Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 2 – Module 11:
Fire Hazards and
Related Concepts

CO_Q2_DRRR SHS
Module 11
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 11: Fire Hazards and Related Concepts
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Melencia Rosario D. Coronel
Editors: Aries B. Manalo
Riza Mae S. Sanchez
Reviewers: Desiree D. Vista
Illustrator: Leumel M. Cadapan; Jomar D. Flores; Delle Celeste M. Sepagan
Romalyn D. Rana; Yumi Angela S. Santos
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Fe M. Ong-ongowan
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Jaypee E Lopo
Dolorosa S. De Castro
Cristeta M. Arcos

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Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 2 – Module 11:
Fire Hazards and
Related Concepts
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 What I Need to Know

In this module, the learner will be able to know the different ways on how to
prevent fire incidents and how to escape if it is already happening.
After learning all the process of preventing fire incidents, the learner will be
able to formulate an escape plan.

The module comprises one lesson:

Observe precautionary measures and proper procedures in addressing a
fire incident. DRR11/12-II-e-f-39

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify precautionary measures to prevent fire incidents;
2. describe the different control or preventive measures in order to be
prepared during fire incidents; and
3. create a contingency plan for the family.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Smoke alarms can be very useful when______________.

A. It is properly working.
B. If you keep a working battery in them
C. Tested every month to ensure they are working
D. All of the above

2. Replace power strip electrical cords when____________

A. You've used every outlet on them.
B. They show any sign of discoloring.
C. You change your smoke alarm battery.
D. They have been on the floor for more than a month.

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 3. What is prevention?
A. Supervising safety at work
B. Extending help during the event
C. Taking precautions to reduce risks
D. Investigating accidents and incidents

4. What must be present in an analysis of a task that involves risks?

A. An action plans for taking precautions
B. The time dedicated in preparing the report
C. The empathy of the employer and provision of hazard pay
D. Assessment of the risks together with preventive measures

5. What is the main cause of accidents in a workplace?

A. Lack of hazard benefits
B. Lack of financial resources
C. Lack of precautionary measures
D. Lack of support from the employers

6. What is most likely the cause of tripping?

A. Too little lighting
B. Reduction of a person’s vision
C. Loose objects on the work floor
D. Absence of protective personal equipment

7. What colors are used on signs for firefighting equipment?

A. Black pictogram on a yellow background
B. Black pictogram on a red background
C. White pictogram on a green background
D. White pictogram on a red background

8. What shape does warning sign have?

A. Diamond
B. Rectangular
C. Round
D. Triangular
.
9. What is needed to allow a fire to happen?
A. Oxygen, a catalyst and a correct mixture ratio
B. Oxygen, flammable substance and ignition energy
C. A catalyst and ignition source that come in contact
D. Flammable substance, carbon dioxide and ignition button

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10. What should you do first if you discover that your house is on fire?
A. Ensure your safety.
B. Open the doors and windows.
C. Warn all your family members.
D. Call the Bureau of Fire Protection.

11. Why you should not use water to extinguish fire all the time?
A. Extinguishing with water is comparatively dangerous.
B. The burning substance may react with water violently.
C. Water may not be present where fire accident is happening.
D. Firefighters might have a problem in dealing with smoke produced.

12. Class A fire can be put out by the following EXCEPT_______________.

A. Carbon dioxide
B. Dry chemicals
C. Water and foam
D. Wet chemicals

13. What chemical should be used when Class K fire accidents occur?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Dry chemicals
C. Water and foam
D. Wet chemicals

14. Fire accidents caused by paint and oil can be put out by the following
EXCEPT________________.
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Clean agent
C. Dry chemical
D. Dry powder

15. What does BLUE color sign mean in Fire Safety Signs?
A. Fire exit
B. Firefighting equipment
C. Mandatory action
D. Prohibition

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 Lesson
Precautionary Measures and
Proper Procedures in
1 Addressing a Fire Incident

This lesson will provide knowledge on how to make precautionary measures

to prevent fire incidents at home, school and workplace. It is also necessary
to learn the types of fire, what type of fire extinguisher is appropriate for every
types of fire and some fire safety signs. Having all these knowledge, the
learner will be equipped to avoid fire incidents and prevent further injuries
during the event.

What’s In

“Fire is a good servant but a bad master”. It can be controlled and prevented
but when it takes over and causes fire it will result to a massive damage to
lives and properties.

List 5 measures that can be taken to prevent fire in terms of the fire triangle.

1. To prevent ignition
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. To reduce the risk associated with the source of fuel

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 3. To reduce the risk associated with the source of oxygen
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Notes to the Teacher

There are several possible answers. Consider answers that are
relevant to the questions and could have been a possible answer
but not included in the answer key.

What’s New

Suspect and Inspect, But Do Not Neglect!

Most of the incidents caused by fire are due to inability of the family or the
community to prepare for the possibility. To make our family prepared we
should start to assess our house and identify things that can be hazardous
that might result to fire incident.

Tour around your house and take note of the things that you think are
necessary to be considered as fire hazard or not. Then fill up the table
provided. If compliant put check on “yes”, if non-compliant put check on “no”
and explain what can be done to remedy the problem.

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 Observation Yes No What can be done?
Do family members know what to do
in the event of fire?
Did the family members have a
scape plan?
Do you have suitable facility for
storage of flammable materials?
Are all sources of heat like electric
heaters switched off when not
in use?
Are wastes removed regularly and
stored away from your house?
Are escape route visible and
with signs?
Are all paths, stairs and emergency
route free of obstructions?
Do your doors can be opened
outward?
Did you designate a family meeting
place in case of fire event?
Do all family members know about
the meeting place?

What is It

There is a saying that “It is better to be robbed than to lose all your belongings
or assets because of fire incident.” In order to prevent this from happening,
you should know the main cause of fire and fire hazards and to learn how to
deal with it. From this knowledge you are now equipped to make a
contingency plan for your family and community.

1. Cooking Safety
Cooking is the #1 cause of home fires, and unattended cooking is the top
contributing factor (Bitonio 2013). Since kitchen is the most used part of
the house and is most vulnerable to fire, it is very important to know the
most appropriate actions to be done when kitchen fire starts.

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 Many cooking fire injuries occur when people respond to kitchen fires with
inappropriate actions.

These are the following things to do and not to do in dealing with cooking
fire:

Things to do to prevent cooking fire:

 Do not leave your cooking unattended.
 Keep handles of pots and pans turned in.
 Don’t put anything that catches fire near your stove or burner.

Things to do to control cooking fire:

 Cover the fire by placing a lid over the pan.
 Turn off the burner or stove.
 In case of oven fire, turn off the heat and keep the door closed.
 In case of microwave fire, unplug the power source and keep the
door closed.

2. Cigarettes
Cigarettes are the leading causes of fire deaths in city, state, and national
level (Bitonio 2013). The fire victims include not only the smokers but their
families, friends and neighbors. Mostly, cigarette fires are due to improper
disposal of cigarette butts that are still lit. Normally, it will start outdoor
then spread out until it reaches some structures nearby. In some cases,
house fire due to cigarettes is caused by human negligence like falling
asleep while smoking or smoking near flammable materials.

Fires from smoking material can be prevented by following these tips:

 Do not smoke in bed or anywhere that you might fall asleep.

 If you smoke, do it outside.
 Do not discard cigarettes in potted plants, landscaping vegetation or
bark dust – they can easily catch fire.
 Use a deep, sturdy ashtray or a non-combustible container that cannot
be tipped over.
 Before throwing away butts or ashes, douse in water or sand.
 Never smoke in a home where oxygen is used.

3. Electrical Safety
Electrical problem is one of the causes of structure fires and fire deaths.
Fire incidents due to electrical wiring are caused by faulty wiring and faulty
equipment or appliances.

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 Fires caused by electric can be prevented by the following appropriate
actions.

 Avoid overloading outlets. One outlet is to one high-wattage appliance

at a time.
 Don’t use an extension cord with a major appliance like television, air
conditioner and refrigerator. Plug it in a major power outlet.
 In case a fuse blows or a circuit breaker trips often, light became dim,
or outlets or switches became heated, call a qualified electrician to
inspect and fix the problem.
 Before using a lamp bulb check the box or label first; the wattage of the
bulb should match the recommendation set by the lamp manufacturer.
 Power strips with circuit breakers can be useful tools to temporarily
plug several items into an electrical outlet, but if used incorrectly they
can cause a fire. The use of power strips and multi-plug outlets
increases the draw of electricity through your home's wiring. Before
creating additional electrical demand, ensure that your wiring is in good
repair and capable of carrying the additional load (Bitonio 2013).
 Make sure your home has ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) in
the kitchen, bathroom(s), laundry, basement, and outdoor areas, to
reduce the risk of electric shock (Bitonio 2013).
 Arc-fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs) should be installed in your home
to protect electrical outlets, and prevent fires due to arcing (Bitonio
2013).
 Do not place extension cords under carpets or mattresses because it
will heat up and cause fire.
 Do regular checking of electrical cords and replace immediately if
damaged.

4. Candle Safety
During brown out or power outage, candles are the most popular source
of light because it is always available even in sari-sari stores.

The following are the safety tips on how to prevent candle fire from
happening.

 Use candle holders that are stable to prevent the candle from falling
into the floor or near something that is flammable or easily burn.
 Keep candles at least 12 inches away from anything that can burn.
 Blow out candles when you leave the room or go to bed; avoid the use
of candles in rooms where people may fall asleep.
 Never burn a candle if medical oxygen or any flammable substance is
nearby.

5. Spontaneous Combustion
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 Spontaneous combustion happens when a material can produce or
accumulate its own heat and can cause increase in temperature without
drawing heat from its surroundings. If the material reaches its ignition
temperature, it will start to burn without any source of fire and that is
called spontaneous combustion. Examples of materials that are prone to
spontaneous combustion include: oily rags, hay, and other agricultural
products (Bitonio 2013).

In house fires, oily rags are the most common item ignited by spontaneous
combustion and the garage is the most common area of fire origin (Bitonio
2103). Oily rags left clumped together can heat up and catch fire. To
prevent these fires at home, store oily rags in non-combustible (e.g. metal)
container with lid closed. Prior to disposal, soak rags in water then spread
them out in a safe outdoor area to dry.

There are different types of fire and should be controlled differently when
trying to extinguish. Some chemicals that can extinguish one type of fire
can cause violent reaction when used with other types. One good example
is, when fire is caused by faulty electrical wirings, water and foam could
create some explosions or can increase the intensity of fire.

The table below shows the classification of fire and their respective sources
and symbols.

Source: Learn about

portable fire
extinguishers, June 8,
2017, Connected Fire
Safety Services,
Accessed June 14,
2020, Retrieved from
https://connectedfire.
com/index.php/blog/2
017/06/08/portable-
fire-extinguishers-101 Before using a
fire extinguisher, examine the label first to determine whether it can be used
to the class of fire you are dealing with.

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Types of Fire Extinguisher
1. Water and Foam – only used to put out class A fires
2. Carbon Dioxide – can be used to put out class B and C fires
3. Dry Chemical – can be used to put out class A, B and C fires
4. Wet Chemical – can be used to put out class A and K fires
5. Clean Agent – also known as halogenated extinguishers, can be used to
put out class A, B and C fires
6. Dry Powder – only used to put out class D fires
7. Water Mist - can be used to put out class A and C fires

Fire Safety Signs

Fire safety signs are color coded for easier identification and determination
which is mandatory and which should be avoided. It is very important to be
knowledgeable or to be familiar with the color and the corresponding meaning
of the picture presented.

Fire exit signs are colored green and white as this color combination means a
safe condition. Normally fire exit signs show rapidly walking man and an
arrow. However, some fire exit signs just show ‘fire exit’ text in lower case
letters.

Blue fire safety signs are used to indicate a mandatory action or a must do
action. These blue signs mean that you need to do the appropriate action for
your safety. Blue fire safety signs are circular in shape and feature a white
graphic or white text.

Red fire safety signs are used to indicate prohibition or you must not go on
that location because it might pose danger or harm. It also signifies the
location of fire equipment and supplementary information. When it means
prohibition, it is circular with a red border, white background and black
image. Fire equipment signs are square with red background and white
images and are used to tell you where to find the location of fire-fighting
equipment.

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Source: Learn about portable fire extinguishers, June 8, 2017, Connected Fire Safety Services, Accessed June 14,
2020, Retrieved from https://connectedfire.com/index.php/blog/2017/06/08/portable-fire-extinguishers-101

What’s More

Safety Ever, Fires Never!

True or False. Write TRUE if the sentence is an appropriate action during fire
event or a precautionary measure and FALSE if otherwise.

1. Smoking should not be done inside the bedroom.

2. Burning pan should not be covered with lid, instead pour water.
3. Oily rags can undergo spontaneous combustion, so store it in a cool
and dry place.
4. Use extension cord for your television when it is too far from the main
outlet.
5. Candles should be placed near the windows with curtains so that it
will light brightly.

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 6. To look for firefighting equipment in an establishment, look for a
square or rectangular signage with white pictogram in a red
background.
7. In case of fire, you may not follow the circular signage with white
pictogram in a blue background.
8. Fire exit can be color red or green depending on the establishment.
9. Class A fires can be put out by carbon dioxide.
10. During microwave fire, the best thing to do is unplug or cut off
the power and do not open the door or the windows.

Direction: Identify the class of fire and what type of extinguisher should
be used.

Source of fire Classes of fire Fire extinguisher

11. Petroleum
12. Wood
13. Electrical wiring
14. Cooking oil
15. Frying pan

What I Have Learned

Fire Safety Inspection

Complete the second column of the table by providing appropriate control
measures to keep fire risk at an acceptable level.

Fire hazards Control measures

Overflowing waste paper bins

Leaking fire extinguisher in the

main office.

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 People smoking in the office

Storage of cleaning materials in the

kitchen

The venue receives a lot of visitors

that are unfamiliar with the
premises

One of the employees has hearing

difficulties

One employee is a polio victim and

use crutches

Matches and lighter are within

children’s reach

Students were burning dried leaves

near the school building

No visible emergency exits for

students, teachers and staff

Questions:

1. Based from your answers in the table given, what do you think is the
importance of identifying fire hazards?
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

2. What are the bases of your answers from all the situations given?
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

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 3. Being familiar with your previous school, how will you warn your
schoolmates regarding the fire hazards present and the appropriate
preventive measures? Give at least 5 hazards and 5 preventive
measures for every hazard.
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

My Own Contingency Plan

If there will be an occurrence of fire in your residence, do you think that the
members of your household are prepared and knowledgeable on what to do?
Based from what you have learned about fire hazards, create your own
Contingency Plan or household preparedness plan.

Use the space provided below.

MY OWN CONTINGENCY PLAN

A. What to prepare: C. What to remember in case fire:

___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________

B. What to do in case of fire: D. Where to go:

___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________

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 Rubrics
Meets Needs
Not Visible
Expectations Improvement
91%-100% 81%-90% 70%-80%
The plan created The plan created The plan created
provides all the provides all the lacks almost all
Contingency essential details, essential details the necessary
Plan understandable, but some points details needed
and realistic. need to be (e.g. evacuation
clarified and not area, where to
so realistic. exit, even
emergency
hotlines)

Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. What is most likely the cause of tripping?

A. Too little lighting
B. Reduction of a person’s vision
C. Loose objects on the work floor
D. Absence of protective personal equipment

2. What colors are used on signs for firefighting equipment?

A. Black pictogram on a yellow background
B. Black pictogram on a red background
C. White pictogram on a green background
D. White pictogram on a red background

3. What shape does warning sign have?

A. Diamond
B. Rectangular
C. Round
D. Triangular

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4. What is needed to allow fire to happen?
A. Oxygen, a catalyst and a correct mixture ratio
B. Oxygen, flammable substance and ignition energy
C. A catalyst and ignition source that come in contact
D. Flammable substance, carbon dioxide and ignition button

5. What must you do first if you discover that your house is on fire?
A. Ensure your safety.
B. Open the doors and windows
C. Warn all your family members
D. Call the Bureau if Fire Protection

6. Smoke alarms can be very useful when______________.

A. It is properly working.
B. If you keep a working battery in them
C. Tested every month to ensure they are working
D. All of the above

7. Replace power strip electrical cords when____________.

A. You've used every outlet on them.
B. They show any sign of discoloring.
C. You change your smoke alarm battery.
D. They have been on the floor for more than a month.

8. What is prevention?
A. Supervising safety at work
B. Extend help during the event
C. Taking precautions to reduce risks
D. Investigating accidents and incidents

9. What must be present in an analysis of a task that involves risks?

A. An action plans for taking precautions
B. The time dedicated in preparing the report
C. The empathy of the employer and provision of hazard pay
D. Assessment of the risks together with preventive measures

10. What is the main cause of accidents in a work place?

A. Lack of hazard benefits
B. Lack of financial resources
C. Lack of precautionary measures
D. Lack of support from the employers

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11. Why you should not use water to extinguish fire all the time?
A. Extinguishing with water is comparatively dangerous.
B. The burning substance may react with water violently.
C. Water may not be present where fire accident is happening.
D. Firefighters might have a problem in dealing with
smoke produced.

12. Class A fire can be put out by the following EXCEPT_______________.

A. Carbon dioxide
B. Dry chemicals
C. Water and foam
D. Wet chemicals

13. What chemical should be used when Class K fire accidents occur?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Dry chemicals
C. Water and foam
D. Wet chemicals

14. Fire accidents caused by paint and oil can be put out by the following
EXCEPT________________.
A. Carbon dioxide
B. Clean agent
C. Dry chemical
D. Dry powder

15. What does BLUE color sign mean in Fire Safety Signs?
A. Fire exit
B. Firefighting equipment
C. Mandatory action
D. Prohibition

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 Additional Activities

Use the contingency plan you made in the activity “What can I do?”

1. Discuss your contingency plan with your family.

2. Let all the family members comment on your plan.
3. Revisions and improvements should be noted.
4. Let all the family members agree with your new or revised contingency
plan. Let it be implemented.
5. Make the revised Contingency Plan using the format used in the activity
“What can I do?”
6. Rubrics provided in the previous activity will be used again for
the evaluation.

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 Module 11
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19
References
What I Know What's More Assessment
1. D 1. TRUE 1. C
2. B 2. FALSE 2. D
3. C 3. TRUE 3. D
4. D 4. FALSE 4. B
5. C 5. FALSE 5. C
6. C 6. TRUE 6. D
7. D 7. FALSE 7. B
8. D 8. FALSE 8. C
9. B 9. FALSE 9. D
10. C 10. TRUE 10. C
11. B 11. B – CARBON 11. B
12. A DIOXIDE 12. A
13. D 12. A – WATER 13. D
14. D 13. C – CARBON 14. D
15. C DIOXIDE 15. C
14. K – WET CHEMICAL
15. D- DRY POWDER
Answer Key
Bitonio, Jo Balucanag . Fire Prevention Program (FPP) of the Bureau of Fire
Protection (BFP). LinkedIn SlideShare. February 11, 2013.
Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/jobitonio/abstract-efg.

BFP Operational Procedures Manual. Bureau of Fire Protection, 2015.

Retrieved from http://bfp.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/BFP-
Operational-Procedures-Manual.pdf.

GFMCadmin and GFMCadmin. Philippines: Forest Fire Management in the

Philippines the 1995 Forest Fire Season (IFFN No. 16 – January 1997).
GFMC, November 24, 2017. Retrieved from
https://gfmc.online/iffn/country/rp/rp_3.html.

Executive Order No. 335, s. 1941. GOVPH: Official Gazette of the Republic of
the Philippines. April 1, 1941. Retrieved from
http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1941/04/01/executive-order-no-
335-s-1941/.

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (NDRRM). 2011. The

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP).
Philippines: NDRRMP, Department of Interior and Local Government
(DILG).

Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010. Republic

Act No. 10121. Manila: Congress of the Philippines. Accessed last May
20, 2020. Retrieved from
http://www.mdrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/45/Republic_Act_101
21.pdf

Public Education. NFPA. National Fire Protection Association. Accessed June

10, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.nfpa.org/education.

“IMO Signs, Marine Signs and Marine & Offshore Complete Safety Signage
Solutions – Everlux Maritime.” Newsletter - Everlux Maritime. Accessed
June 10, 2020. Retrieved from
http://everluxmaritime.com/en/newsletter/everlux-maritime-e-news-
4/marine-safety-signs-design-and-installation-code-of-practice-in-
compliance-with-iso-24409/.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985

Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph