Lab report

Particle technology lab

Submitted to Sir Shahzad
Submitted by Noor Fatima
2020CH49

1
 Experiment
Jaw crusher
Abstract
Jaw crushers are easy to operate and maintain, and they weigh less than gyratory crushers. The
primary goals of jaw crushers are to investigate the different components of a jaw crusher, with a
focus on their operations, to conduct a crushing test on a given sample, to evaluate the product
using filter analysis, and to determine the reduction rate. Crushing is a way of sieve separation
that we utilize in our approach. We acquired particles depending on their diameter and size as a
consequence of the jaw crusher. Finally, we obtain a primary crush on our feed due to the jaw
crusher.

Related theory
I. Introduction
Basic crushers, or the initial stage in the process of lowering the rock, are jaw crushers. They are
primarily crushed as a result of traffic congestion. The two plates that open and shut like an
animal's jaw are the defining characteristic of this part of the crusher. The jaws are set at a severe
angle to one another, and one of them is elevated to move relative to the other. The jaw material
is chopped in a different method and delivered into the crushing chamber. It eventually drops
from the start of the release.

II. Types
There are three basic types of jaw crusher as shown
1. Blake type jaw crusher
2. Dodge crusher
3. Universal jaw crusher

Blake type jaw crusher:

The gap (the straight distance between the upper plates) is fixed in the Blake type jaw crusher,
and the set (the direct distance between the lower plates). Eli Whitney Blake patented the Blake
crusher in 1858. The Blake jaw crusher has a fixed feed area as well as a variable feed area.
There are two other Blake types of crushers.

 Double Toggle Blake Crusher

It is the type of the Blake type jaw crusher in which the oscillating motion of the swing jaw is
caused by the vertical motion of the pitman. The pitman moves upward and downward. The
swing jaw closes, i.e., it moves towards the fixed jaw when the pitman moves in the upward

2
direction and opens when it moves in the downward direction. Due to its ability to crush tough
and abrasive materials it is commonly used in mines.

 Single Toggle Blake Crusher

The curved jaw is suspended in an egg-shaped hole in this jaw wound, resulting in a more
compact product. You will type a vertical movement of a dry jaw due to the rotation of the plate
and move due to the vertical motion while using the e-eccentric vertical jaw. When these groups
meet, the jaw movement will be circular. This elliptical organization facilitates the entry of
particles into the crushing chamber. This condition causes the single-jaw transformer to produce
more energy but creates more wear on the crushing jaws. The soft particles crush using this type
of jaw crusher.

Dodge Type Jaw Crusher

The jaws are farther up and down in this sort of jaw crusher, and the material is gradually
crushed and thinner as it falls to the bottom until it is tiny enough to run open, which is
accomplished using a tapered cork. The dodge jaw crusher has a variable feed area and a steady
discharge, which allows for crusher testing, which is why it is only used in the lab and not for
hard work.
Why aren't dodge type jaw crushers as popular as they should be? Because when the particles are
crushed to a minimum, they swell and the volume increases by 20 to 30%, and the Blake type
jaw crusher has a fixed set, which causes the machine to stop.

3
Universal Jaw Crusher
With its strong feed action as the moving jaw presses in and out, this type of jaw crusher
decreases the material as it goes through the crushing chamber. The tool is rapidly reduced by
the bright blue hue at the top of the room, while the second click action below decreases the tool
to a pre-set output size.

III. Construction

Main frame
The front frame is generally composed of steel or steel with tie-bolts to hold it together. It's
generally done in phases so that it can be transported and installed underground. After naming,
complete sadness is noticed.

Jaws
The jaws are usually made of stainless steel and consist of flexible manganese strips attached to
the jaws in some parts for easy removal and are returned to normal wear. One jaw moves while
the other remains motionless.

Cheek plates
To prevent the big side frame from wear, cheek plates are put on the sides of the press chamber.
Manganese steel may also be used, and they have a good shelf life.

Toggle
The flexibility shifts the surface of the flat pressure to the rotating seat. The friction is kept to a
minimum by avoiding brushing or flossing. Advantages of this type of switching system over the
switch and seat type
 No lubrication available
 The system can handle very large crushing pressures
 Life changing with chairs is often great.

Fly wheel

4
A sheave pulley with various v-belt settings feeds rotational force onto the jaw crusher eccentric
shaft. It is inextricably linked to the drive required to store energy in a stable phase of the stroke
before moving it to the crushing section. And don't forget about inertia.

Spring load
A spring load is a precautionary measure. Using a green screen to cover the adhesive and wet
material, the moving jaw is forced to its maximum by squeezing the spring, and the unbreakable
lump is passed without inflicting mechanical harm to the industry.

Jaw holder and main bearing housings

Jaw guard is a solid box with a completely designed surface that can be detached from the frame
to support the moving jaw.

IV. Working
A typical way for driving a Blake jaw crusher is the ‘Toggle and Pitman.' It typically comprises
of an eccentrically driven pitman on the crusher shaft, as well as two toggles that move and pass
like 'bird wings,' one between the main frame and the pitman, and the other between the pitman
and the moving jaw, to translate the pitman's circular throat pitman upwards. And on the ground,
where the gap between the two jaws gradually widens and gets trodden. Jaw guard is a solid box
with a completely designed surface that can be detached from the frame to support the moving
jaw. Our laboratory model, which is normally a Blake jaw crusher, has a modified drive
mechanism known as a' single toggle mechanism,' which means it doesn't have a separate
pitman, but the pitman's function is assisted by the moving jaw itself.
They have one little switch that rests on top of the steel bear, at the end of the jawbone's rear
body, and on the opposite side of the folding board that may stand side by side with a big frame,
instead of two lengthy switches. Depending on the product, you can go back and forth (e.g. if
you go back when the product will be bitter). The opening of the jaw crusher feed is known as a
'gape,' and the release opening is known as a set.
'A spring-loaded dynamic jaw is attached to a wrapper that helps to adjust the set. Spring
loading is a safety feature that prevents cracked lumps from entering the space. By pressing the
spring, the moving jaw is pushed upwards, and a steady lump is passed without damaging the
machine.

V. Performance indicators
Capacity
The jaw crusher in boxing has a capacity of 725 t/h. Jaw crushers come in a variety of sizes, with
the largest having a gape of 1680 mm and a width of 2130 mm. This machine can handle ore up
to 1.22 m in size, with a crushing rate of around 725th - in a 203mm set. However, the economic
advantage of jaw crushers over gyratory crusher’s declines after 545th -1, and jaw crushers
cannot compete with gyratory crushers above 725th -1.

5
 Reduction ratio
Reduction ratio decreases with increase in discharge. If capacity decreases, reduction ratio
increases.

Energy consumption
If we add hard material then more energy is consumed in one hour and machine also stops.

VI. Design parameters

Angle between jaws
The angle between the jaws is generally less than 26, because high angles smooth down the
particles (allowing them to be chopped), reducing volume and increasing wear.

Width and length of jaw plates

These two terms will dictate the capacity of machine.

Throw
The type of material also crushed determines throwing (high jaw throw height), which is
generally addressed by adjusting the eccentric.

Shape of jaw plates

The type of material also crushed determines throwing (high jaw throw height), which is address
by adjusting the eccentric. We never use smooth plates at the industry level because we want to
increase the life of plates.

VII. Operating parameters

RPM
If it increases, the capacity increase to a certain point. Due to the flow of material, it reduced the
strength of a machine.

Set
Set increase, capacity increases and reduction ratio decreases.

VIII. Feed characteristics

Strength of material
The strength of a material is high then, bond work index is high, capacity reduces then energy is
consumed high.

Density

6
Density affects the capacity of a machine. More mass crushed, capacity increases.

Flow rate
Flow rate also gives idea about what happened next free or choked crushing.

IX. Applications
Because of its massive casting, the jaw crusher is ideal for shaping plastic items. Cement raw
material crushing is done with a jaw crusher. It's also suitable for usage in the mining sector and
for the rehabilitation of concrete.

X. Limitations
The jaw crusher can handle feed sizes of up to 1 m and produces a product that is 10-20 cm in
size. The jaw crusher is unsuitable for hard and corrosive materials.
It's a 180o machine, so you'll be working at 90o and resting at 90o. Some lumps can pass through
without being crushed. This crusher is unable to smash adhesive materials.

XI. Specifications
Name Denver Blake Crusher
Motor 5hp
Motor RPM 1440
Crusher RPM 325 – 375
Gape 5×6 inch2
Movable Jaw Depth 14”
Fix Jaw Depth 12”
Close set 0.5 inch
Open set 1.25 inch
Width Of Jaw Plate Width Of Jaw Plate
6 inch 6 inch

Procedure
I. Performance
Read each part of the machine and know the function of everything
Switch to the machine and study the movement of the moving jaw and the variation of the set in
motion.
Assure Measure the side of the gape and adjust the set with the help of a lead cylinder and a
meter rod or cone filter and recording measurements.

7
Check your feed, measure the largest lump either with a meter stick or with a rand filter as can be
the case and record.
Feed the machine and complete the whole sample.
Analysis Perform filtering on a product using a set of filters

II. Calculation formulas

Reduction ratio= 80 % Passing Feed ¿ ¿ 80 % Passing Product ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿=106.4/10=4.09

Observation, Calculation and Results

I. Observation and Calculation
Feed size

Product size

II. Graphs

8
 120
cumulative mass % vs aperture size commulative
mass % (passing)
100 Linear (commu-
cumulative mass % Title

lative mass %
80 (passing))
cumulative mass
60 % (retaining)
f(x) = 1.93198251082433 x − 1.113186175162
40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Graph of cumulative passing and retaining mass percentage against aperture size (geometric
mean)
80% passing feed size=0.7*152
=106.4mm
Slope= y= 1.932x - 1.1132
D80= 10
D25=13
D75=14
D50=24
D10=3

LOG normal plot

70
cumulative mass %(passing)

60
50 f(x) = 1.80762297118273 x − 4.33715487626326
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
aperture size

Log-normal plot between aperture size (geometric mean) and cumulative passing mass
percentage
Standard deviation

9
D84-D50= 0.03

gauss distribution
2
1.8
1.6
1.4 f(x) = 0.713548615460016 x + 0.542805293108612
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Gaudin-Schuhmann distribution graph

y = 0.7135x + 0.5428
Distribution parameter a, by slope m= 0.7135
Size parameter k, intercept of straight line when y=100%=139

rosin-rammler distribution
4
3.5
3
log(log 100/R)

2.5
f(x) = 0.394642857142857 x − 0.267142857142857
2 R² = 0.739710301209199
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
log of aperture size (retained)

Rosin distribution graph

y = 0.3946x - 0.2671
R² = 0.7397

Discussions
I. Discussion on RR, EC, C

10
From the test, we knew that reducing the size of our crusher was greater than the crusher at
sector level. The more the rate decreases, the energy consumption will be greater, and the energy
will decrease.

II. Discussion on graphs

In graph 1, we find the reduction rate by setting the graph b / w to accumulate size% pass,
storage and space size to find the reduction rate. In graph 2, we find the standard deviation. And
in some cases where large particles are present, the graph turns because the particle size is not
equal to the smallest. Graph 3, the slope of the straight line gives us the distribution parameter a.
And crossing a straight line gives us the size of the parameter k. In graph 4, the graph should be a
straight line but due to errors, we found a curve.

III. Discussion on experiment

In this experiment, we analyze with a shield on a hot rock, that is our diet. We classify particles
on the basis of their weight. Then do the math on it. We use a type of Blake crusher to avoid
accumulation when disposed of.

IV. Conclusion
In conclusion, we are familiar with many parts of the jaw machine and their functions. We know
how to get a reduction rate, and how to do a sieve analysis.

11