measuring the horizontal distance an athlete
can jump, while the high jump and pole vault are decided on the height achieved.Combined events, which include
the decathlon (typically competed by men) and heptathlon (typically competed by women), are competitions where
athletes compete in a number of different track and field events, with each performance going toward a final points tally.
Track field
Track fields events :
Road running:
Road running competitions are running events (predominantly long distance) which are mainly conducted on courses
of paved or tarmacroads, although major events often finish on the track of a main stadium. In addition to being a
common recreational sport, the elite level of the sport – particularly marathon races – are one of the most popular aspects
of athletics. Road racing events can be of virtually any distance, but the most common and well known are
the marathon, half marathon, 10 km and 5 km. The marathon is the only road running event featured at the IAAF World
Championships in Athletics and the Summer Olympics, although there is also an annual IAAF World Half Marathon
Championships. The marathon is also the only road running event featured at the IPC Athletics World Championships and
the Summer Paralympics. The World Marathon Majors series includes the five most prestigious marathon competitions at
the elite level – the Berlin, Boston, Chicago, London, and New York City marathons.

Runners in the popular National Marathonrace in Washington, D.C.

The sport of road running finds its roots in the activities of footmen: male servants who ran alongside the carriages
of aristocrats around the 18th century, and who also ran errands over distances for their masters. Foot racing competitions
evolved from wagers between aristocrats, who pitted their footman against that of another aristocrat in order to determine
a winner. The sport became professionalised as footmen were hired specifically on their athletic ability and began to
devote their lives to training for the gambling events. The amateur sports movement in the late 19th century marginalised
competitions based on the professional, gambling model. The 1896 Summer Olympics saw the birth of the modern
marathon and the event led to the growth of road running competitions through annual events such as the Boston
Marathon (first held in 1897) and the Lake Biwa Marathon and Fukuoka Marathons, which were established in the 1940s.
The 1970s running boom in the United States made road running a common pastime and also increased its popularity at
the elite level.[16]
Ekiden contests – which originated in Japan and remain very popular there – are a relay race variation on the marathon,
being in contrast to the typically individual sport of road running.

Cross country running:

Main article: Cross country running
Competitors mid-race at a boys high school event in the United States

Cross country running is the most naturalistic of the sports in athletics as competitions take place on open-air courses
over surfaces such as grass, woodland trails, and earth. It is both an individual and team sport, as runners are judged on
an individual basis and a points scoring method is used for teams. Competitions are typically long distance races of 4 km
(2.5 mi) or more which are usually held in autumn and winter. Cross country's most successful athletes often compete in
long-distance track and road events as well.
The Crick Run in England in 1838 was the first recorded instance of an organised cross country competition. The sport
gained popularity in British, then American schools in the 19th century and culminated in the creation of the
first International Cross Country Championships in 1903.[17] The annual IAAF World Cross Country Championships was
inaugurated in 1973 and this remains the highest level of competition for the sport. A number of continental cross country
competitions are held, with championships taking place in Asia, Europe, North America and South America. The sport has
retained its status at the scholastic level, particularly in the United Kingdom and United States. At the professional level,
the foremost competitions come under the banner of the IAAF Cross Country Permit Meetings.
While cross country competitions are no longer held at the Olympics, having featured in the athletics programme from
1912–1924, it has been present as one of the events within the modern pentathlon competition since the 1912 Summer
Olympics. One variation on traditional cross country is mountain running, which incorporates significant uphill and/or
downhill sections as an additional challenge to the course. Fell running and Orienteering are other competitive sports
similar to cross country, although they feature an element ofnavigation which is absent from the set courses of cross
country.

Racewalking:

Racewalking is a form of competitive walking that usually takes place on open-air roads, although running tracks are also
occasionally used. Racewalking is the only sport in athletics in which judges monitor athletes on their technique.
Racewalkers must always have a foot in contact with the ground and their advancing leg must be straightened, not bent at
the knee – failure to follow these rules results in disqualification from the race.[18]
Racewalking finds its roots in the sport of pedestrianism which emerged in the late 18th century in England. Spectators
would gamble on the outcome of the walking competitions. The sport took on an endurance aspect and competitions were
held over long distances or walkers would have to achieve a certain distance within a specified time frame, such
asCenturion contests of walking 100 miles (160 km) within 24 hours.[18] During this period, racewalking was frequently
held on athletics tracks for ease of measurement, and the 1908 Summer Olympics in London saw the introduction of the
3500-metre and 10-mile walks. Racewalking was briefly dropped from the Olympic programme in 1928, but the men's 50
kilometres race walk has been held at every Olympic Games but one since 1932. The men's 20 kilometres race walk was
added to the Olympic athletics schedule in 1956 and the women's event was first held in 1992. The most common events
in modern competition are over 10 km, 20 km and 50 km on roads, although women's 3 km and men's 5 km are held on
indoor tracks.
The highest level racewalking competitions occur at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and at the Summer
Olympics, although the sport also has its own separate major competition – the IAAF World Race Walking Cup – which
has been held since 1961. The IAAF World Race Walking Challenge forms the primary seasonal competition – athletes
earn points for their performances at ten selected racewalking competitions and the highest scoring walkers are entered
into that year's IAAF Race Walking Challenge Final.

Competitions
Athletics competitions can be broadly divided into three types: international championships, national championships, and
annual meetings and races. Athletics at international championships, or Games, represent the pinnacle of competition
within the sport, and they are contested between athletes representing their country or region. The organisation of these
competitions is usually overseen by either a world, continental, or regional athletics governing body. Athletes gain entry
into these competitions by earning selection from their national athletics governing body, which is generally done by
assessing athletes via their past achievements or performances at a national selection event. National championships are
annual competitions endorsed by a national governing body which serve the purpose of deciding the country's best athlete
in each event. Annual one-day meetings and races form the most basic level of competition and are the most common
format of athletics contests. These events are often invitational and are organised by sports organisations, sports
promoters, or other institutions.
Competitions typically feature only one of the sports within athletics. However, major outdoor international athletics
championships and athletics competitions held as part of multi-sport events usually feature a combination of track and
field, road running and racewalking events

International championships
Olympic Games :

The athletics competition underway at the main stadium of the 2008 Summer Olympics

The modern Summer Olympics was the first event at which a global athletics competition took place. All the four major
sports within athletics have featured in the Olympic athletics programme since its inception in 1896, although cross
country has since been dropped. The Olympic competition is the most prestigious athletics contest, and many athletics
events are among the most watched events at the Summer Olympics. A total of 47 athletics events are held at the
Olympics, 24 for men and 23 for women (as of London 2012). The events within the men's and women's programmes are
either identical or have a similar equivalent, with the sole exception being that men contest the 50 km race walk.[28]

Paralympic Games:
The Summer Paralympics include athletes with a physical disability. Track and field, and road events have featured in the
Paralympic athletics programme since its inception in 1960. The Paralympic competition is the most prestigious athletics
contest where athletes with a physical disability compete.
Athletics at the Paralympic Games also include wheelchair racing where athletes compete in lightweight racing chairs.
Athletes with avisual impairment compete with a sighted guide. At the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, for the first
time at an international athletics event, the guides will receive medals,[29] such as the pilots in cycling, and the guides at
the Paralympic Winter Games have done for a while.

World Championships :
The IAAF World Championships in Athletics is the primary global athletics championships held by IAAF. The biennial
competition was first held in 1983 and now features an event programme which is identical to the Olympics. Thus, road
running, racewalking and track and field are the sports which feature at the competition. Cross country running has its
own discrete global championships – the IAAF World Cross Country Championships – which has been held annually
since 1973. The IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics is a biennial athletics championships which features solely
indoor track and field events. The foremost separate road running event is the annual IAAF World Half Marathon
Championships (formerly World Road Running Championships). While not having official world championship status, the
biennial IAAF World Race Walking Cup fulfils a similar role for the sport of racewalking. Outdoor track and field is the only
sport in athletics that does not have a its own distinct global championship which is separate from other types of athletics,
although the IAAF Continental Cup (a quadrennial competition between continental teams) is composed entirely of
outdoor track and field events.
Other world championships include the IAAF World Junior and World Youth Championships in Athletics, which are for
athletes under-19 and under-17, respectively. World Masters Athletics conducts the World Masters Athletics
Championships for athletes in 5-year age divisions over the age of 35. The now defunct IAAF World Road Relay
Championships served as the global event for ekiden marathon relay races.
Elite athletes with a physical disability compete at the IPC Athletics World Championships and at the Commonwealth
Games.
Commonwealth Games
Athletics is one of the sports at the quadrennial Commonwealth Games competition. It has been a Commonwealth Games
sport since the inaugural edition of the event's precursor, the 1930 British Empire Games. It is a core sport and must be
included in the sporting programme of each edition of the Games.
Universiade:
Athletics is one of the sports at the biennial summer Universiade competition. It has been one of the event's competed
sports since the inaugural edition.

Records:
#INDIAN
Men
Event Record Athlete Date Meet Place

10.30 National Circuit Athletic

100 m Anil Kumar Prakash 24 August 2005  New Delhi, India
(+0.0 m/s) Meet
 10.30 Abdul Najeeb
6 October 2010 Commonwealth Games  New Delhi, India
(+0.2 m/s) Qureshi

10.21 X Anil Kumar Prakash 5 July 2000  Bangalore, India

200 m 20.73 (-1.7 m/s) Anil Kumar Prakash 17 July 2000  Bangalore, India

400 m 45.48 K. M. Binu 20 August 2004 Olympic Games  Athens, Greece

800 m 1:45.77 Sriram Singh 27 July 1976 Olympic Games  Montreal, Canada

23 December
1500 m 3:38.00 Bahadur Prasad  Chennai, India
1995

 Twickenham, United
3000 m 7:50.31 Surendra Singh 4 June 2008
Kingdom

 Birmingham, United
5000 m 13:29.70 Bahadur Prasad 25 June 1992
Kingdom

10000 m 28:02.89 Surendra Singh 12 July 2008  Vigo, Spain

10 30 November
29:43 Aswale Kashinath  Hyderabad, India
km (road) 2008

OLYMPIC:

Event Record Name Nation Games Date

100 metres 9.63  Usain Bolt  Jamaica (JAM) 2012 London August 5, 2012

200 metres 19.30  Usain Bolt  Jamaica (JAM) 2008 Beijing August 20, 2008

400 metres 43.49  Michael Johnson  United States (USA) 1996 Atlanta July 29, 1996

800 metres ♦1:40.91  David Rudisha  Kenya (KEN) 2012 London August 9, 2012

1,500 metres 3:32.07  Noah Ngeny  Kenya (KEN) 2000 Sydney September 29, 2000

5,000 metres 12:57.82  Kenenisa Bekele  Ethiopia (ETH) 2008 Beijing August 23, 2008

10,000 metres 27:01.17  Kenenisa Bekele  Ethiopia (ETH) 2008 Beijing August 17, 2008
Marathon 2:06:32  Samuel Wanjiru  Kenya (KEN) 2008 Beijing August 24, 2008

110 metres hurdles 12.91  Liu Xiang  China (CHN) 2004 Athens August 27, 2004

400 metres hurdles ♦46.78  Kevin Young  United States (USA) 1992 Barcelona August 6, 1992

3,000 m
8:05.51  Julius Kariuki  Kenya (KEN) 1988 Seoul September 30, 1988
steeplechase

4×100 m relay ♦36.84  Nesta Carter  Jamaica (JAM) 2012 London August 11, 2012
Michael Frater
Yohan Blake
Usain Bolt

MEDICINE BALL:
.

A medicine ball refers to a weighted ball that can be used for doing a wide range of exercises to improve fitness,
strength and coordination as well as help sportsmen recover from injuries. This type of ball can be made of leather, nylon,
vinyl, rubber, polyurethane and other materials, and it comes in many different weights, ranging from 2 lb to 25 lb. The
standard medicine ball has a diameter of 14 inches, but other sizes are also available.

History of the Medicine Ball

The earliest documented use of the medicine ball dates back to almost 3,000 years ago, when Persian wrestlers trained
with bladders that were filled with sand. Later on, in the time of ancient Greece, famous physician Hippocrates stuffed
animal skins with sand to create medicine balls. As part of his injury rehabilitation therapy, his patients were ordered to
throw the balls back and forth. In the late 19th century, the words "medicine" and "health" became synonymous, and
the medicine ball was used for promoting health. It became one of the "4 Horsemen of Fitness," which also included the
dumbbell, the wand and the Indian club. This marked the origin of the modernmedicine ball.

Uses of the Medicine Ball

Medicine balls are commonly used by athletes to improve their core strength, especially in the chest, arms and legs.
Athletes who have sustained injuries also perform medicine ball training to recover their former strength and fitness.
Medicine balls are effective exercise equipment for professional boxers, who use them to build strength in the abdominal
muscles. A medicine ball is dropped onto a boxer's abdomen from a certain height to simulate a punch from an opponent.
Certain schools use medicine balls as fitness aids for students, who are required to perform a wide range of exercises to
stretch their muscles and improve their strength.

Medicine Ball Exercises

Medicine ball exercises are effective for improving sport-specific as well as overall strength, fitness, flexibility and body
coordination. They can be performed alone or with one or more partners. Some of the common medicine ball exercises
include squats, lunges, lunge crossovers, slams, crunches, oblique twists, single-leg V-ups, reverse curls, overhead
lateral flexions, kneel to push ups, diagonal chops, figure eights, two-arm wall passes, hammer throws, sit-up passes,
front lateral raises and standing Russian twists.

Medicine Ball Safety

It is important that athletes perform medicine ball exercises with the right techniques, so that they can get
better results and prevent injuries. Athletes should warm up thoroughly before they start exercising with medicine balls.
Choosing a ball with the right weight is important, as it will ensure that the exercises will be performed smoothly. For each
exercise, athletes should do 1 to 3 sets of 8 to 10 repetitions. When doing a standing throw from behind the head, they
should not overextend their spines, and standing exercises should be done with feet firmly planted on the ground. They
should bend their knees and keep their backs straight when picking up theirmedicine ball. When lying on their backs to
perform exercises, athletes have to make sure that their lower backs are touching the ground.

BMI (body mass index) :

Objective To investigate the health of students of a class based on the Body Mass Index (BMI).
Where BMI = weigh^2 Height^2 Description Measured the heights of all students in my class. Measured
their weights in kg. Established the relationship between height and weight for boys and girls separately.

name Weight(kg) Height(m) BMI

(SQUARE)
NEHA 42 2.37 16.86
SHIVA 45 2.49 18.02
MEGH 49 2.56 17.18
A
RANI 50 2.52 25.71
DOLLI 65 2.37 23.19
JAYA 70 2.40 17.89
MINI 80 2.43 23.01

FINA 60 2.37 24.04

SUBHR 68 2.34 18.36
A
JANAVI 68 2.49 15.22
Result of :- BMI 20-25 Good 25-30 Over
Student’s Health Less health weight 30
Health than 20 and above
according to Under Obese(Very
following weight fat)
table

Result : the health of most of the students falls in the two

categories under weight and good height.
Suggestion:- The under weight students need to take care
of their diet to improve their health.