Codebook STD Jan22

THE QOG STANDARD DATASET 2022
CODEBOOK
Scholars who wish to use this dataset in their research are kindly requested to cite both the original
source (as stated in this codebook) and use the following citation:
Teorell, Jan, Aksel Sundström, Sören Holmberg, Bo Rothstein, Natalia Alvarado

Pachon & Cem Mert Dalli. 2022. The Quality of Government Standard Dataset,
version jan22. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute,
https://www.gu.se/en/quality-government doi:10.18157/qogstdjan22
https://www.gu.se/en/quality-government
The QoG Institute
P.O. Box 711
405 30 Gothenburg
Sweden
infoqog@pol.gu.se
Contents
1 Introduction 4
1.1 The Quality of Government Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 The QoG Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Important note on the terms of use of these datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 QoG Standard Dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Thematic Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 Changes in this edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 List of Variables by Categories 16

2.1 Quality of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 Civil Society, Population and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 Conflict and Military Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 Energy and Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.6 Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.7 Gender Equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.8 Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.9 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.10 Judicial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.11 Labour Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.12 Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.13 Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.14 Political Parties and Elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.15 Political System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.16 Public Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.17 Private Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.18 Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.19 Welfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3 Identification Variables 69
4 Description of Variables by Original Data Sources 71

4.1 AidData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.2 Global Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3 Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.4 Alesina, Devleeschauwer, Easterly, Kurlat and Wacziarg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.5 The Association of Religion Data Archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.6 Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.7 Sherppa Ghent University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.8 The International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species 123
4.9 Bonn International Center for Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.10 Bar-Ilan University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.11 Barro and Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.12 Boix, Miller and Rosato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.13 Bernhard, Nordstrom and Reenock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.14 Bjornskov and Rode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.15 Bertelsmann Stiftung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.16 Forman-Rabinovici and Sommer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.17 Coppedge, Alvarez and Maldonado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.18 Ana Carolina Garriga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.19 The Comparative Constitutions Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.20 Cheibub, Gandhi and Vreeland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.21 Cingranelli, Richards, and Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
4.22 Armingeon, Engler and Leemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
4.23 Fazekas and Kocsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
4.24 Comparative Study of Electoral Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
4.25 Center of Systemic Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
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4.26 Vincenzo Emanuele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
4.27 Andrew Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4.28 ETH Zurich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
4.29 Global Footprint Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
4.30 UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
4.31 Environmental Performance Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4.32 European Social Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
4.33 Eurostat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
4.34 Eurostat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
4.35 Emanuele, Angelucci, Marino, Puleo and Vegetti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
4.36 Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
4.37 James D. Fearon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
4.38 Freedom House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
4.39 Freedom House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
4.40 Freedom House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
4.41 Fraser Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
4.42 Guillén and Capron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
4.43 Transparency International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
4.44 The Political Terror Scale project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
4.45 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
4.46 IMF Government Finance Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
4.47 World Economic Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
4.48 United Nations Development Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
4.49 Kristian S. Gleditsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
4.50 Bormann and Golder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
4.51 The Growth Lab at Harvard University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
4.52 Institute for Economics & Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
4.53 Gerring, Thacker and Moreno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
4.54 Andersson and Brambor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
4.55 Geddes, Wright and Frantz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
4.56 Witold Henisz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
4.57 Hollyer, Rosendorff and Vreeland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
4.58 Wahman, Teorell and Hadenius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
4.59 Institutions and Elections Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
4.60 International Budget Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
4.61 Brambor, Goenega, Lindvall and Teorell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
4.62 International Country Risk Guide - The PRS Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
4.63 International Centre for Tax and Development and UNU-WIDER . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
4.64 Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
4.65 Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
4.66 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
4.67 Mo Ibrahim Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
4.68 European Research Centre for Anti-Corruption and State-Building . . . . . . . . . . . 432
4.69 Inter-Parliamentary Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
4.70 Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University . . 436
4.71 Johnson and Wallack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
4.72 Aljaz Kuncic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
4.73 LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
4.74 Hanson and Sigman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
4.75 La Porta, López-de-Silanes, Shleifer and Vishny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
4.76 Maddison Historical Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
4.77 Hyde and Marinov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
4.78 Pippa Norris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
4.79 Natural Resource Management Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
4.80 Nunn and Puga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
4.81 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
4.82 The Ocean Health Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
4.83 Marshall and Gurr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
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4.84 Norris and Groemping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
4.85 Ouattara and Standaert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
4.86 Vincenzo Emanuele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
4.87 Persson and Tabellini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
4.88 Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
4.89 Nistotskaya, Dahlberg, Dahlström, Sundström, Axelsson, Dalli and Alvarado Pachon . 547
4.90 Philip G. Roeder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
4.91 World Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
4.92 Michael L Ross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
4.93 Reporters Sans Frontières . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
4.94 Borcan, Olsson and Putterman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
4.95 Bertelsmann Stiftung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
4.96 Elgin and Oztunali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
4.97 Nathan Nunn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
4.98 Social Progress Imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
4.99 The Political Terror Scale project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
4.100Duane Swank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
4.101Transparency International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
4.102World Inequality Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
4.103UCDP/PRIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
4.104Pemstein, Meserve and Melton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
4.105United Nations Development Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
4.106UNESCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
4.107Tatu Vanhanen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
4.108Varieties of Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
4.109Institute for Economics & Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
4.110The World Bank Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
4.112World Economic Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
4.113Christian Welzel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
4.114Nyrup and Bramwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
4.115World Health Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
4.116World Happiness Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
4.117Geddes, Wright and Frantz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
4.118World Values Survey / European Values Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754
4.120Sundström and Stockemer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
5 Bibliography 783
6 Appendix 784
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1 Introduction
1.1 The Quality of Government Institute
The QoG Institute was founded in 2004 by Professor Bo Rothstein and Professor Sören Holmberg. It
is an independent research institute within the Department of Political Science at the University of
Gothenburg. The institute conducts research on the causes, consequences and nature of Good Gover-
nance and the Quality of Government (QoG) - that is, trustworthy, reliable, impartial, uncorrupted,
and competent government institutions.
The main objective of the research is to address the theoretical and empirical problems of how political
institutions of high quality can be created and maintained. A second objective is to study the effects
of Quality of Government on a number of policy areas, such as health, environment, social policy,
and poverty. While Quality of Government is the common intellectual focal point of the research
institute, a variety of theoretical and methodological perspectives are applied.
1.2 The QoG Data
One aim of the QoG Institute is to make comparative data on QoG and its correlates publicly
available. To accomplish this, we have compiled several datasets that draw on a number of freely
available data sources, including aggregated individual-level data. The QoG datasets are available in
several file formats, making them usable in most statistical softwares as well as in Excel.
The QoG Standard Dataset is our largest dataset consisting of more than 2,000 variables. For those
who prefer a smaller dataset, we provide the QoG Basic Dataset, consisting of approximately the
300 most used variables from the QoG Standard Dataset. We also provide a dataset called the
QoG OECD Dataset which covers OECD member countries and has high data coverage in terms of
geography and time.
The Standard, Basic, and OECD datasets are all available in both time-series (TS) and cross-sectional
(CS) versions, as separate datasets. In the TS datasets, the unit of analysis is country-year (e.g.
Sweden-1984, Sweden-1985 and so on). The CS datasets, unlike the TS datasets, do not include
multiple years for a particular country, therefore, the unit of analysis is country. Although, many of
the variables are available in both TS and CS, some variables are not, so it is advisable to use the
codebook to see which variables are included. Each variable entry in this codebook specifies in which
dataset you will find the variable.
The variables in the Standard, Basic, and OECD datasets are categorized in 19 thematic categories.
This categorization should be seen as a guideline rather than a definite classification. Most variables
belong only to one category, but some variables belong to more than one category.
On the QoG website, we also provide three additional datasets. The QoG Expert Survey (2015),
the QoG EU Regional Dataset (2016 and 2020) and the QoG EQI Dataset (2010, 2013 and 2017).
The QoG Expert Survey is a dataset based on a survey among experts on public administration
around the world. The data is available in an individual dataset and an aggregated dataset. The
QoG EU Regional dataset is a dataset consisting of approximately 450 variables covering three levels
of European regions. The EQI dataset is based on a survey among 34,000 respondents and concerns
corruption on a regional level within the EU (NUTS 2).
Previous versions of all our datasets are available in the Data Archive on the QoG website:
https://www.gu.se/en/quality-government/qog-data/data-downloads/data-archive
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1.3 Important note on the terms of use of these datasets
The QoG datasets are open and available, free of charge and without a need to register your data.
You can use them for your analysis, graphs, teaching, and other academic-related and non-commercial
purposes. We ask our users to cite always the original source(s) of the data and our datasets.
We do not allow other uses of these data including but not limited to redistribution, commercialization
and other for-profit usage. If a user is interested in such use or has doubts about the license, they
will have to refer to the original source and check with them if this is allowed and what requirements
they need to fulfill.
Be mindful the original data sources are the only owners of their data and they can adjust their
license without previous warning.
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1.4 QoG Standard Dataset
1.4.1 Cross-Sectional (CS)
In the QoG Standard CS dataset, data from and around 2018 is included. Data from 2018 is priori-
tized, however, if no data are available for a country for 2018, data for 2019 is included. If no data
for 2019 exists, data for 2017 is included, and so on up to a maximum of +/- 3 years.
While this works fine for some variables, it does not for others. For GDP growth it might be far from
ideal to use figures from the following or previous year, whereas it might be more or less unproblematic
for bureaucratic structures, which are more stable and fluctuate less. We advise you to carefully read
the codebook and use your own judgment when using the CS dataset.
Besides the quality criteria for including new datasets and variables into the QoG datasets, we have
chosen to add a few rules regarding the number of countries and years a variable must have available
in order to be included in these datasets. This also might mean that the original dataset may include
other variables, and we urge the users of these datasets to check the original sources as well. For the
QoG Standard CS dataset, we drop variables that have information for less than 15 countries after
we have picked the data from the focus year or +/- 3 years.
In the description of each variable in this codebook, there are basic descriptive statistics (minimum
year, maximum year and number of countries [N]) and a map indicating the countries that have data
for that specific variable in the CS dataset. If the variable is not included in the CS dataset, there
is a text simply stating that this is the case. The maps in the codebook should not be confused for
visualizations of the data itself; they are only visualizations of the data availability in the dataset.
1.4.2 Time-Series (TS)
In the QoG Standard TS dataset, data from 1946 to 2021 are included and the unit of analysis is
country-year (e.g. Sweden-1946, Sweden-1947 and so on).
As countries are not static phenomena, this has resulted in a number of what we call historical
countries. Historical countries are in most cases denoted by a parenthesis, following the country name,
and within the parenthesis we have added the to - date (e.g. Ethiopia [-1992]). Consequentially, the
historical countries are often associated with a present-day version of the "same" country. These
are also denoted by a parenthesis but within that parenthesis we have added the from - date (e.g.
Ethiopia [1993-]). You will find more information on which countries this applies to, and our line of
reasoning for each country, in the section on countries and time coverage.
We have decided not to include data that was available for a country before that country became
independent according to our judgment. This is debatable; it might be argued that if an original
source has included values, the values are correct and could be included. However, we have reasoned
that if the datasets primarily are used in cross-country comparisons, all units should be independent
countries and not, for example, semi-independent territories.
Besides the quality criteria for including new datasets and variables into the QoG datasets, we have
chosen to add a few rules regarding the number of countries and years a variable must have available
in order to be included in these datasets. This also might mean that the original dataset may
include other variables, and we urge the users of these datasets to check the original sources as
well. Regarding the inclusion of variables according to the countries and years covered, for the QoG
Standard TS dataset, we drop variables that have information for less than 15 countries and less than
three years.
In each entry in this codebook there are basic descriptive statistics (minimum year, maximum year,
number of countries [N], number of observations [n], average number of countries per year [N ] and
average number of years per country [T ]) and a bar graph indicating the number of countries with
data available each year from 1946 to 2021. If the variable is not included in the TS dataset, there
6
is a text simply stating that this is the case. The maps in the codebook should not be confused for
visualizations of the data itself; they are only visualizations of the data availability in the datasets.
1.4.3 Country and Time Coverage
When deciding which countries to include in the datasets, we have relied on the following reasoning:
We have included current members of the United Nations (UN) as well as previous members, provided
that their de facto sovereignty has not changed substantially since they were members; this means
that we, for example, have included Taiwan.
Using UN membership to decide whether or not to include a country in the dataset works quite
well for cases from around 1955. Afterwards, independent states, in general, joined the UN following
independence. This leaves us with the question of what to do with countries that might be said to have
been independent some time during the period from 1946 to around 1955, but were not independent
after that period (such as Tibet). We have decided to include data for Tibet from 1946 to 1950,
making it possible for users to decide for themselves whether to include Tibet in their analysis or not.
It is worth noting that we do not use the date on which a country gained membership to the UN to
decide when a country came into being. All in all, this means that we have 194 countries included in
the cross-sectional dataset.
In the time-series dataset, we include the same 194 countries, plus an additional 17 historical countries
that did not exist in 2014: Tibet, Pakistan pre-1971 (including East Pakistan, presently Bangladesh),
North and South Vietnam, North and South Yemen, East and West Germany, Yugoslavia pre-1992
(the Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia), Serbia and Montenegro, the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia
pre-1993 (including Eritrea), France pre-1962 (including Algeria), Malaysia pre-1965 (including Sin-
gapore), Cyprus pre-1974 (including the later Turkish-occupied North Cyprus) and Sudan pre-2012
(including South Sudan). This makes a total of 211 countries. In the Appendix we have included the
full list of countries and a short note on how we have reasoned for each country.
Unfortunately, no established international standard exists on how historical cases, resulting either
from country mergers or country splits, should be treated in a time-series setting. We have applied
the following principles:
After a merger of two countries, the new country is considered a new case, even when the new state
formed could be considered a continuation of one of the merged states. This rule applies to: (1)
Vietnam, which merged North and South Vietnam in 1976; (2) Yemen, which merged North and
South Yemen in 1990: and (3) Germany, which merged East and West Germany in 1990.
If a country has split, the new countries are considered new cases, even when one of the new states
could be considered a continuation of the state that split. This rule applies to: (1) Pakistan, which
split into Pakistan and Bangladesh in 1971; (2) the USSR, which split into 15 Post-Soviet countries in
1991; (3) Yugoslavia, which split into Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia,
and Serbia and Montenegro from 1991 onwards; (4) Czechoslovakia, which was split into the Czech
Republic and Slovakia in 1993; (5) France, which split into France and Algeria in 1962; (6) Malaysia,
which split into Malaysia and Singapore in 1965; (7) Cyprus, which was occupied by Turkey in 1974,
effectively splitting the country into Cyprus and the internationally unrecognized Northern Cyprus;
and (8) Ethiopia, which split into Ethiopia and Eritrea in 1993. There is one exception to this
rule: Indonesia is considered a continuation of the country that existed before the independence of
Timor-Leste in 2002 (while Timor-Leste is considered a new country).
Since most of the original data sources treat these cases of country mergers and splits differently, we
have rearranged data in accordance with our criteria above. Consequently, if a merger or a split has
occurred and the data source does not treat the countries as different cases, we still consider them to
be different cases.
To determine where to put the data for the year of the merger/split and when to include data
for a newly independent country, we have relied on the July 1st-principle. If the merger/split or
7
independence occurred after July 1st, the data for this year will belong to the historical country or
it will not be included.
Thus, for example: If Germany in a data source is treated as a continuation of West Germany, we
place data up to and including 1990 on West Germany and leave Germany blank until and including
1990, since the merger of Germany occurred in October 1990 (after July 1st, 1990). If, on the other
hand, Serbia and Montenegro in a data source is treated as a continuation of Yugoslavia, we place the
data up to and including 1991 on Yugoslavia and from 1992 and onward on Serbia and Montenegro
(which is left blank until and including 1991), since the split occurred from June 1991-March 1992
(before July 1st, 1992).
Finally, Cyprus (1974-) denotes the Greek part of the island after the Turkish occupation. Most
sources probably do the same with the data they refer to Cyprus, but the documentation of the
original data rarely specifies this.
In 2018, we updated the name of Swaziland to Eswatini (former Swaziland) and in 2019, we updated
the name of Macedonia to North Macedonia; however, the other identification codes remain the same.
1.4.4 Note for Stata/IC Users
The Stata/IC has a limitation of 2 047 variables. The QoG Standard datasets are larger, therefore
users of the Stata/IC cannot use these datasets in its original form. If you have access to Stata/IC,
you can open only those variables of the QoG Standard dataset that you need for studies.
First, you need to download the QoG Standard data file in .dta format to your computer. Then,
open Stata/IC and write the following command in the command window and run it:
use list of variables using "C:\Link\to\file\filename.dta"
list of variables can be any of the following:
• list of all variable names (e.g. aid_cpnc fh_status vi_ext) that you need
• the prefixes of the data sources (e.g. bl_*, ciri_*) to open all variables from one or several data
sources
• a range of variables (e.g. aid_cpnc-vi_ext).
Note: A list of the prefixes and variable names are presented in the codebook. We recommend that
you always add and open the identification variables: cname, ccode and year (for time-series).
1.4.5 A brief note on the QoG Standard 2022 update
To improve consistency and compatibility of statistical data related to QoG, we continuously work to
improve the coverage and data quality. For the 2022 update of the QoG Standard Dataset, we have
included five new data sources that previously were not part of the QoG datasets. These are:
• Remittances Data (World Bank, 2021a). This dataset provides a snapshot of latest statistics
on remittance flows for 214 countries and territories.
• Hanson & Sigman’s State Capacity Index (Hanson and Sigman, 2021). It presents a new
measurement of state capacity based on the extractive capacity, coercive capacity, and admin-
istrative capacity.
• Growth Projections and Complexity Rankings (Growth Lab at Harvard University, 2019). The
dataset includes growth forecasts for the upcoming decade as well as rankings of countries by
their current economic complexity.
8
• COVID-19 Data Repository (Ensheng, Du and Gardner, 2020). The repository contains data
on confirmed COVID-19 cases, deaths, recoveries, and tests at the national level.
• Bjørnskov-Rode regime data (Bjørnskov and Rode, 2020). It updates Cheibub, Gandhi and
Vreelands DD dataset and expands it to recent years.
9
1.5 Thematic Categories
1.5.1 Quality of Government
This category includes variables that are the core features of QoG (impartiality, bureaucratic quality
and corruption) as well as measures that are broader (rule of law and transparency).
1.5.2 Civil Society/Population/Culture
This category includes variables that relate to social capital, personal beliefs, size and distribution of
the population as well as ethnic and linguistic fractionalization.
1.5.3 Conflict
This category includes variables concerning armed conflict, including civil war and terrorism, govern-
ment revenue and spending related to violent conflict (military expenditure, arms imports, military
personnel).
1.5.4 Education
This category includes a variety of indicators related to education, such as key characteristics of
the educational system (public expenditure, gross enrollment, number of teachers), the students
(age, gender, educational level), and educational outcomes (mean scores, literacy rates, numbers of
researchers and scientists).
1.5.5 Energy and Infrastructure
This category includes indicators that cover descriptions of different energy sources (production, con-
sumption and trade) and variables related to quality and quantity of different sectors of infrastructure
(transportation and communication).
1.5.6 Environment
This category includes geographical characteristics such as the geographical region, land area etc. as
well as indicators describing the state of the environment, ecosystems and materials, the impact of
human beings on the environment, and environmental protection.
1.5.7 Gender Equality
This category includes variables related to the differences of access and opportunities between women
and men by country, such as access to education, overall employment and employment by specific
sectors, and indexes that shine a light on the general differences in treatment between men and
women.
1.5.8 Health
This category includes indicators describing the health of a population in a given country. These
include reports about self-perceived health (state of health), policies and provided infrastructure
10
concerning health (expenditure, number of hospitals), the prevalence of diseases (HIV, tuberculosis),
and indicators such as birth rate, death rate and life expectancy.
1.5.9 History
This category includes variables related to historical phenomena or situations, for example colonial
origin, legal origin and GDP per capita in the year 1500.
1.5.10 Judicial
This category includes judicial indicators, generally covering legal rights granted by a state to its
citizens and their compliance, as well as measures of crimes and the overall state of the judicial
system.
1.5.11 Labour Market
This category includes variables about employment, unemployment and union density rate, in general,
as well as in subgroups of the population.
1.5.12 Media
This category includes indicators on the freedom of the media in a given country (freedom of the
press, regulation of the media) as well as the public access and confidence in the media.
1.5.13 Migration
This category includes indicators related to migratory phenomena such as immigration rates, level of
education, brain drain, and refugee population.
1.5.14 Political Parties and Elections
This category includes variables describing various aspects of the legislature and political parties in
the legislature (number of seats) as well as variables related to the election for the executive and
variables on the outcomes of elections.
1.5.15 Political System
This category includes variables describing the rules of the political system (presidential or parlia-
mentary system), the chief executive (years in office), regime type, stability (age of present regime),
and checks and balances as well as aspects of federalism.
1.5.16 Public Economy
This category includes economic indicators that reflect the involvement of the government in the
economy (taxes, tariff rates and government expenditures), economic key figures of a state (GDP,
inflation, and economic inequality), and indicators that characterize the state of the economy (aid-
flows, debt).
11
1.5.17 Private Economy
This category includes variables characterizing the private sector in a country, inter alia: regulation
of the private sector, indicators concerning economic characteristics of groups in the society, such as
poverty and household consumption, as well as tax rates.
1.5.18 Religion
This category includes variables regarding numbers of followers of specific religions and the status of
religion in the constitution.
1.5.19 Welfare
This category includes indicators on government expenditure related to social welfare (pension, sick-
ness coverage and accidents coverage).
12
1.6 Changes in this edition
For this edition of the dataset, we had the following changes:
Adoption of ISO-standard country names and codes:
• To make the data-merging processes easier for our users, we have replaced our country name
(cname) and country code (ccode) variables with the ISO-3166-1 standard country names
and numeric codes. Whenever the numeric code or name does not exist in the ISO standard,
we imputed the code and name used by the QoG standard, making sure it did not clash with
previous codes. For example, the QoG name standard for France is France (-1962) and France
(1963-). With adopting the ISO standard, the name is France for both entities.
• The QoG country names and codes are renamed as cname_qog and ccode_qog respectively.
Changes in variables:
• All variables of the Educational Attainment Dataset are now recorded for population between
15 years old to 64 years old.
• In the CIRIGHTS Data project, the variables "Empowerment index" (ciri_empinx) and "New
Freedom of Religion" (ciri_relfre) are using the new methodology provided my the dataset.
• The variable "Number of contracts won by a supplier registered at a foreign address" (cri_-
foreign) from the Corruption Risks Indicators was added.
• The variable "Democracy measure, requiring min. 50% of adult women have the right to vote"
(bmr_demfsuf) from Boix-Miller-Rosato Dichotomous Coding of Democracy, 1800-2020 was
added.
• The variable "Patent applications to the EPO, Per million of active population" (eu_sctrtotp-
minapop) from Eurostat was dropped by the original source. Consequently, this variable is also
dropped in this version.
• In the IMF GFS Expenditure by Functions of Government (COFOG) dataset, we have renamed
the variables "Expenditure on social protection, as
• For the Index of Public Integrity, we have inlcuded only the "Index of Public Integrity" (ipi_ipi).
• The variable "Presence of peace keepers (number)"(wdi_peacekeep) from the World Develop-
ment Indicators was dropped by the original source. Consequently, this variable is also dropped
in this version.
• In the dataset of the World Values Survey, the variables: "REGR factor score 1 for analysis
1" (wvs_tradrat), "REGR factor score 2 for analysis 1" (wvs_survself), "Extent of political
corruption" (wvs_polcor), "How often do you drink alcohol" (wvs_alc) and "All religions should
be taught in public schools" (wvs_relsch) were dropped due to their lack of availability for several
waves. The question: "Men make better political leaders than women do" (wvs_menpol) was
added.
Changes in datasets:
• We have added again the datasets from Freedom House (Freedom of the Press, Freedom of the
Net and Freedom in the World) and the The CIRIGHTS Data project.
• Following the independent audit and discontinuation of the dataset, we have dropped the Ease
of Doing Business dataset.
13
• Fragile State Index from Fund For Peace and Index of Economic Freedom from Heritage Foun-
dation have been dropped.
• Five new datasets are added to our database: Remittances Data (World Bank, 2021a), Hanson &
Sigman’s State Capacity Index (Hanson and Sigman, 2021), Growth Projections and Complexity
Rankings (Growth Lab at Harvard University, 2019), OVID-19 Data Repository (Ensheng, Du
and Gardner, 2020) and Bjørnskov-Rode regime data (Bjørnskov and Rode, 2020).
14
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Inken Schütt and Raymond Samo for their invaluable help in the production
of these codebooks.
15
2 List of Variables by Categories
2.1 Quality of Government
Accountability sub-index (aii_acc) 73

Access to Information and Openness sub-index (aii_aio) 74
Civil Service Integrity sub-index (aii_cilser) 74
Elections sub-index (aii_elec) 74
Public management sub-index (aii_pubm) 75
Practice: appointments to audit institution support agency’s independ. (aii_q08) 79
Practice: the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports (aii_q09) 79
Law: corruption is criminalized as a specific offense (aii_q10) 80
Practice: appointees to bodies investigating pubsec corruption support independ. (aii_q14) 82
Practice: appointees to agencies organizing elections support agencies’ independ (aii_q20) 85
Practice: agencies that organize elections are protected from pol. interference (aii_q21) 85
Practice: reports before after a national election are publicly available (aii_q22) 86
Law: major public procurements require competitive bidding (aii_q24) 87
Practice: major public procurements involve competitive bidding (aii_q25) 87
Practice: citizens can access results and procurement contracts related document (aii_q26) 88
Practice: citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies (aii_q29) 89
Practice: citizens can access natural resources exploitation financial records (aii_q30) 90
Law: civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption (aii_q35) 92
Law: there are formal rules to prevent conflict of interest, nepotism, etc. (aii_q37) 92
Practice: civil servants’ work is not compromised by political interference (aii_q38) 93
Practice: civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to prof. criteria (aii_q39) 93
Law: there are restrictions for civil servants after entering private sector (aii_q40) 94
Practice: citizen requests for public information are effective (aii_q42) 95
Practice: asset disclosure process of senior officials branches is effective (aii_q45) 96
Practice: the asset disclosure process for civil service members is effective (aii_q47) 97
Practice: pol. parties disclose public donations and these are available to publ (aii_q49) 98
The Bayesian Corruption Indicator (bci_bci) 121
The standard deviation of The Bayesian Corruption Indicator (bci_bcistd) 122
Number of previous democratic breakdowns (bmr_dembr) 137
Anti-Corruption Policy (bti_acp) 146
Basic Administration (bti_ba) 147
Governance Index (bti_gi) 152
Governance Performance (bti_gp) 152
Monopoly on the Use of Force (bti_muf) 155
Performance of Democratic Institutions (bti_pdi) 155
Prosecution of Office Abuse (bti_poa) 156
Corruption Commission Present in Constitution (ccp_cc) 171
Meritocratic Recruitment of Civil Servants Mentioned in Constitution (ccp_civil) 172
Number of awarded contracts above EUR 130,000 (cri_contr) 201
Final value of awarded tenders of over EUR 130,000 (cri_cvalue) 201
Number of contracts won by a supplier registered at a foreign address (cri_foreign) 202
Share of contracts with no published call for tender red flag (cri_nocall) 202
Share of contracts with non-open procedure red flag (cri_nonopen) 202
Share of contracts with only one bid in total (cri_singleb) 202
Share of contracts with tax haven red flag (cri_taxhav) 203
State Fragility Index (cspf_sfi) 206
E-Government Index (egov_egov) 216
E-Participation Index (egov_epar) 217
Human Capital Index (egov_hci) 217
Functioning of Government (fh_fog) 305
Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights (fh_pair) 305
Political Rights (fh_pr) 306
Paid Bribe: Education System (gcb_bed) 327
16
Paid Bribe: Medical Services (gcb_bmed) 327
Paid Bribe: Registry and permit services (gcb_bper) 328
Paid Bribe: Police (gcb_bpol) 328
Total bribery rate, total population (gcb_br) 328
Total bribery rate, contact rate (gcb_brcr) 328
Total bribery rate, no contact rate (gcb_brnc) 329
Paid Bribe: Tax Revenue (gcb_btax) 329
Paid Bribe: Utilities (gcb_butil) 329
Fight aganist corruption: Badly (% respondents) (gcb_fcbad) 329
Fight aganist corruption: Well (% respondents) (gcb_fcwell) 330
Feel personally obliged to report corruption: agree (% respondents) (gcb_orcag) 330
Feel personally obliged to report corruption: disagree (% respondents) (gcb_orcdis) 330
Corruption Perception: Business (gcb_pb) 331
Corruption Perception-Business Executives: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcbmost) 331
Corruption Perception-Business Executives: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcbsome) 331
Corruption Perception-Gov Officials: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcgomost) 331
Corruption Perception-Gov Officials: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcgosome) 332
Corruption Perception-Judges: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcjmost) 332
Corruption Perception-Judges: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcjsome) 332
Corruption Perception-Local Gov Council: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pclgcmost) 333
Corruption Perception-Local Gov Council: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pclgcsome) 333
Corruption Perception-Legislature: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pclmost) 333
Corruption Perception-Legislature: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pclsome) 333
Corruption Perception Change: Decrease (% respondents) (gcb_pcord) 334
Corruption Perception Change: Increase (% respondents) (gcb_pcori) 334
Corruption Perception-Head of State: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcpmost) 334
Corruption Perception-Police: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcpolmost) 334
Corruption Perception-Police: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcpolsome) 335
Corruption Perception-Head of State: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcpsome) 335
Corruption Perception-Religious Leaders: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcrmost) 335
Corruption Perception-Religious Leaders: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcrsome) 336
Corruption Perception-Tax officers: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pctaxmost) 336
Corruption Perception-Tax officers: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pctaxsome) 336
Corruption Perception: Education (gcb_ped) 336
Can people fight aganist corruption: agree (% respondents) (gcb_pfcaag) 337
Can people fight aganist corruption: disagree (% respondents) (gcb_pfcdis) 337
Corruption Perception: Judiciary/Legal System (gcb_pj) 337
Corruption Perception: Medical Services (gcb_pmed) 337
Corruption Perception: Media (gcb_pmedia) 338
Corruption Perception: Military (gcb_pmil) 338
Corruption Perception: NGOs (gcb_pngo) 338
Corruption Perception: Political Parties (gcb_ppa) 338
Corruption Perception: Parliament (gcb_pparl) 339
Corruption Perception: Registry and permit services (gcb_pper) 339
Corruption Perception: Police (gcb_ppol) 339
Corruption Perception: Religious Bodies (gcb_prel) 339
Corruption Perception: Tax Revenue (gcb_ptax) 340
Corruption Perception: Utilities (gcb_putil) 340
Is socially acceptable to report corruption: agree (% respondents) (gcb_sarcag) 340
Is socially acceptable to report corruption: disagree (% respondents) (gcb_sarcdis) 340
Would spend a whole day in court to give evidence: agree (% respondents) (gcb_wsdag) 341
Would spend a whole day in court to give evidence: disagree (% respondents) (gcb_wsddis) 341
Information Capacity (icd_infcapirt) 407
Information Capacity (year 1750) (icd_infcapirt1750) 407
ICRG Indicator of Quality of Government (icrg_qog) 409
17
Accountability and Transparency (iiag_acc) 426
Anti-corruption (iiag_corr) 427
Foundations for Economic Opportunity (iiag_feo) 427
Overall Governance (iiag_gov) 428
Inclusion and Equality (iiag_ie) 428
Public Administration (iiag_pa) 429
Participation, Rights and Inclusion (iiag_pri) 429
Rule of Law and Justice (iiag_rolf) 430
Sustainable Environment (iiag_se) 430
Social Protection (iiag_sp) 431
Security and Rule of Law (iiag_srol) 431
Security and Safety (iiag_ssaf) 431
Hanson & Sigman State Capacity Index (lld_capacity) 463
Standard Deviation for Hanson & Sigman State Capacity Index (lld_capstd) 463
The Property Right Protection Index (prp_prp) 534
Estimated variance of the PRP point estimate (prp_std) 534
Entry at the lowest level only (qs20_close1) 547
Entry via examination (qs20_close2) 548
Special Laws (qs20_close3) 548
Closedness Index, constructed with PCA (qs20_close_pca) 548
Political Interference (qs20_impar1) 548
Political Interference, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_impar1_lowci) 549
Political Interference, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_impar1_upci) 549
Impartiality (qs20_impar2) 549
Impartiality, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_impar2_lowci) 549
Impartiality, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_impar2_upci) 550
Patronage (qs20_proff1) 550
Patronage, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff1_lowci) 550
Patronage, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff1_upci) 550
Merit (qs20_proff2) 551
Merit, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff2_lowci) 551
Merit, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff2_upci) 551
Tenure (qs20_proff3) 551
Tenure, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff3_lowci) 552
Tenure, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff3_upci) 552
Professionalism Index, constructed with PCA (qs20_proff_pca) 552
Sustainable Policies (sgi_pp) 568
Basic Human Needs (SPI) (spi_bn) 578
Foundations of Wellbeing (SPI) (spi_fob) 578
Opportunity (SPI) (spi_opp) 579
Social Progress Index (spi_ospi) 579
Corruption Perceptions Index (ti_cpi) 589
Corruption Perceptions Index - max range (ti_cpi_max) 590
Corruption Perceptions Index - max range (old method.) (ti_cpi_max_om) 590
Corruption Perceptions Index - min range (ti_cpi_min) 590
Corruption Perceptions Index - min range (old method.) (ti_cpi_min_om) 590
Corruption Perceptions Index (old methodology) (ti_cpi_om) 591
Standard Error for Corruption Perceptions Index (ti_se) 591
Academic Freedom Index (vdem_academ) 615
Political corruption index (vdem_corr) 616
Election vote buying (vdem_elvotbuy) 618
Executive bribery and corrupt exchanges (vdem_exbribe) 619
Public sector corrupt exchanges (vdem_excrptps) 619
Executive corruption index (vdem_execorr) 619
Executive embezzlement and theft (vdem_exembez) 620
Public sector theft (vdem_exthftps) 620
Legislature corrupt activities (vdem_gcrrpt) 620
Judicial corruption decision (vdem_jucorrdc) 621
18
Media corrupt (vdem_mecorrpt) 622
Public sector corruption index (vdem_pubcorr) 624
Control of Corruption, Estimate (wbgi_cce) 626
Control of Corruption, Number of Sources (wbgi_ccn) 627
Control of Corruption, Standard Error (wbgi_ccs) 627
Government Effectiveness, Estimate (wbgi_gee) 627
Government Effectiveness, Number of Sources (wbgi_gen) 627
Government Effectiveness, Standard Error (wbgi_ges) 628
Bribery incidence (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe request) (wdi_bribfirm) 638
CPIA efficiency of revenue mobilization rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_effrevmob) 641
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings w. tax officials (% of firms) (wdi_firgifttax) 658
Informal payments to public officials (% of firms) (wdi_infpay) 676
CPIA public sector management and institution cluster average (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_psm) 698
CPIA quality of public administration rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_qpubadm) 699
Statistical Capacity score (Overall average) (wdi_statcap) 702
Methodology assessment of statistical capacity (0 - 100) (wdi_statcapmet) 702
Periodicity and timeliness assessment of statistical capacity (0-100) (wdi_statcaptime) 702
CPIA transparency-accountability-corruption in public sector rating (1-6) (wdi_tacpsr) 704
Budget transparency. 0-100 (best) (wef_bt) 714
Incidence of corruption. 0-100 (best) (wef_cor) 715
Control of Corruption (wel_coc) 728
Justifiable: someone accepting a bribe (wvs_jabribe) 763
19
2.2 Civil Society, Population and Culture
Ethnic Fractionalization in the year 2000 (al_ethnic2000) 106

Language Fractionalization in the year 2000 (al_language2000) 106
Religion Fractionalization in the year 2000 (al_religion2000) 107
Associational/Assembly Rights (bti_aar) 146
Conflict Intensity (bti_ci) 148
Civil Society Participation (bti_csp) 149
Civil Society Traditions (bti_cst) 149
Equal Opportunity (bti_eo) 150
Interest Groups (bti_ig) 153
Political Participation (bti_pp) 156
Political and Social Integration (bti_psi) 157
Social Capital (bti_sc) 158
Socio-Economic Barriers (bti_seb) 158
State Identity (bti_si) 159
Right to Marry in Constitution (ccp_marriage) 174
Right to Same-Sex Marriages in Constitution (ccp_samesexm) 175
Freedom of Assembly and Association (ciri_assn) 180
Social Globalization (dr_sg) 212
Trust in Other People (ess_trpeople) 226
Population at 1st January, Female (eu_demd2janf) 228
Population at 1st January, Male (eu_demd2janm) 228
Population at 1st January, Total (eu_demd2jant) 229
Population density, average population per square km (eu_demd3dens) 229
Deaths - Female (eu_demdeathdf) 229
Deaths - Male (eu_demdeathdm) 229
Deaths - Total (eu_demdeathdt) 230
Fertility rate, Total (eu_demfrate2) 230
Natural change of population (eu_demgrownnat) 230
Total population change (eu_demgrowt) 230
Live births - Female (eu_demlbirthlf) 231
Live births - Male (eu_demlbirthlm) 231
Live births - Total (eu_demlbirthlt) 231
Mean age of woman at childbirth (eu_demmawc) 231
Life expectancy in age < 1year, Female (eu_demmlifexpf) 232
Life expectancy in age < 1year, Male (eu_demmlifexpm) 232
Life expectancy in age < 1year, Total (eu_demmlifexpt) 232
Internet use: internet banking (eu_isiubk) 259
Internet use: civic or political participation (eu_isiucpp) 259
Internet use: participating in social networks (eu_isiunet) 260
Internet use: selling goods or services (eu_isiusell) 260
Internet use: never (eu_isiux) 260
Severe material deprivation rate (Total) (eu_povmatdepr) 261
% of people under 60(y) living in households w. very low work intensity (eu_povpoplwoin) 261
Cultural Diversity (fe_cultdiv) 301
Ethnic Fractionalization (fe_etfra) 301
Largest Minority (fe_lmin) 302
Plurality Group (fe_plural) 302
Feel personally obliged to report corruption: agree (% respondents) (gcb_orcag) 330
Feel personally obliged to report corruption: disagree (% respondents) (gcb_orcdis) 330
Can people fight aganist corruption: agree (% respondents) (gcb_pfcaag) 337
Can people fight aganist corruption: disagree (% respondents) (gcb_pfcdis) 337
Corruption Perception: NGOs (gcb_pngo) 338
Is socially acceptable to report corruption: agree (% respondents) (gcb_sarcag) 340
Is socially acceptable to report corruption: disagree (% respondents) (gcb_sarcdis) 340
Would spend a whole day in court to give evidence: agree (% respondents) (gcb_wsdag) 341
Would spend a whole day in court to give evidence: disagree (% respondents) (gcb_wsddis) 341
20
Overall Global Gender Gap Index (gggi_ggi) 351
Population (in the 1000’s) (gle_pop) 356
Displaced people (1-5 Higher displacement) (gpi_dic) 367
Global Peace Index (1-5 Less peaceful) (gpi_gpi) 368
Incarceration (1-5 Higher incarceration) (gpi_jail) 368
Safety and Security (1-5 Less secure) (gpi_ss) 369
Gender (iiag_gen) 427
Rural Sector (iiag_rs) 430
Children Living in Single-Mother Families (%) (lis_clsmf) 456
Population growth rates (oecd_evopop_g1) 483
Population levels (oecd_evopop_t1) 483
Foreign-born population (oecd_migforpop_t1a) 505
Population (in millions) (pwt_pop) 544
Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization-Atlas (1964) (r_atlas) 553
Ethnolinguistic fractionalization (1961) (r_elf61) 553
Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization-Muller (1964) (r_muller) 554
Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization-Roberts (1962) (r_roberts) 554
Cinema expenditure per capita (une_cinexp) 600
Screen per capita (per 100,000 inhabitants) (une_screen) 605
Women political empowerment index (vdem_gender) 621
Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (wdi_birth) 636
Completeness of birth registration (%) (wdi_birthreg) 636
Completeness of birth registration, rural (%) (wdi_birthregr) 637
Completeness of birth registration, urban (%) (wdi_birthregu) 637
Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) (wdi_birthskill) 637
Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (wdi_death) 639
Completeness of death registration with cause-of-death information (%) (wdi_deathreg) 640
Fertility rate, total (births per woman) (wdi_fertility) 658
CPIA gender equality rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_gendeqr) 663
Life expectancy at birth, total (years) (wdi_lifexp) 685
Life expectancy at birth, female (years) (wdi_lifexpf) 685
Life expectancy at birth, male (years) (wdi_lifexpm) 685
Mortality rate, adult, female (per 1,000 female adults) (wdi_mortf) 688
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortinf) 688
Mortality rate, infant, female (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortinff) 688
Mortality rate, infant, male (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortinfm) 689
Mortality rate, adult, male (per 1,000 male adults) (wdi_mortm) 689
Mortality rate, neonatal (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortnn) 689
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortu5) 689
Mortality rate, under-5, female (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortu5f) 690
Mortality rate, under-5, male (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortu5m) 690
Population, total (wdi_pop) 693
Population ages 0-14 (% of total population) (wdi_pop14) 694
Population ages 15-64 (% of total population) (wdi_pop1564) 694
Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) (wdi_pop65) 694
Population living in areas where elevation below 5 mts (% of total pop.) (wdi_popbelow) 694
Population density (people per sq. km of land area) (wdi_popden) 695
Population, female (% of total population) (wdi_popf) 695
Population growth (annual %) (wdi_popgr) 695
Rural population (% of total population) (wdi_poprul) 696
Rural population growth (annual %) (wdi_poprulgr) 696
Urban population (% of total population) (wdi_popurb) 696
Urban population growth (annual %) (wdi_popurbagr) 696
Women who were first married by age 15 (% of women ages 20-24) (wdi_wofm15) 711
E-Participation Index . 0-1 (best) (wef_epi) 717
Citizen Rights (wel_citrig) 728
Culture Zone (wel_culture) 729
21
Emancipative Values: Autonomy Component (wel_evau) 730
Emancipative Values: Choice Component (wel_evch) 731
Emancipative Values Index (wel_evi) 731
Emancipative Values: Voice Component (wel_evvo) 732
Social Movement Activity (wel_sma) 734
Trust (Standard) (wel_trstd) 737
Autonomy Index (wvs_auton) 754
Justifiable: someone accepting a bribe (wvs_jabribe) 763
Justifiable: cheating on taxes (wvs_jacot) 763
Post-Materialist index 12-item (wvs_pmi12) 764
Post-Materialist index 4-item (wvs_pmi4) 764
Satisfaction with your life (wvs_satlif) 767
Most people can be trusted (wvs_trust) 768
22
2.3 Conflict and Military Service
Member of an Alliance (atop_ally) 118

Consultancy Obligation (atop_consult) 118
Defensive Obligation (atop_defensive) 118
Neutrality Obligation (atop_neutrality) 119
Non-Aggression Obligation (atop_nonagg) 119
Number of Alliances (atop_number) 119
Offensive Obligation (atop_offensive) 120
Transition Year (atop_transyr) 120
Global Militarization Index (bicc_gmi) 127
Heavy Weapons Index (bicc_hw) 128
Military Expenditure Index (bicc_milexp) 128
Military Personnel Index (bicc_milper) 128
Monopoly on the Use of Force (bti_muf) 155
Corruption Perception: Military (gcb_pmil) 338
Political Terror Scale - Amnesty International (gd_ptsa) 342
Political Terror Scale - Human Rights Watch (gd_ptsh) 343
Political Terror Scale - US State Department (gd_ptss) 343
Expenditure on defense, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_def) 348
Ongoing Conflict (1-5 Higher intensity of conflict) (gpi_conf) 367
Militarisation (1-5 Higher militarisation) (gpi_mil) 368
Executive Power over Military Force (iaep_epmf) 395
Some other executive have the power to use force abroad (iaep_milo) 399
Riots and Protests after Election (nelda_rpae) 471
Violence and Civilian Deaths before Election (nelda_vcdbe) 471
Structure of central gov. expenditures, defence (oecd_gengovdistri_t1b) 490
Societal Violence Scale Index 1-5 (svs_ind) 580
Extrasystemic armed conflict (ucdp_type1) 594
Interstate armed conflict (ucdp_type2) 594
Internal armed conflict (ucdp_type3) 595
Internationalized internal armed conflict (ucdp_type4) 595
Global Terrorism Index (voh_gti) 625
Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Estimate (wbgi_pve) 628
Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Number of Sources (wbgi_pvn) 628
Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Standard Error (wbgi_pvs) 628
Armed forces personnel (% of total labor force) (wdi_afp) 633
Armed forces personnel, total (wdi_afpt) 633
Arms exports (SIPRI trend indicator values) (wdi_armexp) 635
Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values) (wdi_armimp) 635
Battle-related deaths (number of people) (wdi_brdeath) 638
Military expenditure (% of GDP) (wdi_expmil) 655
Military expenditure (% of general government expenditure) (wdi_expmilge) 655
Internally displaced persons, new displacement-conflict and violence (number) (wdi_idpvc) 673
Internally displaced persons, total displaced by conflict-violence (number) (wdi_idpvp) 673
Terrorism incidence. 1 (very high) - 100 (no incidence) (wef_ti) 725
Number of cabinet ministers with a military title (wgov_minmil) 740
Number of people with a military title, based on all entries for the country in (wgov_totmil) 742
Confidence: Armed Forces (wvs_confaf) 754
Willingness to fight for country (wvs_fight) 761
Political system: Having the army rule (wvs_psarmy) 765
23
2.4 Education
Average Schooling Years, Female (bl_asyf) 132

Average Schooling Years, Male (bl_asym) 132
Average Schooling Years, Female and Male (bl_asymf) 133
Percentage with Tertiary Schooling, Female (bl_lhf) 133
Percentage with Tertiary Schooling, Male (bl_lhm) 133
Percentage with Tertiary Schooling, Female and Male (bl_lhmf) 133
Percentage with Primary Schooling, Female (bl_lpf) 134
Percentage with Primary Schooling, Male (bl_lpm) 134
Percentage with Primary Schooling, Female and Male (bl_lpmf) 134
Percentage with Secondary Schooling, Female (bl_lsf) 134
Percentage with Secondary Schooling, Male (bl_lsm) 135
Percentage with Secondary Schooling, Female and Male (bl_lsmf) 135
Percentage with No Schooling, Female (bl_luf) 135
Percentage with No Schooling, Male (bl_lum) 135
Percentage with No Schooling, Female and Male (bl_lumf) 136
Sustainability (bti_su) 160
Educational Attainment, 26-64 y, Level 0-2 (Female). % of population. (eu_edued256402f) 233
Educational Attainment, 26-64 y, Level 0-2 (Male). % of population. (eu_edued256402m) 233
Educational Attainment, 26-64 y, Level 0-2 (Total). % of population. (eu_edued256402t) 234
Educational Attainment, 26-64 years, Level 3-4 (Female) (eu_edued256434f) 234
Educational Attainment, 26-64 years, Level 3-4 (Male) (eu_edued256434m) 234
Educational Attainment, 26-64 years, Level 3-4 (Total) (eu_edued256434t) 234
Educational Attainment, 30-34 years old, Level 0-2 (Female) (eu_edued303402f) 236
Educational Attainment, 30-34 years old, Level 0-2 (Male) (eu_edued303402m) 236
Educational Attainment, 30-34 years old, Level 0-2 (Total) (eu_edued303402t) 237
Early leavers from education and training, 18-24 years old (Female) (eu_edueleavf) 239
Early leavers from education and training, 18-24 years old (Male) (eu_edueleavm) 239
Early leavers from education and training, 18-24 years old (Total) (eu_edueleavt) 240
Ratio of students to teachers and academic staff in ISCED levels 1 to 3 (eu_edupttr13) 240
Ratio of students to teachers and academic staff in ISCED levels 5 to 8 (eu_edupttr58) 240
Ratio of students to teachers and staff in early childhood ed. (eu_edupttrearly) 240
Population 15-64 with ISCED level 0-2 as % of total pop (Female) (eu_edurstterISCED02f) 241
Population 15-64 with ISCED level 0-2 as % of total pop (Male) (eu_edurstterISCED02m) 241
Population 15-64 with ISCED level 0-2 as % of total pop (Total) (eu_edurstterISCED02t) 241
Employment in Education (Female) % total employment (eu_sctpaf) 282
24
Employment in Education (Male) % total employment (eu_sctpam) 282
Employment in Education (Total) % total employment (eu_sctpat) 283
Paid Bribe: Education System (gcb_bed) 327
Corruption Perception: Education (gcb_ped) 336
Educational Attainment (15-24 years, Female) (gea_ea1524f) 344
Educational Attainment (15-24 years, Male) (gea_ea1524m) 344
Educational Attainment (65+ years, Female) (gea_ea65f) 346
Educational Attainment (65+ years, Male) (gea_ea65m) 347
Expenditure on education, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_educ) 348
Global Gender Gap Educational Attainment Subindex (gggi_eas) 351
Education (iiag_edu) 427
Human Development (iiag_hd) 428
Medical graduates (oecd_doctor_g3) 481
Structure of central gov. expenditures, education (oecd_gengovdistri_t1i) 491
Employment rates of native-born pop. by edu. attainment: total (oecd_migeduemp_t1c) 504
Employment rates of foreign-born pop. by edu. attainment: total (oecd_migeduemp_t1f) 505
Nursing graduates (oecd_nurse_g3) 509
Youths who are not in education or in employment (15-19) (oecd_socexclus_t1a) 515
Youths who are not in education or in employment (20-24) (oecd_socexclus_t1b) 515
Human capital index, see note hc (pwt_hci) 542
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Education (sgi_soed) 571
Human Development Index (undp_hdi) 598
Gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary general education, femal (une_girlglsf) 600
Gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary general education, male (une_girlglsm) 600
Gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary general education, both (une_girlglst) 601
Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, female (%) (une_girlgpf) 601
Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, male (%) (une_girlgpm) 601
Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%) (une_girlgpt) 601
Official entrance age to early childhood education (years) (une_oaeece) 602
Official entrance age to primary education (years) (une_oaepe) 602
Official entrance age to compulsory education (years) (une_oeace) 602
Official entrance age to lower secondary education (years) (une_oeals) 603
Official entrance age to post-secondary non-tertiary education (years) (une_oeapsnt) 603
Official entrance age to upper secondary education (years) (une_oeaus) 603
Repetition rate in lower secondary general education (all grades), female (%) (une_reprlsef) 603
Repetition rate in lower secondary general education (all grades), male (%) (une_reprlsem) 604
Repetition rate in lower secondary general education (all grades), both sexes (% (une_reprlset) 604
Repetition rate in primary education (all grades), female (%) (une_reprpef) 604
Repetition rate in primary education (all grades), male (%) (une_reprpem) 604
Repetition rate in primary education (all grades), both sexes (%) (une_reprpet) 605
Survival rate to Grade 4 of primary education, female (%) (une_surg4pef) 605
Survival rate to Grade 4 of primary education, gender parity index (GPI) (une_surg4pegpi) 605
Survival rate to Grade 4 of primary education, male (%) (une_surg4pem) 606
Survival rate to Grade 4 of primary education, both sexes (%) (une_surg4pet) 606
Survival rate to Grade 5 of primary education, male (%) (une_surg5pem) 607
Survival rate to Grade 5 of primary education, both sexes (%) (une_surg5pet) 607
Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, female (%) (une_surlgpef) 607
Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, gender parity index (GPI) (une_surlgpegpi) 607
25
Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, male (%) (une_surlgpem) 608
Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%) (une_surlgpet) 608
Theoretical duration of primary education (years) (une_tdurce) 608
Theoretical duration of early childhood education (years) (une_tdurece) 608
Theoretical duration of lower secondary education (years) (une_tdurls) 609
Theoretical duration of post-secondary non-tertiary education (years) (une_tdurpsnt) 609
Theoretical duration of upper secondary education (years) (une_tdurused) 609
Teachers in lower secondary education, female (number) (une_tilsef) 609
Teachers in lower secondary education, both sexes (number) (une_tilset) 610
Teachers in primary education, female (number) (une_tipef) 610
Teachers in primary education, both sexes (number) (une_tipet) 610
Teachers in pre-primary education, female (number) (une_tiprepef) 610
Teachers in pre-primary education, both sexes (number) (une_tiprepet) 611
Teachers in post-secondary non-tertiary education, female (number) (une_tipsntf) 611
Teachers in post-secondary non-tertiary education, both sexes (number) (une_tipsntt) 611
Teachers in secondary education, female (number) (une_tisef) 611
Teachers in secondary education, both sexes (number) (une_tiset) 612
Teachers in upper secondary education, female (number) (une_tiusef) 612
Teachers in upper secondary education, both sexes (number) (une_tiuset) 612
CPIA building human resources rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_bhr) 636
School enrollment, primary, private (% of total primary) (wdi_eduprp) 641
School enrollment, secondary, private (% of total secondary) (wdi_eduprs) 641
Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) (wdi_expedu) 653
Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure) (wdi_expeduge) 653
Expenditure on primary education (% of government expenditure on edu.) (wdi_expedup) 654
Expenditure on secondary education (% of government expenditure on edu.) (wdi_expedus) 654
Expenditure on tertiary education (% of government expenditure on edu.) (wdi_expedut) 654
Government expenditure per student, primary (% of GDP per capita) (wdi_expstup) 656
Government expenditure per student, secondary (% of GDP per capita) (wdi_expstus) 656
Government expenditure per student, tertiary (% of GDP per capita) (wdi_expstut) 657
School enrollment, primary (% gross) (wdi_gerp) 663
School enrollment, primary, female (% gross) (wdi_gerpf) 663
School enrollment, primary, male (% gross) (wdi_gerpm) 664
School enrollment, preprimary (% gross) (wdi_gerpp) 664
School enrollment, preprimary, female (% gross) (wdi_gerppf) 664
School enrollment, preprimary, male (% gross) (wdi_gerppm) 664
School enrollment, secondary (% gross) (wdi_gers) 665
School enrollment, secondary, female (% gross) (wdi_gersf) 665
School enrollment, secondary, male (% gross) (wdi_gersm) 665
School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) (wdi_gert) 665
School enrollment, tertiary, female (% gross) (wdi_gertf) 666
School enrollment, tertiary, male (% gross) (wdi_gertm) 666
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) (wdi_litrad) 685
Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above) (wdi_litradf) 686
Literacy rate, adult male (% of males ages 15 and above) (wdi_litradm) 686
Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24) (wdi_litry) 686
Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15-24) (wdi_litryf) 686
Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15-24) (wdi_litrym) 687
School enrollment, primary (% net) (wdi_nerp) 690
School enrollment, primary, female (% net) (wdi_nerpf) 690
School enrollment, primary, male (% net) (wdi_nerpm) 691
Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary (% of primary school children) (wdi_nerpr) 691
Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary female (% of primary school children) (wdi_nerprf) 691
Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary male (% of primary school children) (wdi_nerprm) 692
School enrollment, secondary (% net) (wdi_ners) 692
School enrollment, secondary, female (% net) (wdi_nersf) 692
School enrollment, secondary, male (% net) (wdi_nersm) 692
Digital skills among active population. 1-7 (best) (wef_dsap) 715
26
School life expectancy. Years (wef_lse) 721
Quality of vocational training. 1-7 (best) (wef_qvt) 723
Skillset of secondary-education graduates. 1-7 (best) (wef_shg) 724
Skillset of university graduates. 1-7 (best) (wef_sug) 725
University-industry collaboration in R&D (1-7) (wef_uic) 725
Confidence: Education System (wvs_confedu) 755
Individuals with no education as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_sprpempn) 778
Individuals with primary education as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_sprpempp) 778
Individuals with secondary education as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_sprpemps) 778
Individuals with tertiary education as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_sprpempt) 778
Individuals with no education as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_spupempn) 779
Individuals with primary education as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_spupempp) 779
Individuals with secondary education as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_spupemps) 779
Individuals with tertiary education as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_spupempt) 779
Share of total employees with tertiary edu. working in public sector (wwbi_tertiarypubsec) 780
27
2.5 Energy and Infrastructure
Resident population % not connected to urban and wastewater treatment plants (eu_envnc) 247
Households with broadband access (% of households with Internet access) (eu_ispchhiacc) 260
Employment in Electricity, Gas, Steam, Air Con. supply (Female) % tot (eu_sctdff) 270
Employment in Electricity, Gas, Steam, Air Con. supply (Male) % tot (eu_sctdfm) 270
Employment in Electricity, Gas, Steam, Air Con. supply (Total) % tot (eu_sctdft) 271
Employment in Land, Water, Air transport, Warehouse Female % tot employ. (eu_scth52n79f) 272
Employment in Land, Water, Air transport, Warehouse Male % tot employ. (eu_scth52n79m) 273
Employment in Land, Water, Air transport, Warehouse Total % tot employ. (eu_scth52n79t) 273
Navigable canals (kilometre) (eu_trcnlkm) 288
Maritime transport, freight loaded and unloaded (1000’s tonnes) (eu_trfrldnld) 288
Air transport, freight and mail loaded and unloaded (tonnes) (eu_trldnld) 288
Motorways (kilometre) (eu_trmwaykm) 288
Other roads (kilometre) (eu_trrdothkm) 289
Navigable rivers (kilometre) (eu_trrivkm) 289
Electrified railway lines (kilometre) (eu_trrlelckm) 289
Total railway lines (kilometre) (eu_trrlkm) 289
Railway lines with double and more tracks (kilometre) (eu_trrltge2km) 290
Paid Bribe: Utilities (gcb_butil) 329
Corruption Perception: Utilities (gcb_putil) 340
Infrastructure (iiag_inf) 429
Real value added: industry including energy (oecd_evova_t1b) 483
Crude oil import prices (oecd_oilprices_t1) 510
Production of crude oil (oecd_oilprod_t1) 510
Contribution of renewables to energy supply (oecd_rnewable_t1) 513
Re-exported intermediates: Transport & storage, post & telecom. (oecd_tiva_inter_t1i) 520
Total primary energy supply per unit of GDP (oecd_tpes_t1) 521
Inland goods transport (oecd_transpgood_t1) 522
Inland passenger transport (oecd_transppasseng_t1) 522
Generation intensities of municipal waste (oecd_waste_t1a) 525
Water abstractions per capita (oecd_water_t1a) 526
Total abstractions of water (oecd_water_t1b) 526
Electricity generation (oecd_welecgen_t1) 526
Total primary energy supply (oecd_wenergys_t1) 527
Gas exports, billion cubic feet per year (ross_gas_exp) 556
Net gas exports value, constant 2000 dollar (ross_gas_netexp) 556
Net gas exports value per capita, constant 2000 dollar (ross_gas_netexpc) 557
Constant price of gas in 2000 dollar/mboe (ross_gas_price) 557
Gas production, million barrels oil equiv. (ross_gas_prod) 557
Gas production value in 2000 dollars (ross_gas_value_2000) 557
Gas production value in 2014 dollars (ross_gas_value_2014) 557
Oil exports, thousands of barrels per day (ross_oil_exp) 558
Net oil exports value, constant 2000 dollar (ross_oil_netexp) 558
Net oil exports value per capita, constant 2000 dollar (ross_oil_netexpc) 558
Constant price of oil in 2000 dollar/brl (ross_oil_price) 558
Oil production in metric tons (ross_oil_prod) 559
Oil production value in 2000 dollars (ross_oil_value_2000) 559
Oil production value in 2014 dollars (ross_oil_value_2014) 559
Access to electricity (% of population) (wdi_acel) 632
Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) (wdi_acelr) 632
Access to electricity, urban (% of urban population) (wdi_acelu) 632
Alternative and nuclear energy (% of total energy use) (wdi_ane) 634
Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) (wdi_broadb) 638
Renewable electricity output (% of total electricity output) (wdi_elerenew) 642
Electricity production from coal sources (% of total) (wdi_elprodcoal) 642
Electricity production from natural gas sources (% of total) (wdi_elprodgas) 642
Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total) (wdi_elprodhyd) 643
28
Electricity production from nuclear sources (% of total) (wdi_elprodnuc) 643
Electricity production from oil sources (% of total) (wdi_elprodoil) 643
Energy imports, net (% of energy use) (wdi_eneimp) 652
Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption) (wdi_enerenew) 652
Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) (wdi_eneuse) 652
Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) (wdi_fossil) 659
Individuals using the Internet (% of population) (wdi_internet) 677
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) (wdi_mobile) 688
Oil rents (% of GDP) (wdi_oilrent) 693
Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) (wdi_powcon) 697
Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people) (wdi_tele) 704
Efficiency of air transport services. 1-7 (best) (wef_eair) 715
Electricity. 0-100 (best) (wef_elec) 716
Percentage of population with access to electricity % pop. (wef_elr) 716
Efficiency of seaport services. 1-7 (best) (wef_eport) 717
Efficiency of train services. 1-7 (best) (wef_erail) 717
Fixed-broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop. (wef_fis) 717
Internet users. % pop. (wef_iu) 720
Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions/100 pop. (wef_mobile) 721
Transport infrastructure. 0-100 (best) (wef_qoi) 723
Quality of road infrastructure. 1-7 (best) (wef_qroad) 723
Water. 0-100 (best) (wef_wi) 726
Population using at least basic drinking water services (%), Rural (who_dwrur) 743
Population using at least basic drinking water services (%), Total (who_dwtot) 743
Population using at least basic drinking water services (%), Urban (who_dwurb) 744
Rural population using basic sanitation services (%) (who_sanitrur) 748
Total population using basic sanitation services (%) (who_sanittot) 748
Urban population using basic sanitation services (%) (who_saniturb) 749
29
2.6 Environment
Threatened Species: Amphibians (bi_amphibians) 123

Threatened Species: Birds (bi_birds) 123
Threatened Species: Chromists (bi_chromists) 124
Threatened Species: Fishes (bi_fishes) 124
Threatened Species: Fungi (bi_fungi) 124
Threatened Species: Mammals (bi_mammals) 124
Threatened Species: Molluscs (bi_molluscs) 125
Threatened Species: Other Inverts (bi_othinverts) 125
Threatened Species: Plants (bi_plants) 125
Threatened Species: Reptiles (bi_reptiles) 125
Threatened Species: Total (bi_total) 126
Built-up land footprint- Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per person) (ef_bul) 213
Carbon footprint - Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per person) (ef_carb) 213
Cropland footprint - Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per person) (ef_crop) 214
Total Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per person) (ef_ef) 214
Fish footprint - Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per person) (ef_fg) 214
Forest product footprint - Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per person) (ef_for) 215
Grazing footprint - Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per person) (ef_gl) 215
Agriculture (0-100) (epi_agr) 219
Air Quality (0-100) (epi_air) 219
Pollution Emissions (0-100) (epi_ape) 220
Biodiversity and Habitat (0-100) (epi_bdh) 220
Climate Change (0-100) (epi_cch) 220
Ecosystem Services (0-100) (epi_ecs) 221
Environmental Health (0-100) (epi_eh) 221
Environmental Performance Index (0-100) (epi_epi) 221
Ecosystem Vitality (0-100) (epi_ev) 222
Fisheries (0-100) (epi_fsh) 222
Sanitation and Drinking Water (0-100) (epi_h2o) 222
Heavy Metals (0-100) (epi_hmt) 223
Waste Management (0-100) (epi_wmg) 223
Water Resources (0-100) (epi_wrs) 223
Resident population % not connected to urban and wastewater treatment plants (eu_envnc) 247
Employment in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Quarry (Female) %tot (eu_sctabf) 264
Employment in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Quarry (Male) % tot (eu_sctabm) 264
Employment in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Quarry (Total) % tot (eu_sctabt) 265
Agricultural land (% of Land area) (fao_luagr) 297
Arable Land (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrara) 297
Cropland (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrcrop) 298
Agriculture area actually irrigated (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrirrac) 298
Land area equipped for irrigation (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrirreq) 298
Land area equipped for irrigation (% of Cropland) (fao_luagrirreqcrop) 298
Agriculture area under organic agric. (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrorg) 298
Land under perm meadows and pastures (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrpas) 299
Land under Permanent Crops (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrpcrop) 299
Cropland (% of Land area) (fao_lucrop) 299
Forest land (% of Land area) (fao_luforest) 299
Planted Forest (% of Forest area) (fao_luforplant) 300
Other naturally regenerated forest (% of Forest area) (fao_luforreg) 300
Land under perm meadows and pastures (% of Land area) (fao_lupas) 300
Expenditure on environment protection, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_envr) 349
The Region of the Country (ht_region) 387
Rural Sector (iiag_rs) 430
Latitude (lp_lat_abst) 464
Natural Resource Protection Indicator (nrmi_nrpi) 475
30
Percentage of desert in 2012 (nunn_desert) 476
Average distance to nearest ice-free coast (1000 km) in 2012 (nunn_dist_coast) 476
Percentage within 100 km of ice-free coast in 2012 (nunn_near_coast) 477
Ruggedness (Terrain Ruggedness Index, 100 m) in 2012 (nunn_rugged) 477
Percentage of tropical climate in 2012 (nunn_tropical) 477
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (oecd_airqty_t1) 479
Structure of central gov. expenditures, environmental protect. (oecd_gengovdistri_t1e) 490
Greenhouse gas emissions (oecd_greenhouse_t1) 495
Sulphur Oxides Emmissions (oecd_soxnox_t1a) 516
Nitrogene Oxides Emmissions (oecd_soxnox_t1b) 517
Total amount generated of municipal waste (oecd_waste_t1b) 526
The Ocean Health Index (ohi_ohi) 528
Sustainable Policies: Environmental Policies - Overall (sgi_en) 566
Sustainable Policies: Environmental Policies - Environment (sgi_enen) 566
Sustainable Policies: Environmental Policies - Global Environmental Protection (sgi_enge) 567
Minimum Atlantic distance (1,000 of kms) (slavet_mindistatl) 576
Minimum Indian distance (1,000 of kms) (slavet_mindistind) 576
Minimum Red Sea distance (1,000 of kms) (slavet_mindistred) 576
Minimum Saharan distance (1,000 of kms) (slavet_mindistsah) 577
Agricultural irrigated land (% of total agricultural land) (wdi_agrland) 634
Arable land (% of land area) (wdi_araland) 634
Land area (sq. km) (wdi_area) 634
Land area where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total land area) (wdi_areabelow) 635
CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) (wdi_co2) 639
Forest area (% of land area) (wdi_forest) 659
Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) (wdi_fossil) 659
Internally displaced persons, new displacement-disasters (number) (wdi_idpdis) 672
CPIA policy and institutions for envir. sustainability (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_piesr) 693
Average precipitation in depth (mm per year) (wdi_precip) 697
Cool Water Index (wel_cwi) 729
Confidence: The Environmental Protection Movement (wvs_confenv) 756
31
2.7 Gender Equality
Average Schooling Years, Female (bl_asyf) 132

Percentage with Tertiary Schooling, Female (bl_lhf) 133
Percentage with No Schooling, Female (bl_luf) 135
Is the monarch female (br_monf) 143
Is the president female (br_presf) 143
Comparative Abortion Index 1 (0 to 7) (cai_cai1) 162
Foetal impairment is accepted as grounds for legal abortion (cai_foetal) 163
Threat to mother’s life is accepted as grounds for legal abortion (cai_life) 163
Threat to mother’s mental health is accepted as grounds for legal abortion (cai_mental) 164
Threat to mother’s physical health is accepted as grounds for legal abortion (cai_physical) 164
Pregnancy as result of rape or incest is accepted as grounds for legal abortion (cai_rape) 164
Abortion is available on request (cai_request) 164
Social or economic reasons are accepted as grounds for legal abortion (cai_social) 165
Women’s Economic Rights (ciri_wecon) 184
Women’s Political Rights (ciri_wopol) 185
Women’s Social Rights (ciri_wosoc) 186
Mean age of woman at childbirth (eu_demmawc) 231
Severe material deprivation rate (Female) (eu_povmatdeprf) 261
Researchers in all sectors % tot. emloyment - full-time (Female) (eu_resallf) 262
Employment in High-tech sectors (Female) % total employment (eu_scthtcf) 273
Employment in Information and communication (Female) % total employment (eu_sctjf) 274
Employment in Professional, scientific and tech activ. (Female) % total emp. (eu_sctmf) 281
Unemployment rates: 15-24 Years, Female (% of active population) (eu_unempy1524f) 291
Gender Inequality Index (0 to 1 higher disparity) (gii_gii) 354
Share of Women (Lower and Single Houses) (ipu_l_sw) 434
Number of Women (Lower and Single Houses) (ipu_l_w) 434
Share of Women (Upper House) (ipu_u_sw) 435
Number of Women (Upper House) (ipu_u_w) 435
Repetition rate in lower secondary general education (all grades), female (%) (une_reprlsef) 603
Repetition rate in primary education (all grades), female (%) (une_reprpef) 604
Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, female (%) (une_surlgpef) 607
Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, gender parity index (GPI) (une_surlgpegpi) 607
Employment in agriculture, female (% female employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empagrf) 644
Children in employment, female (% of female children ages 7-14) (wdi_empchf) 645
Employers, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empf) 646
Employment in industry, female (% female employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empindf) 646
Employment in services, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empserf) 651
Fertility rate, total (births per woman) (wdi_fertility) 658
Firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms) (wdi_firfown) 658
Firms with female top manager (% of firms) (wdi_firftopm) 658
School enrollment, secondary, female (% gross) (wdi_gersf) 665
School enrollment, tertiary, female (% gross) (wdi_gertf) 666
Labor force with advanced education % of female working-age pop. (wdi_lfpeduaf) 678
Labor force with basic education % of female working-age pop. basic edu. (wdi_lfpedubf) 679
Labor force with intermediate education % of female working-age pop. (wdi_lfpeduif) 680
Life expectancy at birth, female (years) (wdi_lifexpf) 685
Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) (modeled ILO) (wdi_unempfilo) 708
Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force 15-24) (modeled ILO) (wdi_unempyfilo) 709
32
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) (wdi_wip) 711
Women Business and the Law Index Score (scale 1-100) (wdi_wombuslawi) 712
Ratio of wage and salaried female workers to male workers (wef_wlf) 726
Number of women among cabinet ministers (wgov_minfem) 740
Number of women in the total number of entries for the country in the dataset (wgov_totfem) 741
Infant mortality rate, Total (who_infmortt) 746
Men make better political leaders than women do (wvs_menpol) 764
Female to male wage ratio in the private sector (using mean) (wwbi_fmwrprmean) 770
Female to male wage ratio in the private sector (using median) (wwbi_fmwrprmedian) 770
Female to male wage ratio in the public sector (using mean) (wwbi_fmwrpumean) 770
Female to male wage ratio in the public sector (using median) (wwbi_fmwrpumedian) 771
Females, as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_fsprpemp) 771
Females, as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_fspuemp) 771
33
2.8 Health

Environmental Health (0-100) (epi_eh) 221
Subjective Happiness (ess_happy) 224
Subjective Health (ess_health) 224
Life expectancy in age < 1year, Male (eu_demmlifexpm) 232
Life expectancy in age < 1year, Total (eu_demmlifexpt) 232
Percentage reporting drinking every day (eu_heaalcday) 247
Percentage reporting drinking every month (eu_heaalcmon) 247
Percentage reporting drinking never or not in last 12 months (eu_heaalcnv) 248
Percentage reporting drinking every week (eu_heaalcwk) 248
Dentists, per hundred thousand inhabitants (eu_headenththab) 248
Dentists, number (eu_headentnr) 248
Dentists, inhabitants per dentist (eu_headentp) 249
Curative care beds in hospitals, Inhabitants per curative care beds (eu_heahbedcurhabp) 249
Curative care beds in hospitals, Number (eu_heahbedcurnr) 249
Curative care beds in hospitals, Per hundred thousand inhabitants (eu_heahbedcurphthab) 249
Available beds in hospitals, Inhabitants per bed (eu_heahbedhabp) 250
Long-term care beds (no psychiatric) in hospitals, Inhabitant per bed (eu_heahbedlthabp) 250
Long-term care beds (no psychiatric) in hospitals, Number (eu_heahbedltnr) 250
Long-term care beds (no psychiatric) in hospitals per 100,000 inhab. (eu_heahbedltphthab) 250
Available beds in hospitals, Number (eu_heahbednr) 251
Other beds in hospitals, Inhabitants per bed (eu_heahbedothhabp) 251
Other beds in hospitals, Number (eu_heahbedothnr) 251
Other beds in hospitals, per 100,000 inhabitants (eu_heahbedothphthab) 251
Available beds in hospitals, Per hundred thousand inhabitants (eu_heahbedphthab) 252
Psychiatric care beds in hospitals, Inhabitants per bed (eu_heahbedpsyhabp) 252
Psychiatric care beds in hospitals, Number (eu_heahbedpsynr) 252
Psychiatric care beds in hospitals, per 100,000 inhabitants (eu_heahbedpsyphthab) 252
Medical doctors, per 100,000 inhabitants (eu_heamdochthab) 253
Medical doctors, Number (eu_heamdocnr) 253
Medical doctors, inhabitants per doctor (eu_heamdocp) 253
Professionally active nurses and midwives, per 100,000 inhabitants (eu_heanurshthab) 253
Professionally active nurses and midwives, Number (eu_heanursnr) 254
Professionally active nurses and midwives, Inhabitants per nurse/midwive (eu_heanursp) 254
Pharmacists, per 100,000 inhabitants (eu_heapharmhthab) 254
Pharmacists, number (eu_heapharmnr) 254
Pharmacists, inhabitants per pharmacist (eu_heapharmp) 255
Percentage of current smokers and daily smokers (eu_heasmok) 255
Internet use: seeking health information (eu_isiuhlt) 259
Paid Bribe: Medical Services (gcb_bmed) 327
Corruption Perception: Medical Services (gcb_pmed) 337
Expenditure on health, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_heal) 349
Global Gender Gap Health and Survival Subindex (gggi_hss) 352
Healthy Life Years, Female, Age 1-4 years (ihme_hle_0104f) 424
Healthy Life Years, Male, Age 1-4 years (ihme_hle_0104m) 424
Healthy Life Years, Both sexes, Age 1-4 years (ihme_hle_0104t) 424
Life Expectancy, Female, Age 1-4 years (ihme_lifexp_0104f) 425
34
Life Expectancy, Male, Age 1-4 years (ihme_lifexp_0104m) 425
Life Expectancy, Both sexes, Age 1-4 years (ihme_lifexp_0104t) 425
Health (iiag_he) 428
Number of COVID-19 cases reported (jht_ccc) 436
Number of COVID-19 deaths reported (jht_ccd) 436
Practising physicians (oecd_doctor_g1) 480
Medical graduates (oecd_doctor_g3) 481
Total fertility rates (oecd_fertility_t1) 489
Structure of central gov. expenditures, health (oecd_gengovdistri_t1g) 491
Infant mortality (oecd_infmorty_g1) 501
Life expectancy at birth: total (oecd_lifeexpy_g1) 501
Life expectancy at birth: women (oecd_lifeexpy_g2a) 502
Life expectancy at birth: men (oecd_lifeexpy_g2b) 502
Practising nurses (oecd_nurse_g1) 509
Nursing graduates (oecd_nurse_g3) 509
Total expenditure on health (oecd_pphlthxp_t1c) 511
Road fatalities (oecd_rddeath_t1) 513
Adult population smoking daily (oecd_smoke_g1) 515
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Health (sgi_sohe) 572
CPIA building human resources rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_bhr) 636
Current health expenditure (% of GDP) (wdi_chexppgdp) 639
Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%) (wdi_foodins) 659
Intentional homicides, female (per 100,000 female) (wdi_homicidesf) 671
Intentional homicides, male (per 100,000 male) (wdi_homicidesm) 671
People with basic handwashing facilities (% of population) (wdi_hwf) 671
People with basic handwashing facilities, rural (% of rural population) (wdi_hwfr) 672
People with basic handwashing facilities, urban (% of urban population) (wdi_hwfu) 672
Lifetime risk of maternal death (%) (wdi_lrmd) 687
Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure) (wdi_ophexp) 693
Smoking prevalence, females (% of adults) (wdi_smokf) 701
Smoking prevalence, males (% of adults) (wdi_smokm) 701
Homicide rate. /100,000 pop. (wef_hom) 719
Alcohol consumption per capita (in litres) (who_alcohol10) 743
Population using at least basic drinking water services (%), Rural (who_dwrur) 743
Population using at least basic drinking water services (%), Total (who_dwtot) 743
Population using at least basic drinking water services (%), Urban (who_dwurb) 744
Healthy Life Expectancy, Female (Years) (who_halef) 744
Healthy Life Expectancy, Male (Years) (who_halem) 744
Healthy Life Expectancy, Total (Years) (who_halet) 744
Homicide Rate, Female (who_homf) 745
Homicide Rate, Male (who_homm) 745
Homicide Rate, Total (who_homt) 745
Infant mortality rate, Female (who_infmortf) 745
Infant mortality rate, Male (who_infmortm) 746
Infant mortality rate, Total (who_infmortt) 746
Life Expectancy, Female (Years) (who_lef) 746
Life Expectancy, Male (Years) (who_lem) 746
Life Expectancy, Total (Years) (who_let) 747
Maternal Mortality Rate (per 100 000 live births) (who_matmort) 747
Adult Mortality Rate (per 1000 population), Female (who_mrf) 747
Adult Mortality Rate (per 1000 population), Male (who_mrm) 747
Adult Mortality Rate (per 1000 population), Total (who_mrt) 748
Estimated road traffic death rate (100,000 population) (who_roadtrd) 748
Rural population using basic sanitation services (%) (who_sanitrur) 748
Total population using basic sanitation services (%) (who_sanittot) 748
Urban population using basic sanitation services (%) (who_saniturb) 749
35
Suicide Rate (per 100,000 population), Female (who_suif) 749
Suicide Rate (per 100,000 population), Male (who_suim) 749
Suicide Rate (per 100,000 population), Total (who_suit) 749
National-level average scores for subjective well-being (whr_hap) 751
Confidence: Health Care System (wvs_confhcs) 756
Feeling of happiness (wvs_hap) 762
State of health (subjective) (wvs_subh) 768
Share of private paid employees with health insurance (wwbi_prpemphi) 773
Share of public paid employees with health insurance (wwbi_pupemphi) 776
36
2.9 History
Log Settler Mortality (ajr_settmort) 105

Consecutive years of current regime type (bmr_demdur) 137
Share Direct Taxes in 1800 (gtr_centaxdir1800) 372
Share Government Revenue of GDP in 1800 (gtr_centaxgdp1800) 373
Share Indirect Taxes in 1800 (gtr_centaxind1800) 374
Total Central Govt Revenue in 1800 (millions, local currency) (gtr_centaxtot1800) 375
Colonial Origin (ht_colonial) 386
Religion: Catholic (lp_catho80) 464
Legal Origin (lp_legor) 464
Religion: Muslim (lp_muslim80) 465
Religion: Other Denomination (lp_no_cpm80) 465
Religion: Protestant (lp_protmg80) 465
Real GDP per Capita (year 1500) (mad_gdppc1500) 467
Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization-Atlas (1964) (r_atlas) 553
Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization-Muller (1964) (r_muller) 554
Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization-Roberts (1962) (r_roberts) 554
State History Index, with the discounting rates 0% (sai_statehiste0) 561
Normalized Values State History Index, with the discounting rates 0% (sai_statehisten0) 562
Log Total Slave Export (Normalized by Land Area) (slavet_lnexparea) 575
Log Total Slave Export (Normalized by Historic Population) (slavet_lnexppop) 576
37
2.10 Judicial
Accountability sub-index (aii_acc) 73

Access to Information and Openness sub-index (aii_aio) 74
Law: the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed (aii_q01) 75
Practice: the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed (aii_q02) 76
Practice: national-level judges support the independence of judiciary (aii_q03) 76
Practice: national-level judges give reasons for their decisions (aii_q04) 77
Law: there is a supreme audit institution (aii_q05) 77
Law: the independence of supreme audit institution is guaranteed (aii_q06) 78
Practice: the independence of supreme audit institution is guaranteed (aii_q07) 78
Law: there are indep. bodies to investigate cases of pubsec. corruption (aii_q11) 80
Practice: corruption allegations are investigated by independent body (aii_q12) 81
Practice: bodies investigating pubsector corruption allegations are effective (aii_q13) 81
Law: head of state and gov. can be investigated and prosecuted while in office (aii_q15) 82
Practice: head of state and gov. can be investigated and prosecuted while in off (aii_q16) 83
Law: there are mechanisms for citizens to report police force misconduct/abuse (aii_q17) 83
Practice: mechanisms for citizens to report police misconduct/abuse are effect. (aii_q18) 84
Law: independence of agencies that organize and monitor elections is guaranteed (aii_q19) 84
Law: companies guilty of procurement violations can’t participate in future bid (aii_q27) 88
Practice: companies guilty of violations cannot participate in future bids (aii_q28) 89
Law: civil servants who report corruption cases are protected (aii_q36) 92
Law: senior officials of government are required to disclose records of assets (aii_q44) 96
Law: civil service members are required to disclose assets and these are public (aii_q46) 97
Law: political parties are required to disclose public donations (Gov. funds) (aii_q48) 98
Law: political parties are required to disclose private donations (aii_q50) 99
Practice: pol. parties disclose private donations and it is available to public (aii_q51) 99
Rule of law sub-index (aii_rol) 104
Associational/Assembly Rights (bti_aar) 146
Civil Rights (bti_cr) 149
Freedom of Expression (bti_foe) 152
Independent Judiciary (bti_ij) 153
Prosecution of Office Abuse (bti_poa) 156
Rule of Law (bti_rol) 157
Duty of the People is to Build Country in Constitution (ccp_buildsoc) 171
Corruption Commission Present in Constitution (ccp_cc) 171
Limits on Child Work in Constitution (ccp_childwrk) 172
Meritocratic Recruitment of Civil Servants Mentioned in Constitution (ccp_civil) 172
Reference in Constitution to Democracy (ccp_democ) 172
Equality Before the Law Mentioned in Constitution (ccp_equal) 173
Freedom of Religion in Constitution (ccp_freerel) 173
Human Rights Commission Present in Constitution (ccp_hr) 173
Right to Government Documents in Constitution (ccp_infoacc) 174
Legislative Initiative Allowed (ccp_initiat) 174
Reference in Constitution to Capitalism (ccp_market) 174
Right to Marry in Constitution (ccp_marriage) 174
Right to Same-Sex Marriages in Constitution (ccp_samesexm) 175
Status of Slavery in Constitution (ccp_slave) 175
Reference in Constitution to Socialism (ccp_socialsm) 175
38
Right to Strike in Constitution (ccp_strike) 176
New Constitutional System (ccp_syst) 176
Year in which the Constitutional System was Promulgated (ccp_systyear) 176
Duty of People is to Pay Taxes in Constitution (ccp_taxes) 176
Freedom of Assembly and Association (ciri_assn) 180
Disappearance (ciri_disap) 181
Freedom of Domestic Movement (ciri_dommov) 181
Electoral Self-Determination (ciri_elecsd) 181
Empowerment Index (ciri_empinx) 182
Freedom of Foreign Movement (ciri_formov) 182
Independence of the Judiciary (ciri_injud) 182
Extrajudicial Killing (ciri_kill) 182
Physical Integrity Rights (ciri_physint) 183
Political Imprisonment (ciri_polpris) 183
New Freedom of Religion (ciri_relfre) 183
Freedom of Speech (ciri_speech) 184
Torture (ciri_tort) 184
Women’s Economic Rights (ciri_wecon) 184
Women’s Political Rights (ciri_wopol) 185
Workers’ Rights (ciri_worker) 185
Women’s Social Rights (ciri_wosoc) 186
Trust in Legal System (ess_trlegal) 225
Trust in Police (ess_trpolice) 226
Patent applications to the EPO, Purchasing Power Standard per inhabitant (eu_sctppspop) 283
Associational and Organizational Rights (fh_aor) 303
Civil Liberties (fh_cl) 304
Freedom of Expression and Belief (fh_feb) 304
Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights (fh_pair) 305
Political Pluralism and Participation (fh_ppp) 306
Rule of Law (fh_rol) 306
Legal Structure and Security of Property Rights (current) (fi_legprop) 322
Legal Structure and Security of Property Rights (panel data) (fi_legprop_pd) 322
Minority Shareholder Rights (gc_shr) 326
Paid Bribe: Police (gcb_bpol) 328
Corruption Perception-Judges: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcjmost) 332
Corruption Perception-Judges: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcjsome) 332
Corruption Perception-Police: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcpolmost) 334
Corruption Perception-Police: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcpolsome) 335
Corruption Perception: Judiciary/Legal System (gcb_pj) 337
Corruption Perception: Police (gcb_ppol) 339
Independent Judiciary (h_j) 381
Appointments/Elections to Constitutional Court (iaep_aecc) 390
Appointment for Life to Constitutional Court (iaep_alcc) 390
Constitutional Court (iaep_cc) 392
Constitutional Court Rules on Executive Actions (iaep_ccrea) 392
Constitutional Court Rules on Legislative Actions (iaep_ccrla) 392
The Age of the Constitution (years) (iaep_const) 393
The Time the Constitution has been in Effect (years) (iaep_constin) 393
The Time since the Last Amendment of Constitution (years) (iaep_constlam) 393
Removal of Members of Constitutional Court (iaep_rmcc) 404
Who Removes Members of Constitutional Court (iaep_wrmcc) 405
Rights (iiag_rig) 430
Index of Public Integrity (overall) (ipi_ipi) 432
Absolute legal institutional quality (simple averages) (kun_legabs) 453
Legal institutional quality (relative factor scores) (kun_legrel) 453
Legal World Institutional Quality Ranking (all countries) (kun_wiqrleg_all) 454
Legal World Institutional Quality Ranking (full obs.) (kun_wiqrleg_full) 454
39
Legal Origin (lp_legor) 464
Structure of central gov. expenditures, public order and safety (oecd_gengovdistri_t1c) 490
Robust Democracy: Civil Rights and Political Liberties (sgi_qdcr) 569
Robust Democracy: Rule of Law (sgi_qdrl) 570
Robust Democracy: Rule of Law - Corruption Prevention (sgi_qdrlc) 570
Legislature corrupt activities (vdem_gcrrpt) 620
Judicial corruption decision (vdem_jucorrdc) 621
Rule of Law, Estimate (wbgi_rle) 629
Rule of Law, Number of Sources (wbgi_rln) 629
Rule of Law, Standard Error (wbgi_rls) 629
Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) (wdi_homicides) 670
Intentional homicides, female (per 100,000 female) (wdi_homicidesf) 671
Intentional homicides, male (per 100,000 male) (wdi_homicidesm) 671
CPIA property rights and rule-based governance rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_prrbgr) 698
Homicide rate. /100,000 pop. (wef_hom) 719
Judicial independence. 1-7 (best) (wef_ji) 720
Organized crime. 1-7 (best) (wef_oc) 721
Reliability of police services. 1-7 (best) (wef_rps) 723
Workers’ rights. 1-100 (best) (wef_wr) 727
Democratic Rights (wel_dr) 730
Personal Autonomy Rights (wel_par) 732
Political Participation Rights (wel_ppr) 733
Rule of Law Index (wel_rli) 733
Rule of Law (wel_rol) 734
Scalezone on Citizen Rights (wel_scalezone) 734
Homicide Rate, Female (who_homf) 745
Homicide Rate, Male (who_homm) 745
Homicide Rate, Total (who_homt) 745
Confidence: Justice System/Courts (wvs_confjs) 757
Confidence: The Police (wvs_confpol) 758
40
2.11 Labour Market
Limits on Child Work in Constitution (ccp_childwrk) 172

Status of Slavery in Constitution (ccp_slave) 175
Right to Strike in Constitution (ccp_strike) 176
Employed ICT specialists (% of total employment) (eu_empict) 243
Employment rates: 15-24 Years, Female (percentage of active population) (eu_empy1524f) 243
Employment rates: 15-24 Years, Male (percentage of active population) (eu_empy1524m) 243
Employment rates: 15-24 Years, Total (percentage of active population) (eu_empy1524t) 244
Researchers in all sectors % tot. emloyment - full-time (Female) (eu_resallf) 262
Researchers in all sectors % tot. emloyment - full-time (Total) (eu_resallt) 262
Researchers in Business Sector % tot. emloyment - full-time (Female) (eu_resbusf) 262
Researchers in Business Sector % tot. emloyment - full-time (Total) (eu_resbust) 262
Researchers in Higher Education % tot. emloyment - full-time (Female) (eu_reseduf) 263
Researchers in Higher Education % tot. emloyment - full-time (Total) (eu_resedut) 263
Researchers in Government % tot. emloyment - full-time (Female) (eu_resgovf) 263
Researchers in Government % tot. emloyment - full-time (Total) (eu_resgovt) 263
Researchers in Non-profits % tot. emloyment - full-time (Female) (eu_resnonpf) 264
Researchers in Non-profits % tot. emloyment - full-time (Total) (eu_resnonpt) 264
Employment in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Quarry (Female) %tot (eu_sctabf) 264
Employment in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Quarry (Male) % tot (eu_sctabm) 264
Employment in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Quarry (Total) % tot (eu_sctabt) 265
Employment in Manufacturing (Female) % total employment (eu_sctcff) 265
Employment in Manufacturing (Male) % total employment (eu_sctcfm) 265
Employment in Manufacturing (Total) % total employment (eu_sctcft) 265
Employment in High-tech manufacturing (Female) % total employment (eu_sctchtcf) 266
Employment in High-tech manufacturing (Male) % total employment (eu_sctchtcm) 266
Employment in Medium high-tech manufacturing (Female) % total employment (eu_sctchtcmf) 266
Employment in High and medium high-tech manufacturing (Female) % total (eu_sctchtcmhf) 266
Employment in High and medium high-tech manufacturing (Male) % total (eu_sctchtcmhm) 267
Employment in High and medium high-tech manufacturing (Total) % total (eu_sctchtcmht) 267
Employment in Medium high-tech manufacturing (Male) % total employment (eu_sctchtcmm) 267
Employment in Medium high-tech manufacturing (Total) % total employment (eu_sctchtcmt) 267
Employment in High-tech manufacturing (Total) % total employment (eu_sctchtct) 268
Employment in Low-technology manufacturing (Female) % total employment (eu_sctcltcf) 268
Employment in Low and medium low-tech manufacturing (Female) % total (eu_sctcltclmf) 268
Employment in Low and medium low-tech manufacturing (Male) % total (eu_sctcltclmm) 268
Employment in Low and medium low-tech manufacturing (Total) % total (eu_sctcltclmt) 269
Employment in Low-tech manufacturing (Male) % total employment (eu_sctcltcm) 269
Employment in Medium low-tech manufacturing (Female) % total employ. (eu_sctcltcmf) 269
Employment in Medium low-tech manufacturing (Male) % total employ. (eu_sctcltcmm) 269
Employment in Medium low-tech manufacturing (Total) % total employ. (eu_sctcltcmt) 270
Employment in Low-tech manufacturing (Total) % total employment (eu_sctcltct) 270
Employment in Electricity, Gas, Steam, Air Con. supply (Female) % tot (eu_sctdff) 270
Employment in Electricity, Gas, Steam, Air Con. supply (Male) % tot (eu_sctdfm) 270
Employment in Electricity, Gas, Steam, Air Con. supply (Total) % tot (eu_sctdft) 271
41
Employment in Wholesale, Retail trade, Food service activ. (Female) %tot (eu_sctgitf) 271
Employment in Wholesale, Retail trade, Food service activ. (Male) % tot (eu_sctgitm) 271
Employment in Wholesale, Retail trade, Food service activ. (Total) % tot (eu_sctgitt) 271
Employment in Services (Female) % total employment (eu_sctguf) 272
Employment in Services (Male) % total employment (eu_sctgum) 272
Employment in Services (Total) % total employment (eu_sctgut) 272
Employment in Land, Water, Air transport, Warehouse Female % tot employ. (eu_scth52n79f) 272
Employment in Land, Water, Air transport, Warehouse Male % tot employ. (eu_scth52n79m) 273
Employment in Land, Water, Air transport, Warehouse Total % tot employ. (eu_scth52n79t) 273
Employment in High-tech sectors (Female) % total employment (eu_scthtcf) 273
Employment in High-tech sectors (Male) % total employment (eu_scthtcm) 273
Employment in High-tech sectors (Total) % total employment (eu_scthtct) 274
Employment in Information and communication (Female) % total employment (eu_sctjf) 274
Employment in Information and communication (Male) % total employment (eu_sctjm) 274
Employment in Information and communication (Total) % total employment (eu_sctjt) 274
Employment in Financial and insurance activities (Female) % total employment (eu_sctkf) 275
Employment in Knowledge-intensive services (Female) % total employment (eu_sctkisf) 275
Employment in Knowledge-intensive high-tech serv. (Female) % total employ. (eu_sctkishtcf) 275
Employment in Knowledge-intensive high-tech serv. (Male) % total employ. (eu_sctkishtcm) 275
Employment in Knowledge-intensive high-tech serv. (Total) % total employ. (eu_sctkishtct) 276
Employment in Knowledge-intensive services (Male) % total employment (eu_sctkism) 276
Employment in Knowledge-intensive market serv. (Female) % tot employ. (eu_sctkismktothf) 276
Employment in Knowledge-intensive market serv. (Male) % tot employ. (eu_sctkismktothm) 276
Employment in Knowledge-intensive market serv. (Total) % tot employ. (eu_sctkismktotht) 277
Employment in Other knowledge-intensive serv. (Female) % tot employment (eu_sctkisothf) 277
Employment in Other knowledge-intensive serv. (Male) % tot employment (eu_sctkisothm) 277
Employment in Other knowledge-intensive serv. (Total) % tot employment (eu_sctkisotht) 277
Employment in Knowledge-intensive services (Total) % tot employment (eu_sctkist) 278
Employment in Financial and insurance activities (Male) % total employment (eu_sctkm) 278
Employment in Financial and insurance activities (Total) % total employment (eu_sctkt) 278
Employment in Less knowledge-intensive services (Female) % tot employment (eu_sctlkisf) 278
Employment in Less knowledge-intensive services (Male) % tot employment (eu_sctlkism) 279
Employment in Less knowledge-intensive market serv. (Female) % tot emp. (eu_sctlkismktf) 279
Employment in Less knowledge-intensive market serv. (Male) % tot emp. (eu_sctlkismktm) 279
Employment in Less knowledge-intensive market serv. (Total) % tot emp. (eu_sctlkismktt) 279
Employment in Other less knowledge-intensive serv. (Female) % tot emp. (eu_sctlkisothf) 280
Employment in Other less knowledge-intensive serv. (Male) % tot emp. (eu_sctlkisothm) 280
Employment in Other less knowledge-intensive serv. (Total) % tot emp. (eu_sctlkisotht) 280
Employment in Less knowledge-intensive services (Total) % total employment (eu_sctlkist) 280
Employment in Professional, scientific and tech activ. (Female) % total emp. (eu_sctmf) 281
Employment in Professional, scientific and tech activ. (Male) % total emp. (eu_sctmm) 281
Employment in Professional, scientific and tech activ. (Total) % total emp. (eu_sctmt) 281
Employment in Administrative and support service activ. (Female) % total emp. (eu_sctnf) 281
Employment in Administrative and support service activ. (Male) % total emp. (eu_sctnm) 282
Employment in Administrative and support service activ. (Total) % total emp. (eu_sctnt) 282
Employment in Education (Female) % total employment (eu_sctpaf) 282
Employment in Education (Male) % total employment (eu_sctpam) 282
Employment in Education (Total) % total employment (eu_sctpat) 283
Employment in Education (Female) % total employment (eu_sctpf) 283
Employment in Education (Male) % total employment (eu_sctpm) 283
Employment in Education (Total) % total employment (eu_sctpt) 284
Employment in Human health and social work activities (Female) % tot employ. (eu_sctqf) 284
Employment in Human health and social work activities (Male) % tot employ. (eu_sctqm) 284
Employment in Human health and social work activities (Total) % tot employ. (eu_sctqt) 284
Employment in Arts, entertainment and recreation (Female) % total employment (eu_sctrf) 285
Employment in Arts, entertainment and recreation (Male) % total employment (eu_sctrm) 285
Employment in Arts, entertainment and recreation (Total) % total employment (eu_sctrt) 285
Employment in Other service activities (Female) % total employment (eu_sctsf) 287
42
Employment in Other service activities (Male) % total employment (eu_sctsm) 287
Employment in Other service activities (Total) % total employment (eu_sctst) 287
Long-term unemployment 25+ years, Female (% of unemployment) (eu_unemppcunef) 290
Long-term unemployment 25+ years, Male (% of unemployment) (eu_unemppcunem) 290
Long-term unemployment 25+ years, total (% of unemployment) (eu_unemppcunet) 290
Unemployment rates: 15-24 Years, Male (% of active population) (eu_unempy1524m) 291
Unemployment rates: 15-24 Years, Total (% of active population) (eu_unempy1524t) 291
Unemployment rates: Total, Female (percentage of active population) (eu_unempytotf) 292
Unemployment rates: Total, Male (percentage of active population) (eu_unempytotm) 292
Unemployment rates: Total, Total (percentage of active population) (eu_unempytott) 293
Global Gender Gap Economic Participation and Opportunity Subindex (gggi_pos) 352
Employment rates for age group 15-24 (oecd_emplage_t1a) 481
Employment rates for age group 25-54 (oecd_emplage_t1b) 481
Employment rates for age group 55-64 (oecd_emplage_t1c) 481
Employment rates: women (oecd_emplgndr_t1a) 482
Employment rates: men (oecd_emplgndr_t1b) 482
Employment rates: total (oecd_emplgndr_t1c) 482
Average hours actually worked (oecd_hourswkd_t1) 495
Long-term unemployment (oecd_ltunemp_t1) 502
Employment rates of native-born pop. by edu. attainment: low (oecd_migeduemp_t1a) 503
Employment rates of native-born pop. by edu. attainment: high (oecd_migeduemp_t1b) 504
Employment rates of native-born pop. by edu. attainment: total (oecd_migeduemp_t1c) 504
Employment rates of foreign-born pop. by edu. attainment: low (oecd_migeduemp_t1d) 504
Employment rates of foreign-born pop. by educational attainment: high (oecd_migeduemp_t1e) 504
Employment rates of foreign-born pop. by edu. attainment: total (oecd_migeduemp_t1f) 505
Unemployment rates of native-born populations: Men (oecd_migunemp_t1a) 505
Unemployment rates of foreign-born populations: Men (oecd_migunemp_t1b) 506
Unemployment rates of native-born populations: Women (oecd_migunemp_t1c) 506
Unemployment rates of foreign-born populations: Women (oecd_migunemp_t1d) 506
Unemployment rates of native-born populations: Total (oecd_migunemp_t1e) 506
Unemployment rates of foreign-born populations: Total (oecd_migunemp_t1f) 507
Permanent inflows by category of entry: work (oecd_netmigr_t1a) 507
Practising nurses (oecd_nurse_g1) 509
Levels of GDPpc and labour productivity (Effect of labour util.) (oecd_prodincom_g2b) 512
Incidence of part-time employment (oecd_ptempl_t1) 512
Researchers (oecd_research_t1) 513
Self-employment rates: women (oecd_selfempl_t1a) 514
Self-employment rates: men (oecd_selfempl_t1b) 514
Self-employment rates: total (oecd_selfempl_t1c) 514
Youths who are not in education or in employment (15-19) (oecd_socexclus_t1a) 515
Youths who are not in education or in employment (20-24) (oecd_socexclus_t1b) 515
Unemployment rates: women (oecd_unemplrt_t1a) 522
Unemployment rates: men (oecd_unemplrt_t1b) 522
Unemployment rates: total (oecd_unemplrt_t1c) 523
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Overall (sgi_ec) 564
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Labor Markets (sgi_eclm) 565
Age dependency ratio (% of working-age pop.) (wdi_agedr) 633
Employers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_emp) 643
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empagr) 644
Employment in agriculture, female (% female employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empagrf) 644
Employment in agriculture, male (% male employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empagrm) 644
Children in employment, total (% of children ages 7-14) (wdi_empch) 645
Children in employment, female (% of female children ages 7-14) (wdi_empchf) 645
Children in employment, male (% of male children ages 7-14) (wdi_empchm) 645
43
Employers, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empf) 646
Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empind) 646
Employment in industry, female (% female employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empindf) 646
Employment in industry, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empindm) 647
Employers, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empm) 647
Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empprfilo) 647
Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%) (national est.) (wdi_empprfne) 647
Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empprilo) 648
Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empprmilo) 648
Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (national est.) (wdi_empprmne) 648
Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national est.) (wdi_empprne) 649
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, female % (modeled ILO) (wdi_emppryfilo) 649
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, female % (national est.) (wdi_emppryfne) 649
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total % (modeled ILO) (wdi_emppryilo) 649
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male % (modeled ILO) (wdi_empprymilo) 650
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male % (national est.) (wdi_empprymne) 650
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total % (national est.) (wdi_emppryne) 650
Employment in services (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empser) 651
Employment in services, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empserf) 651
Employment in services, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empserm) 651
Labor force with advanced education % of total working-age pop. (wdi_lfpedua) 677
Labor force with advanced education % of female working-age pop. (wdi_lfpeduaf) 678
Labor force with advanced education % of male working-age pop. (wdi_lfpeduam) 678
Labor force with basic education % of total working-age pop. basic edu. (wdi_lfpedub) 678
Labor force with basic education % of female working-age pop. basic edu. (wdi_lfpedubf) 679
Labor force with basic education % of male working-age pop. w. basic edu. (wdi_lfpedubm) 679
Labor force with intermediate education % of total working-age pop. (wdi_lfpedui) 679
Labor force with intermediate education % of female working-age pop. (wdi_lfpeduif) 680
Labor force with intermediate education % of male working-age pop. (wdi_lfpeduim) 680
Labor force, female (% of total labor force) (wdi_lfpf) 680
Labor force participation rate (% female ages 15+) (modeled ILO) (wdi_lfpfilo15) 680
Labor force participation rate (% of female ages 15+) (national est.) (wdi_lfpfne15) 681
Labor force participation rate (% of total ages 15+) (modeled ILO) (wdi_lfpilo15) 681
Labor force participation rate (% of male ages 15+) (modeled ILO) (wdi_lfpmilo15) 681
Labor force participation rate (% of male ages 15+) (national est.) (wdi_lfpmne15) 682
Labor force participation rate (% of total ages 15+) (national est.) (wdi_lfpne15) 682
Labor force participation rate, total (% of total pop. ages 15-64) (ILO) (wdi_lfpr) 682
Labor force participation rate, female (% of female pop. ages 15-64) (ILO) (wdi_lfprf) 682
Labor force participation rate, male (% of male pop. ages 15-64) (ILO) (wdi_lfprm) 683
Labor force participation rate 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO) (wdi_lfpyfilo) 683
Labor force participation rate 15-24, female (%) (national est.) (wdi_lfpyfne) 683
Labor force participation rate 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO) (wdi_lfpyilo) 684
Labor force participation rate 15-24, male (%) (modeled ILO) (wdi_lfpymilo) 684
Labor force participation rate 15-24, male (%) (national est.) (wdi_lfpymne) 684
Labor force participation rate 15-24, total (%) (national est.) (wdi_lfpyne) 684
Part time employment, total (% of total employment) (wdi_pte) 698
Part time employment, female (% of total female employment) (wdi_ptef) 699
Part time employment, male (% of total male employment) (wdi_ptem) 699
Self-employed, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_semp) 700
Self-employed, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_sempf) 700
Self-employed, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_sempm) 701
Unemployment with advanced education (% of total labor force) (wdi_unempedua) 705
Unemployment with advanced education (% of female labor force) (wdi_unempeduaf) 706
Unemployment with advanced education (% of male labor force) (wdi_unempeduam) 706
Unemployment with basic education (% of total labor force) (wdi_unempedub) 706
Unemployment with basic education (% of female labor force) (wdi_unempedubf) 706
Unemployment with basic education (% of male labor force) (wdi_unempedubm) 707
Unemployment with intermediate education (% of total labor force) (wdi_unempedui) 707
44
Unemployment with intermediate education (% of female labor force) (wdi_unempeduif) 707
Unemployment with intermediate education (% of male labor force) (wdi_unempeduim) 708
Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) (modeled ILO) (wdi_unempfilo) 708
Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) (national est.) (wdi_unempfne) 708
Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO) (wdi_unempilo) 708
Unemployment, male (% of male labor force) (modeled ILO) (wdi_unempmilo) 709
Unemployment, male (% of male labor force) (national est.) (wdi_unempmne) 709
Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national est.) (wdi_unempne) 709
Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force 15-24) (modeled ILO) (wdi_unempyfilo) 709
Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force 15-24) (nation est.) (wdi_unempyfne) 710
Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force 15-24) (modeled ILO) (wdi_unempyilo) 710
Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force 15-24) (modeled ILO) (wdi_unempymilo) 710
Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force 15-24) (national est.) (wdi_unempymne) 711
Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force 15-24) (national est.) (wdi_unempyne) 711
Active labour market policies. 1-7 (best) (wef_alp) 713
Ease of finding skilled employees. 1-7 (best) (wef_efs) 716
Ease of hiring foreign labour. 1-7 (best) (wef_hfl) 719
Hiring and firing practices. 1-7 (best) (wef_hfp) 719
Cooperation in labour-employer relations. 1-7 (best) (wef_ler) 720
Flexibility of wage determination. 1-7 (best) (wef_wbp) 726
Ratio of wage and salaried female workers to male workers (wef_wlf) 726
Workers’ rights. 1-100 (best) (wef_wr) 727
Confidence: Labour Unions (wvs_conflu) 757
Work is a duty towards society (wvs_wduty) 768
People who don’t work turn lazy (wvs_wlazy) 769
Female to male wage ratio in the private sector (using mean) (wwbi_fmwrprmean) 770
Female to male wage ratio in the private sector (using median) (wwbi_fmwrprmedian) 770
Female to male wage ratio in the public sector (using mean) (wwbi_fmwrpumean) 770
Female to male wage ratio in the public sector (using median) (wwbi_fmwrpumedian) 771
Females, as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_fsprpemp) 771
Females, as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_fspuemp) 771
Mean age of private paid employees (wwbi_meanageprpe) 771
Mean age of public paid employees (wwbi_meanagepupe) 772
Median age of private paid employees (wwbi_medianageprpe) 772
Median age of public paid employees (wwbi_medianagepupe) 772
Pay compression ratio in private sector (90th/10th percentile earners) (wwbi_paycomppr) 772
Pay compression ratio in public sector (90th/10th percentile earners) (wwbi_paycomppu) 773
Share of private paid employees with health insurance (wwbi_prpemphi) 773
Share of private paid employees with social security (wwbi_prpempss) 773
Share of private paid employees with union membership (wwbi_prpempum) 773
Public sector employment as % of formal employment (wwbi_psefemp) 774
Public sector employment as % of total employment (wwbi_psemptot) 774
Public sector employment as % of total employment by gender (Female) (wwbi_psemptotf) 774
Public sector employment as % of total employment by gender (Male) (wwbi_psemptotm) 774
Public sector employment as % of total employment by location (Rural) (wwbi_psemptotr) 775
Public sector employment as % of total employment by location (Urban) (wwbi_psemptotu) 775
Public sector employment as % of paid employment (wwbi_psepemp) 775
Public sector employment as % of paid employment by gender (Female) (wwbi_psepempf) 775
Public sector employment as % of paid employment by gender (Male) (wwbi_psepempm) 776
Public sector employment as % of paid employment by location (Rural) (wwbi_psepempr) 776
Public sector employment as % of paid employment by location (Urban) (wwbi_psepempu) 776
Share of public paid employees with health insurance (wwbi_pupemphi) 776
Share of public paid employees with social security (wwbi_pupempss) 777
Share of public paid employees with union membership (wwbi_pupempum) 777
Rural residents as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_rrespripemp) 777
Rural residents as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_rrespubpemp) 777
Individuals with no education as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_sprpempn) 778
Individuals with primary education as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_sprpempp) 778
45
Individuals with secondary education as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_sprpemps) 778
Individuals with tertiary education as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_sprpempt) 778
Individuals with no education as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_spupempn) 779
Individuals with primary education as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_spupempp) 779
Individuals with secondary education as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_spupemps) 779
Individuals with tertiary education as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_spupempt) 779
Share of total employees with tertiary edu. working in public sector (wwbi_tertiarypubsec) 780
46
2.12 Media
Practice: candidates/pol. parties have fair access to state-owned media outlets (aii_q23) 86
Practice: media organizations disclose their owner’s identities to the public (aii_q52) 100
Practice: journalists and editors adhere to professional practices in reporting (aii_q53) 100
Law: it’s legal to report accurate news even if it damages pub. figures’ reput. (aii_q54) 101
Practice: the government does not promote the media’s self-censorship (aii_q55) 101
Practice: ministries and autonomous agencies have websites (aii_q58) 103
Practice: the public services regulatory agencies have websites (aii_q59) 103
Freedom of Expression (bti_foe) 152
Online Service Index (egov_osi) 217
Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (egov_tii) 218
Internet use: seeking health information (eu_isiuhlt) 259
Internet use: participating in social networks (eu_isiunet) 260
Freedom on the Net: Limits on content (fhn_fotnloc) 308
Freedom on the Net: Obstacles to Access (fhn_fotnota) 308
Freedom on the Net: Score (fhn_fotnsc) 309
Freedom on the Net: Status (fhn_fotnst) 309
Freedom on the Net: Violation of Users’ rights (fhn_fotnvur) 309
Economic Influences over Media Content (2001-2016) (fhp_mcei5) 310
Economic Influences over Broadcast Media Content (1993-1995) (fhp_mceib3) 310
Economic Influences over Broadcast Media Content (1996-2000) (fhp_mceib4) 311
Economic Influences over Print Media Content (1993-1995) (fhp_mceip3) 311
Economic Influences over Print Media Content (1996-2000) (fhp_mceip4) 311
Laws and Regulations that Influence Media Content (2001-2016) (fhp_mclr5) 312
Laws and Regulations that Influence the Broadcast Media Content (1993-1995) (fhp_mclrb3) 312
Laws and Regulations that Influence the Broadcast Media Content (1996-2000) (fhp_mclrb4) 313
Laws and Regulations that Influence the Print Media Content (1993-1995) (fhp_mclrp3) 313
Laws and Regulations that Influence the Print Media Content (1996-2000) (fhp_mclrp4) 313
Political Pressures and Controls on Media Content (2001-2016) (fhp_mcpp5) 314
Political Pressures and Controls on Broadcast Media Content (1993-1995) (fhp_mcppb3) 314
Political Pressures and Controls on Broadcast Media Content (1996-2000) (fhp_mcppb4) 314
Political Pressures and Controls on Print Media Content (1993-1995) (fhp_mcppp3) 315
Political Pressures and Controls on Print Media Content (1996-2000) (fhp_mcppp4) 315
Repressive Actions: Broadcast Media (1993-1995) (fhp_rab3) 315
Repressive Actions: Broadcast Media (1996-2000) (fhp_rab4) 316
Repressive Actions: Print Media (1993-1995) (fhp_rap3) 316
Repressive Actions: Print Media (1996-2000) (fhp_rap4) 316
Freedom of the Press, Score (1993-1995) (fhp_score3) 317
Freedom of the Press, Status (1988-1992) (fhp_status2) 317
Freedom of Broadcast Media, Status (1979-1987) (fhp_statusb1) 319
Freedom of Print Media, Status (1979-1987) (fhp_statusp1) 319
Corruption Perception: Media (gcb_pmedia) 338
Media Bias before Election (nelda_mbbe) 469
Press Freedom Index (rsf_pfi) 560
Robust Democracy: Access to Information (sgi_qdai) 569
Media corrupt (vdem_mecorrpt) 622
Confidence: The Press (wvs_confpr) 758
Confidence: Television (wvs_conftv) 759
47
2.13 Migration
Freedom of Domestic Movement (ciri_dommov) 181

Freedom of Foreign Movement (ciri_formov) 182
Net migration plus statistical adjusted (eu_demcnmigratn) 228
Number of immigrants aged less than 18, Female (eu_imm118f) 255
Number of immigrants aged less than 18, Male (eu_imm118m) 255
Number of immigrants aged less than 18, Total (eu_imm118t) 256
Number of immigrants aged 18 to 24, Female (eu_imm1824f) 256
Number of immigrants aged 18 to 24, Male (eu_imm1824m) 256
Number of immigrants aged 18 to 24, Total (eu_imm1824t) 256
Number of immigrants aged more than 65, Female (eu_imm65f) 258
Number of immigrants aged more than 65, Male (eu_imm65m) 258
Number of immigrants aged more than 65, Total (eu_imm65t) 259
Displaced people (1-5 Higher displacement) (gpi_dic) 367
Foreign-born population (oecd_migforpop_t1a) 505
Foreign population (oecd_migforpop_t1b) 505
Permanent inflows by category of entry: work (oecd_netmigr_t1a) 507
Permanent inflows by category of entry: free movements (oecd_netmigr_t1b) 507
Permanent inflows by category of entry: accompanying family of workers (oecd_netmigr_t1c) 508
Permanent inflows by category of entry: family (oecd_netmigr_t1d) 508
Permanent inflows by category of entry: humanitarian (oecd_netmigr_t1e) 508
Permanent inflows by category of entry: Other (oecd_netmigr_t1f) 508
Permanent inflows by category of entry: total (oecd_netmigr_t1g) 509
Inward Remittances Flow, current (nominal) US dollar million (rd_inw) 555
Outward Remittances Flow, current (nominal) US dollar million (rd_outw) 555
Internally displaced persons, new displacement-disasters (number) (wdi_idpdis) 672
Internally displaced persons, new displacement-conflict and violence (number) (wdi_idpvc) 673
Internally displaced persons, total displaced by conflict-violence (number) (wdi_idpvp) 673
International migrant stock (% of population) (wdi_imig) 673
Net migration (wdi_migration) 687
Refugee population by country or territory of asylum (wdi_refasy) 699
Refugee population by country or territory of origin (wdi_refori) 700
48
2.14 Political Parties and Elections
Law: political parties are required to disclose public donations (Gov. funds) (aii_q48) 98
Practice: pol. parties disclose public donations and these are available to publ (aii_q49) 98
Law: political parties are required to disclose private donations (aii_q50) 99
Practice: pol. parties disclose private donations and it is available to public (aii_q51) 99
No. of coups (br_coup) 141
Is the country in the Commonwealth (br_cw) 141
Whether an election was postponed (br_elecpost) 141
Typology of political institutions (br_elect) 142
Whether an election was held during the year (br_elecyear) 142
No. of failed coups (br_fcoup) 142
Is the president interim/temporary (br_int) 142
Is the country a monarchy (br_mon) 142
Is the political system presidential (br_pres) 143
Does the country have proportional voting (br_pvote) 144
Did the main regime change (br_regch) 144
No. of successful coups (br_scoup) 144
Full suffrage (br_suff) 144
Free and Fair Elections (bti_ffe) 151
Party System (bti_ps) 157
Contestation (standardized version) (cam_contest) 166
Inclusiveness (standardized version) (cam_inclusive) 166
Electoral Self-Determination (ciri_elecsd) 181
Number of changes in government per year (cpds_chg) 187
Effective number of parties on the seats level (cpds_enps) 187
Effective number of parties on the votes level (cpds_enpv) 188
Electoral fractionalization of the party system (Rae index) (cpds_frel) 188
Legislative fractionalization of the party system (Rae index) (cpds_frleg) 188
Cabinet composition (Schmidt index) (cpds_govlr) 188
Government support (seat share of all parties in government) (cpds_govsup) 189
Share of seats in parliament: agrarian (cpds_la) 189
Share of seats in parliament: electoral alliance (cpds_lall) 189
Share of seats in parliament: communist (cpds_lcom) 189
Share of seats in parliament: conservative (cpds_lcon) 190
Share of seats in parliament: ethnic (cpds_le) 190
Share of seats in parliament: feminist (cpds_lfe) 190
Share of seats in parliament: green (cpds_lg) 190
Share of seats in parliament: liberal (cpds_ll) 191
Share of seats in parliament: left-socialist (cpds_lls) 191
Share of seats in parliament: monarchist (cpds_lmo) 191
Share of seats in parliament: non-labelled (cpds_lnl) 191
Share of seats in parliament: other (cpds_lo) 192
Share of seats in parliament: protest (cpds_lp) 192
Share of seats in parliament: post-communist (cpds_lpc) 192
Share of seats in parliament: pensioners (cpds_lpen) 192
Share of seats in parliament: personalist (cpds_lper) 193
Share of seats in parliament: right (cpds_lr) 193
Share of seats in parliament: regionalist (cpds_lreg) 193
Share of seats in parliament: religious (cpds_lrel) 193
Share of seats in parliament: social democratic (cpds_ls) 194
Type of Government (cpds_tg) 194
Share of votes: agrarian (cpds_va) 194
Share of votes: electoral alliance (cpds_vall) 195
Share of votes: communist (cpds_vcom) 195
Share of votes: conservative (cpds_vcon) 195
Share of votes: ethnic (cpds_ve) 195
Share of votes: feminist (cpds_vfe) 196
49
Share of votes: green (cpds_vg) 196
Share of votes: liberal (cpds_vl) 196
Share of votes: left-socialist (cpds_vls) 196
Share of votes: monarchist (cpds_vmo) 197
Share of votes: non-labelled (cpds_vnl) 197
Share of votes: other (cpds_vo) 197
Share of votes: protest (cpds_vp) 197
Share of votes: post-communist (cpds_vpcom) 198
Share of votes: pensioners (cpds_vpen) 198
Share of votes: personalist (cpds_vper) 198
Share of votes: right (cpds_vr) 198
Share of votes: regionalist (cpds_vreg) 199
Share of votes: religious (cpds_vrel) 199
Share of votes: social democratic (cpds_vs) 199
Voter turnout in election (cpds_vt) 199
Close to Political Party (cses_pc) 204
Electoral Volatility - Parties above 1% (dev_altv1) 207
Electoral Volatility - Parties below 1% (dev_othv1) 207
Electoral Volatility - Parties entering/exiting party system (dev_regv1) 208
Electoral Volatility - Total (dev_tv1) 208
Trust in Parliament (ess_trparl) 225
Trust in Political Parties (ess_trpart) 226
Trust in Politicians (ess_trpolit) 226
Electoral Volatility in the EP - Parties above 1% (evep_altv) 294
Net change in the agg. vote share for all parties in Class Bloc (EP) (evep_classbloc) 294
Net change in the agg. vote share for all parties in Demarcation Bloc (EP) (evep_dembloc) 295
Electoral Volatility in the EP - Parties below 1% (evep_othv) 295
Electoral Volatility in the EP - Parties entering/exiting party system (evep_regv) 295
Electoral Volatility in the EP - Total (evep_tv) 296
Electoral Process (fh_ep) 304
Corruption Perception-Legislature: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pclmost) 333
Corruption Perception-Legislature: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pclsome) 333
Average District Magnitude (gol_adm) 358
Districts (gol_dist) 358
Effective Number of Electoral Parties (gol_enep) 359
Effective Number of Electoral Parties 1 (gol_enep1) 359
Effective Number of Electoral Parties (Others) (gol_enepo) 359
Effective Number of Parliamentary or Legislative Parties (gol_enpp) 359
Effective Number of Parliamentary or Legislative Parties 1 (gol_enpp1) 360
Effective Number of Parliamentary or Legislative Parties (Others) (gol_enppo) 360
Effective Number of Presidential Candidates (gol_enpres) 360
Electoral System Type-3 classes (gol_est) 360
Electoral System Type-11 classes (gol_est_spec) 361
Institution (gol_inst) 361
Mixed Type (gol_mix) 362
Multi-Tier Type (gol_mt) 362
Number of Seats (gol_nos) 362
Presidential Electoral System Type (gol_pest) 363
Electoral Formula used in an Electoral Tier (gol_pr) 363
Presidential Election (gol_preel) 364
Upper Seats (gol_upseat) 364
Upper Tier (gol_uptier) 364
Proportional Representation (gtm_pr) 370
Alignment Executive/Legislative Chamber (lower) (h_alignl1) 380
Alignment Lower/Upper Legislative Chamber (h_alignl1l2) 380
Alignment Executive/Legislative Chamber (upper) (h_alignl2) 381
2nd Legislative Chamber (h_l2) 382
Legislative Fractionalization (lower) (h_lflo) 382
50
Legislative Fractionalization (upper) (h_lfup) 382
Size of Largest Party in Legislature (in Fractions) (ht_partsz) 387
Banning of Anti-System Parties (iaep_basp) 391
Banned Parties (iaep_bp) 391
Some other executive have the power to call elections (iaep_callo) 391
Ethnicity Based Banning of Parties (iaep_ebbp) 393
Election of the Executive (iaep_ee) 394
Executive Nomination of Legislature Candidates (iaep_enlc) 395
Electoral System (iaep_es) 396
Electoral System for the Executive (iaep_ese) 396
Independence of Selection of Executive (iaep_ise) 397
National Elections for an Executive (iaep_nee) 399
National Elections for the Legislature (iaep_nel) 400
No Parties Allowed (iaep_npa) 400
National Referendums (iaep_nr) 400
Parties with More than 5 Percent (iaep_pm5p) 401
Party Nomination of Executive Candidates (iaep_pnec) 401
Party Nomination of Legislature Candidates (iaep_pnlc) 402
Petition Signatures Establish Executive Candidates (iaep_pseec) 402
Petition Signatures Establish Legislature Candidates (iaep_pselc) 402
Party Vote Establish Executive Candidates (iaep_pveec) 403
Party Vote Establish Legislature Candidates (iaep_pvelc) 403
Religion Based Banning of Parties (iaep_rbbp) 403
Self-Nomination of Executive Candidates (iaep_snec) 404
Self-Nomination of Legislature Candidates (iaep_snlc) 404
Electoral System Family (ideaesd_esf) 417
Electoral System for the National Legislature (ideaesd_esnl) 417
Electoral System for the President (ideaesd_esp) 419
Legislative Size (Directly Elected) (ideaesd_lsde) 420
Legislative Size (Voting Members) (ideaesd_lsvm) 420
Number of Tiers (ideaesd_tiers) 420
EU Parliamentary Election: Compulsory Voting (ideavt_eucv) 422
EU Parliamentary Election: Voter Turnout (ideavt_euvt) 422
Parliamentary Election: Compulsory Voting (ideavt_legcv) 422
Parliamentary Election: Voter Turnout (ideavt_legvt) 423
Presidential Election: Compulsory Voting (ideavt_prescv) 423
Presidential Election: Voter Turnout (ideavt_presvt) 423
Participation (iiag_par) 429
Number of Seats (Lower and Single Houses) (ipu_l_s) 434
Share of Women (Lower and Single Houses) (ipu_l_sw) 434
Number of Women (Lower and Single Houses) (ipu_l_w) 434
Number of Seats (Upper House) (ipu_u_s) 435
Share of Women (Upper House) (ipu_u_sw) 435
Number of Women (Upper House) (ipu_u_w) 435
Party Control over Ballot (lower/only house) (jw_avgballot) 437
Party Control over Ballot (upper house) (jw_avgballot2) 438
Sharing of Votes among Candidates (lower/only house) (jw_avgpool) 438
Sharing of Votes among Candidates (upper house) (jw_avgpool2) 438
Candidate or Party-specific Voting (lower/only house) (jw_avgvote) 439
Candidate or Party-specific Voting (upper house) (jw_avgvote2) 439
Bicameral System (jw_bicameral) 440
Dominant or Populous Tier (jw_domr) 440
Year of Election (lower/only house) (jw_election) 440
Year of Election (upper house) (jw_election2) 440
Ballot Access for Independent Candidates (lower/only house) (jw_indy) 441
Ballot Access for Independent Candidates (upper house) (jw_indy2) 441
Number of Coded Legislators (lower/only house) (jw_legsize) 441
Number of Coded Legislators (upper house) (jw_legsize2) 442
51
District Magnitude of Average Legislator (lower/only house) (jw_mcand) 442
District Magnitude of Average Legislator (upper house) (jw_mcand2) 442
Average District Magnitude (lower/only house) (jw_mdist) 443
Average District Magnitude (upper house) (jw_mdist2) 443
Party Control over Ballot - MMD (lower/only house) (jw_mmdballot) 443
Party Control over Ballot - MMD (upper house) (jw_mmdballot2) 443
Sharing of Votes among Candidates - MMD (lower/only house) (jw_mmdpool) 444
Sharing of Votes among Candidates - MMD (upper house) (jw_mmdpool2) 444
Candidate or Party-specific Voting - MMD (lower/only house) (jw_mmdvote) 445
Candidate or Party-specific Voting - MMD (upper house) (jw_mmdvote2) 445
Runoff Elections (jw_multiround) 445
Multi Tier (lower/only house) (jw_multitier) 445
Multi Tier (upper house) (jw_multitier2) 446
Single Party System (jw_oneparty) 446
Tiers allocated in Parallel (jw_parallel) 446
Personalistic Tier (jw_persr) 446
Proportion Coded Legislators (lower/only house) (jw_propcoded) 447
Proportion Coded Legislators (upper house) (jw_propcoded2) 447
Seats from Multi-Member Districts (lower/only house) (jw_propmmd) 447
Seats from Multi-Member Districts (upper house) (jw_propmmd2) 447
Seats from a National District (lower/only house) (jw_propn) 448
Seats from a National District (upper house) (jw_propn2) 448
Seats from Single-Member Districts (lower/only house) (jw_propsmd) 448
Seats from Single-Member Districts (upper house) (jw_propsmd2) 448
Rank Vote (lower/only house) (jw_rank) 449
Rank Vote (upper house) (jw_rank2) 449
Party Control over Ballot - SMD (lower/only house) (jw_smdballot) 449
Sharing of Votes among Candidates - SMD (lower/only house) (jw_smdpool) 450
Candidate or Party-specific Voting - SMD (lower/only house) (jw_smdvote) 450
Tiervote (lower/only house) (jw_tiervote) 450
Tiervote (upper house) (jw_tiervote2) 450
First Multiparty Election (nelda_fme) 469
Media Bias before Election (nelda_mbbe) 469
Was More Than One Party Legal (nelda_mtop) 470
Number of Elections, Total (nelda_noe) 470
Number of Elections, Constituent Assembly (nelda_noea) 470
Number of Elections, Executive (nelda_noee) 470
Number of Elections, Legislative (nelda_noel) 471
Was Opposition Allowed (nelda_oa) 471
Riots and Protests after Election (nelda_rpae) 471
Violence and Civilian Deaths before Election (nelda_vcdbe) 471
Electoral Family (no_ef) 473
Electoral Integrity Rating (pei_eir) 531
Electoral Integrity Rating, Higher C.I. (pei_eirhci) 531
Electoral Integrity Rating, Lower C.I. (pei_eirlci) 531
Elected Office (pei_off) 532
Perception of Electoral Integrity Index (pei_peii) 532
Perception of Electoral Integrity Index, Higher C.I. (pei_peiihci) 532
Perception of Electoral Integrity Index, Lower C.I. (pei_peiilci) 533
Perception of Electoral Integrity Index Type (pei_peit) 533
Cummulative Party System Innovation (psi_cpsi1) 536
Cummulative Party System Innovation of a second election in a year (psi_cpsi2) 536
Exact date of the election (psi_edate1) 537
Exact date of the second election in a year (psi_edate2) 537
Party System Innovation (overall vote share of new parties in given election) (psi_psi1) 537
Party System Innovation of a second election in a year (psi_psi2) 538
Majoritarian Electoral Systems (pt_maj) 539
Robust Democracy: Electoral Process (sgi_qdep) 570
52
Cabinet Portfolios: Centrist Christian Democratic (sw_cccd) 581
Cabinet Portfolios: Christian Democratic (sw_ccd) 581
Cabinet Portfolios: Center (sw_cce) 582
Cabinet Portfolios: Left (sw_cl) 582
Cabinet Portfolios: Left-Libertarian (sw_cll) 582
Cabinet Portfolios: Right (sw_cr) 582
Cabinet Portfolios: Right-Wing Populist (sw_crwp) 582
Election Year (sw_ey) 583
Governing Party Seats: Centrist Christian Democratic (sw_gccd) 583
Governing Party Seats: Christian Democratic (sw_gcd) 583
Governing Party Seats: Center (sw_gce) 583
Governing Party Seats: Left (sw_gl) 584
Governing Party Seats: Left-Libertarian (sw_gll) 584
Governing Party Seats: Right (sw_gr) 584
Governing Party Seats: Right-Wing Populist (sw_grwp) 584
Legislative Seats: Centrist Christian Democratic (sw_lccd) 585
Legislative Seats: Christian Democratic (sw_lcd) 585
Legislative Seats: Center (sw_lce) 585
Legislative Seats: Left (sw_ll) 585
Legislative Seats: Left-Libertarian (sw_lll) 586
Legislative Seats: Right (sw_lr) 586
Legislative Seats: Right-Wing Populist (sw_lrwp) 586
Votes: Centrist Christian Democratic (sw_vccd) 586
Votes: Christian Democratic (sw_vcd) 587
Votes: Center (sw_vce) 587
Votes: Left (sw_vl) 587
Votes: Left-Libertarian (sw_vll) 587
Votes: Right (sw_vr) 588
Votes: Right-Wing Populist (sw_vrwp) 588
Competition (van_comp) 613
Index of Democratization (van_index) 613
Participation (van_part) 614
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) (wdi_wip) 711
Number of years the leader in office continuously (wgov_leadexp) 739
Number of cabinet ministers (wgov_min) 739
Average age of cabinet members (wgov_minage) 740
Number of women among cabinet ministers (wgov_minfem) 740
Number of cabinet ministers with a military title (wgov_minmil) 740
Average tenure of cabinet members (wgov_minten) 740
Adjusted retention rate of cabinet members (wgov_mret) 741
Total number of government positions (inc. unoccupied and multiple positions hel (wgov_tot) 741
Average age for all entries for the country in the dataset (wgov_totage) 741
Number of women in the total number of entries for the country in the dataset (wgov_totfem) 741
Number of people with a military title, based on all entries for the country in (wgov_totmil) 742
Average tenure for all entries for the country in the dataset (wgov_totten) 742
Adjusted retention rate for all entries for the country in the dataset (wgov_tret) 742
Confidence: The Political Parties (wvs_confpp) 758
Year of election (yri_yoe) 781
Youth Representation Index (35 years or younger) (yri_yri35) 781
Youth Representation Index (40 years or younger) (yri_yri40) 782
53
2.15 Political System
Practice: significant public expenditure receives legislative approval yearly (aii_q31) 90

Law: executive’s proposal and approved budget must be published in full yearly (aii_q32) 91
Practice: a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds (aii_q34) 91
Law: citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies (aii_q41) 94
Practice: citizens can access legislative processes and documents (aii_q43) 95
Practice: government doesn’t promote the self-censorship of citizens online (aii_q56) 102
Practice: government doesn’t block (or ask ICT firms to block) online content (aii_q57) 102
Official Religion (biu_offrel) 131
Dichotomous democracy measure (bmr_dem) 137
Number of previous democratic breakdowns (bmr_dembr) 137
Consecutive years of current regime type (bmr_demdur) 137
Democracy measure, requiring min. 50% of adult women have the right to vote (bmr_demfsuf) 138
Dichotomous democracy measure (incl. missing for some countries) (bmr_demmis) 138
Democratic transition (bmr_demtran) 138
Democratic Breakdown (bnr_dem) 139
No. of chambers in parliament (br_chpar) 140
Is the country a colony (br_col) 140
Is the country communist / socialist (br_com) 140
Is the country a democracy (br_dem) 141
Typology of political institutions (br_elect) 142
Is the president interim/temporary (br_int) 142
Is the country a monarchy (br_mon) 142
Is the monarch female (br_monf) 143
New constitution implemented (br_newconst) 143
Is the political system presidential (br_pres) 143
Is the president female (br_presf) 143
Did the main regime change (br_regch) 144
Approval of Democracy (bti_aod) 147
Basic Administration (bti_ba) 147
Commitment to Democratic Institutions (bti_cdi) 148
Civil Society Participation (bti_csp) 149
Democracy Status (bti_ds) 150
Effective Power to Govern (bti_epg) 151
Free and Fair Elections (bti_ffe) 151
International Cooperation (bti_ic) 153
Interest Groups (bti_ig) 153
Level of Difficulty (bti_lod) 154
No Interference of Religious Dogmas (bti_nird) 155
Performance of Democratic Institutions (bti_pdi) 155
Political Participation (bti_pp) 156
Private Property (bti_prp) 156
Party System (bti_ps) 157
Rule of Law (bti_rol) 157
Stability of Democratic Institutions (bti_sdi) 158
State Identity (bti_si) 159
Separation of Powers (bti_sop) 159
Stateness (bti_st) 160
Central Bank Independence unweighted index (cbi_cbiu) 167
Central Bank Independence weighted index (cbi_cbiw) 167
Component 1: Chief executive officer (cbi_cceo) 168
Component 4: Limitations on lending to the government (cbi_cll) 168
Component 2: Objectives (cbi_cobj) 168
Component 3: Policy formulation (cbi_cpol) 168
Year of law creating the central bank (cbi_create) 169
54
Year of a reform that decreased central bank independence (cbi_dec) 169
Effect of the central bank reform on the weighted index (cbi_dir) 169
Year of a reform that increased central bank independence (cbi_inc) 169
Year of a reform that affects the central bank independence (cbi_ref) 170
Whether the central bank is a regional organization (cbi_reg) 170
Reference in Constitution to Democracy (ccp_democ) 172
Legislative Initiative Allowed (ccp_initiat) 174
Reference in Constitution to Socialism (ccp_socialsm) 175
Democracy (chga_demo) 178
Regime Institutions (chga_hinst) 178
Satisfaction with Democracy (cses_sd) 205
Accountability Transparency (diat_ati) 209
Information Transparency (diat_iti) 209
Transparency Index (diat_ti) 210
Index of Globalization (dr_ig) 211
Political Globalization (dr_pg) 212
Online Service Index (egov_osi) 217
Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (egov_tii) 218
Level of Democracy (Freedom House/Imputed Polity) (fh_ipolity2) 305
Level of Democracy (Freedom House/Polity) (fh_polity2) 305
Political Pluralism and Participation (fh_ppp) 306
Freedom Status (fh_status) 307
Corruption Perception: Political Parties (gcb_ppa) 338
Corruption Perception: Parliament (gcb_pparl) 339
Global Gender Gap Political Empowerment subindex (gggi_pes) 352
Parliamentarism (gtm_parl) 370
Unitarism (gtm_unit) 371
Duration of Autocratic Regime (gwf_duration) 377
Regime Failure (gwf_fail) 377
Regime Failure - Subsequent Regime Type (gwf_failsub) 378
Regime Failure - Ending Type (gwf_failtype) 378
Regime Failure - Level of Violence (gwf_failviolent) 378
Regime Type (gwf_regimetype) 379
Independent Sub-Federal Unit (h_f) 381
Legislative Chamber (h_l1) 381
2nd Legislative Chamber (h_l2) 382
Political Constraints Index III (h_polcon3) 382
Political Constraints Index V (h_polcon5) 383
HRV Index (hrv_index) 384
HRV Index: Lower bound of point estimate (hrv_lb) 385
HRV Index: Standard deviation of point estimate (hrv_sd) 385
HRV Index: Upper bound of point estimate (hrv_ub) 385
Regime Type (ht_regtype) 387
Regime Type (simplified) (ht_regtype1) 388
Appointment of Executive (iaep_ae) 389
Appointment of Regional Representatives (iaep_arr) 390
Some other executive have the power to call elections (iaep_callo) 391
Constitutional Court (iaep_cc) 392
Constitutional Court Rules on Executive Actions (iaep_ccrea) 392
Constitutional Court Rules on Legislative Actions (iaep_ccrla) 392
Executive Can Change Domestic Taxes (iaep_eccdt) 394
Executive Can Dissolve Legislature (iaep_ecdl) 394
Executive is Member of Legislature (iaep_eml) 395
Executive Power over Military Force (iaep_epmf) 395
55
Executive Veto Power (iaep_evp) 397
Legislature Approves Budget (iaep_lap) 397
Legislature Can Remove Executive (iaep_lcre) 398
Some other executive have the power to introduce legislation (iaep_lego) 398
Legislature’s Ratification of International Treaties (iaep_lrit) 398
Legislature Veto Power (iaep_lvp) 399
Some other executive have the power to use force abroad (iaep_milo) 399
Official State Party (iaep_osp) 401
Unitary or Federal State (iaep_ufs) 405
Who Removes Members of Constitutional Court (iaep_wrmcc) 405
Bicameral System (jw_bicameral) 440
Single Party System (jw_oneparty) 446
Cluster memberships based on means (kun_cluster) 452
Absolute political institutional quality (simple averages) (kun_polabs) 453
Political institutional quality (relative factor scores) (kun_polrel) 453
Political World Institutional Quality Ranking (all countries) (kun_wiqrpol_all) 455
Political World Institutional Quality Ranking (full obs.) (kun_wiqrpol_full) 455
First Multiparty Election (nelda_fme) 469
Classification of Executives (no_ce) 473
Unitary or Federal State (no_ufs) 474
Regime Durability (p_durable) 529
Revised Combined Polity Score (p_polity2) 529
Federal Political Structure (pt_federal) 539
Forms of Government (pt_pres) 540
Entry at the lowest level only (qs20_close1) 547
Entry via examination (qs20_close2) 548
Special Laws (qs20_close3) 548
Closedness Index, constructed with PCA (qs20_close_pca) 548
Political Interference (qs20_impar1) 548
Political Interference, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_impar1_lowci) 549
Political Interference, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_impar1_upci) 549
Impartiality (qs20_impar2) 549
Impartiality, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_impar2_lowci) 549
Impartiality, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_impar2_upci) 550
Patronage (qs20_proff1) 550
Patronage, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff1_lowci) 550
Patronage, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff1_upci) 550
Merit (qs20_proff2) 551
Merit, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff2_lowci) 551
Merit, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff2_upci) 551
Tenure (qs20_proff3) 551
Tenure, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff3_lowci) 552
Tenure, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff3_upci) 552
Professionalism Index, constructed with PCA (qs20_proff_pca) 552
Good Governance (sgi_go) 567
Good Governance: Executive Accountability (sgi_goea) 568
Good Governance: Executive Capacity (sgi_goec) 568
Robust Democracy (sgi_qd) 569
Robust Democracy: Access to Information (sgi_qdai) 569
Robust Democracy: Civil Rights and Political Liberties (sgi_qdcr) 569
Robust Democracy: Electoral Process (sgi_qdep) 570
Robust Democracy: Rule of Law (sgi_qdrl) 570
Robust Democracy: Rule of Law - Corruption Prevention (sgi_qdrlc) 570
Unified Demo. Score Posterior (Mean) (uds_mean) 596
Unified Demo. Score Posterior (Median) (uds_median) 596
Unified Demo. Score Posterior (2.5 percentile) (uds_pct025) 596
Unified Demo. Score Posterior (97.5 percentile) (uds_pct975) 597
Unified Demo. Score Posterior (Std. Dev.) (uds_sd) 597
56
Index of Democratization (van_index) 613
Deliberative democracy index (vdem_delibdem) 616
Deliberative component index (vdem_dl_delib) 616
Electoral component index (vdem_edcomp_thick) 617
Egalitarian component index (vdem_egal) 617
Egalitarian democracy index (vdem_egaldem) 618
Liberal democracy index (vdem_libdem) 621
Liberal component index (vdem_liberal) 622
Participatory component index (vdem_partip) 623
Participatory democracy index (vdem_partipdem) 623
Electoral democracy index (vdem_polyarchy) 623
Voice and Accountability, Estimate (wbgi_vae) 630
Voice and Accountability, Number of Sources (wbgi_van) 630
Voice and Accountability, Standard Error (wbgi_vas) 631
Democratic Rights (wel_dr) 730
Effective Democracy Index (wel_edi) 730
Regime Type (wel_regtype) 733
Political System Type (wel_sys) 737
Non-Autocracy (wr_nonautocracy) 752
Regime Type (wr_regtype) 752
Confidence: The Civil Services (wvs_confcs) 755
Confidence: The Government (wvs_confgov) 756
Confidence: Parliament (wvs_confpar) 757
Confidence: The United Nations (wvs_confun) 759
Importance of democracy (wvs_demimp) 760
Democraticness in own country (wvs_democ) 760
Important in life: Politics (wvs_imppol) 762
Interest in politics (wvs_polint) 764
Political system: Having the army rule (wvs_psarmy) 765
Political system: Having a democratic political system (wvs_psdem) 765
Political system: Having experts make decisions (wvs_psexp) 765
Political system: Having a strong leader (wvs_pssl) 766
57
2.16 Public Economy
Number of Recipients to whom Commitments were provided (not incl. Int. Org.) (aid_cpnc) 71
Sum of Commitments provided to Recipients (not incl. Int. Org.) (aid_cpsc) 71
Number of Donors from whom Commitments were recieved (not incl. Int. Org.) (aid_crnc) 72
Number of Int. Org. from whom Commitments were recieved (aid_crnio) 72
Sum of Commitments recieved from Donors (not incl. Int. Org.) (aid_crsc) 72
Sum of Commitments recieved from Int. Org. (aid_crsio) 72
Monetary and fiscal stability (bti_cps) 148
Economic Output Strength (bti_eos) 150
Economic Performance (bti_ep) 151
Economy Status (bti_mes) 154
Organization of the Market and Competition (bti_mo) 154
Socio-Economic Level (bti_sel) 159
Central Bank Independence unweighted index (cbi_cbiu) 167
Central Bank Independence weighted index (cbi_cbiw) 167
Component 1: Chief executive officer (cbi_cceo) 168
Component 4: Limitations on lending to the government (cbi_cll) 168
Component 2: Objectives (cbi_cobj) 168
Component 3: Policy formulation (cbi_cpol) 168
Year of law creating the central bank (cbi_create) 169
Year of a reform that decreased central bank independence (cbi_dec) 169
Effect of the central bank reform on the weighted index (cbi_dir) 169
Year of a reform that increased central bank independence (cbi_inc) 169
Year of a reform that affects the central bank independence (cbi_ref) 170
Whether the central bank is a regional organization (cbi_reg) 170
Reference in Constitution to Capitalism (ccp_market) 174
Duty of People is to Pay Taxes in Constitution (ccp_taxes) 176
Number of awarded contracts above EUR 130,000 (cri_contr) 201
Final value of awarded tenders of over EUR 130,000 (cri_cvalue) 201
Number of contracts won by a supplier registered at a foreign address (cri_foreign) 202
Share of contracts with no published call for tender red flag (cri_nocall) 202
Share of contracts with non-open procedure red flag (cri_nonopen) 202
Share of contracts with only one bid in total (cri_singleb) 202
Share of contracts with tax haven red flag (cri_taxhav) 203
Economic Globalization (dr_eg) 211
GDP at current market prices, Euro per inhabitant (eu_eco2gdpeurhab) 232
GDP at current market prices, Million euro (eu_eco2gdpmioeur) 233
GDP at current market prices, Million PPS (eu_eco2gdpmiopps) 233
Economic Freedom of the World Index (panel data) (fi_index_pd) 321
Size of Government: Expenditures, Taxes and Enterprises (current) (fi_sog) 324
Size of Government: Expenditures, Taxes and Enterprises (panel data) (fi_sog_pd) 324
Expenditure on defense, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_def) 348
Expenditure on economic affairs, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_ecaf) 348
Expenditure on environment protection, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_envr) 349
Expenditure on general public services, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_gps) 349
Expenditure on housing and comm. amenities, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_hca) 349
Expenditure on public order and safety, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_pos) 350
Expenditure on recreation, culture and religion, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_rcr) 350
Expenditure on social protection, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_sp) 350
GDP per Capita (Current Prices) (gle_cgdpc) 355
Total Export (gle_exp) 355
58
Real GDP (2005) (gle_gdp) 356
Total Import (gle_imp) 356
Population (in the 1000’s) (gle_pop) 356
Real GDP per Capita (2005) (gle_rgdpc) 356
Total Trade (gle_trade) 357
Economic Complexity Index (SITC product classification) (gpcr_eci) 365
Forecasted annualized rate of growth for following decade (gpcr_growth) 366
Share Direct Taxes (gtr_centaxdir) 372
Share Government Revenue of GDP (gtr_centaxgdp) 373
Share Indirect Taxes (gtr_centaxind) 374
Total Central Govt Revenue (millions, local currency) (gtr_centaxtot) 375
Executive Can Change Domestic Taxes (iaep_eccdt) 394
Legislature Approves Budget (iaep_lap) 397
Open Budget Index (ibp_obi) 406
Grants (ictd_grants) 411
Consolidated Non-Tax Revenue (ictd_nontax) 411
Revenue (excluding social contributions) (ictd_revexsc) 411
Revenue (including social contributions) (ictd_revinsc) 412
Total Resource Revenue (ictd_revres) 412
Social Contributions (ictd_soccon) 412
Taxes on Corporations and Other Enterprises (ictd_taxcorp) 412
Taxes (excluding social contributions) (ictd_taxexsc) 413
Taxes on Goods and Services (ictd_taxgs) 413
Taxes on Income, Profits, and Capital Gains (ictd_taxinc) 413
Taxes on Individuals (ictd_taxind) 413
Indirect Taxes (ictd_taxindirect) 414
Taxes (including social contributions) (ictd_taxinsc) 414
Non-resource Tax (excluding social contributions) (ictd_taxnresexsc) 414
Non-resource Tax (including social contributions) (ictd_taxnresinsc) 414
Other Taxes (ictd_taxother) 415
Taxes on Payroll and Workforce (ictd_taxpaywf) 415
Taxes on Property (ictd_taxprop) 415
Resource Taxes (ictd_taxres) 415
Taxes on International Trade and Transactions (ictd_taxtrade) 416
Absolute economic institutional quality(simple averages) (kun_ecoabs) 452
Economic institutional quality (relative factor scores) (kun_ecorel) 452
Economic World Institutional Quality Ranking (all countries) (kun_wiqreco_all) 454
Economic World Institutional Quality Ranking (full obs.) (kun_wiqreco_full) 454
Atkinson Coefficient (epsilon=0.5) (lis_atk05) 456
Atkinson Coefficient (epsilon=1) (lis_atk1) 456
Gini Coefficient (lis_gini) 458
Mean Equivalized Income (lis_meaneqi) 458
Median Equivalized Income (lis_medeqi) 458
Percentile Ratio (80/20) (lis_pr8020) 459
59
Real GDP per Capita (mad_gdppc) 466
Current account balance (oecd_bop_t1) 479
Real GDP growth (oecd_evogdp_t1) 482
Real value added: agriculture, fishing, hunting and forestry (oecd_evova_t1a) 483
Real value added: industry including energy (oecd_evova_t1b) 483
Real value added: construction (oecd_evova_t1c) 484
Real value added: trade, repairs, transport, accommodation and food serv. (oecd_evova_t1d) 484
Real value added: Information and communication (oecd_evova_t1e) 484
Real value added: financial and insurance activities (oecd_evova_t1f) 484
Real value added: real estate activities (oecd_evova_t1g) 485
Real value added in professional, scientific, technical, administration (oecd_evova_t1h) 485
Real value added in public administration, defence, education human health (oecd_evova_t1i) 485
Real value added in other services activities (oecd_evova_t1j) 485
Outflows of foreign direct investment (oecd_fdiflstk_t1a) 486
Inflows of foreign direct investment (oecd_fdiflstk_t1b) 486
Total FDI Index (oecd_fdindex_t1a) 486
Primary sector (oecd_fdindex_t1b) 486
Manufacturing (oecd_fdindex_t1c) 487
Electricity (oecd_fdindex_t1d) 487
Distribution (oecd_fdindex_t1e) 487
Transport (oecd_fdindex_t1f) 487
Media (oecd_fdindex_t1g) 488
Communications (oecd_fdindex_t1h) 488
Financial services (oecd_fdindex_t1i) 488
Business services (oecd_fdindex_t1j) 488
Outward FDI stocks (oecd_fdistock_t1a) 489
Inward FDI stocks (oecd_fdistock_t1b) 489
Structure of central gov. expenditures, general public serv. (oecd_gengovdistri_t1a) 489
Structure of central gov. expenditures, defence (oecd_gengovdistri_t1b) 490
Structure of central gov. expenditures, public order and safety (oecd_gengovdistri_t1c) 490
Structure of central gov. expenditures, economic affairs (oecd_gengovdistri_t1d) 490
Structure of central gov. expenditures, environmental protect. (oecd_gengovdistri_t1e) 490
Structure of central gov. expenditures, housing and community (oecd_gengovdistri_t1f) 491
Structure of central gov. expenditures, health (oecd_gengovdistri_t1g) 491
Structure of central gov. expenditures, recreation, culture and relig. (oecd_gengovdistri_t1h) 491
Structure of central gov. expenditures, education (oecd_gengovdistri_t1i) 491
Structure of central gov. expenditures, social protection (oecd_gengovdistri_t1j) 492
General government revenues per capita (oecd_gengovexpend_t1a) 492
General government expenditures per capita (oecd_gengovexpend_t1b) 492
Production costs for general gov. compensation of employees (oecd_gengovprod_t1a) 492
Production costs for general gov. costs of goods and services (oecd_gengovprod_t1b) 493
Production costs for general gov. Other production costs (oecd_gengovprod_t1c) 493
Production costs for general gov. total (oecd_gengovprod_t1d) 493
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (oecd_gerd_t1) 493
Adjusted general government debt-to-GDP (excl. unfunded pension liability) (oecd_govdebt_t1) 494
Adjusted general government debt-to-GDP (incl. unfunded pension liability) (oecd_govdebt_t2) 494
General government net lending (oecd_govdefct_t1) 494
General government revenues (oecd_govdefct_t2) 494
General government expenditures (oecd_govdefct_t3) 495
60
Income inequality: S80/S20 disposable income quintile share (oecd_incinequal_t1d) 498
Income inequality: P90/P10 disposable income decile ratio (oecd_incinequal_t1e) 499
Income inequality: P90/P50 disposable income decile ratio (oecd_incinequal_t1f) 499
Income inequality: P50/P10 disposable income decile ratio (oecd_incinequal_t1g) 499
Real effective exchange rates (oecd_intlcomp_t1) 501
Gross fixed capital formation (oecd_invrates_t1) 501
Long-term interest rates (oecd_ltintrst_t1) 502
Trade balance of goods (oecd_mertrade_t1) 503
Imports of goods (oecd_mertrade_t2) 503
Exports of goods (oecd_mertrade_t3) 503
Gross national income per capita (oecd_natinccap_t1) 507
Net official development assistance, as a percentage of gross national income (oecd_oda_t1a) 509
Net official development assistance as a percentage of gross national income (oecd_oda_t1b) 510
Triadic patent families (oecd_patents_t1) 510
GDP per hour worked (oecd_prodincom_g1) 511
Levels of GDPpc and labour productivity (% gap in USD) (oecd_prodincom_g2a) 512
Levels of GDPpc and labour productivity (GDP/hour worked) (oecd_prodincom_g2c) 512
Researchers (oecd_research_t1) 513
GDP per capita (oecd_sizegdp_t1) 515
Public social expenditure (oecd_socexpnd_t1a) 516
Private social expenditure (oecd_socexpnd_t1b) 516
Net social expenditure (oecd_socexpnd_t1c) 516
Trade balance of services (oecd_svctrade_t1) 517
Imports of services (oecd_svctrade_t2) 517
Exports of services (oecd_svctrade_t3) 517
Re-exported intermediates: Agriculture, hunting, forest and fish (oecd_tiva_inter_t1a) 518
Re-exported intermediates: Food products, beverages and tobacco (oecd_tiva_inter_t1b) 518
Re-exported intermediates: Textiles & prod., leather & footwear (oecd_tiva_inter_t1c) 518
Re-exported intermediates: Wood, paper & products, printing (oecd_tiva_inter_t1d) 519
Re-exported intermediates: Chemicals and non-metallic mineral (oecd_tiva_inter_t1e) 519
Re-exported intermediates: Basic metals and fabricated metal (oecd_tiva_inter_t1f) 519
Re-exported intermediates: Machinery and equipment (oecd_tiva_inter_t1g) 519
Re-exported intermediates: Transport equipment (oecd_tiva_inter_t1h) 520
Re-exported intermediates: Transport & storage, post & telecom. (oecd_tiva_inter_t1i) 520
Re-exported intermediates: Business services (oecd_tiva_inter_t1j) 520
Foreign value added as a share of gross exports (oecd_tiva_t1) 520
Total tax revenue (oecd_totaltax_t1) 521
International imports in goods and services (oecd_tradegdp_t1a) 521
International exports in goods and services (oecd_tradegdp_t1b) 521
Value added: agriculture, hunting, fishing and forestry (oecd_valaddac_t1a) 523
Value added: industry including energy (oecd_valaddac_t1b) 523
Value added: construction (oecd_valaddac_t1c) 523
Value added: trade, repairs, transport, accommodation and food services (oecd_valaddac_t1d) 524
Value added: Information and communication (oecd_valaddac_t1e) 524
Value added: financial and insurance activities (oecd_valaddac_t1f) 524
Value added: real estate activities (oecd_valaddac_t1g) 524
Value added in professional, scientific, technical, administration (oecd_valaddac_t1h) 525
Value added in public administration, defence, education human health (oecd_valaddac_t1i) 525
Value added in other services activities (oecd_valaddac_t1j) 525
Capital services at constant 2017 national prices (2017=1) (pwt_cs) 541
Capital services levels at current PPPs (USA=1) (pwt_csppp) 541
Share of government consumption at current PPPs (pwt_gc) 541
Share of merchandise exports at current PPPs (pwt_me) 542
Share of merchandise imports at current PPPs (pwt_mi) 542
Price level of capital formation, price level of USA GDPo in 2017=1 (pwt_plcf) 542
Price level of the capital services, price level of USA=1 (pwt_plcs) 543
Price level of exports, price level of USA GDPo in 2017=1 (pwt_ple) 543
61
Price level of government consumption, price level of USA GDPo in 2017=1 (pwt_plgc) 543
Price level of household consumption, price level of USA GDPo in 2017=1 (pwt_plhc) 543
Price level of imports, price level of USA GDPo in 2017=1 (pwt_pli) 544
Real GDP at constant 2017 national prices (in mil. 2017US dollar) (pwt_rgdp) 544
Share of residual trade and GDP statistical discrepancy at current PPPs (pwt_rt) 544
Share of gross capital formation at current PPPs (pwt_sgcf) 545
Share of household consumption at current PPPs (pwt_shhc) 545
Share of labour compensation in GDP at current national prices (pwt_slcgdp) 545
TFP at constant national prices (2017=1) (pwt_tfp) 545
TFP level at current PPPs (USA=1) (pwt_tfpppp) 546
Exchange rate, national currency/USD (market+estimated) (pwt_xr) 546
Inward Remittances Flow, current (nominal) US dollar million (rd_inw) 555
Outward Remittances Flow, current (nominal) US dollar million (rd_outw) 555
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Overall (sgi_ec) 564
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Budgets (sgi_ecbg) 564
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Economy (sgi_ecec) 565
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Global Financial System (sgi_ecgf) 565
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Labor Markets (sgi_eclm) 565
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Research, Innovation and Infrastructur (sgi_ecri) 565
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Taxes (sgi_ectx) 566
Top 10% income share (top_top10_income_share) 592
Top 1% income share (top_top1_income_share) 592
Regulatory Quality, Estimate (wbgi_rqe) 629
Regulatory Quality, Number of Sources (wbgi_rqn) 630
Regulatory Quality, Standard Error (wbgi_rqs) 630
Arms exports (SIPRI trend indicator values) (wdi_armexp) 635
Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values) (wdi_armimp) 635
Proportion of people living below 50 percent of median income (%) (wdi_belmedinc) 636
Current health expenditure (% of GDP) (wdi_chexppgdp) 639
Central government debt, total (% of GDP) (wdi_debt) 640
Domestic general government health expenditure (% of GDP) (wdi_dgovhexp) 640
Domestic private health expenditure (% of current health expenditure) (wdi_dprivhexp) 641
CPIA efficiency of revenue mobilization rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_effrevmob) 641
External health expenditure (% of current health expenditure) (wdi_ehexpp) 642
Energy imports, net (% of energy use) (wdi_eneimp) 652
CPIA equity of public resource use rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_eqpubres) 653
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) (wdi_export) 656
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) (wdi_fdiin) 657
Foreign direct investment, net outflows (% of GDP) (wdi_fdiout) 657
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) (wdi_gdpagr) 660
GDP per capita (constant 2010 US dollar) (wdi_gdpcapcon2010) 660
GDP per capita (current US dollar) (wdi_gdpcapcur) 660
GDP per capita growth (annual %) (wdi_gdpcapgr) 660
GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2017 international dollar) (wdi_gdpcappppcon2017) 661
GDP per capita, PPP (current international dollar) (wdi_gdpcappppcur) 661
GDP growth (annual %) (wdi_gdpgr) 661
Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP) (wdi_gdpind) 662
GDP, PPP (constant 2017 international dollar) (wdi_gdppppcon2017) 662
GDP, PPP (current international dollar) (wdi_gdppppcur) 662
Gini index (World Bank estimate) (wdi_gini) 666
GNI, Atlas method (current US dollar) (wdi_gniatlcur) 667
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US dollar) (wdi_gnicapatlcur) 667
GNI per capita (constant 2010 US dollar) (wdi_gnicapcon2010) 667
GNI per capita growth (annual %) (wdi_gnicapgr) 668
GNI per capita, PPP (constant 2017 international dollar) (wdi_gnicappppcon2017) 668
GNI per capita, PPP (current international dollar) (wdi_gnicappppcur) 668
GNI (constant 2010 US dollar) (wdi_gnicon2010) 669
62
GNI (current US dollar) (wdi_gnicur) 669
GNI growth (annual %) (wdi_gnigr) 669
GNI, PPP (constant 2017 international dollar) (wdi_gnipppcon2017) 670
GNI, PPP (current international dollar) (wdi_gnipppcur) 670
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) (wdi_import) 674
Income share held by highest 10% (wdi_incsh10h) 674
Income share held by lowest 10% (wdi_incsh10l) 674
Income share held by second 20% (wdi_incsh202) 675
Income share held by third 20% (wdi_incsh203) 675
Income share held by fourth 20% (wdi_incsh204) 675
Income share held by highest 20% (wdi_incsh20h) 675
Income share held by lowest 20% (wdi_incsh20l) 676
Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) (wdi_inflation) 676
Interest payments (% of expense) (wdi_interexp) 676
Interest payments (% of revenue) (wdi_interrev) 677
Real interest rate (%) (wdi_intrate) 677
Oil rents (% of GDP) (wdi_oilrent) 693
Poverty gap at USD 3.20 a day (2011 PPP) (%) (wdi_povgap320) 697
Services, value added (constant 2010 US dollar) (wdi_sva2010) 703
Services, value added (annual % growth) (wdi_svapg) 703
Services, value added (% of GDP) (wdi_svapgdp) 703
Tax revenue (% of GDP) (wdi_taxrev) 704
Trade (% of GDP) (wdi_trade) 705
Trade in services (% of GDP) (wdi_tradeserv) 705
Debt dynamics. 0-100 (best) (wef_ddyn) 715
Gross domestic product (billions, PPP) (wef_gdpp2) 718
Inflation. Annual % change (wef_infl) 719
Prevalence of non-tariff barriers. 1-7 (best) (wef_pntb) 722
Pay and productivity. 1-7 (best) (wef_pp) 722
Scientific publications. H Index (wef_sp) 724
63
2.17 Private Economy
Private Property (bti_prp) 156

Socio-Economic Barriers (bti_seb) 158
Severe material deprivation rate (Total) (eu_povmatdepr) 261
Severe material deprivation rate (Female) (eu_povmatdeprf) 261
Severe material deprivation rate (Male) (eu_povmatdeprm) 261
% of people under 60(y) living in households w. very low work intensity (eu_povpoplwoin) 261
Patent applications to the EPO, Purchasing Power Standard per inhabitant (eu_sctppspop) 283
Patent applications to the EPO, Per million inhabitants (eu_sctrtotpmin) 285
Patent applications to the EPO, number (eu_scttotn) 288
Freedom to Trade Internationally (current) (fi_ftradeint) 320
Freedom to Trade Internationally (panel data) (fi_ftradeint_pd) 321
Economic Freedom of the World Index (current) (fi_index) 321
Legal Structure and Security of Property Rights (current) (fi_legprop) 322
Legal Structure and Security of Property Rights (panel data) (fi_legprop_pd) 322
Regulation of Credit, Labor and Business (current) (fi_reg) 322
Regulation of Credit, Labor and Business (panel data) (fi_reg_pd) 323
Access to Sound Money (current) (fi_sm) 323
Access to Sound Money (chain_linked) (fi_sm_pd) 324
Minority Shareholder Rights (gc_shr) 326
Corruption Perception: Business (gcb_pb) 331
Corruption Perception-Business Executives: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcbmost) 331
Corruption Perception-Business Executives: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcbsome) 331
Global Gender Gap Economic Participation and Opportunity Subindex (gggi_pos) 352
Business Environment (iiag_be) 426
Children Poverty Rates - Single-Mother Families (50%) (lis_cprsmf) 457
Children Poverty Rates - Two-Parent Families (50%) (lis_cprtpf) 457
Distribution of Children by Income Group (above 150%) (lis_dc150) 457
Distribution of Children by Income Group (50-75%) (lis_dc5075) 457
Distribution of Children by Income Group (75-150%) (lis_dc75150) 458
Mean Equivalized Income (lis_meaneqi) 458
Median Equivalized Income (lis_medeqi) 458
Relative Poverty Rates - Elderly (40%) (lis_rpr40) 459
Relative Poverty Rates - Children (40%) (lis_rprc40) 460
Relative Poverty Rates - Elderly (50%) (lis_rpre50) 460
Relative Poverty Rates - Elderly (60%) (lis_rpre60) 461
Relative Poverty Rates - Total Population (40%) (lis_rprt40) 461
CPI: all items (oecd_cpi_t1a) 479
CPI: all items non food non energy (oecd_cpi_t1b) 480
CPI: food (oecd_cpi_t1c) 480
CPI: energy (oecd_cpi_t1d) 480
Households debt (oecd_housdebt_t1) 495
Real household disposable income (oecd_housinc_t1) 496
Non-financial assets of households: dwellings (oecd_housnonfin_t1a) 496
Non-financial assets of households: lands (oecd_housnonfin_t1b) 496
Household net saving rates (oecd_houssave_t1) 496
Financial asset of households: Currency and deposits (oecd_houswealth_t1a) 497
Financial asset of households: Debt securities (oecd_houswealth_t1b) 497
Financial asset of households: equity (oecd_houswealth_t1c) 497
Financial asset of households: investment funds shares (oecd_houswealth_t1d) 497
Financial asset of households: Life insurance and annuities (oecd_houswealth_t1e) 498
Financial asset of households: Pension funds (oecd_houswealth_t1f) 498
Income inequality: Gini (at disposable income post taxes & transfers) (oecd_incinequal_t1a) 498
64
Relative poverty rates: Entire population (oecd_incompoverty_t1a) 499
Relative poverty rates: Children (age 0-17) (oecd_incompoverty_t1b) 500
Relative poverty rates: Working-age population (age 18-65) (oecd_incompoverty_t1c) 500
Relative poverty rates: Retirement-age population (over 65) (oecd_incompoverty_t1d) 500
Poverty gap entire population (oecd_incompoverty_t1e) 500
Purchasing power parities (oecd_rtsconv_t1a) 513
Indices of price levels (oecd_rtsconv_t1b) 514
Taxes on the average worker (oecd_taxapw_t1) 518
The Property Right Protection Index (prp_prp) 534
Estimated variance of the PRP point estimate (prp_std) 534
Level of the shadow economy (shec_se) 574
Proportion of people living below 50 percent of median income (%) (wdi_belmedinc) 636
New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64) (wdi_busden) 639
Ease of doing business index (1=most business-friendly regulations) (wdi_eodb) 652
Firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms) (wdi_firfown) 658
Firms with female top manager (% of firms) (wdi_firftopm) 658
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings w. tax officials (% of firms) (wdi_firgifttax) 658
Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%) (wdi_foodins) 659
Informal payments to public officials (% of firms) (wdi_infpay) 676
Poverty gap at USD 1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (%) (wdi_povgap190) 697
CPIA property rights and rule-based governance rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_prrbgr) 698
Women Business and the Law Index Score (scale 1-100) (wdi_wombuslawi) 712
Strength of auditing and reporting standards. 1-7 (best) (wef_audit) 713
Burden of government regulation. 1-7 (best) (wef_bgr) 714
Credit gap. percentage points (wef_cg) 714
Innovation capability. 0-100 (best) (wef_ci) 714
Global Competitiveness Index 4.0. 0-100 (best) (wef_gci) 718
Growth of innovative companies. 1-7 (best) (wef_gic) 718
Intellectual property protection. 1-7 (best) (wef_ipr) 720
Extent of market dominance. 1-7 (best) (wef_md) 721
Organized crime. 1-7 (best) (wef_oc) 721
Property rights. 1-7 (best) (wef_pr) 722
Financing of SMEs. 1-7 (best) (wef_smec) 724
University-industry collaboration in R&D (1-7) (wef_uic) 725
Venture capital availability. 1-7 (best) (wef_vca) 725
Satisfaction with financial situation of household (wvs_satfin) 767
65
2.18 Religion
Religion Fractionalization in the year 2000 (al_religion2000) 107

Animist religions: Total (% Adherents) (arda_angenpct) 108
Baha’i: Total (% Adherents) (arda_bagenpct) 109
Buddhism: Total (% Adherents) (arda_bugenpct) 109
Buddhism: Mahayana (% Adherents) (arda_bumahpct) 109
Buddhism: Other (% Adherents) (arda_buothpct) 109
Buddhism: Theravada (% Adherents) (arda_buthrpct) 109
Christianity: Anglican (% Adherents) (arda_changpct) 110
Christianity: Roman Catholics (% Adherents) (arda_chcatpct) 110
Christianity: Total (% Adherents) (arda_chgenpct) 110
Christianity: Eastern Orthodox (% Adherents) (arda_chortpct) 110
Christianity: Other (% Adherents) (arda_chothpct) 111
Christianity: Protestants (% Adherents) (arda_chprtpct) 111
Confucianism: Total (% Adherents) (arda_cogenpct) 111
Hindu: Total (% Adherents) (arda_higenpct) 111
Islam: Ahmadiyya (% Adherents) (arda_isahmpct) 112
Islam: Alawite (% Adherents) (arda_isalapct) 112
Islam: Total (% Adherents) (arda_isgenpct) 112
Islam: Ibadhi (% Adherents) (arda_isibdpct) 112
Islam: Other (% Adherents) (arda_islotpct) 113
Islam: Nation of Islam (% Adherents) (arda_isnatpct) 113
Islam: Shi’a (% Adherents) (arda_isshipct) 113
Islam: Sunni (% Adherents) (arda_issunpct) 113
Jain: Total (% Adherents) (arda_jagenpct) 114
Judaism: Conservative (% Adherents) (arda_jdcnpct) 114
Judaism: Total (% Adherents) (arda_jdgenpct) 114
Judaism: Orthodox (% Adherents) (arda_jdorpct) 114
Judaism: Other (% Adherents) (arda_jdotpct) 115
Judaism: Reform (% Adherents) (arda_jdrfpct) 115
Non-religious: Total (% Adherents) (arda_norelpct) 115
Other religions: Total (% Adherents) (arda_otgenpct) 115
Shinto: Total (% Adherents) (arda_shgenpct) 116
Sikh: Total (% Adherents) (arda_sigenpct) 116
Syncretic religions: Total (% Adherents) (arda_sygenpct) 116
Taoism: Total (% Adherents) (arda_tagenpct) 116
Zoroastrian: Total (% Adherents) (arda_zogenpct) 117
Official Religion (biu_offrel) 131
Religious Legislation (biu_relleg) 131
No Interference of Religious Dogmas (bti_nird) 155
Freedom of Religion in Constitution (ccp_freerel) 173
New Freedom of Religion (ciri_relfre) 183
Religiosity (ess_relig) 225
Corruption Perception-Religious Leaders: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcrmost) 335
Corruption Perception-Religious Leaders: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcrsome) 336
Corruption Perception: Religious Bodies (gcb_prel) 339
Expenditure on social protection, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_sp) 350
Religion Based Banning of Parties (iaep_rbbp) 403
Religion: Catholic (lp_catho80) 464
Religion: Muslim (lp_muslim80) 465
Religion: Other Denomination (lp_no_cpm80) 465
Religion: Protestant (lp_protmg80) 465
Structure of central gov. expenditures, recreation, culture and relig. (oecd_gengovdistri_t1h) 491
Secular Values: Defiance Component (wel_svde) 735
Secular Values: Disbelief Component (wel_svdi) 735
66
Secular Values Index (wel_svi) 736
Secular Values: Relativism Component (wel_svre) 736
Secular Values: Skepticism Component (wel_svsk) 737
Confidence: Churches (wvs_confch) 755
Believe in God (wvs_godbel) 761
How important is God in your life (wvs_godimp) 761
Important in life: Religion (wvs_imprel) 762
The only acceptable religion is my religion (wvs_relacc) 766
Whenever science and religion conflict, religion is always right (wvs_relsci) 766
We depend too much on science and not enough on faith (wvs_screl) 767
67
2.19 Welfare
Is the country communist / socialist (br_com) 140

Social Safety Nets (bti_ssn) 160
Welfare Regime (bti_wr) 161
Expenditure on general public services, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_gps) 349
Expenditure on housing and comm. amenities, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_hca) 349
Expenditure on recreation, culture and religion, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_rcr) 350
Structure of central gov. expenditures, social protection (oecd_gengovdistri_t1j) 492
Public pension expenditure (oecd_pension_t1a) 511
Private pension expenditure (oecd_pension_t1b) 511
Public social expenditure (oecd_socexpnd_t1a) 516
Private social expenditure (oecd_socexpnd_t1b) 516
Net social expenditure (oecd_socexpnd_t1c) 516
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Overall (sgi_so) 571
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Education (sgi_soed) 571
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Families (sgi_sofa) 571
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Global Social Inequalities (sgi_sogi) 571
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Health (sgi_sohe) 572
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Integration Policy (sgi_soin) 572
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Pensions (sgi_sope) 572
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Social Inclusion (sgi_sosi) 572
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Safe Living Conditions (sgi_sosl) 573
CPIA social protection rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_spr) 702
Confidence: Social Security System (wvs_confsss) 759
Share of private paid employees with social security (wwbi_prpempss) 773
Share of public paid employees with social security (wwbi_pupempss) 777
68
3 Identification Variables
3.0.1 ccode Country Code
Numeric country code based on the ISO-3166-1 standard. All the numeric country codes are unique
and this is thus the variable best suitable to use when merging files (in combination with year for
time-series data). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_numeric)
3.0.2 ccode_qog Country Code QoG
The country code using the QoG standard.
3.0.3 ccodealp 3-letter Country Code
A three-letter country code based on the ISO-3166-1 alpha3 standard. Please note that the ccodealp
variable does not uniquely identify all countries.
3.0.4 ccodealp_year 3-letter Country Code and Year
A three-letter country code and year.
3.0.5 ccodecow Country Code COW
Country code from the Correlates of War.
3.0.6 ccodewb Country Code ISO
Country code from the World Bank.
3.0.7 cname Country Name
The name of the country based in the ISO standard.
3.0.8 cname_qog Country Name QoG
The name of the country using the QoG standard.
3.0.9 cname_year Country Name and Year
Country name and year.
3.0.10 version Version of the Dataset
Version of the QoG dataset.
69
3.0.11 year Year
Year.
70
4 Description of Variables by Original Data Sources
4.1 AidData
If you use any of these variables, make sure to cite the original source and QoG Data. Our
suggested citation for this dataset is:
Tierney, M. J., Nielson, D. L., Hawkins, D. G., Roberts, J. T., Findley, M. G., Powers, R. M.,
Parks, B., Wilson, S. E., & Hicks, R. L. (2011). More dollars than sense: Refining our knowledge
of development finance using aiddata. World Development, 39 (11), 1891–1906
AidData. (2017). Aiddatacore_researchrelease_level1_v3.1 research releases dataset [Accessed

on 2021-08-25]. http://aiddata.org/research-datasets
http://aiddata.org/aiddata-research-releases
(Data downloaded: 2021-08-25)
AidData v. 3.1
AidData’s Core Research Release 3.1 is a corrected snapshot of AidData’s entire project-level database
from April 2016. This database includes commitment information for over 1.5 million development
finance activities funded between 1947 and 2013, covers 96 donors, and includes ODA, OOF flows,
Equity Investments, and Export Credits where available.
4.1.1 Number of Recipients to whom Commitments were provided (not incl. Int. Org.)
(aid_cpnc)
Number of Recipients to whom Commitments were provided, not including International Organiza-
tions
N: N/A Min. Year: N/A Max. Year: N/A

Min. Year:1962 Max. Year: 2013
N: 48 n: 1066 N : 21 T : 22
4.1.2 Sum of Commitments provided to Recipients (not incl. Int. Org.) (aid_cpsc)
Sum of Commitments provided to Recipients, not including International Organizations

N: 48 n: 1066 N : 21 T : 22
71
4.1.3 Number of Donors from whom Commitments were recieved (not incl. Int. Org.)
(aid_crnc)
Number of Donors from whom Commitments were recieved, not including International Organizations

N: 198 n: 5775 N : 111 T : 29
4.1.4 Number of Int. Org. from whom Commitments were recieved (aid_crnio)
Number of International Organizations from whom Commitments were recieved

N: 197 n: 6231 N : 93 T : 32
4.1.5 Sum of Commitments recieved from Donors (not incl. Int. Org.) (aid_crsc)
Sum of Commitments recieved from Donors, not including International Organizations

N: 198 n: 5775 N : 111 T : 29
4.1.6 Sum of Commitments recieved from Int. Org. (aid_crsio)
Sum of Commitments recieved from International Organizations

N: 197 n: 6231 N : 93 T : 32
72
4.2 Global Integrity
Global Integrity. (2021). Africa integrity indicators 2014-2021
https://www.africaintegrityindicators.org/data
Africa Integrity Indicators
The Africa Integrity Indicators (AII) assesses key social, economic, political and anti-corruption mech-
anisms at the national level in all 54 African countries in two sections: Transparency and Account-
ability, and Social Development. The Africa Integrity Indicators are scored by in-country researchers
following an evidence-based investigation methodology. The resultant data points are then reviewed
blindly by a panel of peer reviewers, drawing on the expertise of a mix of in-country experts as well
as outside experts.
The Transparency and Accountability indicator is made of sub-indicators in the following categories:
rule of law, accountability, elections, public management, civil service integrity, access to information
and openness, and social development.
For this version of the QoG Datasets, we have decided to only include the scores for the broader
components of Transparency and Accountability, given that the Social Development Indicators are
already represented by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation’s Index of African Governance.
4.2.1 Accountability sub-index (aii_acc)
Accountability. This sub index from 0 to 100 is composed of:
1. In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed.

2. In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed.
3. In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or magistrates) support the independence
of the judiciary.
4. In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their decisions/judgments.
5. In law, there is a supreme audit institution.
6. In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.
7. In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is guaranteed.
8. In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution support the independence of the agency.
9. In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports that are accessible to citizens.
Min. Year:2018 Max. Year: 2018 Min. Year:2013 Max. Year: 2020
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
73
4.2.2 Access to Information and Openness sub-index (aii_aio)
Access to Information and Openness. This sub index from 0 to 100 is composed of:
10. In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.

11. In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive and investigate cases of alleged
public sector corruption.
12. In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any
level are investigated by an independent body.
13. In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector corruption is/are ef-
fective.
14. In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of public sector cor-
ruption support/s the independence of the body.
15. In law, the head of state and government can be investigated and prosecuted while in office if
evidence suggests they committed a crime.
16. In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and prosecuted while in office if
evidence suggest they committed a crime.
17. In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force.
18. In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police misconduct or abuse of force is effective.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.3 Civil Service Integrity sub-index (aii_cilser)
Civil Service Integrity. This sub index from 0 to 100 is composed of:
19. In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national
elections is guaranteed.
20. In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national
elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.
21. In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections is/are
protected from political interference.
22. In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections make/s
timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.
23. In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to state-owned media outlets.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.4 Elections sub-index (aii_elec)
Elections. This sub index from 0 to 100 is composed of:
24. In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.
74
25. In practice, major public procurements involve competitive bidding.
26. In practice, citizens can access the results and documents associated with procurement contracts
(full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).
27. In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement regulations are prohibited from par-
ticipating in future bids.
28. In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement regulations are prohibited from
participating in future bids.
29. In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies.
30. In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated with natural resources exploitation
(gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of public or private corporations.
31. In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative approval on an annual basis.
32. In law, both the executive’s budget proposal and the approved budget must be published in full
every year.
33. In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.5 Public management sub-index (aii_pubm)
Public Management. This sub index from 0 to 100 is composed of:
35. In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption.
36. In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected from recrimination or other
negative consequences.
37. In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism and patronage
in all branches of government.
38. In practice, civil servants’ work is not compromised by political interference.
39. In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to professional criteria.
40. In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the private sector after leaving the gov-
ernment.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.6 Law: the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed (aii_q01)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 1. In law, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed.
A 100 score is earned where all the following conditions are met:
1) the law establishes that the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches,
and
2) the law establishes the judiciary’s right, authority or mandate to review laws, issue judicial deci-
sions, and choose the cases heard by courts.
75
A 0 score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it does not include ALL of the
elements described in 100.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.7 Practice: the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed (aii_q02)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 2. In practice, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed.
1) judges have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, and
2) judges operate without fear or favor, independent from other branches of government.
A 50 score is earned where any of the following conditions apply:

1) judges’ autonomy to interpret and review existing laws is occasionally restricted, or
2) judges are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges
are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making certain
decisions).
A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions apply:

1) judges rarely have autonomy to interpret and review existing laws, legislation and policy, or
2) judges are routinely subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, judges are
frequently demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for making
certain decisions).
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.8 Practice: national-level judges support the independence of judiciary (aii_q03)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 3. In practice, national-level judges appointments (justices or mag-
istrates) support the independence of the judiciary.
1) national-level judges are chosen through a merit-based selection system,
2) they have security of tenure, and
3) they are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/independent
oversight body.

1) national-level judges are occasionally appointed without following a merit-based selection system,
2) some judges are denied security of tenure, or
3) occasionally judges are disciplined/removed/transferred without due process or the peer panel/independent
oversight body occasionally includes representatives of the executive or legislative branches.
76
1) there’s a merit-based selection system but it fails to require basic skills (ex. legal education, litiga-
tion experience, etc.) or is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those
with more merit,
2) there is no security of tenure, or
3) the due process usually involves the Executive or Legislative branches.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.9 Practice: national-level judges give reasons for their decisions (aii_q04)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 4. In practice, national-level judges give reasons for their deci-
sions/judgments.
1) judges routinely provide formal reasoning for their rulings,
2) their reasoning references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and the specific interpretation
they gave them in relation to the case, and
3) their reasoning is public (for this indicator, national security exceptions are allowed).

1) judges occasionally fail to provide formal reasoning for their decisions,
2) the reasoning occasionally lacks references to the laws/jurisprudence considered or the respective
judges’ interpretations, or
3) it takes more than two weeks for citizens to obtain the reasoning after requested.

1) judges rarely provide formal reasoning for their rulings, or
2) their reasoning rarely references the laws/jurisprudence they considered and/or the specific inter-
pretations they gave them in relation to the case, or
3) the reasoning is not public.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.10 Law: there is a supreme audit institution (aii_q05)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 5. In law, there is a supreme audit institution.
A 100 score is earned where the law mandates the creation of a supreme audit institution or of-
fice of the Auditor General, tasked with auditing the government accounts.
A 0 score is earned where no such law exists.
77
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.11 Law: the independence of supreme audit institution is guaranteed (aii_q06)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 6. In law, the independence of the supreme audit institution is
guaranteed.
1) the law establishes that the audit institution is independent from the executive and legislative
branches,
2) the institution has the right, authority or mandate to audit any government account, issue recom-
mendations and resolutions, and refer cases to the prosecutor’s office, and
3) the institution has a consistent source of funding to operate.
A 0 score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn’t establish ALL of the
conditions described in 100.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.12 Practice: the independence of supreme audit institution is guaranteed (aii_q07)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 7. In practice, the independence of the supreme audit institution is
guaranteed.
1) auditors have autonomy to audit accounts,
2) auditors operate without fear or favor, independent from other offices of government, and
3) they have a predictable source of funding that is consistent from year to year.

1) auditors usually have autonomy to audit any account but exceptions exist,
2) auditors are occasionally subject to negative or positive political incentives (for example, auditors
are demoted/promoted or relocated to worse/better offices in retaliation/reward for not auditing/not
auditing or issuing favorable/unfavorable resolutions), or
3) funding is occasionally inconsistent.

1) auditors rarely have autonomy to audit accounts,
2) they routinely operate with fear or favor, dependent of other offices of government, or
3) the source of funding is usually inconsistent from year to year.
78
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.13 Practice: appointments to audit institution support agency’s independ. (aii_-

q08)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 8. In practice, appointments to the supreme audit institution sup-
port the independence of the agency.
1) appointments to positions in the agency follow a merit-based system,
2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political
party affiliations or other biases, and
3) auditors are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight
body.

1) appointments don’t always follow a merit-based system,
2) appointees sometimes have conflicts of interest, or
3) auditors are sometimes disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer
panel/oversight body.

1) appointments to positions in the agency rarely or never follow a merit-based system, or the merit-
base system is so weak that individuals with less merit are usually appointed over those with more
merit,
2) appointees usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political
party affiliations or other biases, or
3) appointees are usually disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a peer
panel/oversight body.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.14 Practice: the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports (aii_q09)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 9. In practice, the supreme audit agency releases frequent reports
that are accessible to citizens.
1) the agency in average publishes 10 reports or more per year, and
2) the reports are published less than one month after issued, and
3) they are accessible online or on paper within two weeks of requested at photocopying cost.

1) the agency publishes between three and nine reports per year,
79
2) the reports are published more than one month after issued, or
3) they are available on paper but it takes more than two weeks after requested to obtain them or
costs are higher than photocopying.

1) the audit institution publishes one or less reports per year, or
2) the reports are not available to citizens.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.15 Law: corruption is criminalized as a specific offense (aii_q10)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 10. In law, corruption is criminalized as a specific offense.
A 100 score is earned where a national law criminalizes corruption as a specific offence(s) for at
least three of the following: extortion, offering a bribe, accepting a bribe, kickbacks, using public
resources for private gain, using confidential state information for private gain, money laundering,
conspiring or attempting to commit any of the above, organized crime and trafficking.
A 0 score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it alludes to corruption in general
terms without criminalizing specific offences.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.16 Law: there are indep. bodies to investigate cases of pubsec. corruption (aii_-
q11)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 11. In law, there is an independent body/bodies mandated to receive
and investigate cases of alleged public sector corruption.
A 100 score is earned where all of the following conditions are met:
1) a law mandates a specific body to receive and investigate citizens’ allegations of public sector
corruption, and
2) a law establishes that the body is independent from the Executive and Legislative branches.
A 0 score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn’t meet the two condi-
tions described in 100.
80
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.17 Practice: corruption allegations are investigated by independent body (aii_q12)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 12. In practice, allegations of corruption against senior level politi-
cians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated by an independent body.
1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated, and
2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations work without fear or favor from
other offices.

1) not all allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are investigated,
or
2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations are occasionally subjected to
positive/negative incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.

1) allegations against senior level politicians and/or civil servants of any level are rarely or never
investigated, or
2) the members of the body mandated to investigate the allegations routinely receive positive/negative
incentives to rule in favor/against a senior level politician and/or civil servant.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.18 Practice: bodies investigating pubsector corruption allegations are effective

(aii_q13)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 13. In practice, the body/bodies that investigate/s allegations of
public sector corruption is/are effective.
1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens’ allegations of public sector corrup-
tion,
2) it investigates most of the allegations within three months of being reported, and
3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.

1) the system to receive citizens’ allegations may not work for several days at a time,
2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than three months to start, or
3) the body rarely or never starts investigations out of its own initiative.

81
1) there’s no system to receive citizens’ allegations, or
2) cases reported are rarely or never investigated.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.19 Practice: appointees to bodies investigating pubsec corruption support inde-

pend. (aii_q14)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 14. In practice, appointments to the body/bodies that investigate/s
allegations of public sector corruption support/s the independence of the body.
1) appointments follow a merit-based system,
2) appointees are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections, political
party affiliations or other biases, and
3) appointees are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight
body.

1) appointments don’t always follow the merit-based system,
2) appointees occasionally have conflicts of interest, or
3) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without observing due process by a
peer panel/oversight body.

1) appointments to positions in the body rarely follow a merit-based system,
2) individuals appointed usually have conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connec-
tions, political party affiliations or other biases, or
3) due process by a peer panel/oversight body is rarely or never followed to discipline/remove/transfer
the appointees.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.20 Law: head of state and gov. can be investigated and prosecuted while in office
(aii_q15)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 15. In law, the head of state and government can be investigated
and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.
A 100 score is earned where the law doesn’t protect the heads of state and government from be-
ing investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.
A 0 score is earned where a law protects/gives immunity to the heads of state and government from
being investigated and prosecuted while in office if evidence suggests they committed a crime.
82
N: 54 N: 54 n: 162 N : 54 T : 3
4.2.21 Practice: head of state and gov. can be investigated and prosecuted while in off
(aii_q16)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 16. In practice, heads of state and government are investigated and
prosecuted while in office if evidence suggest they committed a crime.
1) criminal allegations against heads of state and government are investigated while they are in office,
2) heads of state and government are prosecuted when investigations find evidence of possible wrong-
doing, and
3) legal punishment is imposed if/when they are found guilty.

1) not all allegations are investigated while they are in office,
2) not all investigations that find evidence of criminal activity result in prosecution, or
3) not all guilty verdicts result in legal punishment.

1) allegations against heads of state and government are rarely investigated while they are in office,
2) criminal evidence rarely results in prosecution, or
3) guilty verdicts rarely result in legal punishment.
A 0 also applies if the heads of state and government have immunity, therefore making it impossible
in practice to investigate, prosecute or punish them.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 162 N : 54 T : 3
4.2.22 Law: there are mechanisms for citizens to report police force misconduct/abuse
(aii_q17)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 17. In law, there is a mechanism for citizens to report police mis-
conduct or abuse of force.
A 100 score is earned where a law establishes the existence of an oversight body/entity specifically
mandated to investigate police misconduct or abuse of force.
A 0 score is earned when no such law exists.
83
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.23 Practice: mechanisms for citizens to report police misconduct/abuse are effect.
(aii_q18)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 18. In practice, the mechanism for citizens to report police miscon-
duct or abuse of force is effective.
1) the body has a functioning system in place to receive citizens’ allegations of police misconduct or
abuse of force,
2) it investigates most of the allegations within one week of being reported, and
3) it exercises its own initiative to start investigations when/if needed.

1) the system to receive citizens’ allegations may not work for several days at a time,
2) not all cases reported are investigated or investigations take more than one week to start, or
3) none or only a minority of the investigations are self-started by the body.
A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions are met:
1) there’s no system to receive citizens’ allegations, or
2) cases reported are rarely investigated.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.24 Law: independence of agencies that organize and monitor elections is guaranteed
(aii_q19)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 19. In law, the independence of the agency/agencies mandated to
organize and monitor national elections is guaranteed.
1) the law establishes that the agency/agencies mandated to organize and monitor national elections
is independent from the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches, and
2) it establishes its right, authority or mandate to review elections, issue binding decisions, and choose
the cases to be heard by the agency/agencies.
A 0 score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn’t include all the con-
ditions described in 100.
84
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.25 Practice: appointees to agencies organizing elections support agencies’ independ

(aii_q20)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 20. In practice, appointments to the agency/agencies mandated to
organize and monitor national elections support the independence of the agency/agencies.
A 100 score is earned where electoral officials are always chosen through merit-selection systems.
A 50 score is earned where electoral officials are generally chosen through merit-selection systems,
but there are exceptions (e.g. sometimes candidates with less merit are selected over those with more
merit).
A 0 score is earned where electoral officials are rarely chosen through merit-selection systems, or
the selection system is so weak it can’t guarantee candidates are appointed based on merit (e.g. no
legal education is required, the President has discretion to decide who the top candidates are, etc.).
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.26 Practice: agencies that organize elections are protected from pol. interference
(aii_q21)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 21. In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and
monitor national elections is/are protected from political interference.
1) appointees are disciplined/removed only through due process by a peer panel/oversight body, and
2) appointees are not removed when a new administration takes power.

1) appointees are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a
peer panel/oversight body, or
2) appointees are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.

1) appointees are usually disciplined/removed without following due process, or the due process is
so weak it doesn’t support independence (e.g. members of the Executive or Legislative branches are
part of the panel that conducts the due process), or
2) appointees are usually removed when a new administration takes power.
85
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.27 Practice: reports before after a national election are publicly available (aii_q22)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 22. In practice, the agency/agencies mandated to organize and mon-
itor national elections make/s timely, publicly available reports before and after a national election.
1) the agency/agencies publish/es at least one report before the election and one report after the
election, and
2) the publications are easily accessible to citizens less than one month after issuance online or at
cost of photocopying.

1) the agency only publishes one report before or after the election, or
2) the publication is generally accessible to citizens but published more than one month after issued
or the cost is higher than photocopying.
A 0 score is earned where no reports about the elections are published or reports are not available to
the public.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.28 Practice: candidates/pol. parties have fair access to state-owned media outlets
(aii_q23)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 23. In practice, candidates/political parties have equitable access to
state-owned media outlets.
1) candidates/political parties have equal access to and receive fair treatment in state-owned media
outlets,
2) access is equal in both news reports and editorial commentary, and
3) candidates/political parties are offered the same rates for campaign advertising.

1) some candidates/political parties occasionally have more access to and receive better treatment in
state-owned media outlets,
2) access is occasionally unequal in either news reports or editorial commentary, or
3) occasionally a candidate/political party is offered better rates for campaign advertising.

1) some candidates/political parties usually have more access to and/or receive better treatment in
state-owned media outlets,
86
2) access is usually unequal in both news reports or editorial commentary, or
3) some candidates/political parties are usually offered better rates for campaign advertising.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.29 Law: major public procurements require competitive bidding (aii_q24)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 24. In law, major public procurements require competitive bidding.
A 100 score is earned where all major procurements are required by law to follow competitive bidding.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 272 N : 45 T : 5
4.2.30 Practice: major public procurements involve competitive bidding (aii_q25)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 25. In practice, major public procurements involve competitive
bidding.
1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited through open advertising of the
scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, and
2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is available for scrutiny.

1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are invited through open advertising, but
the advertising doesn’t leave much time for bidders to prepare their offers or it lacks basic components
(scope, specifications, or terms of the proposed contract), or
2) the criteria by which the bids are evaluated is not readily available for scrutiny.

1) bids from competing contractors, suppliers, or vendors are rarely or never invited through open
advertising of the scope, specifications, and terms of the proposed contract, or
2) the criteria by which the bids are to be evaluated is rarely available for scrutiny.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
87
4.2.31 Practice: citizens can access results and procurement contracts related docu-
ment (aii_q26)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 26. In practice, citizens can access the results and documents asso-
ciated with procurement contracts (full contract, proposals, execution reports, financial audits, etc.).
1) there is an archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central gov-
ernment office or at each contracting institution, and
2) full records are readily available on or off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors and
any citizen who request them.

1) there is an archive but it doesn’t contain complete records of all procurement contracts, whether
in a central government office or at each contracting institution, and
2) full records are not readily available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competing
contractors and any citizen who request them.

1) there’s no archive containing full records of all procurement contracts, whether in a central gov-
ernment office or at each contracting institution, or
2) full records are rarely or never available on/off line for scrutiny by journalists, auditors, competitors
or any citizen who request them.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.32 Law: companies guilty of procurement violations can’t participate in future bid
(aii_q27)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 27. In law, companies found guilty of violations of procurement
regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids.
A 100 score is earned where the law forbids companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement,
tax, labor, corruption, etc.) from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely
or for a limited period of time.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 271 N : 45 T : 5
88
4.2.33 Practice: companies guilty of violations cannot participate in future bids (aii_-
q28)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 28. In practice, companies found guilty of violating procurement
regulations are prohibited from participating in future bids
1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are forbid-
den from participating in future bidding in the country, whether indefinitely or for a limited period
of time, and
2) there is a registry of companies forbidden from bidding that citizens can access immediately or in
less than two weeks upon request. A 100 is also earned if there is a registry in place that at the time
of this research is empty because no company has violated the law.

1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are gener-
ally forbidden from participating in future bidding, but there is evidence that some exceptions exist,
or
2) citizen access to the full list of companies forbidden from participating takes more than two weeks.

1) companies found guilty of violating the law (procurement, tax, labor, corruption, etc.) are rarely
forbidden from participating in future bidding, or
2) there is no registry of companies forbidden from participating or it exists but it’s not public.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.34 Practice: citizens can access the financial records of state-owned companies
(aii_q29)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 29. In practice, citizens can access the financial records of state-
owned companies.
1) financial records of state-owned companies are available on/offline to journalists, auditors and
citizens at least quarterly, and
2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of
requested at cost of photocopying.

1) financial records of state-owned companies are available less than quarterly, or
2) obtaining the records takes two weeks to a month, or costs are higher than photocopying.
A 0 score is earned where financial records of state-owned companies are rarely available to the public
or don’t exist.
89
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.35 Practice: citizens can access natural resources exploitation financial records
(aii_q30)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 30. In practice, citizens can access the financial records associated
with natural resources exploitation (gas, oil and mining), whether they involve the participation of
public or private corporations.
1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available on/offline to journalists,
auditors and citizens at least quarterly, and
2) the records can be obtained immediately for free online or on paper in less than two weeks of
requested at cost of photocopying.

1) financial records associated with natural resource projects are available less than quarterly, or
2) obtaining the records occasionally takes more than two weeks of requested, or costs are higher
than photocopying.
A 0 score is earned where financial records associated with natural resource projects are rarely avail-
able to the public or don’t exist.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.36 Practice: significant public expenditure receives legislative approval yearly (aii_-
q31)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 31. In practice, significant public expenditure receives legislative
approval on an annual basis.
1) all significant government expenditure is approved by the legislature on an annual basis in open
hearings, and
2) the legislature makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget.
A 100 score is earned even if defense expenditure is approved in closed hearings.

1) not all significant government expenditure is approved annually by the legislature or it’s not ap-
proved in open hearings, or
2) the legislature occasionally doesn’t approve in-year budget amendments.
A 0 score is earned where at least one of the following conditions applies:

1) the legislative rarely approves significant government expenditure, or
2) the legislature rarely makes in-year budget amendments to the government proposed budget.
90
N: 54 N: 54 n: 271 N : 45 T : 5
4.2.37 Law: executive’s proposal and approved budget must be published in full yearly
(aii_q32)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 32. In law, both the executive’s budget proposal and the approved
budget must be published in full every year.
A 100 score is earned where in law both the budget proposed by the Executive (draft sent to Congress
for approval) and the approved budget must be published in full every year.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 271 N : 45 T : 5
4.2.38 Practice: a legislative committee exercises oversight of public funds (aii_q34)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 34. In practice, a legislative committee exercises oversight of public
funds.
1) there is a functioning oversight committee that goes into session at least weekly, and
2) the committee has conducted at least one investigation in the last year (even if the investigation
hasn’t finished at the time of this research).

1) there is a functioning oversight committee but it goes into session at least biweekly, or
2) the committee has conducted only one investigation in the last two years.

1) no functioning oversight committee exists or it exists but it meets monthly or less frequently, or
2) the committee has not conducted any investigation in the last two years.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 271 N : 45 T : 5
91
4.2.39 Law: civil servants are required to report cases of alleged corruption (aii_q35)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 35. In law, civil servants are required to report cases of alleged
corruption.
A 100 score is earned where the law creates a explicit legal requirement for civil servants to re-
port any cases of alleged corruption they are aware of.
A 0 score is earned if no such law exists.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.40 Law: civil servants who report corruption cases are protected (aii_q36)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 36. In law, civil servants who report cases of corruption are protected
from recrimination or other negative consequences.
1) there is a law specifically created to protect public sector whistle-blowers, and
2) the law forbids termination, transfer, harassment or other negative consequences against whistle-
blowers. Note: General protections for civil servants do not grant a 100.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.41 Law: there are formal rules to prevent conflict of interest, nepotism, etc. (aii_-
q37)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 37. In law, there are formal rules to prevent conflicts of interest,
nepotism, cronyism and patronage in all branches of government.
A 100 score is earned where at least two of the following three conditions are met:
1) the law prohibits conflicts of interest, nepotism, cronyism, and patronage (at least two of these
offenses must be prohibited),
2) the law applies to all branches of government, including the civil service, and
3) it mandates mechanisms such as competitive recruitment and promotion procedures, safeguards
against arbitrary disciplinary actions and dismissal, and recusal procedures.
A 0 score is earned where no such law exist. It also scores 0 if only one of the three conditions
described in 100 is met.
92
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.42 Practice: civil servants’ work is not compromised by political interference (aii_-
q38)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 38. In practice, civil servants’ work is not compromised by political
interference.
1) civil servants are disciplined/removed/transferred only through due process by a peer panel/oversight
body, and
2) civil servants are not removed when a new administration takes power.

1) civil servants are occasionally disciplined/removed/transferred without following due process by a
peer panel/oversight body, or
2) civil servants are occasionally removed when a new administration takes power.

1) the due process is so weak it doesn’t protect civil servants (e.g. the members of the panel that
conducts the due process have a particular interest in how the issue is decided), or
2) civil servants are usually removed when a new administration takes power.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.43 Practice: civil servants are appointed and evaluated according to prof. criteria
(aii_q39)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 39. In practice, civil servants are appointed and evaluated according
to professional criteria.
1) appointments to the civil service are made on a merit-based system,
2) individuals appointed are free of conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties, family connections,
political party affiliations or other biases, and
3) performance evaluations are based on standard benchmarks.

1) not all civil servants are appointed because of their merits,
2) not all appointees are free of conflicts or interest, or
3) performance evaluations are not always based on standard benchmarks.

1) no merit-based system is in place or it’s so weak it’s useless,
93
2) civil servants frequently have conflicts of interest, or
3) performance evaluations are usually based on personal, discretionary criteria.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.44 Law: there are restrictions for civil servants after entering private sector (aii_-
q40)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 40. In law, there are restrictions for civil servants entering the
private sector after leaving the government.
A 100 score is earned where the law forbids civil servants to take a position in the private sector
for a period of time after leaving government if the position involves any of the following:
1) would present a conflict of interest,
2) would involve seeking to influence their former government colleagues, or
3) would establish a relationship between the former and the new office.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.45 Law: citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies (aii_-
q41)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 41. In law, citizens have a right to request public information from
state bodies.
1) a Constitutional principle guarantees citizens’ rights to request and receive access to any public
documents and information, and
2) there is a specific access to information law that establishes the process for this right to be imple-
mented.
Note: It’s possible to score 100 if national security or individual privacy information is protected, as
long as the law defines the parameters and processes to declare what information is protected and
they are limited in scope. Just the constitutional protection is not enough to score 100.
A 0 score is earned if there is no such law, or a law exists but it doesn’t mandate all the condi-
tions described in 100.
94
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.46 Practice: citizen requests for public information are effective (aii_q42)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 42. In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.
1) records are available online or on paper less than two weeks after requested, and
2) costs are limited to photocopying. A 100 score is possible even if there are exceptions for informa-
tion protected by national security or individual privacy laws.

1) many records are not online and/or it takes between two and four weeks for citizens’ to obtain
them, or
2) costs sometimes are higher than photocopying.

1) most records are not online and it takes more than a month for a citizen to obtain them, or
2) costs are usually higher than photocopying.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.47 Practice: citizens can access legislative processes and documents (aii_q43)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 43. In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and docu-
ments.
1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are
accessible to the public online or at the cost of photocopying,
2) most records are available within a day of legislative proceedings, and
3) there is a complete, easily available legislative archive either on or off line.

1) occasionally legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of
bills) are not accessible to the public online or the cost is higher than photocopying;
2) records are usually available within a week of legislative proceedings, or
3) citizens have limited access to a legislative archive either on or off line or the archive is not complete.

1) legislative records (at least transcripts of debates/votes, roll call vote, and full text of bills) are
rarely accessible to the public online,
2) records take more than a week after legislative proceedings to be available, or
3) there is no legislative archive or citizens don’t have access to it.
95
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.48 Law: senior officials of government are required to disclose records of assets
(aii_q44)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 44. In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (in-
cluding heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required
to disclose records of their assets and disclosures are public.
A 100 score is earned where in law all the following conditions are met:
1) senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and government,
ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) must file asset disclosures,
2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (in-
cluding real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and
3) disclosures must be available to the public.

1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn’t apply to all senior officials of the three branches of
government,
2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (e.g. it doesn’t require
disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property,
cash, salaries, and income from investments), or
3) the law doesn’t make the disclosures public.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.49 Practice: asset disclosure process of senior officials branches is effective (aii_-
q45)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 45. In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of
the three branches of government (heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament,
judges, etc.) is effective.
1) senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures,
2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate
family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and
3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of pho-
tocopying.

1) not all senior officials of the three branches of government file their asset disclosures,
2) their disclosures don’t contain detailed information about them and their immediate family, or
3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they’re not online, paper versions take more
96
than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying).

1) senior officials of the three branches of government routinely fail to file asset disclosures,
2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (e.g. they don’t disclose assets of
the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from
investments), or
3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires
asset disclosures.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.50 Law: civil service members are required to disclose assets and these are public
(aii_q46)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 46. In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose
records of their assets and the disclosures are public.
A 100 score is earned when in law all the following conditions are met:
1) members of the civil service must file asset disclosures,
2) disclosures must contain all assets and income belonging to them and their immediate family (in-
cluding real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments, both domestic
and foreign), and
3) disclosures must be available to the public.

1) no such law exists or it exists but it doesn’t apply to all members of the civil service,
2) the law requires so little information as to render the disclosures useless (e.g. it doesn’t require
disclosing assets of the immediate family, or requires citing real estate but not movable property,
cash, salaries, and income from investments), or
3) the law doesn’t make the disclosures public.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.51 Practice: the asset disclosure process for civil service members is effective (aii_-
q47)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 47. In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil
service is effective.
1) all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures,
2) their disclosures contain detailed information about assets belonging to them and their immediate
family (including real estate, movable property, cash, salaries, and income from investments), and
97
3) disclosures are available to the public online or within two weeks of requested at the cost of pho-
tocopying.

1) most but not all members of the civil service file their asset disclosures,
2) their disclosures are not complete (e.g. they contain real estate assets but not movable property,
or list the asset but don’t provide its estimated value), or
3) disclosures are not always available to the public (they’re not online, paper versions take more
than two weeks to obtain, or costs are higher than photocopying).

1) members of the civil service routinely fail to file asset disclosures,
2) asset disclosures contain so little information they are useless (e.g. they don’t disclose assets of
the immediate family, or cite real estate but not movable property, cash, salaries, and income from
investments), or
3) asset disclosures are not available to the public. A 0 score is also earned where no law requires
asset disclosures.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.52 Law: political parties are required to disclose public donations (Gov. funds)
(aii_q48)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 48. In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public
donations (funds sourced from the government).
A 100 score is earned where a law requires political parties to publish all public contributions.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.53 Practice: pol. parties disclose public donations and these are available to publ
(aii_q49)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 49. In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations
(funds that are sourced from the government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.
1) political parties disclose public donations within a month of received, and
2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.

1) political parties don’t always disclose public donations or disclose them more than a month of
received, or
98
2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.
A 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose public donations.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.54 Law: political parties are required to disclose private donations (aii_q50)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 50. In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private
donations.
A 100 score is earned where the law requires political parties to publish all private contributions.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.55 Practice: pol. parties disclose private donations and it is available to public
(aii_q51)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 51. In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations
and the disclosures are easily available to the public.
1) political parties disclose private donations within a one month of received, and
2) they are easily available online or at the cost of photocopy.

1) political parties don’t always disclose private donations or disclose them more than a month of
received, or
2) disclosures are not available online or the cost of paper versions is higher than photocopying.
A 0 score is earned where political parties rarely disclose private donations.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
99
4.2.56 Practice: media organizations disclose their owner’s identities to the public
(aii_q52)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 52. In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) dis-
close the identities of their owners to the public.
1) major media organizations disclose the names of their owners to the public, and
2) the information is readily available to any citizen (online, in the newspaper, etc.).

1) only some major media organizations disclose the name of their owners or they disclose only some
of the owners, or
2) the information is public but obtaining it takes two weeks or more.

1) major media organizations don’t disclose the names of their owners, or
2) the information is available only to the government.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.57 Practice: journalists and editors adhere to professional practices in reporting

(aii_q53)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 53. In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional
practices in their reporting.
1) major media organizations have a formal document with standards guiding journalistic work (Code
of Ethics, Editorial Guidelines, Statement of Principles, Code of Conduct, etc.),
2) the document codifies standards for use of anonymous sources, conflicts of interest, and impartial-
ity, and
3) major media organizations enforce this document.

1) some but not all major media organizations have a formal document,
2) the formal document contains only one of the three aspects mentioned in 100 (use of anonymous
sources, conflicts of interest, and impartiality), or
3) major media organizations enforce this document but some exceptions exist.

1) most major media organizations lack a formal document,
2) the formal document is vague and doesn’t provide guidance on use of anonymous sources, conflicts
of interest, and impartiality, or
3) major media organizations rarely or never enforce this document.
100
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.58 Law: it’s legal to report accurate news even if it damages pub. figures’ reput.
(aii_q54)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 54. In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the
reputation of a public figure.
1) it is legal to report accurate information on public figures regardless of the damage to their repu-
tations,
2) journalists can only be convicted if malice is proved (a story was published even though the jour-
nalist knew it was false or didn’t try to verify it).
Note: Public figures include anyone in a position of responsibility in the government or civil ser-
vice; political leaders; and leaders of civil society organizations, religious groups, trade unions, or
large businesses.
A 0 score is earned where no such law exists, or a law exists but it doesn’t include all the con-
ditions described in 100. A 0 score is also earned where the law establishes the presumption of bad
faith for all comments deemed defamatory and/or the burden of proof falls to journalists.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.59 Practice: the government does not promote the media’s self-censorship (aii_-
q55)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 55. In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-
publication censoring) and the government doesn’t promote the media’s self-censorship.
1) the government never prevents the publication of information, and
2) the government doesn’t promote the media’s self-censorship (e.g. with threats, discrimination in
the application of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).

1) the government occasionally prevents the publication of information, or
2) it occasionally encourages the media to self-censor (e.g. with threats, discrimination in the appli-
cation of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).

1) the government usually prevents the publication of information, or
2) it usually encourages the media to self-censor (e.g. with threats, discrimination in the application
of tax laws, government advertising, etc.).
101
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.60 Practice: government doesn’t promote the self-censorship of citizens online

(aii_q56)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 56. In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-
publication censoring) of citizen-created content online and the government doesn’t promote the
self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs, social media, etc.).
1) the government never prevents the publication online of information by citizens, and
2) the government doesn’t promote citizen’s self-censorship (e.g. with arrests, threats to prosecute,
interrogations, etc.).

1) the government occasionally prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or
2) it occasionally encourages citizens to self-censor (e.g. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interroga-
tions, etc.).

1) the government usually prevents the publication online of information by citizens, or
2) it usually encourages citizens to self-censor (e.g. with arrests, threats to prosecute, interrogations,
etc.).
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
4.2.61 Practice: government doesn’t block (or ask ICT firms to block) online content
(aii_q57)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 57. In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms
to block) online content.
1) there is no evidence that politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are
filtered, blocked or taken down, and
2) Web users in the country are able to access any website in the world without restriction. A 100
score can still be earned if child pornography or delinquent intellectual property websites have been
taken down.

1) a small number of sites, keywords or search results on a specific issue are blocked (blocking cannot
include widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter), or
2) citizens are occasionally unable to access certain websites (national or international).
102
1) politically sensitive websites, keywords, search results or content are usually filtered, blocked or
taken down, or
2) Web users in the country are usually unable to access many websites without restriction, including
widely used Internet tools such as Skype, Google, YouTube, or Facebook/Twitter.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.62 Practice: ministries and autonomous agencies have websites (aii_q58)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 58. In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites.
1) all ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, and
2) are updated at least once a month.

1) about half of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service providers) have websites, or
2) the websites are updated less than once a month.
A 0 score is earned where less than 10% of the ministries and autonomous agencies (public service
providers) have websites.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.63 Practice: the public services regulatory agencies have websites (aii_q59)
Sub-score (0-100). Question no. 59. In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the
national ombudsman (when and if there is one) have websites.
1) all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (if one exists) have web-
sites,
2) the websites inform users of their rights and how to exercise them in a way that is easy to grasp
for users with limited education, and
3) the websites allow users to file complaints online. Note: other digital methods to file complaints,
such as mobile apps or phone lines, can also be considered for this indicator.

1) some but not all the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman have web-
sites,
2) the websites contain little information about users rights and how to exercise them or the infor-
mation is difficult to grasp for users with limited education, or
3) the websites don’t allow users to file complaints online.
103
1) the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman lack websites, or
2) the websites generally lack basic information about users rights or how to exercise them.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 270 N : 54 T : 5
4.2.64 Rule of law sub-index (aii_rol)
Rule of Law. This sub index from 0 to 100 is composed of:
41. In law, citizens have a right to request public information from state bodies.
42. In practice, citizen requests for public information are effective.
43. In practice, citizens can access legislative processes and documents.
44. In law, senior officials of the three branches of government (including heads of state and govern-
ment, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) are required to disclose records of their assets
and disclosures are public.
45. In practice, the asset disclosure process for senior officials of the three branches of government
(heads of state and government, ministers, members of Parliament, judges, etc.) is effective.
46. In law, members of the civil service are required to disclose records of their assets and the disclo-
sures are public.
47. In practice, the asset disclosure process for members of the civil service is effective.
48. In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose public donations (funds sourced from
the government).
49. In practice, political parties regularly disclose public donations (funds that are sourced from the
government) and the disclosures are easily available to the public.
50. In law, political parties are required to regularly disclose private donations.
51. In practice, political parties regularly disclose private donations and the disclosures are easily
available to the public.
52. In practice, media organizations (print, broadcast, online) disclose the identities of their owners
to the public.
53. In practice, journalists and editors adhere to strict, professional practices in their reporting.
54. In law, it is legal to report accurate news even if it damages the reputation of a public figure.
55. In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) and the government
doesn’t promote the media’s self-censorship.
56. In practice, there is no prior government restraint (pre-publication censoring) of citizen-created
content online and the government doesn’t promote the self-censorship of citizens online (in blogs,
social media, etc.).
57. In practice, the government does not block (or require ICT firms to block) online content.
58. In practice, ministries and autonomous agencies have websites.
59. In practice, the public services regulatory agencies and the national ombudsman (when and if
there is one) have websites.
N: 54 N: 54 n: 432 N : 54 T : 8
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4.3 Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative
development: An empirical investigation. The American Economic Review, 91 (5), 1369–1401
http://economics.mit.edu/faculty/acemoglu/data/ajr2001
Settler Mortality
Data used in the article The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investiga-
tion.
4.3.1 Log Settler Mortality (ajr_settmort)
Log of the mortality rate faced by European settlers at the time of colonization.
Note: The data for Ethiopia is used for both Ethiopia (-1992) and Ethiopia (1993-).
N: 86 N: 92 n: 6992 N : 92 T : 76
105
4.4 Alesina, Devleeschauwer, Easterly, Kurlat and Wacziarg
Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., & Wacziarg, R. (2003). Fractionaliza-
tion [O. Galor (ed.) (2011), Inequality and Economic Development: The Modern Perspective,
Edward Elgar, UK.]. Journal of Economic Growth, 8 (2), 155–194
http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty_pages/romain.wacziarg/papersum.html
Fractionalization
The variables reflect the probability that two randomly selected people from a given country will
not share a certain characteristic, the higher the number the less probability of the two sharing that
characteristic. The data was last updated by the authors in 2003. For the QoG Data, the data
from the year 2000 is repeated throughout the other years, then, these variables should be taken as
historical variables.
4.4.1 Ethnic Fractionalization in the year 2000 (al_ethnic2000)
Ethnic Fractionalization in the year 2000. The definition of ethnicity involves a combination of racial
and linguistic characteristics. The result is a higher degree of fractionalization than the commonly
used ELF-index (see el_elf60) in for example Latin America, where people of many races speak the
same language.
N: 186 N: 188 n: 13348 N : 188 T : 71
4.4.2 Language Fractionalization in the year 2000 (al_language2000)
Linguistic Fractionalization in the year 2000. Reflects probability that two randomly selected people
from a given country will not belong to the same linguistic group. The higher the number, the more
fractionalized society.
N: 179 N: 180 n: 12780 N : 180 T : 71
106
4.4.3 Religion Fractionalization in the year 2000 (al_religion2000)
Religious Fractionalization in the year 2000. Reflects probability that two randomly selected people
from a given country will not belong to the same religious group. The higher the number, the more
fractionalized society.
N: 188 N: 189 n: 13419 N : 189 T : 71
107
4.5 The Association of Religion Data Archives
Maoz, Z., & Henderson, E. A. (2013). The world religion dataset, 1945-2010: Logic, estimates,
and trends. International Interactions, 39 (3)
http://www.thearda.com/Archive/CrossNational.asp
World Religion Project: National Religion Dataset
The World Religion Dataset (WRD) aims to provide detailed information about religious adherence
worldwide since 1945. It contains data about the number of adherents by religion in each of the states
in the international system. These numbers are given for every half-decade period (1945, 1950, etc.,
through 2010). Percentages of the states’ populations that practice a given religion are also provided.
(Note: These percentages are expressed as decimals, ranging from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates that 0
percent of the population practices a given religion and 1 indicates that 100 percent of the population
practices that religion). Some of the religions are divided into religious families. To the extent data
are available, the breakdown of adherents within a given religion into religious families is also provided.
The project was developed in three stages. The first stage consisted of the formation of a religion tree.
A religion tree is a systematic classification of major religions and of religious families within those ma-
jor religions. To develop the religion tree a comprehensive literature review was prepared, the aim of
which was (i) to define a religion, (ii) to find tangible indicators of a given religion of religious families
within a major religion, and (iii) to identify existing efforts at classifying world religions. (Please see
the original survey instrument to view the structure of the religion tree). The second stage consisted
of the identification of major data sources of religious adherence and the collection of data from these
sources according to the religion tree classification. This created a dataset that included multiple
records for some states for a given point in time. It also contained multiple missing data for specific
states, specific time periods and specific religions. The third stage consisted of cleaning the data,
reconciling discrepancies of information from different sources and imputing data for the missing cases.
The National Religion Dataset: The observation in this dataset is a state-five-year unit. This dataset
provides information regarding the number of adherents by religions, as well as the percentage of the
state’s population practicing a given religion.
4.5.1 Animist religions: Total (% Adherents) (arda_angenpct)
Animist religions: Total (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
108
4.5.2 Baha’i: Total (% Adherents) (arda_bagenpct)
Baha’i: Total (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.3 Buddhism: Total (% Adherents) (arda_bugenpct)
Buddhism: Total (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.4 Buddhism: Mahayana (% Adherents) (arda_bumahpct)
Buddhism: Mahayana (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.5 Buddhism: Other (% Adherents) (arda_buothpct)
Buddhism: Other (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.6 Buddhism: Theravada (% Adherents) (arda_buthrpct)
Buddhism: Theravada (% Adherents).
109
N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.7 Christianity: Anglican (% Adherents) (arda_changpct)
Christianity: Anglican (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.8 Christianity: Roman Catholics (% Adherents) (arda_chcatpct)
Christianity: Roman Catholics (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.9 Christianity: Total (% Adherents) (arda_chgenpct)
Christianity: Total (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.10 Christianity: Eastern Orthodox (% Adherents) (arda_chortpct)
Christianity: Eastern Orthodox (% Adherents).
110
N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.11 Christianity: Other (% Adherents) (arda_chothpct)
Christianity: Other (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.12 Christianity: Protestants (% Adherents) (arda_chprtpct)
Christianity: Protestants (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.13 Confucianism: Total (% Adherents) (arda_cogenpct)
Confucianism: Total (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.14 Hindu: Total (% Adherents) (arda_higenpct)
Hindu: Total (% Adherents).
111
N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.15 Islam: Ahmadiyya (% Adherents) (arda_isahmpct)
Islam: Ahmadiyya (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.16 Islam: Alawite (% Adherents) (arda_isalapct)
Islam: Alawite (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.17 Islam: Total (% Adherents) (arda_isgenpct)
Islam: Total (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.18 Islam: Ibadhi (% Adherents) (arda_isibdpct)
Islam: Ibadhi (% Adherents).
112
N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.19 Islam: Other (% Adherents) (arda_islotpct)
Islam: Other (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.20 Islam: Nation of Islam (% Adherents) (arda_isnatpct)
Islam: Nation of Islam (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.21 Islam: Shi’a (% Adherents) (arda_isshipct)
Islam: Shi’a (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.22 Islam: Sunni (% Adherents) (arda_issunpct)
Islam: Sunni (% Adherents).
113
N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.23 Jain: Total (% Adherents) (arda_jagenpct)
Jain: Total (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.24 Judaism: Conservative (% Adherents) (arda_jdcnpct)
Judaism: Conservative (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.25 Judaism: Total (% Adherents) (arda_jdgenpct)
Judaism: Total (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.26 Judaism: Orthodox (% Adherents) (arda_jdorpct)
Judaism: Orthodox (% Adherents).
114
N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.27 Judaism: Other (% Adherents) (arda_jdotpct)
Judaism: Other (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.28 Judaism: Reform (% Adherents) (arda_jdrfpct)
Judaism: Reform (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.29 Non-religious: Total (% Adherents) (arda_norelpct)
Non-religious: Total (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.30 Other religions: Total (% Adherents) (arda_otgenpct)
Other religions: Total (% Adherents).
115
N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.31 Shinto: Total (% Adherents) (arda_shgenpct)
Shinto: Total (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.32 Sikh: Total (% Adherents) (arda_sigenpct)
Sikh: Total (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.33 Syncretic religions: Total (% Adherents) (arda_sygenpct)
Syncretic religions: Total (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.34 Taoism: Total (% Adherents) (arda_tagenpct)
Taoism: Total (% Adherents).
116
N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
4.5.35 Zoroastrian: Total (% Adherents) (arda_zogenpct)
Zoroastrian: Total (% Adherents).

N: 206 n: 1875 N : 31 T : 9
117
4.6 Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions Project
Leeds, B., Ashley, J., Ritter, S. M., McLaughlin, M., & Long, A. G. (2002). Alliance treaty
obligations and provisions, 1815–1944. International Interactions, 28, 237–260
http://www.atopdata.org/
The ATOP State-Year dataset
The Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions (ATOP) project provides data regarding the content
of military alliance agreements signed by all countries of the world between 1815 and 2018.
4.6.1 Member of an Alliance (atop_ally)
Member of an Alliance
0. Not a member of an alliance

1. Member of an alliance
N: 185 N: 199 n: 9361 N : 128 T : 47
4.6.2 Consultancy Obligation (atop_consult)
Consultancy Obligation
0. Has no Consultancy obligations

1. Has Consultancy obligations
N: 185 N: 199 n: 9361 N : 128 T : 47
4.6.3 Defensive Obligation (atop_defensive)
Defensive Obligation
118
0. Has no defensive obligations
1. Has defensive obligations
N: 185 N: 199 n: 9361 N : 128 T : 47
4.6.4 Neutrality Obligation (atop_neutrality)
Neutrality Obligation
0. Has no Neutrality obligations

1. Has Neutrality obligations
N: 185 N: 199 n: 9361 N : 128 T : 47
4.6.5 Non-Aggression Obligation (atop_nonagg)
Non-Agression Obligation
0. Has no Non-Agression obligations

1. Has Non-Agression obligations
N: 185 N: 199 n: 9361 N : 128 T : 47
4.6.6 Number of Alliances (atop_number)
Number of Alliances
N: 185 N: 199 n: 9361 N : 128 T : 47
119
4.6.7 Offensive Obligation (atop_offensive)
Offensive Obligation
0. Has no offensive obligations

1. Has offensive obligations
N: 185 N: 199 n: 9361 N : 128 T : 47
4.6.8 Transition Year (atop_transyr)
Transition Year
N: 185 N: 199 n: 9361 N : 128 T : 47
120
4.7 Sherppa Ghent University
Standaert, S. (2015). Divining the level of corruption: A bayesian state-space approach. Journal
of Comparative Economics, 43 (3), 782–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2014.05.007
http://users.ugent.be/~sastanda/BCI/BCI.html
The Bayesian Corruption Index
The Bayesian Corruption Index is a composite index of the perceived overall level of corruption: with
corruption refered to as the “abuse of public power for private gain”. Perceived corruption: Given
the hidden nature of corruption, direct measures are hard to come by, or inherently flawed (e.g. the
number of corruption convictions). Instead, we amalgamate the opinion on the level of corruption
from inhabitants of the country, companies operating there, NGOs, and officials working both in
governmental and supra-governmental organizations. Composite: it combines the information of 20
different surveys and more than 80 different survey questions that cover the perceived level of cor-
ruption.
It is an alternative to the other well-known indicators of corruption perception: the Corruption

Perception Index (CPI) published by Transparency International and the Worldwide Governance In-
dicators (WGI) published by the World Bank. Methodologically, it is most closely related to the
latter as the methodology used in the construction of the BCI can be seen as an augmented version
of the Worldwide Governance Indicators’ methodology.
The augmentation allows an increase of the coverage of the BCI: a 60% to 100% increase relative to
the WGI and CPI, respectively. In addition, in contrast to the WGI or CPI, the underlying source
data are entered without any ex-ante imputations, averaging or other manipulations. This results in
an index that truly represents the underlying data, unbiased by any modeling choices of the composer.
4.7.1 The Bayesian Corruption Indicator (bci_bci)
The BCI index values lie between 0 and 100, with an increase in the index corresponding to a raise
in the level of corruption. This is a first difference with CPI and WGI where an increase means that
the level of corruption has decreased.
There exists no objective scale on which to measure the perception of corruption and the exact
scaling you use is to a large extent arbitrary. However, the authors were able to give the index
an absolute scale: zero corresponds to a situation where all surveys say that there is absolutely no
corruption. On the other hand, when the index is one, all surveys say that corruption is as bad as
it gets according to their scale. This is another difference with CPI and WGI, where the scaling is
relative. They are rescaled such that WGI has mean 0 and a standard deviation of 1 in each year,
while CPI always lies between 0 and 100.
In contrast, the actual range of values of the BCI will change in each year, depending how close
countries come to the situation where everyone agrees there is no corruption at all (0), or that cor-
ruption is as bad as it can get (100).
The absolute scale of the BCI index was obtained by rescaling all the individual survey data such that
121
zero corresponds to the lowest possible level of corruption and 1 to the highest one. We subsequently
rescaled the BCI index such that when all underlying indicators are zero (one), the expected value of
the BCI index is zero (hundred).
N: 192 N: 199 n: 5639 N : 166 T : 28
4.7.2 The standard deviation of The Bayesian Corruption Indicator (bci_bcistd)
The standard deviation of the Bayesian Corruption Index.
N: 192 N: 199 n: 5639 N : 166 T : 28
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4.8 The International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of
Threatened Species
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. (2021). The IUCN
Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-3. http://www.iucnredlist.org
https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/summary-statistics
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (version 2021-3)
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is widely recognized as the most comprehensive, objective
global approach for evaluating the conservation status of plant and animal species. From its small
beginning, The IUCN Red List has grown in size and complexity and now plays an increasingly
prominent role in guiding conservation activities of governments, NGOs and scientific institutions.
The introduction in 1994 of a scientifically rigorous approach to determine risks of extinction that is
applicable to all species, has become a world standard.
Note: For reptiles, fishes, molluscs, other invertebrates, plants, fungi & protists: there are still many
species that have not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List and therefore their status is not known
(i.e., these groups have not yet been completely assessed). Therefore the figures presented below for
these groups should be interpreted as the number of species known to be threatened within those
species that have been assessed to date, and not as the overall total number of threatened species for
each group.
We advise users to abstain from making comparisons through time using this data, given that there
could be changes to the methodology for the country reports.
4.8.1 Threatened Species: Amphibians (bi_amphibians)
Threatened Species: Amphibians (Total number of species reported as endangered per country)
N: N/A Min. Year: N/A Max. Year: N/A N : N/A

Min. Year:2020 Max. Year: 2020 T : N/A
N: 194
4.8.2 Threatened Species: Birds (bi_birds)
Threatened Species: Birds (Total number of species reported as endangered per country)
123
N: 194
4.8.3 Threatened Species: Chromists (bi_chromists)
Threatened Species: Chromists (Total number of species reported as endangered per country)

N: 194
4.8.4 Threatened Species: Fishes (bi_fishes)
Threatened Species: Fishes (Total number of species reported as endangered per country)

N: 194
4.8.5 Threatened Species: Fungi (bi_fungi)
Threatened Species: Fungi (Total number of species reported as endangered per country)

N: 194
4.8.6 Threatened Species: Mammals (bi_mammals)
Threatened Species: Mammals (Total number of species reported as endangered per country)
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N: 194
4.8.7 Threatened Species: Molluscs (bi_molluscs)
Threatened Species: Molluscs (Total number of species reported as endangered per country)

N: 194
4.8.8 Threatened Species: Other Inverts (bi_othinverts)
Threatened Species: Other Inverts (Total number of species reported as endangered per country)

N: 194
4.8.9 Threatened Species: Plants (bi_plants)
Threatened Species: Plants (Total number of species reported as endangered per country)

N: 194
4.8.10 Threatened Species: Reptiles (bi_reptiles)
Threatened Species: Reptiles (Total number of species reported as endangered per country)
125
N: 194
4.8.11 Threatened Species: Total (bi_total)
Threatened Species: Total (Total number of species reported as endangered per country)

N: 194
126
4.9 Bonn International Center for Conversion
Mutschler, Max. M and Marius Bales. (2020). Global Militarization Index 2020. Bonn In-
ternational Center for Conversion BICC. https://gmi.bicc.de/
http://gmi.bicc.de/
Global Militarization Index
Compiled by BICC, the Global Militarization Index (GMI) presents on an annual basis the relative
weight and importance of a country’s military apparatus in relation to its society as a whole. The
GMI covers 151 states and is based on the latest available figures (up to 2019). The index project is
financially supported by Germany’s Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.
4.9.1 Global Militarization Index (bicc_gmi)
The Global Militarization Index is divided into three overarching categories: expenditure, personnel
and heavy weapons. (See variables bicc_milexp, bicc_milper, and bicc_hw).
In order to increase the compatibility between different indicators and preventing extreme values
from crating distortions when normalizing data, in a first step every indicator was represented in a
logarithm with the factor 10. Second, all data was normalized using the formula x=(y-min)/(max-
min), with min and max representing, respectively, the lowest and the highest value of the logarithm.
In a third step, every indicator was weighted in accordance to a subjective factor, reflecting the
relative importance attributed to it by BICC researchers. In order to calculate the final score, the
weighted indicators were added together and then normalized one last time on a scale ranging from
0 to 1,000. For better comparison of individual years, all years were finally normalized.
Weighting Factors used:

Military expenditures as percentage of GDP - 5
Military expenditures in relation to health spending - 3
Military and paramilitary personnel in relation to population - 4
Military reservers in relation to population - 2
Military and paramilitary personnel in relation to physicians - 2
Heavy weapons in relation to population - 4
N: 156 N: 168 n: 4499 N : 150 T : 27
127
4.9.2 Heavy Weapons Index (bicc_hw)
The GMI takes into consideration the number of an armed forces’ heavy weapons in relation to the
total population. Heavy weapons are defined here as any piece of military equipment which fits into
either one of four categories: armored vehicles (armored personnel carriers, light tanks, main bat-
tle tanks), artillery (multiple rocket launchers, self-propelled artillery, towed artillery) above 100mm
caliber, combat aircraft (attack helicopters, fixed-wing fighter aircraft), and major fighting ships (sub-
marines, major surface combatants above corvette size).
Data on weapons holdings was collected by BICC from different sources, mainly the Military Balance
from ISS. Data on small arms and light weapons (SALW) is not only extremely difficult to obtain
but also unreliable and was thus not included in the GMI.
N: 156 N: 168 n: 4499 N : 150 T : 27
4.9.3 Military Expenditure Index (bicc_milexp)
Military spending in relation to GDP and health spending are the most important indicators for
determining the level of militarization. Financial resources which are made available via the military
budget by a government are an important factor which affects capacities and size of a state’s armed
forces. The other indicator the GMI uses is the comparison between the total military budget and
government spending on health services.
Figures for military expenditure are compiled from the data base of the Stockholm Peace Research
Institute SIPRI. Even though SIPRI may currently be regarded as the most reliable source, data on
military expenditure has to be treated with extreme caution. For many countries, especially in the
developing world and autocratic states, the figures are but rough estimates. In cases where SIPRI
does not provide any up-to-date information, we adopted the latest available figures provided they
were no older than three years.
Data on gross domestic product was taken from the International Monetary Fund. Data on health
expenditure used have been extracted from the data base of the World Health Organization.
N: 156 N: 168 n: 4499 N : 150 T : 27
4.9.4 Military Personnel Index (bicc_milper)
The level of militarization is also represented by the relation of military personnel to the total
population and physicians. The first and most important indicator in this category is the active
(para)military personnel to the total population. Paramilitary personnel were included here, since in
many countries the regular military alone does not adequately reflect the total size of the armed forces.
The main criterion for coding an organizational entity as either military or paramilitary is that
128
the forces in question are under the direct control of the government in addition to being armed,
uniformed and garrisoned.
For a comprehensive presentation of the available personnel and an adequate representation of the
relative level of militarization, a second indicator in this category takes into account the percentage of
reserve forces in the total population. This factor is relevant for some countries, such as Switzerland
that have a comparably small standing army but a more substantial amount of available reserves
within society. The third indicator compares the total amount of military and paramilitary forces
with the number of physicians in a country in order to express the relation between military and
non-military expertise in a society.
All data on military personnel was compiled from the Military Balance, the yearbook published
by the Institute for Strategic and International Studies (IISS). Population size figures were taken
from the Vital Statistics Report of the United Nations; data on the number of physicians from the
World Health Organization.
N: 156 N: 168 n: 4499 N : 150 T : 27
129
4.10 Bar-Ilan University
Fox, J. (2011). Building composite measures of religion and state. Interdisciplinary Journal
of Research on Religion, 7, 1–39
Fox, J. (2015). Political secularism, religion, and the state: A time series analysis of world-
wide data. Cambridge University Press
Fox, J. (2017). Religion and state dataset: Round 3. http://www.religionandstate.org/
Fox, J., Finke, R., & Mataic, D. R. (2018). New data and measures on societal discrimina-
tion and religious minorities. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 2 (14)
http://www.thearda.com/Archive/Files/Descriptions/RAS3.asp
Religion and State Project
The Religion and State (RAS) project is a university-based project located at Bar Ilan University in
Ramat Gan, Israel. Its goal is to create a set of measures that systematically gauge the intersection
between government and religion. Specifically, it examines government religion policy. The project’s
goals are threefold:
- To provide an accurate description of government religion policies worldwide.
- To create a tool which will lead to greater understanding of the factors which influence government
religion policy.
- To provide the means to examine how government religion policy influences other political, social,
and economic factors as well as how those factors influence government religion policy.
Round 2 of the RAS dataset, which is currently the official version available for download, mea-
sures the extent of government involvement in religion (GIR) or the lack thereof for 175 states on
a yearly basis between 1990 and 2014. This constitutes all countries with populations of 250,000 or
more as well as a sampling of smaller states. The data includes the following information:
Official Religion: A 15 value variable which measures the official relationship between religion and
the state. This includes five categories of official religions and nine categories of state-religion rela-
tionships which range from unofficial support for a single religion to overt hostility to all religion.
Religious Support: This includes 51 separate variables which measure different ways a government
can support religion including financial support, policies which enforce religious laws, and other forms
of entanglement between government and religion.
Religious Restrictions: This includes 29 separate variables which measure different ways govern-
ments regulate, restrict, or control all religions in the state including the majority religion. This
includes restrictions on religion’s political role, restrictions on religious institutions, restrictions on
religious practices, and other forms of regulation, control, and restrictions.
Religious Discrimination: This includes 30 types of restrictions that are placed on the religious
institutions and practices of religious minorities that are not placed on the majority group. This in-
cludes restrictions on religious practices, restrictions on religious institutions and clergy, restrictions
on conversion and proselytizing, and other restrictions.
130
The dataset also includes several sets of detailed variables measuring certain policies in depth. These
topics include religious education, the registration of religious organizations, restrictions on abortion,
restrictions on proselytizing, and religious requirements for holding public office or citizenship.
4.10.1 Official Religion (biu_offrel)
Official Religion measures whether the government has an established religion. For a religion to be
established there must be a constitutional clause, a law, or the equivalent explicitly stating that a
specific religion or specific religions are the official religions of that state. This variable is coded on
the following scale:
0. The State has no official religion

1. The state has multiple established religions
2. The state has one established religion

N: 180 n: 4286 N : 171 T : 24
4.10.2 Religious Legislation (biu_relleg)
Composite measure of religious legislation, 2014 (higher scores indicate higher levels of religious
legislation).

N: 180 n: 4286 N : 171 T : 24
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4.11 Barro and Lee
Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2013). A new data set of educational attainment in the world,
1950–2010. Journal of Development Economics, 104, 184–198
http://www.barrolee.com/
Educational Attainment Dataset
The Barro-Lee Data set provide data disaggregated by sex and by 5-year age intervals. It provides
educational attainment data for 146 countries in 5-year intervals from 1950 to 2010. It also provides
information about the distribution of educational attainment of the adult population over age 15 and
over age 25 by sex at seven levels of schooling - no formal education, incomplete primary, complete
primary, lower secondary, upper secondary, incomplete tertiary, and complete tertiary. Average years
of schooling at all levels - primary, secondary, and tertiary - are also measured for each country and
for regions in the world.
This is the latest updated version of the Barro-Lee dataset reported in Barro and Lee (2013). Dr.
Hanol Lee, an associate professor at Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, has collab-
orated on the project.
The main aim of this new version is to construct estimates of educational attainment for the popula-
tion between 15 and 64 years old for the year of 2015. The estimates are disaggregated by gender and
by 10-year age group, whereas those in the original dataset were disaggregated by 5-year age group.
This is due to the limited availability of disaggregated statistics in the newly complied census/survey
data.
4.11.1 Average Schooling Years, Female (bl_asyf)
Average schooling years, females between 15 and 64 years old.
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.2 Average Schooling Years, Male (bl_asym)
Average schooling years, males between 15 and 64 years old.
132
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.3 Average Schooling Years, Female and Male (bl_asymf)
Average schooling years, females and males between 15 and 64 years old.
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.4 Percentage with Tertiary Schooling, Female (bl_lhf)
Percentage with tertiary schooling, females between 15 and 64 years old.
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.5 Percentage with Tertiary Schooling, Male (bl_lhm)
Percentage with tertiary schooling, males between 15 and 64 years old.
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.6 Percentage with Tertiary Schooling, Female and Male (bl_lhmf)
Percentage with tertiary schooling, females and males between 15 and 64 years old.
133
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.7 Percentage with Primary Schooling, Female (bl_lpf)
Percentage with primary schooling, females between 15 and 64 years old.
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.8 Percentage with Primary Schooling, Male (bl_lpm)
Percentage with primary schooling, males between 15 and 64 years old.
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.9 Percentage with Primary Schooling, Female and Male (bl_lpmf)
Percentage with primary schooling, females and males between 15 and 64 years old.
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.10 Percentage with Secondary Schooling, Female (bl_lsf)
Percentage with secondary schooling, females between 15 and 64 years old.
134
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.11 Percentage with Secondary Schooling, Male (bl_lsm)
Percentage with secondary schooling, males between 15 and 64 years old.
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.12 Percentage with Secondary Schooling, Female and Male (bl_lsmf)
Percentage with secondary schooling, females and males between 15 and 64 years old.
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.13 Percentage with No Schooling, Female (bl_luf)
Percentage with no schooling, females between 15 and 64 years old.
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.14 Percentage with No Schooling, Male (bl_lum)
Percentage with no schooling, males between 15 and 64 years old.
135
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
4.11.15 Percentage with No Schooling, Female and Male (bl_lumf)
Percentage with no schooling, females and males between 15 and 64 years old.
N: 143 N: 151 n: 1672 N : 25 T : 11
136
4.12 Boix, Miller and Rosato
Boix, C., Miller, M. K., & Rosato, S. (2022). Boix-miller-rosato dichotomous coding of democ-
racy, 1800-2020 [UNF:6:6u8JNSHqP+yYKbLzrgFDug== [fileUNF]]. Harvard Dataverse, V1.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/FENWWR
Boix, C., Miller, M. K., & Rosato, S. (2013). A complete data set of political regimes, 1800-2007.
Comparative Political Studies, 46 (12), 1523–54
https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/FJLMKT
Boix-Miller-Rosato Dichotomous Coding of Democracy, 1800-2020
This data set provides a dichotomous coding of democracy from 1800 until 2020, however QoG
data contains information from 1946 onwards. Authors define a country as democratic if it satisfies
conditions for both contestation and participation. Specifically, democracies feature political leaders
chosen through free and fair elections and satisfy a threshold value of suffrage.
4.12.1 Dichotomous democracy measure (bmr_dem)
Dichotomous democracy measure.
N: 194 N: 210 n: 11396 N : 152 T : 54
4.12.2 Number of previous democratic breakdowns (bmr_dembr)
Previous number of democratic breakdowns.
N: 194 N: 210 n: 11396 N : 152 T : 54
4.12.3 Consecutive years of current regime type (bmr_demdur)
Consecutive years of current regime type.
137
N: 194 N: 210 n: 11396 N : 152 T : 54
4.12.4 Democracy measure, requiring min. 50% of adult women have the right to vote
(bmr_demfsuf)
This adjusts democracy by also requiring that at least half of adult women have the right to vote.
N: 194 N: 210 n: 11396 N : 152 T : 54
4.12.5 Dichotomous democracy measure (incl. missing for some countries) (bmr_-
demmis)
This is the same measure as democracy (bmr_dem), except it records an NA for countries occupied
during an international war (e.g., the Netherlands 1940-44) or experiencing state collapse during a
civil war (e.g., Lebanon 1976-89). The democracy variable instead fills in these years as continuations
of the same regime type.
N: 192 N: 210 n: 11336 N : 151 T : 54
4.12.6 Democratic transition (bmr_demtran)
(-1) Democratic breakdown

(0) No change
(1) Democratic transition
N: 194 N: 210 n: 11396 N : 152 T : 54
138
4.13 Bernhard, Nordstrom and Reenock
Bernhard, M., Nordstrom, T., & Reenock, C. (2001). Economic performance, institutional in-
termediation, and democratic breakdown. Journal of Politics, 63 (3), 775–803
http://users.clas.ufl.edu/bernhard/content/data/data.htm
Event History Coding of Democratic Breakdowns
Binary coding of all democracies from 1913 until 2005 prepared for use in event history analysis.
4.13.1 Democratic Breakdown (bnr_dem)
The variable is a binary coding of all democracies from 1913 until 2005 (included in the QoG dataset
are only the years 1946-2005) prepared for use in event history analysis. Countries that meet the
minimum conditions for democracy (see below) enter the dataset and are coded “0”. When coun-
tries cease to meet those minimum criteria they are coded “1” and exit from the dataset. If, after a
democratic breakdown, a country again meets our minimum criteria it re-enters the data as a new
democratic episode. The time frame onset in 1913 is a function of when the first country (Norway)
meets the minimum conditions. All series terminate in either in a breakdown in various years or right
censorship in 2005. The minimal conditions are based on Dahl’s notion of polyarchy (competitiveness,
inclusiveness) combined with Linz and Stepan’s stateness criteria.
Competitiveness: Countries that hold elections for both the executive and legislature, and in which
more than one party contests the elections, are included. However, we exclude cases in which we
detected outcome changing vote fraud, in which there was either extensive or extreme violence that
inhibited voters’ preference expression, or in which political parties representing a substantial portion
of the population were banned.
Inclusiveness: We only include competitive polities in which at least fifty percent of all adult cit-
izens are enfranchised to vote in our set of democracies.
Stateness: We also considered questions of sovereignty, not including colonial states, where founding
elections were held prior to the granting of independence, and countries experiencing internal wars in
which twenty percent or greater of the population or territory was out of control of the state.

N: 126 n: 3162 N : 53 T : 25
139
4.14 Bjornskov and Rode
Bjørnskov, C., & Rode, M. (2020). Regime types and regime change: A new dataset on democ-
racy, coups, and political institutions. Review of International Organizations, 15, 531–551
http://www.christianbjoernskov.com/bjoernskovrodedata/
Bjørnskov-Rode regime data
Bjornskov-Rode update and expansion of Cheibub, Gandhi and Vreeland’s DD dataset
4.14.1 No. of chambers in parliament (br_chpar)
Total number of chambers in parliament.
N: 191 N: 200 n: 9943 N : 140 T : 50
4.14.2 Is the country a colony (br_col)
Is the country a colony? (0: No; 1: Yes)
N: 191 N: 200 n: 10866 N : 153 T : 54
4.14.3 Is the country communist / socialist (br_com)
Is the country’s regime communist / socialist? (0: No; 1: Yes)
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10876 N : 153 T : 54
140
4.14.4 No. of coups (br_coup)
Total number of coups
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10875 N : 153 T : 54
4.14.5 Is the country in the Commonwealth (br_cw)
Is the country a member of the British Commonwealth? (0: No; 1: Yes)
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10876 N : 153 T : 54
4.14.6 Is the country a democracy (br_dem)
Is the country democratic or not? following Cheibub, Ghandi and Vreeland (2010). Dichotomous
indicator of democracy based on a minimalist definition. A country is defined as democratic, if
elections were conducted, these were free and fair, and if there was a peaceful turnover of legislative
and executive offices following those elections. (0: No; 1: Yes)
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10876 N : 153 T : 54
4.14.7 Whether an election was postponed (br_elecpost)
Whether an election held in that year was postponed from an earlier date (0: No, 1: Yes)
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10875 N : 153 T : 54
141
4.14.8 Typology of political institutions (br_elect)
Alternative democracy indicator capturing degree of multi-party competition. (No elections=0,

Single-party elections=1, non-democratic multi-party elections=2, democratic elections= 3)
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10876 N : 153 T : 54
4.14.9 Whether an election was held during the year (br_elecyear)
Whether an election was held that year (0: No, 1: Yes)
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10876 N : 153 T : 54
4.14.10 No. of failed coups (br_fcoup)
Number of failed coups
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10875 N : 153 T : 54
4.14.11 Is the president interim/temporary (br_int)
Is the president interim / preliminary? (more than 2 Presidents/year=1, Otherwise=0)
N: 142 N: 151 n: 7448 N : 105 T : 49
4.14.12 Is the country a monarchy (br_mon)
Is the country a hereditary monarchy? (0: No; 1: Yes)
142
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10876 N : 153 T : 54
4.14.13 Is the monarch female (br_monf)
Is the monarch female? (0: No; 1: Yes)
N: 27 N: 40 n: 1895 N : 27 T : 47
4.14.14 New constitution implemented (br_newconst)
Whether a new constitution was implemented (0: No; 1: Yes)
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10869 N : 153 T : 54
4.14.15 Is the political system presidential (br_pres)
Is the political system presidential? (0: No; 1: Yes)
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10876 N : 153 T : 54
4.14.16 Is the president female (br_presf)
Is the president female? (0: No; 1: Yes)
143
N: 142 N: 151 n: 7449 N : 105 T : 49
4.14.17 Does the country have proportional voting (br_pvote)
Is the electoral system characterized by including proportional representation? (0: No; 1: Yes)
N: 188 N: 197 n: 9506 N : 134 T : 48
4.14.18 Did the main regime change (br_regch)
If a coded event, such as a change in the Presidency, took place after 01.07 it is assigned to the
following calendar year in the data. In this case, the lag variable will be equal to one. For all change
events before that date, the lag dummy is equal to zero. (0: No; 1: Yes)
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10876 N : 153 T : 54
4.14.19 No. of successful coups (br_scoup)
Number of successful coups
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10875 N : 153 T : 54
4.14.20 Full suffrage (br_suff)
Whether electoral system attributes full suffrage (0: No; 1: Yes)
144
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10874 N : 153 T : 54
145
4.15 Bertelsmann Stiftung
Donner, S., Hartmann, H., & Schwarz, R. (2020). Transformation index of the bertelsmann
stiftung 2020. Bertelsmann Stiftung. http://www.bti-project.org
https://www.bti-project.org/en
Bertelsmann Transformation Index
The Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI) analyzes and evaluates the quality of democ-
racy, a market economy and political management in 137 developing and transition countries. It
measures successes and setbacks on the path toward a democracy based on the rule of law and a
socially responsible market economy.
In-depth country reports provide the basis for assessing the state of transformation and persistent
challenges, and to evaluate the ability of policymakers to carry out consistent and targeted reforms.
The BTI is the first cross-national comparative index that uses self-collected data to comprehensively
measure the quality of governance during processes of transition.
4.15.1 Associational/Assembly Rights (bti_aar)
To what extent can individuals form and join independent political or civic groups? To what extent
can these groups operate and assemble freely? 1-10.
1. Association and assembly rights are denied. Independent civic groups do not exist or are prohib-
ited.
4. Association and assembly rights are severely limited. Oppositional political groups with any rele-
vance are prohibited or systematically disabled. Independent civic groups can operate and assemble
if they support the regime or are not outspokenly critical of it.
7. Association and assembly rights are partially limited, but generally there are no outright prohibi-
tions of independent political or civic groups.
10. Association and assembly rights are unrestricted for individuals and independent political or civic
groups within the basic democratic order.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.2 Anti-Corruption Policy (bti_acp)
To what extent does the government successfully contain corruption? 1-10.
1. The government fails to contain corruption, and there are no integrity mechanisms in place.
146
4. The government is only partly willing and able to contain corruption, while the few integrity
mechanisms implemented are mostly ineffective.
7. The government is often successful in containing corruption. Most integrity mechanisms are in
place, but some are functioning only with limited effectiveness.
10. The government is successful in containing corruption, and all integrity mechanisms are in place
and effective.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1016 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.3 Approval of Democracy (bti_aod)
How strong is the citizens’ approval of democratic norms and procedures? 1-10.
1. Approval of democratic norms and procedures is very low.

4. Approval of democratic norms and procedures is fairly low.
7. Approval of democratic norms and procedures is fairly high.
10. Approval of democratic norms and procedures is very high.
N: 81 N: 86 n: 537 N : 36 T : 6
4.15.4 Basic Administration (bti_ba)
To what extent do basic administrative structures exist? 1-10.
1. The administrative structures of the state are limited to keeping the peace and maintaining
law and order. Their territorial scope is very limited, and broad segments of the population are not
covered.
4. The administrative structures of the state are extending beyond maintaining law and order, but
their territorial scope and effectivity are limited.
7. The administrative structures of the state provide most basic public services throughout the coun-
try, but their operation is to some extent deficient.
10. The state has a differentiated administrative structure throughout the country which provides all
basic public services.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
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4.15.5 Commitment to Democratic Institutions (bti_cdi)
To what extent are democratic institutions accepted as legitimate by the relevant actors? 1-10.
1. There are no democratic institutions as such (authoritarian regime).

4. Only individual institutions are accepted, while influential actors hold vetoes. Acceptance remains
unstable over time.
7. Most democratic institutions are accepted as legitimate by most relevant actors.
10. All democratic institutions are accepted as legitimate by all relevant actors.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.6 Conflict Intensity (bti_ci)
How serious are social, ethnic and religious conflicts? 1-10.
1. There are no violent incidents based on social, ethnic or religious differences.

4. There are only few violent incidents. Radical political actors have limited success in mobilizing
along existing cleavages. Society and the political elite, however, are divided along social, ethnic or
religious lines.
7. There are violent incidents. Mobilized groups and protest movements dominate politics. Society
and the political elite are deeply split into social classes, ethnic or religious communities.
10. There is civil war or a widespread violent conflict based on social, ethnic or religious differences.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.7 Monetary and fiscal stability (bti_cps)
There are institutional or political precautions to achieve monetary and fiscal stability. Including “To
what extend does the monetary authority pursue and communicate a consistent monetary stabilization
policy?” and “To what extent do the government’s budgetary policies support fiscal stability?”
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
148
4.15.8 Civil Rights (bti_cr)
To what extent are civil rights guaranteed and protected, and to what extent can citizens seek redress
for violations of these rights? 1-10.
1. Civil rights are not guaranteed and frequently violated. There are no mechanisms and insti-
tutions to protect citizens against violations of their rights.
4. Civil rights are guaranteed only within limited enclaves or are violated over protracted periods of
time. Some mechanisms and institutions to prosecute, punish and redress violations of civil rights
are established formally, but do not function.
7. Civil rights are guaranteed, but are partially or temporarily violated or are not protected in some
parts of the country. Mechanisms and institutions to prosecute, punish and redress violations of civil
rights are in place, but often prove to be ineffective.
10. Civil rights are guaranteed by the constitution and respected by all state institutions. Infringe-
ments present an extreme exception. Citizens are effectively protected by mechanisms and institutions
established to prosecute, punish and redress violations of their rights.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.9 Civil Society Participation (bti_csp)
To what extent does the political leadership enable the participation of civil society in the political
process? 1-10.
1. The political leadership obstructs civil society participation. It suppresses civil society organi-
zations and excludes its representatives from the policy process.
4. The political leadership neglects civil society participation. It frequently ignores civil society actors
and formulates its policy autonomously.
7. The political leadership permits civil society participation. It takes into account and accommo-
dates the interests of most civil society actors.
10. The political leadership actively enables civil society participation. It assigns an important role
to civil society actors in deliberating and determining policies.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1016 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.10 Civil Society Traditions (bti_cst)
To what extent are there traditions of civil society? 1-10.
1. Traditions of civil society are very strong.

4. Traditions of civil society are fairly strong.
7. Traditions of civil society are fairly weak.
10. Traditions of civil society are very weak.
149
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.11 Democracy Status (bti_ds)
Democracy Status: The state of democracy is measured in terms of five criteria; including stateness,
political participation, rule of law, stability of the democratic institutions, and political and social
integration 1-10.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.12 Equal Opportunity (bti_eo)
To what extent does equality of opportunity exist? 1-10.
1. Equality of opportunity is not achieved. Women and/or members of ethnic or religious groups have
only very limited access to education, public office and employment. There are no legal provisions
against discrimination.
4.Equality of opportunity is only partially achieved. Women and/or members of ethnic, religious and
other groups have limited access to education, public office and employment. There are some legal
provisions against discrimination, but their implementation is highly deficient.
7. Equality of opportunity is largely achieved. Women and members of ethnic or religious groups have
near-equal access to education, public office and employment. There are a number of legal provisions
against discrimination, but their implementation is at times insufficient.
10. Equality of opportunity is achieved. Women and members of ethnic or religious groups have
equal access to education, public office and employment. There is a comprehensive and effective legal
and institutional framework for the protection against discrimination.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.13 Economic Output Strength (bti_eos)
How does the economy, as measured in quantitative indicators, perform? 1-10.
1. The economic performance is very poor. Strongly negative macroeconomic data may include
negative GDP growth rates, very high unemployment levels, high inflation, large budget deficits,
unreasonably high debt and an increasingly unsustainable current account position.
150
4. The economic performance is poor. Continuing negative macroeconomic data may include stag-
nant GDP levels, relatively high unemployment levels, low price stability, an unbalanced budget,
rising debt and a volatile current account position.
7. The economic performance is good. Moderately positive macroeconomic data may include low
GDP growth rates, only moderate unemployment levels, relative price stability, a slightly unbalanced
budget, a tendency toward debt and a manageable current account position.
10. The economic performance is very good. Positive macroeconomic data may include relatively
high GDP growth rates, relatively high employment levels, price stability, balanced budget, reasonable
debt and a sustainable current account position.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.14 Economic Performance (bti_ep)
Economic Performance: The economy’s performance points to solid development 1-10.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.15 Effective Power to Govern (bti_epg)
To what extent do democratically elected political representatives have the effective power to govern,
or to what extent are there veto powers and political enclaves? 1-10.
1. Political decision-makers are not democratically elected.

4. Democratically elected political representatives have limited power to govern. Strong veto groups
are able to undermine fundamental elements of democratic procedures.
7. Democratically elected political representatives have considerable power to govern. However, in-
dividual power groups can set their own domains apart or enforce special-interest policies.
10. Democratically elected political representatives have the effective power to govern. No individual
or group is holding any de facto veto power.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.16 Free and Fair Elections (bti_ffe)
To what extent are political representatives determined by general, free and fair elections? 1-10.
151
1. There are no elections on free and fair elections.
4. General, multi-party elections are held, conducted properly and accepted as the means of filling
political posts. However, there are some constraints on the fairness of the elections with regard to
registration, campaigning or media access.
7. General elections are held, but serious irregularities during voting process and ballot count occur.
The rights to vote, campaign and run for office are restricted, and elections have de facto only limited
influence over who governs.
10. National elections, if held at all, are entirely unfree and unfair.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.17 Freedom of Expression (bti_foe)
To what extent can citizens, organizations and the mass media express opinions freely? 1-10.
1. Freedom of expression is denied. Independent media do not exist or are prohibited.

4. Freedom of expression is often subject to interference or government restrictions. Distortion and
manipulation shape matters of public debate.
7. Freedom of expression is occasionally subject to interference or government restrictions, but there
are generally no incidents of blatant intrusions like outright state censorship or media shutdowns.
10. Freedom of expression is guaranteed against interference or government restrictions. Individuals,
groups and the press can fully exercise these rights.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.18 Governance Index (bti_gi)
Governance Index: It groups the scores of the level of difficulty of management, the steering capacity,
the resource efficiency, consensus building, and international cooperation 1-10. Higher scores mean
higher quality of governance.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1016 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.19 Governance Performance (bti_gp)
Governance Performance: It groups the scores of the steering capability, resource efficiency, consensus
building and international cooperation 1-10. Higher scores mean higher governance performance.
152
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1016 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.20 International Cooperation (bti_ic)
The political leadership is willing and able to cooperate with external supporters and organizations.
Including “To what extent does the political leadership use the support of international partners
to implement a long-term strategy of development?”, “To what extent does the government act as a
credible and reliable partner in its relations with the international community?” and “To what extent
is the political leadership willing and able to cooperate with neighboring countries?”.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1016 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.21 Interest Groups (bti_ig)
To what extent is there a network of cooperative associations or interest groups to mediate between
society and the political system? 1-10.
1. Interest groups are present only in isolated social segments, are on the whole poorly balanced
and cooperate little. A large number of social interests remain unrepresented.
4. There is a narrow range of interest groups, in which important social interests are underrepre-
sented. Only a few players dominate, and there is a risk of polarization.
7. There is an average range of interest groups, which reflect most social interests. However, a few
strong interests dominate, producing a latent risk of pooling conflicts.
10. There is a broad range of interest groups that reflect competing social interests, tend to balance
one another and are cooperative.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.22 Independent Judiciary (bti_ij)
To what extent does an independent judiciary exist? 1-10.
1. The judiciary is not independent and not institutionally differentiated.

4. The independence of the judiciary is heavily impaired by political authorities and high levels of
corruption. It is to some extent institutionally differentiated, but severely restricted by functional
deficits, insufficient territorial operability and scarce resources.
153
7. The judiciary is largely independent, even though occasionally its decisions are subordinated to
political authorities or influenced by corruption. It is institutionally differentiated, but partially re-
stricted by insufficient territorial or functional operability.
10. The judiciary is independent and free both from unconstitutional intervention by other institu-
tions and from corruption. It is institutionally differentiated, and there are mechanisms for judicial
review of legislative or executive acts.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.23 Level of Difficulty (bti_lod)
Level of Difficulty in Management: it groups the scores of the structural constraints, the civil society
traditions and the conflict intensity of a society 1-10. Higher scores indicate more constraints on
management.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.24 Economy Status (bti_mes)
Economy Status: It groups the scores of the level of socioeconomic development, the organization of
the market and competition, currency and price stability, private property, the welfare regime, the
economic performance, and sustainability 1-10. Higher scores reflect advanced economy status.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.25 Organization of the Market and Competition (bti_mo)
Organization of the Market and Competition: There are clear rules for stable, market-based compe-
tition 1-10. State-guaranteed rules for market competition with equal opportunities for all market
participants exist in countries with higher scores.
154
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.26 Monopoly on the Use of Force (bti_muf)
To what extent does the state’s monopoly on the use of force cover the entire territory of the country?
1-10.
1. There is no state monopoly on the use of force.

4. The state’s monopoly on the use of force is established only in key parts of the country. Large
areas of the country are controlled by guerrillas, paramilitaries or clans.
7. The state’s monopoly on the use of force is established nationwide in principle, but it is challenged
by guerrillas, mafias or clans in territorial enclaves.
10. There is no competition with the state’s monopoly on the use of force throughout the entire
territory.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.27 No Interference of Religious Dogmas (bti_nird)
To what extent are legal order and political institutions defined without interference by religious
dogmas? 1-10.
1. The state is theocratic. Religious dogmas define legal order and political institutions.
4. Secular and religious norms are in conflict about the basic constitution of the state or are forming
a hybrid system.
7. The state is largely secular. However, religious dogmas have considerable influence on legal order
and political institutions.
10. The state is secular. Religious dogmas have no noteworthy influence on legal order or political
institutions.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.28 Performance of Democratic Institutions (bti_pdi)
Are democratic institutions capable of performing? 1-10.
1. There are no democratic institutions as such (authoritarian regime).

155
4. Democratic institutions exist, but they are unstable and ineffective.
7. Democratic institutions perform their functions in principle, but often are inefficient due to friction
between institutions.
10. The ensemble of democratic institutions is effective and efficient. As a rule, political decisions are
prepared, made, implemented and reviewed in legitimate procedures by the appropriate authorities.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.29 Prosecution of Office Abuse (bti_poa)
To what extent are public officeholders who abuse their positions prosecuted or penalized? 1-10.
1. Office holders who break the law and engage in corruption can do so without fear of legal conse-
quences or adverse publicity.
4. Office holders who break the law and engage in corruption are not prosecuted adequately under
the law, but occasionally attract adverse publicity.
7. Officeholders who break the law and engage in corruption generally are prosecuted under es-
tablished laws and often attract adverse publicity, but occasionally slip through political, legal or
procedural loopholes.
10. Officeholders who break the law and engage in corruption are prosecuted rigorously under estab-
lished laws and always attract adverse publicity.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.30 Political Participation (bti_pp)
Political Participation: The populace decides who rules, and it has other political freedoms 1-10.
Higher scores refer better conditions of political participation and other political freedoms.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.31 Private Property (bti_prp)
There are adequate conditions to support a functional private sector. Including “To what extent do
government authorities ensure well-defined rights of private property and regulate the acquisition,
benefits, use and sale of property?” and “To what extent are private companies permitted and
protected? Are privatization processes conducted in a manner consistent with market principles?”.
156
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.32 Party System (bti_ps)
To what extent is there a stable and socially rooted party system able to articulate and aggregate
societal interests? 1-10.
1. There is no party system to articulate and aggregate societal interest.

4. The party system is unstable with shallow roots in society: high fragmentation, high voter volatil-
ity and high polarization.
7. The party system is fairly stable and socially rooted: moderate fragmentation, moderate voter
volatility and moderate polarization.
10. The party system is stable and socially rooted: it is able to articulate and aggregate societal
interest with low fragmentation, low voter volatility and low polarization.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.33 Political and Social Integration (bti_psi)
Political and Social Integration: Stable patterns of representation exist for mediating between society
and the state; there is also a consolidated civic culture 1-10.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.34 Rule of Law (bti_rol)
Rule of Law: State powers check and balance one another and ensure civil rights. Including “To
what extent is there a working separation of powers (checks and balances)”, “To what extent does
an independent judiciary exist?”, “To what extent are public officeholders who abuse their positions
prosecuted or penalized?” and “To what extent are civil rights guaranteed and protected, and to
what extent can citizens seek redress for violations of these rights?”.
157
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.35 Social Capital (bti_sc)
Social Capital: To what extent have social self-organization and the construction of social capital
advanced? This question aims to assess the level of trust between citizens, which fosters coopera-
tion and mutual support for purposes of self-help, rather than primarily to further political objectives.
1. There is a very low level of trust among the population, and civic self-organization is rudimentary.
4. There is a fairly low level of trust among the population. The small number of autonomous,
self-organized groups, associations and organizations is unevenly distributed or spontaneous and
temporary.
7. There is a fairly high level of trust among the population and a substantial number of autonomous,
self-organized groups, associations and organizations.
10. There is a very high level of trust among the population and a large number of autonomous,
self-organized groups, associations and organizations.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.36 Stability of Democratic Institutions (bti_sdi)
Stability of Democratic Institutions: Democratic institutions are capable of performing, and they are
adequately accepted as legitimate 1-10.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.37 Socio-Economic Barriers (bti_seb)
To what extent are significant parts of the population fundamentally excluded from society due to
poverty and inequality? 1-10.
1. Poverty and inequality are extensive and structurally ingrained.

4. Poverty and inequality are pronounced and partly structurally ingrained.
7. Poverty and inequality are limited and barely structurally ingrained.
10. Poverty and inequality are minor and not structurally ingrained.
158
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.38 Socio-Economic Level (bti_sel)
Socio-Economic Level: In principle, the country’s level of development permits adequate freedom of
choice for all citizens 1-10. Higher scores are present for countries with better socio-economic level.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.39 State Identity (bti_si)
To what extent do all relevant groups in society agree about citizenship and accept the nation-state
as legitimate? 1-10.
1. The legitimacy of the nation-state is questioned fundamentally. Different population groups

compete for hegemony and deny citizenship to others.
4. The legitimacy of the nation-state is frequently challenged. Significant aspects of citizenship are
withheld from entire population groups.
7. The legitimacy of the nation-state is rarely questioned. Some groups are denied full citizenship
rights.
10. The large majority of the population accepts the nation-state as legitimate. All individuals and
groups enjoy the right to acquire citizenship without discrimination.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.40 Separation of Powers (bti_sop)
To what extent is there a working separation of powers (checks and balances)? 1-10.
1. There is no separation of powers, neither de jure nor de facto.

4. One branch, generally the executive, has an ongoing and either informally or formally confirmed
monopoly on power, which may include the colonization of other powers, even though they are insti-
tutionally differentiated.
7. The separation of powers generally is in place and functioning. Partial or temporary restrictions
of checks and balances occur, but a restoration of balance is sought.
10. There is a clear separation of powers with mutual checks and balances.
159
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.41 Social Safety Nets (bti_ssn)
To what extent do social safety nets provide compensation for social risks? 1-10.
1. Social safety nets do not exist. Poverty is combated hardly at all, or only ad hoc.
4. Social safety nets are rudimentary and cover only few risks for a limited number of beneficiaries.
The majority of the population is at risk of poverty.
7. Social safety nets are well developed, but do not cover all risks for all strata of the population. A
significant part of the population is still at risk of poverty.
10. Social safety nets are comprehensive and compensate for social risks, especially nationwide health
care and a well-focused prevention of poverty.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.42 Stateness (bti_st)
Stateness: There is clarity about the nation’s existence as a state with adequately established and
differentiated power structures 1-10.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
4.15.43 Sustainability (bti_su)
Economic growth is balanced, environmentally sustainable and future-oriented. Including “To what
extent are environmental concerns effectively taken into account?” and “To what extent are there solid
institutions for basic, secondary and tertiary education, as well as for research and development?”.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
160
4.15.44 Welfare Regime (bti_wr)
Welfare Regime: Assesses whether there are available arrangements to compensate for social risks
1-10. Including “To what extent do social safety nets provide compensation for social risks?” and
“To what extent does equality of opportunity exist?”.
N: 136 N: 137 n: 1017 N : 68 T : 7
161
4.16 Forman-Rabinovici and Sommer
Forman–Rabinovici, A., & Sommer, U. (2018). Reproductive health policymakers: Comparing

the influences of international and domestic institutions on abortion policy. Public Administra-
tion, 96 (1), 185–199
https://people.socsci.tau.ac.il/mu/udis/the-comparative-abortion-index-project/
The Comparative Abortion Index Project
The comparative abortion index quantifies the permissiveness of abortion policies worldwide, ac-
counting for a variety of considerations. It aims to provide researchers with a tool to assess trends
in worldwide reproductive rights, and to study how these changes over time and space occur. It is
unique in its breadth and its method. Not only does it include a scale that reflects the number of
criteria accepted as grounds for abortion, but it includes a second scale which gives weighted scores to
each criterion, based on how common it is. These data are relevant for anyone interested in tracking
trends in women’s rights, public health policy, and reproductive rights policy over time.
The dataset covers 192 countries from 1992-2015. The UN Department of Social and Economic
Affairs has published a global review of abortion policy since 1992. For this database, all reviews
published between 1992 and 2015 were collected. The report offers seven criteria under which state
law may allow access to abortion services; saving a woman’s life, preserving a woman’s physical health,
preserving a woman’s mental health, in case of rape or incest, in case of fetal impairment, for social
or economic reasons and on request.
Each country-year is given a score based on the number of legal criteria accepted as grounds for
abortion. In the first version of the index (CAI1), each criterion is given equal weight and the score
is a direct reflection of the number of conditions the country accepts. Thus, a country that has no
conditions under which a woman can receive an abortion gets a score of 0. A country, in which a
woman may access an abortion under all conditions including on request, receives a score of 7.
For the purposes of robustness, and to fix a potential measurement flaw in the first index, we also offer
a weighted index (CAI2). The first scale does not account for the different degrees of acceptance that
each criterion represents. It would be imprecise, for instance, to suggest that the criterion of saving a
woman’s life is equivalent to (and thus carries the same weight as) allowing abortion on demand. The
more permissive the criterion, the less likely that it is universally accepted. Accordingly, the weight
of each criterion (Wi) will be determined based on the percentage (Pi) of countries that allow that
condition. In the weighted index, countries are given a score on a scale of 0 to1, where 0 represents
countries in which there are no conditions for legal abortion, and 1 represents a country that accepts
all criteria for abortion, including on request.
4.16.1 Comparative Abortion Index 1 (0 to 7) (cai_cai1)
The scale quantifies grounds on which a country might grant legal access to abortion: saving a
woman’s life, preserving a woman’s physical health, preserving a woman’s mental health, in case of
rape or incest, in case of fetal impairment, for social or economic reasons, and on request. 0 represents
a country with a complete ban on abortions. 7 represents a country that allows abortions on request.
162
N: 192 N: 194 n: 4530 N : 189 T : 23
4.16.2 Comparative Abortion Index 2 (0 to 1) (cai_cai2)
Using the 7 grounds for legal abortion, the weight of each grounds (Wi) will be determined based
on the percentage (Pi) of countries that allow it. In the weighted index, countries are given a score
on a scale of 0-1, where 0 represents countries in which there are no conditions for legal abortion,
and 1 represents a country that accepts all criteria for abortion, including on request. The need for
a weighted scale is as follows: It would be imprecise, for instance, to suggest that the criterion of
saving a woman’s life is equivalent to (and thus carries the same weight as) allowing abortion on
demand. The more permissive the criterion, the less likely that it is universally accepted. Thus, the
scale accounts for the different degrees of acceptance that each criterion represents.
N: 192 N: 194 n: 4530 N : 189 T : 23
4.16.3 Foetal impairment is accepted as grounds for legal abortion (cai_foetal)
Binary variable that codes whether or not foetal impairment is accepted as grounds for a legal
abortion. 1 means that it is accepted as grounds for abortion. 0 means that it is illegal, and not
accepted as grounds for legal abortion.
N: 192 N: 194 n: 4530 N : 189 T : 23
4.16.4 Threat to mother’s life is accepted as grounds for legal abortion (cai_life)
Binary variable that codes whether or not threat to a mother’s life is accepted as grounds for a legal
abortion. 1 means that it is accepted as grounds for abortion. 0 means that it is illegal, and not
accepted as grounds for legal abortion.
N: 192 N: 194 n: 4530 N : 189 T : 23
163
4.16.5 Threat to mother’s mental health is accepted as grounds for legal abortion
(cai_mental)
Binary variable that codes whether or not threat to a mother’s mental health is accepted as grounds
for a legal abortion. 1 means that it is accepted as grounds for abortion. 0 means that it is illegal,
and not accepted as grounds for legal abortion.
N: 192 N: 194 n: 4530 N : 189 T : 23
4.16.6 Threat to mother’s physical health is accepted as grounds for legal abortion
(cai_physical)
Binary variable that codes whether or not threat to a mother’s physical health is accepted as grounds
for a legal abortion. 1 means that it is accepted as grounds for abortion. 0 means that it is illegal,
and not accepted as grounds for legal abortion.
N: 192 N: 194 n: 4530 N : 189 T : 23
4.16.7 Pregnancy as result of rape or incest is accepted as grounds for legal abortion
(cai_rape)
Binary variable that codes whether or not pregnancy as a result of rape or incest is accepted as
grounds for a legal abortion. 1 means that they are accepted as grounds for abortion. 0 means that
it is illegal, and they are not accepted as grounds for legal abortion.
N: 192 N: 194 n: 4530 N : 189 T : 23
4.16.8 Abortion is available on request (cai_request)
Binary variable that codes whether abortion is available on request. In other words, if there is
complete legal access to abortion. 1 implies that there is complete access to abortion. 0 implies that
there are limitations, and abortion services are not legally available upon request.
164
N: 192 N: 194 n: 4530 N : 189 T : 23
4.16.9 Social or economic reasons are accepted as grounds for legal abortion (cai_-
social)
Binary variable that codes whether or not social or economic reasons are accepted as grounds for a
legal abortion. 1 means that they are accepted as grounds for abortion. 0 means that it is illegal,
and they are not accepted as grounds for legal abortion.
N: 192 N: 194 n: 4530 N : 189 T : 23
165
4.17 Coppedge, Alvarez and Maldonado
Coppedge, M., Alvarez, A., & Maldonado, C. (2008). Two persistent dimensions of democ-
racy: Contestation and inclusiveness. The Journal of Politics, 70 (3), 632–647
http://www3.nd.edu/~mcoppedg/crd/datacrd.htm
Contestation and Inclusiveness, 1950-2000
These are the two principal components of 13-15 indicators of democracy, including those compiled
by Freedom House; Polity; Arthur Banks; Alvarez, Cheibub, Limongi, and Przeworski, as updated
by Cheibub and Gandhi; Bollen; and Cingranelli and Richards. The dataset covers most countries in
the world from 1950 through 2000. In an article in the Journal of Politics (July 2008), the authors
argue that these principal components, which capture 75 percent of variation in the most commonly
used democracy indicators, measure Robert Dahl’s two dimensions of polyarchy: contestation and
inclusiveness.
4.17.1 Contestation (standardized version) (cam_contest)
Contestation standardized to be comparable across years.

N: 205 n: 7391 N : 145 T : 36
4.17.2 Inclusiveness (standardized version) (cam_inclusive)
Inclusiveness standardized to be comparable across years.

N: 205 n: 7391 N : 145 T : 36
166
4.18 Ana Carolina Garriga
Garriga, A. C. (2016). Central bank independence in the world: A new dataset. Interna-
tional Interactions, 42 (5), 849–868. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2016.1188813
https://sites.google.com/site/carogarriga/cbi-data-1?authuser=0
Central Bank Independence Dataset
The Central Bank Independence Dataset is the most comprehensive data set on de jure central bank
independence (CBI) available to date. The data set identifies statutory reforms affecting CBI, their
direction, and the attributes necessary to build the Cukierman, Webb, and Neyapti (1992) (CWN)
index in 190 countries between 1970 and 2012.
This data set codes the existence of reforms in 6,745 observations and computes the CWN index
for 5,840 observations. The data coverage not only allows researchers to test competing explana-
tions on the determinants and effects of CBI in both developed and developing countries, but it also
provides a useful instrument for cross-national studies in diverse fields.
4.18.1 Central Bank Independence unweighted index (cbi_cbiu)
CBI unweighted index: Raw average of the four components: Chief Executive Officer, Objectives,
Policy Formulation and Limitations on lending to the government. It ranges from 0 (minimum) to 1
(maximum) CBI.

N: 185 n: 5840 N : 136 T : 32
4.18.2 Central Bank Independence weighted index (cbi_cbiw)
CBI weighted index: Weighted average of the four components (weights between parentheses), fol-
lowing Cukierman, Webb and Neyapti’s (1992) criteria: Chief Executive Officer (0.20), Objectives
(0.15), Policy Formulation (0.15), and Limitations on lending to the government (0.5). It ranges from
0 (minimum) to 1 (maximum) CBI.

N: 185 n: 5840 N : 136 T : 32
167
4.18.3 Component 1: Chief executive officer (cbi_cceo)
Component 1: Chief executive officer. Weighted average of the following variables (weights between
parentheses): Term of office of CEO (0.25), Who appoints the CEO (0.25), Provisions for dismissal
of CEO (0.25), CEO allowed to hold another office in government (0.25).

N: 185 n: 5840 N : 136 T : 32
4.18.4 Component 4: Limitations on lending to the government (cbi_cll)
Component 4: Limitations on lending to the government. Weighted average of the following variables
(weights between parentheses): Limitations on advances (0.30); Limitations on securitized lending
(0.20); Who decides the terms of lending to government (0.20); Beneficiaries of central bank lending
(0.10); Type of limits when they exist (0.05); Maturity of loans (0.05); Restrictions on interest rates
(0.05); Prohibition on central bank lending in primary market to Government (0.05).

N: 184 n: 5820 N : 135 T : 32
4.18.5 Component 2: Objectives (cbi_cobj)
Component 2: Objectives. Central bank objectives as stated in the law (coding between parentheses):
Price stability is the major or only objective, and in case of conflict with other objectives, the Central
Bank has final authority (1); Price stability is the only objective (0.8); Price stability is one of the
objectives, with other compatible objectives (0.6); Price stability is one of the objectives, with other
potentially conflicting goals (0.4); Central Bank charter does not contain any objective (0.2); Some
objectives appear in the charter but price stability is not one of them (0).

N: 184 n: 5819 N : 135 T : 32
4.18.6 Component 3: Policy formulation (cbi_cpol)
Component 3: Policy formulation. Weighted average of the following variables (weights between
parentheses): Who formulates monetary policy (0.25); Who has the final decision in monetary policy
(0.50), Role of the central bank in the budget process (0.25).
168
N: 185 n: 5840 N : 136 T : 32
4.18.7 Year of law creating the central bank (cbi_create)
1 indicates the year of the law creating the central bank, 0 otherwise.

N: 190 n: 6745 N : 157 T : 36
4.18.8 Year of a reform that decreased central bank independence (cbi_dec)
1 indicates the year of a reform that decreased CBI, according to the CBI weighted index, 0 otherwise

N: 190 n: 6744 N : 157 T : 35
4.18.9 Effect of the central bank reform on the weighted index (cbi_dir)
Effect of the central bank reform on the CBI weighted index: 1 indicates an increase in CBI; 0 indicates
no changes in the level of CBI; 1 indicates the presence of a central bank reform that increased CBI.

N: 190 n: 6744 N : 157 T : 35
4.18.10 Year of a reform that increased central bank independence (cbi_inc)
1 indicates the year of a reform that increased CBI, according to the CBI weighted index, 0 otherwise.
169
N: 190 n: 6744 N : 157 T : 35
4.18.11 Year of a reform that affects the central bank independence (cbi_ref)
1 indicates the year of a reform that affects CBI, 0 otherwise.

N: 190 n: 6745 N : 157 T : 36
4.18.12 Whether the central bank is a regional organization (cbi_reg)
Indicates whether the central bank is a regional organization (1), or a national central bank (0).

N: 190 n: 6745 N : 157 T : 36
170
4.19 The Comparative Constitutions Project
Elkins, Z., & Ginsburg, T. (2021). Characteristics of national constitutions, version 3.0 [Last
modified: May 20, 2021. Available at comparativeconstitutionsproject.org]. http : / / www .
comparativeconstitutionsproject.org
http://comparativeconstitutionsproject.org/
Characteristics of National Constitutions
This dataset presents records of the characteristics of national constitutions written since 1789. Each
constitutional text is coded twice by different coders working independently. To maximize the reliabil-
ity of the final data, the discrepancies between these two codings are reconciled by a third individual
- a reconciler. This is the second public release of data (version 2.0) on the content of constitutions.
Authors rely on Ward and Gleditsch’s list to identify which countries are independent in a given year.
There are utilized two concepts to categorize constitutional texts. A constitutional system encom-
passes the period in which a constitution is in force before it is replaced or suspended. A constitutional
event is any change to a country’s constitution, including adoption, amendment, suspension, or rein-
statement. For years in which there are multiple events, the constitution is coded as it stood in force
at the end of the year. For example, if a constitution was amended the same year as it was adopted,
the content of the constitution is coded as amended rather than as originally adopted. In addition,
since events are (often) in force for multiple years, authors interpolated the data associated each event
across all country-years in which that event was in force. Note that this is an extremely conservative
interpolation strategy because most constitutional amendments do not change many provisions. As
a result, for most variables, one can safely interpolate across constitutional systems.
4.19.1 Duty of the People is to Build Country in Constitution (ccp_buildsoc)
Does the constitution refer to a duty of the people to take part in building society or to work for the
development of the country?
1. Yes
2. No
96. Other
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.2 Corruption Commission Present in Constitution (ccp_cc)
Does the constitution contain provisions for a counter corruption commission?
171
1. Yes
2. No
96. Other
97. Unable to determine
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.3 Limits on Child Work in Constitution (ccp_childwrk)
Does the constitution place limits on child employment?
1. Yes
2. No
90. Left explicitly to non-constitutional law
96. Other
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.4 Meritocratic Recruitment of Civil Servants Mentioned in Constitution (ccp_-

civil)
Does the constitution include provisions for the meritocratic recruitment of civil servants (e.g. exams
or credential requirements)?
1. Yes
2. No
96. Other
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9774 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.5 Reference in Constitution to Democracy (ccp_democ)
Does the constitution refer to “democracy” or “democratic”?
1. Yes
2. No
172
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.6 Equality Before the Law Mentioned in Constitution (ccp_equal)
Does the constitution refer to equality before the law, the equal rights of men, or non-discrimination?
1. Yes
2. No
96. Other
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.7 Freedom of Religion in Constitution (ccp_freerel)
Does the constitution provide for freedom of religion?
1. Yes
2. No
96. Other
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.8 Human Rights Commission Present in Constitution (ccp_hr)
Does the constitution contain provisions for a human rights commission?
1. Yes
2. No
96. Other
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
173
4.19.9 Right to Government Documents in Constitution (ccp_infoacc)
Does the constitution provide for an individual right to view government files or documents under at
least some conditions?
1. Yes
2. No
96. Other
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9778 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.10 Legislative Initiative Allowed (ccp_initiat)
Does the constitution provide for the ability of individuals to propose legislative initiatives?
1. Yes
2. No
96. Other
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.11 Reference in Constitution to Capitalism (ccp_market)
Does the constitution refer to the “free market,” “capitalism,” or an analogous term?
1. Yes
2. No
96. Other
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.12 Right to Marry in Constitution (ccp_marriage)
Does the constitution provide for the right to marry?
1. Yes, general provision
174
2. Yes, marriage allowed between a man and a woman
3. No
90. Left explicitly to non-constitution law
96. Other
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.13 Right to Same-Sex Marriages in Constitution (ccp_samesexm)
Does the constitution provide the right for same sex marriages?
1. Yes
2. No
96. Other
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.14 Status of Slavery in Constitution (ccp_slave)
Does the constitution prohibit slavery, servitude, or forced labor?
1. Universally prohibited
2. Prohibited except in the case of war
3. Prohibited with other exception(s)n
90. Left explicitly to non-constitutional law
96. Other
98. Not specified
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.15 Reference in Constitution to Socialism (ccp_socialsm)
Does the constitution refer to “socialism” or “socialist”?
1. Yes
2. No
96. Other
175
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.16 Right to Strike in Constitution (ccp_strike)
Does the constitution provide for a right to strike?
1. Yes
2. Yes, but with limitations
3. No
96. Other
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
4.19.17 New Constitutional System (ccp_syst)
Identifies new constitutional systems.
N: 193 N: 208 n: 11463 N : 153 T : 55
4.19.18 Year in which the Constitutional System was Promulgated (ccp_systyear)
Year in which the constitutional system was promulgated.
N: 190 N: 204 n: 10772 N : 144 T : 53
4.19.19 Duty of People is to Pay Taxes in Constitution (ccp_taxes)
Does the constitution refer to a duty to pay taxes?
176
1. Yes
2. No
96. Other
N: 183 N: 204 n: 9779 N : 130 T : 48
177
4.20 Cheibub, Gandhi and Vreeland
Cheibub, J. A., Gandhi, J., & Vreeland, J. R. (2010). Democracy and dictatorship revisited.
Public Choice, 143 (1-2), 67–101
https://sites.google.com/site/joseantoniocheibub/datasets/democracy-and-dictatorship-revisited
Classification of Political Regimes
Classification of political regimes as democracy and dictatorship. Classification of democracies as

parliamentary, semi-presidential (mixed) and presidential. Classification of dictatorships as military,
civilian and royal.
4.20.1 Democracy (chga_demo)
A regime is considered a democracy if the executive and the legislature is directly or indirectly elected
by popular vote, multiple parties are allowed, there is de facto existence of multiple parties outside
of regime front, there are multiple parties within the legislature, and there has been no consolidation
of incumbent advantage (e.g. unconstitutional closing of the lower house or extension of incumbent’s
term by postponing of subsequent elections). Transition years are coded as the regime that emerges
in that year.
0. No Democracy
1. Democracy

N: 206 n: 9013 N : 143 T : 44
4.20.2 Regime Institutions (chga_hinst)
Six-fold classification of political regimes:
0. Parliamentary Democracy.
1. Mixed (semi-presidential) democracy.
2. Presidential democracy.
3. Civilian dictatorship.
4. Military dictatorship.
5. Royal dictatorship.
178
N: 206 n: 9013 N : 143 T : 44
179
4.21 Cingranelli, Richards, and Clay
Cingranelli, D. L., Filippov, M., & Mark, S. (2019). The CIRIGHTS dataset [Version 2019.07.21].
The Binghamton University Human Right Institute. www.binghamton.edu/institutes/hri
Cingranelli, D. L., Richards, D. L., & Clay, K. C. (2014). The CIRI Human Rights Dataset
[Version 2014.04.14]. CIRI Human Rights Data Project, 6
https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/cirihumanrightsdata
The CIRIGHTS Data project
The CIRI Human Rights Dataset contains standards-based quantitative information on government
respect for 15 internationally recognized human rights for 202 countries, annually from 1981-2011. It
is designed for use by scholars and students who seek to test theories about the causes and conse-
quences of human rights violations, as well as policy makers and analysts who seek to estimate the
human rights effects of a wide variety of institutional changes and public policies including democra-
tization, economic aid, military aid, structural adjustment, and humanitarian intervention.
The original dataset contains the last version of the CIRI dataset, along with supporting docu-
mentation. The creation of the data and documentation has been supported by the National Science
Foundation under Grant Nos. SES–0318273 (2004-2006), SES-0647969 (2007-2010), and SES-0647916
(2007-2010). (2014-04-14)
Note: The three different missing codes -66 (country is occupied by foreign powers), -77 (complete
collapse of central authority), -999 (missing) have all been coded as missing.
4.21.1 Freedom of Assembly and Association (ciri_assn)
It is an internationally recognized right of citizens to assemble freely and to associate with other
persons in political parties, trade unions, cultural organizations, or other special-interest groups.
This variable indicates the extent to which the freedoms of assembly and association are subject to
actual governmental limitations or restrictions (as opposed to strictly legal protections). A score
of 0 indicates that citizens’ rights to freedom of assembly or association were severely restricted or
denied completely to all citizens; a score of 1 indicates that these rights were limited for all citizens
or severely restricted or denied for select groups; and a score of 2 indicates that these rights were
virtually unrestricted and freely enjoyed by practically all citizens in a given year.

N: 201 n: 5028 N : 162 T : 25
180
4.21.2 Disappearance (ciri_disap)
Disappearances are cases in which people have disappeared, political motivation appears likely, and
the victims have not been found. Knowledge of the whereabouts of the disappeared is, by definition,
not public knowledge. However, while there is typically no way of knowing where victims are, it is
typically known by whom they were taken and under what circumstances. A score of 0 indicates that
disappearances have occurred frequently in a given year; a score of 1 indicates that disappearances
occasionally occurred; and a score of 2 indicates that disappearances did not occur in a given year.

N: 201 n: 5028 N : 162 T : 25
4.21.3 Freedom of Domestic Movement (ciri_dommov)
This variable indicates citizens’ freedom to travel within their own country. A score of 0 indicates
that this freedom was severely restricted; a score of 1 indicates the freedom was somewhat restricted,
and a score of 2 indicates unrestricted freedom of foreign movement.

N: 201 n: 5670 N : 183 T : 28
4.21.4 Electoral Self-Determination (ciri_elecsd)
This variable indicates to what extent citizens enjoy freedom of political choice and the legal right and
ability in practice to change the laws and officials that govern them through free and fair elections.
This right is sometimes known as the right to self-determination. A score of 0 indicates that the right
to self-determination through free and fair elections did not exist in law or practice during the year in
question. A score of 1 indicates that while citizens had the legal right to self-determination, there were
some limitations to the fulfillment of this right in practice. Therefore, in states receiving a 1, political
participation was only moderately free and open. A score of 2 indicates that political participation
was very free and open during the year in question and citizens had the right to self-determination
through free and fair elections in both law and practice.

N: 201 n: 5028 N : 162 T : 25
181
4.21.5 Empowerment Index (ciri_empinx)
This is an additive index constructed from the Foreign Movement, Domestic Movement, Freedom of
Speech, Freedom of Assembly and Association, Workers’ Rights, Electoral Self-Determination, and
Freedom of Religion indicators. It ranges from 0 (no government respect for these seven rights) to 14
(full government respect for these seven rights).

N: 201 n: 4918 N : 159 T : 24
4.21.6 Freedom of Foreign Movement (ciri_formov)
This variable indicates citizens’ freedom to leave and return to their country. A score of 0 indicates
that this freedom was severely restricted, a score of 1 indicates the freedom was somewhat restricted,
and a score of 2 indicates unrestricted freedom of foreign movement.

N: 201 n: 5671 N : 183 T : 28
4.21.7 Independence of the Judiciary (ciri_injud)
This variable indicates the extent to which the judiciary is independent of control from other sources,
such as another branch of the government or the military. A score of 0 indicates “not independent”,
a score of 1 indicates “partially independent” and a score of 2 indicates “generally independent”.

N: 201 n: 5671 N : 183 T : 28
4.21.8 Extrajudicial Killing (ciri_kill)
Extrajudicial killings are killings by government officials without due process of law. They include
murders by private groups if instigated by government. These killings may result from the deliberate,
illegal, and excessive use of lethal force by the police, security forces, or other agents of the state
whether against criminal suspects, detainees, prisoners, or others. A score of 0 indicates that extra-
judicial killings were practiced frequently in a given year; a score of 1 indicates that extrajudicial
killings were practiced occasionally; and a score of 2 indicates that such killings did not occur in a
given year.
182
N: 201 n: 5028 N : 162 T : 25
4.21.9 Physical Integrity Rights (ciri_physint)
This is an additive index constructed from the Torture, Extrajudicial Killing, Political Imprisonment,
and Disappearance indicators. It ranges from 0 (no government respect for these four rights) to 8
(full government respect for these four rights).

N: 201 n: 4900 N : 158 T : 24
4.21.10 Political Imprisonment (ciri_polpris)
Political imprisonment refers to the incarceration of people by government officials because of: their
speech; their non-violent opposition to government policies or leaders; their religious beliefs; their
non-violent religious practices including proselytizing; or their membership in a group, including an
ethnic or racial group. A score of 0 indicates that there were many people imprisoned because of
their religious, political, or other beliefs in a given year; a score of 1indicates that a few people were
imprisoned; and a score of 2 indicates that no persons were imprisoned for any of the above reasons
in a given year.

N: 201 n: 5027 N : 162 T : 25
4.21.11 New Freedom of Religion (ciri_relfre)
This variable indicates the extent to which the freedom of citizens to exercise and practice the irre-
ligious beliefs is subject to actual government restrictions. Citizens should be able to freely practice
their religion and proselytize (attempt to convert) other citizens to their religion as long as such
attempts are done in a non-coercive, peaceful manner. A score of 0 indicates that government re-
strictions on religious practices are severe and widespread. A score of 1 indicates such practices are
moderate, and a 0 indicates such practices are practically absent.
183
N: 201 n: 5594 N : 180 T : 28
4.21.12 Freedom of Speech (ciri_speech)
This variable indicates the extent to which freedoms of speech and press are affected by government
censorship, including ownership of media outlets. Censorship is any form of restriction that is placed
on freedom of the press, speech or expression. Expression may be in the form of art or music. A
score of 0 indicates that government censorship of the media was complete; a score of 1 indicates
that there was some government censorship of the media; and a score of 2 indicates that there was
no government censorship of the media in a given year.

N: 201 n: 5028 N : 162 T : 25
4.21.13 Torture (ciri_tort)
Torture refers to the purposeful inflicting of extreme pain, whether mental or physical, by government
officials or by private individuals at the instigation of government officials. Torture includes the use
of physical and other force by police and prison guards that is cruel, inhuman, or degrading. This
also includes deaths in custody due to negligence by government officials. A score of 0 indicates that
torture was practiced frequently in a given year; a score of 1 indicates that torture was practiced
occasionally; and a score of 2 indicates that torture did not occur in a given year.

N: 201 n: 5028 N : 162 T : 25
4.21.14 Women’s Economic Rights (ciri_wecon)
Women’s economic rights include a number of internationally recognized rights. These rights include:
- Equal pay for equal work,

- Free choice of profession or employment without the need to obtain a husband or male relative’s
consent,
- The right to gainful employment without the need to obtain a husband or male relative’s consent,
- Equality in hiring and promotion practices,
- Job security (maternity leave, unemployment benefits, no arbitrary firing or layoffs, etc.),
Non-discrimination by employers,
- The right to be free from sexual harassment in the workplace,
184
- The right to work at night,
- The right to work in occupations classified as dangerous,
- The right to work in the military and the police force.
A score of 0 indicates that there were no economic rights for women in law and that systematic
discrimination based on sex may have been built into law. A score of 1 indicates that women had
some economic rights under law, but these rights were not effectively enforced. A score of 2 indicates
that women had some economic rights under law, and the government effectively enforced these rights
in practice while still allowing a low level of discrimination against women in economic matters. Fi-
nally, a score of 3 indicates that all or nearly all of women’s economic rights were guaranteed by law
and the government fully and vigorously enforces these laws in practice.

N: 201 n: 5027 N : 162 T : 25
4.21.15 Women’s Political Rights (ciri_wopol)
Women’s political rights include a number of internationally recognized rights. These rights include:
- The right to vote

- The right to run for political office
- The right to hold elected and appointed government positions
- The right to join political parties
- The right to petition government officials.
A score of 0 indicates that women’s political rights were not guaranteed by law during a given year.
A score of 1 indicates that women’s political rights were guaranteed in law, but severely prohibited
in practice. A score of 2 indicates that women’s political rights were guaranteed in law, but were still
moderately prohibited in practice. Finally, a score of 3 indicates that women’s political rights were
guaranteed in both law and practice.

N: 201 n: 5027 N : 162 T : 25
4.21.16 Workers’ Rights (ciri_worker)
Workers should have freedom of association at their workplaces and the right to bargain collectively
with their employers. This variable indicates the extent to which workers enjoy these and other
internationally recognized rights at work, including a prohibition on the use of any form of forced or
compulsory labor; a minimum age for the employment of children; and acceptable conditions of work
with respect to minimum wages, hours of work, and occupational safety and health. A score of 0
indicates that workers’ rights were severely restricted; a score of 1 indicates that workers’ rights were
somewhat restricted; and a score of 2 indicates that workers’ rights were fully protected during the
year in question.
185
N: 201 n: 5028 N : 162 T : 25
4.21.17 Women’s Social Rights (ciri_wosoc)
Women’s social rights include a number of internationally recognized rights. These rights include:
- The right to equal inheritance

- The right to enter into marriage on a basis of equality with men
- The right to travel abroad
- The right to obtain a passport
- The right to confer citizenship to children or a husband
- The right to initiate a divorce
- The right to own, acquire, manage, and retain property brought into marriage
- The right to participate in social, cultural, and community activities
- The right to an education
- The freedom to choose a residence/domicile
- Freedom from female genital mutilation of children and of adults without their consent
- Freedom from forced sterilization.
A score of 0 indicates that there were no social rights for women in law and that systematic dis-
crimination based on sex may have been built into law. A score of 1 indicates that women had
some social rights under law, but these rights were not effectively enforced. A score of 2indicates
that women had some social rights under law and the government effectively enforced these rights in
practice while still allowing a low level of discrimination against women in social matters. Finally,
a score of 3 indicates that all or nearly all of women’s social rights were guaranteed by law and the
government fully and vigorously enforced these laws in practice. This variable was retired as of 2005.

N: 200 n: 3870 N : 143 T : 19
186
4.22 Armingeon, Engler and Leemann
Armingeon, K., Engler, S., & Leemann, L. (2021). Comparative political data set 1960-2019
http://www.cpds-data.org/
Comparative Political Data Set
The Comparative Political Data Set 1960-2019 (CPDS) is a collection of political and institutional
data which have been assembled in the context of the research projects ”Die Handlungsspielräume des
Nationalstaates” and ”Critical junctures. An international comparison” directed by Klaus Armingeon
and funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation. This data set consists of (mostly) annual data
for 36 democratic OECD and/or EU-member countries for the period of 1960 to 2019. In all countries,
political data were collected only for the democratic periods. The data set is suited for cross-national,
longitudinal and pooled time-series analyses. The present data set combines and replaces the earlier
versions ”Comparative Political Data Set I” (data for 23 OECD countries from 1960 onwards) and
the ”Comparative Political Data Set III” (data for 36 OECD and/or EU member states from 1990
onwards). A variable has been added to identify former CPDS I countries.
4.22.1 Number of changes in government per year (cpds_chg)
Number of changes in government per year [termination of government due to (a) elections, (b)
voluntary resignation of the Prime Minister, (c) resignation of Prime Minister due to health reasons,
(d) dissension within government (break up of the coalition), (e) lack of parliamentary support, (f)
intervention by the head of state, or (g) broadening of the coalition (inclusion of new parties).
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1740 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.2 Effective number of parties on the seats level (cpds_enps)
Effective number of parties on the seats level according to the formula proposed by Laakso and
Taagepera (1979).
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
187
4.22.3 Effective number of parties on the votes level (cpds_enpv)
Effective number of parties on the votes level according to the formula proposed by Laakso and
Taagepera (1979).
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.4 Electoral fractionalization of the party system (Rae index) (cpds_frel)
Index of electoral fractionalization of the party system according to the formula proposed by Rae
(1968). The index can take values between 1 (maximal fractionalization) and 0 (minimal fractional-
ization).
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.5 Legislative fractionalization of the party system (Rae index) (cpds_frleg)
Index of legislative fractionalization of the party system according to the formula proposed by Rae
(1968). The index can take values between 1 (maximal fractionalization) and 0 (minimal fractional-
ization).
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.6 Cabinet composition (Schmidt index) (cpds_govlr)
Cabinet composition (Schmidt-Index):
1. Hegemony of right-wing (and centre) parties.

2. Dominance of right-wing (and centre) parties.
3. Balance of power between left and right.
4. Dominance of social-democratic and other left parties.
5. Hegemony of social-democratic and other left parties.
188
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1732 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.7 Government support (seat share of all parties in government) (cpds_govsup)
Total government support: seat share of all parties in government. Weighted by the numbers of days
in office in a given year.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1740 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.8 Share of seats in parliament: agrarian (cpds_la)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as agrarian.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.9 Share of seats in parliament: electoral alliance (cpds_lall)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as electoral alliance.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.10 Share of seats in parliament: communist (cpds_lcom)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as communist.
189
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.11 Share of seats in parliament: conservative (cpds_lcon)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as conservative.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.12 Share of seats in parliament: ethnic (cpds_le)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as ethnic.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.13 Share of seats in parliament: feminist (cpds_lfe)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as feminist.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.14 Share of seats in parliament: green (cpds_lg)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as green.
190
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.15 Share of seats in parliament: liberal (cpds_ll)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as liberal.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.16 Share of seats in parliament: left-socialist (cpds_lls)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as left-socialist.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.17 Share of seats in parliament: monarchist (cpds_lmo)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as monarchist.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.18 Share of seats in parliament: non-labelled (cpds_lnl)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as non-labelled.
191
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.19 Share of seats in parliament: other (cpds_lo)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as other.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.20 Share of seats in parliament: protest (cpds_lp)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as protest.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.21 Share of seats in parliament: post-communist (cpds_lpc)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as post-communist.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.22 Share of seats in parliament: pensioners (cpds_lpen)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as pensioners.
192
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.23 Share of seats in parliament: personalist (cpds_lper)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as personalist.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.24 Share of seats in parliament: right (cpds_lr)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as right.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.25 Share of seats in parliament: regionalist (cpds_lreg)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as regionalist.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.26 Share of seats in parliament: religious (cpds_lrel)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as religious.
193
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.27 Share of seats in parliament: social democratic (cpds_ls)
Share of seats in parliament for the political parties classified as social democratic.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.28 Type of Government (cpds_tg)
Type of government based on the following classification:
1. Single-party majority government: One party takes all governments seats and has a parliamentary
majority.
2. Minimal winning coalition: All participating parties are necessary to form a majority government
[>50.0%].
3. Surplus coalition: Coalition governments which exceed the minimal-winning criterion [>50.0%].
4. Single-party minority government: The party in government does not possess a majority in Par-
liament [<50.0%].
5. Multi-party minority government: The parties in government do not possess a majority in Parlia-
ment [<50.0%].
6. Caretaker government: Governments which should simply maintain the status quo.
7. Technocratic government: Led by technocratic prime minister, consists of a majority of techno-
cratic ministers and is in possession of a mandate to change the status quo.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1739 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.29 Share of votes: agrarian (cpds_va)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as agrarian.
194
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.30 Share of votes: electoral alliance (cpds_vall)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as electoral alliance.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.31 Share of votes: communist (cpds_vcom)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as communist.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.32 Share of votes: conservative (cpds_vcon)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as conservative.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.33 Share of votes: ethnic (cpds_ve)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as ethnic.
195
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.34 Share of votes: feminist (cpds_vfe)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as feminist.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.35 Share of votes: green (cpds_vg)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as green.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.36 Share of votes: liberal (cpds_vl)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as liberal.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.37 Share of votes: left-socialist (cpds_vls)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as left-socialist.
196
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.38 Share of votes: monarchist (cpds_vmo)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as monarchist.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.39 Share of votes: non-labelled (cpds_vnl)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as non-labelled.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.40 Share of votes: other (cpds_vo)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as other.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.41 Share of votes: protest (cpds_vp)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as protest.
197
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.42 Share of votes: post-communist (cpds_vpcom)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as post-communist.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.43 Share of votes: pensioners (cpds_vpen)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as pensioners.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.44 Share of votes: personalist (cpds_vper)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as personalist.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.45 Share of votes: right (cpds_vr)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as right.
198
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.46 Share of votes: regionalist (cpds_vreg)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as regionalist.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.47 Share of votes: religious (cpds_vrel)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as religious.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.48 Share of votes: social democratic (cpds_vs)
Share of votes of the political parties classified as social democratic.
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
4.22.49 Voter turnout in election (cpds_vt)
Voter turnout in election.
199
N: 36 N: 38 n: 1744 N : 29 T : 46
200
4.23 Fazekas and Kocsis
Fazekas, M., & Kocsis, G. (2017). Uncovering high-level corruption: Cross-national objec-
tive corruption risk indicators using public procurement data. https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/
S0007123417000461
https://opentender.eu/download
Corruption Risks Indicators
Measuring high-level corruption is subject to extensive scholarly and policy interest, which has
achieved moderate progress in the last decade. This dataset presents four objective proxy mea-
sures of high-level corruption in public procurement: single bidding in competitive markets, the share
of contracts with “no published call for tender” red flag, the share of contracts with “non-open pro-
cedure” red flag, and share of contracts with “tax haven” red flag.
Using official government data on 4 million contracts in thirty-two European countries from 2011
to 2020, the authors directly operationalize a common definition of corruption: unjustified restriction
of access to public contracts to favour a selected bidder.
Corruption indicators are calculated at the contract level, but produce aggregate indices consistent
with well-established country-level indicators, and are also validated by micro-level tests.
4.23.1 Number of awarded contracts above EUR 130,000 (cri_contr)
Number of successfully awarded contracts within tenders published on TED above 130k EUR thresh-
old.
N: 32 N: 32 n: 319 N : 32 T : 10
4.23.2 Final value of awarded tenders of over EUR 130,000 (cri_cvalue)
Sum of the final value of successfully awarded tenders published on TED above 130k EUR threshold.
N: 32 N: 32 n: 319 N : 32 T : 10
201
4.23.3 Number of contracts won by a supplier registered at a foreign address (cri_-
foreign)
Total number of contracts won by a supplier that is registered at a foreign address.
N: 32 N: 32 n: 319 N : 32 T : 10
4.23.4 Share of contracts with no published call for tender red flag (cri_nocall)
Share of contracts with “no published call for tender” red flag. Contract is considered to have “no
call for tender” red flag if two conditions are met: i) sum of prior information notices and contract
notices equals 0 and ii) country of a buyer is not on the list of countries in which “no call for tender
publication” is not a risk factor. These countries are BG, DK, EE, ES, LT.
N: 32 N: 32 n: 319 N : 32 T : 10
4.23.5 Share of contracts with non-open procedure red flag (cri_nonopen)
Share of contracts with “non-open procedure” red flag. Whether procedure is considered non-open
depends on procedure type as well as specific country regulation. Please refer to the “Non-open
procedure details” sheet to search for country-procedure combinations.
N: 32 N: 32 n: 310 N : 31 T : 10
4.23.6 Share of contracts with only one bid in total (cri_singleb)
Share of contracts with only one bid in total.
N: 32 N: 32 n: 319 N : 32 T : 10
202
4.23.7 Share of contracts with tax haven red flag (cri_taxhav)
Share of contracts with “tax haven” red flag. Contract has “tax haven” red flag in case two conditions
are met: i) buyer and supplier are from different countries and ii) according to Financial Secrecy Index
(https://fsi.taxjustice.net/en/) supplier country was classified as tax haven.
N: 32 N: 32 n: 319 N : 32 T : 10
203
4.24 Comparative Study of Electoral Systems
The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. (2015a). CSES MODULE 1 full release [dataset],
december 15, 2015 version. https://doi.org/doi:10.7804/cses.module1.2015-12-15
The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. (2015b). CSES MODULE 2 full release [dataset],
The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. (2015c). CSES MODULE 3 full release [dataset],
The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. (2018). CSES MODULE 4 full release [dataset],
may 29, 2018 version. https://doi.org/doi:10.7804/cses.module4.2018-05-29
The Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. (2020). CSES MODULE 5 full release [dataset],
may 14, 2020 version. https://doi.org/doi:10.7804/cses.module4.2020-05-14
http://www.cses.org/
CSES datasets
CSES (CSES1, CSES2, CSES3, CSES4 and CSES5) is a collaborative program of research among
election study teams from around the world. Participating countries include a common module of
survey questions in their post-election studies. The resulting data are deposited along with voting,
demographic, district and macro variables. The studies are then merged into a single, free, public
dataset for use in comparative study and cross-level analysis. The research agenda, questionnaires,
and study design are developed by an international committee of leading scholars of electoral politics
and political science. The design is implemented in each country by their foremost social scientists.
Note: Portugal 2002 from the initial data Module 1 was exluded, as this module provide data until
2001, therefore these observations are coded incorrectly.
4.24.1 Close to Political Party (cses_pc)
Do you usually think of yourself as close to any particular party? Share of the population who an-
swered Yes.
Note: Refused to answer, Don’t know and similar answers were coded as missing, and the aver-
age are based on the remaining answers.
N: 31 N: 54 n: 191 N : 8 T : 4
204
4.24.2 Satisfaction with Democracy (cses_sd)
On the whole, are you very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not very satisfied, or not at all satisfied with the
way democracy works in [COUNTRY]?
1. Not at all satisfied.

2. Not very satisfied.
3. Fairly satisfied.
4. Very satisfied.
Note: Refused to answer, Don’t know and similar answers were coded as missing, and the aver-
age are based on the remaining answers.
N: 30 N: 53 n: 187 N : 7 T : 4
205
4.25 Center of Systemic Peace
Marshall, M. G., & Elzinga-Marshall, G. (2017). Global report 2017: Conflict, governance,
and state fragility
http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html
State Fragility Index and Matrix
The State Fragility Index and Matrix provides annual state fragility, effectiveness, and legitimacy
indices and the eight component indicators for the world’s 167 countries with populations greater
than 500,000 in 2018.
4.25.1 State Fragility Index (cspf_sfi)
A country’s fragility is closely associated with its state capacity to manage conflict; make and im-
plement public policy; and deliver essential services and its systemic resilience in maintaining system
coherence, cohesion, and quality of life; responding effectively to challenges and crises, and sustain-
ing progressive development. State Fragility = Effectiveness Score + Legitimacy Score (25 points
possible).
N: 166 N: 168 n: 3949 N : 165 T : 24
206
4.26 Vincenzo Emanuele
Emanuele, V. (2015). Dataset of electoral volatility and its internal components in western
europe (1946-2015). https://doi.org/10.7802/1112
http://www.vincenzoemanuele.com/dataset-of-electoral-volatility.html
Dataset of Electoral Volatility in Western Europe
This dataset provides data on electoral volatility and its internal components in parliamentary elec-
tions (lower house) in 20 countries of Western Europe for the period 1945-2020. It covers the entire
universe of Western European elections held after World War II under democratic regimes. Data for
Greece, Portugal and Spain have been collected after their democratizations in the 1970s. Altogether,
a total of 347 elections (or, more precisely, electoral periods) are included.
When several elections were held in a single year, the data for the last election is included in the QoG
dataset.
4.26.1 Electoral Volatility - Parties above 1% (dev_altv1)
Electoral volatility caused by vote switching between existing parties, namely parties receiving at
least 1% of the national share in both elections under scrutiny.
N: 20 N: 22 n: 366 N : 5 T : 17
4.26.2 Electoral Volatility - Parties below 1% (dev_othv1)
Electoral volatility caused by vote switching between parties falling below 1% of the national share in
both the elections at time t and t+1. It is important to clarify that this category is not computed by
aggregating the scores of each party falling below 1% and then comparing the overall sum at time t
and t+1. Conversely, each party’s volatility is counted separately - up to a specification of 0.1% - and
then added to the calculation of dev_othv. This choice has been made to avoid underestimation of
Total Volatility but at the same time to maintain a distinction between parties above 1% and parties
below 1% for the calculation of the two components of dev_regv and dev_altv.
207
N: 20 N: 22 n: 366 N : 5 T : 17
4.26.3 Electoral Volatility - Parties entering/exiting party system (dev_regv1)
Electoral volatility caused by vote switching between parties that enter or exit from the party system.
A party is considered as entering the party system where it receives at least 1% of the national share
in election at time t+1 (while it received less than 1% in election at time t). Conversely, a party is
considered as exiting the part system where it receives less than 1% in election at time t+1 (while it
received at least 1% in election at time t).
N: 20 N: 22 n: 366 N : 5 T : 17
4.26.4 Electoral Volatility - Total (dev_tv1)
Total electoral volatility in the party system, given by the sum of the previous measures: dev_regv
+ dev_altv + dev_othv = dev_tv.
N: 20 N: 22 n: 366 N : 5 T : 17
208
4.27 Andrew Williams
Williams, A. (2015). A global index of information transparency and accountability. Jour-

nal of Comparative Economics, 43 (3), 804–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2014.10.004
https://andrewwilliamsecon.wordpress.com/datasets/
Dataset for Information and Accountability Transparency (2014)
The article “A global index of information transparency and accountability” (Williams, 2015) uses
a relatively new methodology, similar to Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index,
to construct composite indicators of Informational Transparency, and Accountability. These new
indicators use data from 29 sources, with scores being derived annually between 1980 and 2010 across
more than 190 countries.
4.27.1 Accountability Transparency (diat_ati)
Accountability Transparency. The author has 16 separate indicators for the Accountability Trans-
parency Index (six for the measurement of a free media, four for fiscal transparency, and six for
political constraints). 1980 is considered to be the base year. The Accountability Transparency Index
has 115 countries in 1980, but rising to up to 189 countries towards the end of the period.

N: 191 n: 4935 N : 159 T : 26
4.27.2 Information Transparency (diat_iti)
Information Transparency. Sub-indicators are constructed to reflect the nuances of this type of
transparency. Specifically, three sub-components are constructed: (1) the existence of a free and
independent media; (2) fiscal (budgetary) transparency; (3) political constraints. The author has
13 separate indicators for the Information Transparency Index (six for the quantity of information,
four for the processes that generate that information, and three for the infrastructure required to
disseminate that information). 1980 is considered to be the base year. The Information Transparency
Index (ITI) has scores for initially 153 countries in 1980, increasing over time to 191 by the year 2010.

N: 191 n: 5343 N : 172 T : 28
209
4.27.3 Transparency Index (diat_ti)
Transparency Index. Combined index of Information Transparency Index and Accountability Trans-
parency Index.

N: 188 n: 4861 N : 157 T : 26
210
4.28 ETH Zurich
Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J.-E. (2019). The KOF Globalisation Index -
Revisited. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2
Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? evidence from a new index of global-
ization. Applied Economics, 38 (10), 1091–1110
http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/
KOF Index of Globalization
KOF Index of Globalization. All indexes below range between 0 and 100, where higher values indicate
a higher degree of globalization.
The KOF Globalization Index measures the economic, social and political dimension to globalization.
It is used in order to monitor changes in the level of globalization of different countries over extended
periods of time. The current KOF Globalization Index is available for 185 countries and covers the
period from 1970 until 2018. A distinction is drawn between de facto and de jure for the Index as a
whole, as well as within the economic, social and political components.
The Index measures globalization on a scale of 1 to 100. The figures for the constituent variables are
expressed as percentiles. This means that outliers are smoothed and ensures that fluctuations over
time are lower. Due to the new methodology, the current Index is only to a limited extent comparable
to the old KOF Globalization Index.
4.28.1 Economic Globalization (dr_eg)
Economic globalisation (scale of 1 to 100) covers both trade flows as well as financial flows. De facto
trade is determined with reference to the trade in goods and services. De jure trade covers customs
duties, taxes and restrictions on trade.
N: 184 N: 189 n: 8070 N : 165 T : 43
4.28.2 Index of Globalization (dr_ig)
The overall index of globalization (scale of 1 to 100) is the weighted average of the following variables:
economic globalization, social globalization and political globalization (dr_eg, dr_sg and dr_pg).
Most weight has been given to economic followed by social globalization.
211
N: 189 N: 194 n: 8348 N : 170 T : 43
4.28.3 Political Globalization (dr_pg)
Political globalisation (scale of 1 to 100) regards the de facto segment measured with reference to the
number of embassies and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs), along with partici-
pation in UN peacekeeping missions. The de jure segment contains variables focussing on membership
of international organisations and international treaties.
N: 189 N: 195 n: 8402 N : 171 T : 43
4.28.4 Social Globalization (dr_sg)
Social globalization (scale of 1 to 100) is comprised of three segments, each with its own de facto
and de jure segment. Interpersonal contact is measured within the de facto segment with reference
to international telephone connections, tourist numbers and migration. Within the de jure segment,
it is measured with reference to telephone subscriptions, international airports and visa restrictions.
Flows of information are determined within the de facto segment with reference to international
patent applications, international students and trade in high technology goods. The de jure segment
measures access to TV and the internet, freedom of the press and international internet connections.
Cultural proximity is measured in the de facto segment from trade in cultural goods, international
trade mark registrations and the number of McDonald’s restaurants and IKEA stores. The de jure
area focuses on civil rights (freedom of citizens), gender equality and public spending on school
education.
N: 189 N: 195 n: 8402 N : 171 T : 43
212
4.29 Global Footprint Network
Global Footprint Network. (2021). National footprint accounts data set (1961-2017), 2021 edition
[c 2021 Global Footprint Network. National Footprint Accounts, 2021 Edition, www.footprintnetwork.org.].
http://www.footprintnetwork.org
http://www.Footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/Footprint_data_and_results/
Global Footprint Data
The National Footprint Accounts (NFAs) measure the ecological resource use and resource capacity
of nations over time. Based on approximately 6,000 data points per country per year, the Accounts
calculate the Footprints of more than 200 countries, territories, and regions from 1961 to the present,
providing the core data needed for all Ecological Footprint analysis worldwide. This Data Package
contains Ecological Footprint and biocapacity as well as Human Development and population data
to give a first approximation of the biological resource situation of the featured countries.
4.29.1 Built-up land footprint- Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per person)
(ef_bul)
Built-up Land - Ecological Footprint in consumption. The built-up land Footprint is calculated
based on the area of land covered by human infrastructure: transportation, housing, and industrial
structures. Built-up land may occupy what would previously have been cropland. Measured in Global
Hectares (GHA) per person.
N: 160 N: 169 n: 6401 N : 112 T : 38
4.29.2 Carbon footprint - Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per person) (ef_-
carb)
Carbon - Ecological Footprint in consumption. The carbon Footprint, which represents the carbon
dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels in addition to the embodied carbon in imported goods.
The carbon Footprint component is represented by the area of forest land required to sequester these
carbon emissions. Currently, the carbon Footprint is the largest portion of humanity’s Footprint.
213
N: 160 N: 169 n: 6401 N : 112 T : 38
4.29.3 Cropland footprint - Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per person)

(ef_crop)
Cropland - Ecological Footprint in consumption. Cropland is the most bioproductive of all the land-
use types and consists of areas used to produce food and fibre for human consumption, feed for
livestock, oil crops, and rubber. The cropland Footprint includes crop products allocated to livestock
and aquaculture feed mixes, and those used for fibres and materials. Due to lack of globally consistent
data sets, current cropland Footprint calculations do not yet take into account the extent to which
farming techniques or unsustainable agricultural practices may cause long-term degradation of soil.
N: 160 N: 169 n: 6402 N : 112 T : 38
4.29.4 Total Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per person) (ef_ef)
Total - Ecological Footprint in consumption. Measured in Global Hectares (GHA) per person.
N: 177 N: 190 n: 8515 N : 149 T : 45
4.29.5 Fish footprint - Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per person) (ef_fg)
Fishing Ground - Ecological Footprint in consumption. The fishing grounds Footprint is calculated
based on estimates of the maximum sustainable catch for a variety of fish species. These sustainable
catch estimates are converted into an equivalent mass of primary production based on the various
species’ trophic levels. This estimate of maximum harvestable primary production is then divided
amongst the continental shelf areas of the world. Fish caught and used in aquaculture feed mixes are
included. Measured in Global Hectares (GHA) per person.
N: 160 N: 169 n: 6401 N : 112 T : 38
214
4.29.6 Forest product footprint - Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per per-
son) (ef_for)
Forest Production - Ecological Footprint in consumption. The forest product Footprint, which is
calculated based on the amount of lumber, pulp, timber products, and fuel wood consumed by a
population on a yearly basis. Measured in Global Hectares (GHA) per person.
N: 160 N: 169 n: 6401 N : 112 T : 38
4.29.7 Grazing footprint - Ecological Footprint of Consumption (GHA per person)

(ef_gl)
Grazing - Ecological Footprint in consumption. Grazing land is used to raise livestock for meat,
dairy, hide, and wool products. The grazing land Footprint is calculated by comparing the amount
of livestock feed available in a country with the amount of feed required for all livestock in that year,
with the remainder of feed demand assumed to come from grazing land. Measured in Global Hectares
(GHA) per person.
N: 160 N: 169 n: 6402 N : 112 T : 38
215
4.30 UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2020). United nations e-government survey. https:
//publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2020
https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Overview
UN E-Government Knowledgebase
The E-Government Development Index presents the state of E-Government Development of the
United Nations Member States. Along with an assessment of the website development patterns
in a country, the E-Government Development index incorporates the access characteristics, such as
the infrastructure and educational levels, to reflect how a country is using information technologies
to promote access and inclusion of its people. The EGDI is a composite measure of three important
dimensions of e-government, namely: provision of online services, telecommunication connectivity
and human capacity.
The EGDI is based on a comprehensive Survey of the online presence of all 193 United Nations
Member States, which assesses national websites and how e-government policies and strategies are
applied in general and in specific sectors for delivery of essential services. The assessment rates the
e-government performance of countries relative to one another as opposed to being an absolute mea-
surement. The results are tabulated and combined with a set of indicators embodying a country’s
capacity to participate in the information society, without which e-government development efforts
are of limited immediate use.
Although the basic model has remained consistent, the precise meaning of these values varies from
one edition of the Survey to the next as understanding of the potential of e-government changes and
the underlying technology evolves. This is an important distinction because it also implies that it
is a comparative framework that seeks to encompass various approaches that may evolve over time
instead of advocating a linear path with an absolute goal.
Mathematically, the EGDI is a weighted average of three normalized scores on three most impor-
tant dimensions of e-government, namely: (1) scope and quality of online services (Online Service
Index, OSI), (2) development status of telecommunication infrastructure (Telecommunication Infras-
tructure Index, TII), and (3) inherent human capital (Human Capital Index, HCI).
The EGDI is not designed to capture e-government development in an absolute sense; rather, it
aims to give a performance rating of national governments relative to one another.
4.30.1 E-Government Index (egov_egov)
The E-Government Development Index (EGDI) is a weighted average of normalised scores on the three
most important dimensions of e-government, namely: scope and quality of online services (Online Ser-
vice Index, OSI), status of the development of telecommunication infrastructure (Telecommunication
Infrastructure Index, TII) and inherent human capital (Human Capital Index, HCI). Each of these
sets of indices is in itself a composite measure that can be extracted and analysed independently.
216
N: 193 N: 194 n: 1919 N : 107 T : 10
4.30.2 E-Participation Index (egov_epar)
The E-Participation Index (EPI) is derived as a supplementary index to the UN E-Government Sur-
vey. It extends the dimension of the Survey by focusing on the use of online services to facilitate
provision of information by governments to citizens (e-information sharing), interaction with stake-
holders (e-consultation) and engagement in decision-making processes.
A country’s EPI reflects the e-participation mechanisms that are deployed by the government as
compared to all other countries. The purpose of this measure is not to prescribe any specific practice,
but rather to offer insight into how different countries are using online tools in promoting interaction
between the government and its people, as well as among the people, for the benefit of all.
N: 193 N: 194 n: 1919 N : 107 T : 10
4.30.3 Human Capital Index (egov_hci)
The Human Capital Index (HCI) consists of four components:
(i)adult literacy rate;

(ii)the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio;
(iii)expected years of schooling; and
(iv)average years of schooling.
Data for HCI components was extracted from the UNESCO-UIS source.
N: 193 N: 194 n: 1919 N : 107 T : 10
4.30.4 Online Service Index (egov_osi)
The Online Service Index (OSI) values were constructed by researchers, including UN experts and
online United Nations Volunteers (UNVs) from over 60 countries with coverage of 66 languages as-
sessed each country’s national website in the native language, including the national portal, e-services
portal and e-participation portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries of education, labour,
social services, health, finance and environment as applicable. The UNVs included qualified graduate
students and volunteers from universities in the field of public administration.
217
N: 193 N: 194 n: 1919 N : 107 T : 10
4.30.5 Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (egov_tii)
The Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII) is an arithmetic average composite of five indica-
tors:
(i) estimated internet users per 100 inhabitants;

(ii) number of main fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants;
(iii) number of mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants;
(iv) number of wireless broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; and
(v) number of fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.
Data for each component was extracted from the ITU source.
N: 193 N: 194 n: 1919 N : 107 T : 10
218
4.31 Environmental Performance Index
Wendling, Z., Emerson, J., de Sherbinin, A., Esty, D., & M.A. Levy, e. a. (2020). 2020 en-
vironmental performance index [Date accessed: 20 December 2021]. New Haven, CT: Yale
Center for Environmental Law and Policy. https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/
https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-downloads
Environmental Performance Index Data 2020
The Environmental Performance Index provides a ranking that shines light on how each country
manages environmental issues. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) ranks how well coun-
tries perform on high-priority environmental issues in two broad policy areas: protection of human
health from environmental harm and protection of ecosystems. Within these two policy objectives
the EPI scores country performance in ten issue areas comprised of 32 indicators. Indicators in the
EPI measure how close countries are to meeting internationally established targets or, in the absence
of agreed-upon targets, how they compare to the range of observed countries.
Note: In many cases the EPI variables lack actual observations and rely on imputation. Please
refer to the original documentation on more information about this. Also, some values (usually the
value 0) are very unlikely, please use your judgement whether to treat these as the value 0 or as “Data
missing”.
4.31.1 Agriculture (0-100) (epi_agr)
Agriculture. It is constructed from the Sustainable Nitrogen Management Index, which measures the
Euclidean distance from an ideal point with optimal nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and crop yield.

N: 180
4.31.2 Air Quality (0-100) (epi_air)
Air Quality. It measures household air pollution (HAP) as the health risk posed by the incomplete
combustion of solid fuels, using the number of age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs)
lost per 100,000 persons due to this risk. PM2.5 exposure: as a measure of chronic exposure, it uses
the population-weighted average ambient concentration of PM2.5 in each country. PM2.5 exceedance:
as a measure of acute exposure, it uses the proportion of the population in each year that is exposed to
ambient PM2.5 concentrations that exceed World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds of 10, 15,
25, and 35 micrograms per meter cubed. These four proportions are averaged to produce a summary
of the distribution of exposure levels in the country’s population.
219
N: 180
4.31.3 Pollution Emissions (0-100) (epi_ape)
Air Pollution. The Pollution Emissions issue category measures progress on managing the emissions
of two primary air pollutants. It is composed of two indicators, adjusted emission growth rates for
SO2 and NOX.

N: 180
4.31.4 Biodiversity and Habitat (0-100) (epi_bdh)
Biodiversity and Habitat. This indicator includes:
1 Terrestrial biome protection (national weights). The percentage of biomes in protected areas,
weighted by national composition of biomes.
2 Terrestrial biome protection (global weights). The percentage of biomes in protected areas, weighted
by global composition of biomes.
3 Marine protected areas. The percentage of marine protected areas (MPAs) within a country’s ex-
clusive economic zone (EEZ).
4 Species Protection Index. The average area of species’ distributions in a country with protected
areas.
5 Protected Area Representativeness Index. The extent to which terrestrial protected areas are eco-
logically representative.
6 Species Habitat Index. The proportion of habitat within a country remaining, relative to a baseline
set in the year 2001.
7 Biodiversity Habitat Index. The effects of habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation on the
expected retention of terrestrial biodiversity.

N: 180
4.31.5 Climate Change (0-100) (epi_cch)
The Climate Change issue category measures progress to combat global climate change, which exac-
erbates all other environmental threats and imperils human health and safety. It is composed of eight
indicators: adjusted emission growth rates for four greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, F-gases, and N2O)
220
and one climate pollutant (black carbon); growth rate in CO2 emissions from land cover; greenhouse
gas intensity growth rate; and greenhouse gas emissions per capita.

N: 180
4.31.6 Ecosystem Services (0-100) (epi_ecs)
The new Ecosystem Services issue category recognizes the important services ecosystems provide
to human and environmental well-being, including carbon sequestration and storage, biodiversity
habitat, nutrient cycling, and coastal protection. It consists of three indicators to evaluate the state
of these ecosystems: tree cover loss (%90), along with two new pilot indicators for 2020 - grassland
loss (%5) and wetland loss (%5).

N: 168
4.31.7 Environmental Health (0-100) (epi_eh)
The Environmental Health policy objective measures how well countries are protecting their popu-
lations from environmental health risks. It comprises 40% of the total EPI score and is made up of
four issue categories: Air Quality (50%), Sanitation & Drinking Water (%40), Heavy Metals (%5),
and Waste Management (%5).

N: 180
4.31.8 Environmental Performance Index (0-100) (epi_epi)
The 2020 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) scores 180 countries on 32 performance indica-
tors across ten issue categories covering environmental health and ecosystem vitality. The 2020 EPI
represents a composite index. The EPI researchers begin by gathering data on 32 individual metrics
of environmental performance. These metrics are aggregated into a hierarchy beginning with eleven
issue categories: Air Quality, Sanitation & Drinking Water, Heavy Metals, Waste Management, Bio-
diversity and Habitat, Ecosystem Services, Fisheries, Climate Change, Pollution Emissions, Water
Resources, and Agriculture.
These issue categories are then combined into two policy objectives, Environmental Health and
221
Ecosystem Vitality, and then finally consolidated into the overall EPI. To allow for meaningful com-
parisons, the EPI researchers construct scores for each of the 32 indicators, placing them onto a
common scale where 0 indicates worst performance and 100 indicates best performance. How far
a country is from achieving international targets of sustainability determines its placement on this
scale.

N: 180
4.31.9 Ecosystem Vitality (0-100) (epi_ev)
The Ecosystem Vitality policy objective measures how well countries are preserving, protecting, and
enhancing ecosystems and the services they provide. It comprises 60% of the total EPI score and is
made up of seven issue categories: Biodiversity & Habitat (25%), Ecosystem Services (10%), Fisheries
(10%), Climate Change (40%), Pollution Emissions (5%), Agriculture (5%), and Water Resources
(5%).

N: 180
4.31.10 Fisheries (0-100) (epi_fsh)
The Fisheries issue category measures the health and sustainability of the world’s fisheries. It is made
up of three indicators: fish stock status, marine trophic index, and fish caught by trawling.

N: 136
4.31.11 Sanitation and Drinking Water (0-100) (epi_h2o)
Sanitation & Drinking Water. This indicator includes:
1 Unsafe sanitation. EPI researchers measure sanitation as the proportion of a country’s popula-
tion exposed to health risks from their access to sanitation, defined by the primary toilet type used
by households.
2 Unsafe drinking water. EPI researchers measure drinking water as the proportion of a country’s
population exposed to health risks from their access to drinking water, defined by the primary water
source used by households and the household water treatment, or the treatment that happens at the
point of water collection.
222
Both sanitation and drinking water are measured using the number of age-standardized disability-
adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost per 100,000 persons. Minimizing the health risks posed from unsafe
sanitation and drinking water is a vital step in evaluating a country’s ability to maintain clean water
systems and minimize contact with dangerous bacteria and viruses.

N: 180
4.31.12 Heavy Metals (0-100) (epi_hmt)
Heavy Metals. It includes the indicator Lead Exposure. EPI researchers measure lead exposure using
the number of age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost per 100,000 persons due
to this risk.

N: 180
4.31.13 Waste Management (0-100) (epi_wmg)
The Waste Management issue category recognizes the threats of solid waste to human health. It is
based on one indicator, controlled solid waste.

N: 180
4.31.14 Water Resources (0-100) (epi_wrs)
The Water Resources issue category measures the extent to which humans are mitigating our threats
to aquatic ecosystems. It is based on one indicator: wastewater treatment.

N: 180
223
4.32 European Social Survey
NSD - Norwegian Centre for Research Data. (2018). European social survey cumulative file, ess
1-8 [Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC]. http://www.europeansocialsurvey.
org/
http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/data/round-index.html
European Social Survey - Wave 1-9
The European Social Survey (ESS) is an academically-driven multi-country survey, which has been
administered in over 30 countries to date. Its three aims are, firstly - to monitor and interpret
changing public attitudes and values within Europe and to investigate how they interact with Europe’s
changing institutions, secondly - to advance and consolidate improved methods of cross-national
survey measurement in Europe and beyond, and thirdly - to develop a series of European social
indicators, including attitudinal indicators.
4.32.1 Subjective Happiness (ess_happy)
Taking all things together, how happy would you say you are?
0. Extremely Unhappy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Extremely Happy
N: 29 N: 33 n: 223 N : 13 T : 7
4.32.2 Subjective Health (ess_health)
How is your health in general? Would you say it is:

1. Very Good
2. Good
3. Fair
224
4. Bad
5. Very Bad
N: 29 N: 33 n: 223 N : 13 T : 7
4.32.3 Religiosity (ess_relig)
Regardless of whether you belong to a particular religion, how religious would you say you are?
0. Not at all Religious
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Very Religious
N: 29 N: 33 n: 223 N : 13 T : 7
4.32.4 Trust in Legal System (ess_trlegal)
Please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much you personally trust each of the institutions I read out.
0 means you do not trust an institution at all, and 10 means you have complete trust. The Legal
System.
N: 29 N: 33 n: 223 N : 13 T : 7
4.32.5 Trust in Parliament (ess_trparl)
Please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much you personally trust each of the institutions I read out. 0
means you do not trust an institution at all, and 10 means you have complete trust. The Parliament.
225
N: 29 N: 33 n: 223 N : 13 T : 7
4.32.6 Trust in Political Parties (ess_trpart)
0 means you do not trust an institution at all, and 10 means you have complete trust. The Political
Parties.
N: 29 N: 33 n: 201 N : 13 T : 6
4.32.7 Trust in Other People (ess_trpeople)
Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you can’t be too careful
in dealing with people? Please tell me on a score of 0 to 10, where 0 means you can’t be too careful
and 10 means that most people can be trusted.
N: 29 N: 33 n: 223 N : 13 T : 7
4.32.8 Trust in Police (ess_trpolice)
0 means you do not trust an institution at all, and 10 means you have complete trust. The Police.
N: 29 N: 33 n: 223 N : 13 T : 7
4.32.9 Trust in Politicians (ess_trpolit)
Please tell me on a score of 0-10 how much you personally trust each of the institutions I read out. 0
means you do not trust an institution at all, and 10 means you have complete trust. The Politicians.
226
N: 29 N: 33 n: 223 N : 13 T : 7
227
4.33 Eurostat
European Commission. (2021). Eurostat. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database
Eurostat Datasets
Eurostat is the statistical office of the European Union situated in Luxembourg. Its mission is to pro-
vide high quality statistics for Europe. Its key task is to provide the European Union with statistics at
European level that enable comparisons between countries and regions. Eurostat offers a whole range
of important and interesting data that governments, businesses, the education sector, journalists and
the public can use for their work and daily life.
Note: Observations which are flagged as ”break in time series”, ”low reliability” and ”not appli-
cable by Eurostat are replaced by missing values.
4.33.1 Net migration plus statistical adjusted (eu_demcnmigratn)
Net migration plus statistical adjusted
N: 47 N: 50 n: 1996 N : 33 T : 40
4.33.2 Population at 1st January, Female (eu_demd2janf)
Population at 1st January, female
N: 45 N: 50 n: 1976 N : 32 T : 40
4.33.3 Population at 1st January, Male (eu_demd2janm)
Population at 1st January, male
228
N: 45 N: 50 n: 1976 N : 32 T : 40
4.33.4 Population at 1st January, Total (eu_demd2jant)
Population at 1st January, total
N: 47 N: 50 n: 2144 N : 35 T : 43
4.33.5 Population density, average population per square km (eu_demd3dens)
Population density, average population per square km
N: 37 N: 37 n: 397 N : 33 T : 11
4.33.6 Deaths - Female (eu_demdeathdf)
Deaths - females
N: 45 N: 49 n: 1833 N : 31 T : 37
4.33.7 Deaths - Male (eu_demdeathdm)
Deaths - males
229
N: 45 N: 49 n: 1833 N : 31 T : 37
4.33.8 Deaths - Total (eu_demdeathdt)
Deaths - total
N: 45 N: 49 n: 1952 N : 33 T : 40
4.33.9 Fertility rate, Total (eu_demfrate2)
Fertility rate, total
N: 42 N: 46 n: 1576 N : 26 T : 34
4.33.10 Natural change of population (eu_demgrownnat)
Natural change of population
N: 47 N: 50 n: 2022 N : 33 T : 40
4.33.11 Total population change (eu_demgrowt)
Total population change
230
N: 47 N: 50 n: 2087 N : 34 T : 42
4.33.12 Live births - Female (eu_demlbirthlf)
Live births - females
N: 45 N: 50 n: 1447 N : 24 T : 29
4.33.13 Live births - Male (eu_demlbirthlm)
Live births - males
N: 45 N: 50 n: 1447 N : 24 T : 29
4.33.14 Live births - Total (eu_demlbirthlt)
Live births - total
N: 47 N: 50 n: 2060 N : 34 T : 41
4.33.15 Mean age of woman at childbirth (eu_demmawc)
Mean age of woman at childbirth
231
N: 42 N: 46 n: 1576 N : 26 T : 34
4.33.16 Life expectancy in age < 1year, Female (eu_demmlifexpf)
Life expectancy in age < 1year, female
N: 42 N: 46 n: 1442 N : 24 T : 31
4.33.17 Life expectancy in age < 1year, Male (eu_demmlifexpm)
Life expectancy in age < 1year, male
N: 42 N: 46 n: 1439 N : 24 T : 31
4.33.18 Life expectancy in age < 1year, Total (eu_demmlifexpt)
Life expectancy in age < 1year, total
N: 42 N: 46 n: 1440 N : 24 T : 31
4.33.19 GDP at current market prices, Euro per inhabitant (eu_eco2gdpeurhab)
GDP at current market prices, Euro per inhabitant
232
N: 37 N: 37 n: 435 N : 36 T : 12
4.33.20 GDP at current market prices, Million euro (eu_eco2gdpmioeur)
GDP at current market prices, Million euro
N: 38 N: 38 n: 449 N : 37 T : 12
4.33.21 GDP at current market prices, Million PPS (eu_eco2gdpmiopps)
GDP at current market prices, Million PPS
N: 37 N: 37 n: 406 N : 37 T : 11
4.33.22 Educational Attainment, 26-64 y, Level 0-2 (Female). % of population. (eu_-

edued256402f)
Educational Attainment, 26-64 years, Level 0-2 (Female). Percentage of the population.
N: 35 N: 35 n: 717 N : 25 T : 20
4.33.23 Educational Attainment, 26-64 y, Level 0-2 (Male). % of population. (eu_-

edued256402m)
Educational Attainment, 26-64 years, Level 0-2 (Male). Percentage of the population.
233
N: 35 N: 35 n: 717 N : 25 T : 20
4.33.24 Educational Attainment, 26-64 y, Level 0-2 (Total). % of population. (eu_-

edued256402t)
Educational Attainment, 26-64 years, Level 0-2 (Total). Percentage of the population.
N: 35 N: 35 n: 717 N : 25 T : 20
4.33.25 Educational Attainment, 26-64 years, Level 3-4 (Female) (eu_edued256434f)
Educational Attainment, 26-64 years, Level 3-4 (Female)
N: 35 N: 35 n: 717 N : 25 T : 20
4.33.26 Educational Attainment, 26-64 years, Level 3-4 (Male) (eu_edued256434m)
Educational Attainment, 26-64 years, Level 3-4 (Male)
N: 35 N: 35 n: 717 N : 25 T : 20
4.33.27 Educational Attainment, 26-64 years, Level 3-4 (Total) (eu_edued256434t)
Educational Attainment, 26-64 years, Level 3-4 (Total)
234
N: 35 N: 35 n: 717 N : 25 T : 20
N: 35 N: 35 n: 717 N : 25 T : 20
N: 35 N: 35 n: 717 N : 25 T : 20
N: 35 N: 35 n: 717 N : 25 T : 20
235
N: 35 N: 35 n: 717 N : 25 T : 20
N: 35 N: 35 n: 717 N : 25 T : 20
N: 35 N: 35 n: 717 N : 25 T : 20
4.33.34 Educational Attainment, 30-34 years old, Level 0-2 (Female) (eu_edued303402f)
Educational Attainment, 30-34 years old, Level 0-2 (Female)
N: 34 N: 35 n: 682 N : 24 T : 19
4.33.35 Educational Attainment, 30-34 years old, Level 0-2 (Male) (eu_edued303402m)
Educational Attainment, 30-34 years old, Level 0-2 (Male)
236
N: 35 N: 35 n: 702 N : 24 T : 20
4.33.36 Educational Attainment, 30-34 years old, Level 0-2 (Total) (eu_edued303402t)
Educational Attainment, 30-34 years old, Level 0-2 (Total)
N: 35 N: 35 n: 718 N : 25 T : 21
N: 35 N: 35 n: 718 N : 25 T : 21
N: 35 N: 35 n: 719 N : 25 T : 21
237
N: 35 N: 35 n: 720 N : 25 T : 21
N: 35 N: 35 n: 719 N : 25 T : 21
N: 35 N: 35 n: 721 N : 25 T : 21
N: 35 N: 35 n: 720 N : 25 T : 21
238
N: 35 N: 35 n: 716 N : 25 T : 20
N: 35 N: 35 n: 709 N : 24 T : 20
N: 35 N: 35 n: 718 N : 25 T : 21
4.33.46 Early leavers from education and training, 18-24 years old (Female) (eu_-
edueleavf)
Early leavers from education and training, 18-24 years old (Female)
N: 33 N: 34 n: 579 N : 20 T : 17
4.33.47 Early leavers from education and training, 18-24 years old (Male) (eu_edue-
leavm)
Early leavers from education and training, 18-24 years old (Male)
239
N: 33 N: 35 n: 607 N : 21 T : 17
4.33.48 Early leavers from education and training, 18-24 years old (Total) (eu_edue-
leavt)
Early leavers from education and training, 18-24 years old (Total)
N: 35 N: 35 n: 625 N : 22 T : 18
4.33.49 Ratio of students to teachers and academic staff in ISCED levels 1 to 3 (eu_-
edupttr13)
Ratio of pupils and students to teachers and academic staff in ISCED levels 1 to 3
N: 34 N: 35 n: 210 N : 30 T : 6
4.33.50 Ratio of students to teachers and academic staff in ISCED levels 5 to 8 (eu_-
edupttr58)
Ratio of pupils and students to teachers and academic staff in ISCED levels 5 to 8
N: 33 N: 33 n: 201 N : 29 T : 6
4.33.51 Ratio of students to teachers and staff in early childhood ed. (eu_edupttrearly)
Ratio of pupils and students to teachers and academic staff in early childhoof education
240
N: 32 N: 33 n: 186 N : 27 T : 6
4.33.52 Population 15-64 with ISCED level 0-2 as % of total pop (Female) (eu_edurst-
terISCED02f)
Population 15 to 64 years with ISCED levels 0-2 as a percentage of total population (female)
N: 35 N: 35 n: 490 N : 29 T : 14
4.33.53 Population 15-64 with ISCED level 0-2 as % of total pop (Male) (eu_edurst-
terISCED02m)
Population 15 to 64 years with ISCED levels 0-2 as a percentage of total population (male)
N: 35 N: 35 n: 490 N : 29 T : 14
4.33.54 Population 15-64 with ISCED level 0-2 as % of total pop (Total) (eu_edurst-
terISCED02t)
Population 15 to 64 years with ISCED levels 0-2 as a percentage of total population (total)
N: 35 N: 35 n: 490 N : 29 T : 14
terISCED34f)
241
N: 35 N: 35 n: 490 N : 29 T : 14
terISCED34m)
N: 35 N: 35 n: 490 N : 29 T : 14
terISCED34t)
N: 35 N: 35 n: 490 N : 29 T : 14
terISCED58f)
N: 35 N: 35 n: 490 N : 29 T : 14
terISCED58m)
242
N: 35 N: 35 n: 490 N : 29 T : 14
terISCED58t)
N: 35 N: 35 n: 490 N : 29 T : 14
4.33.61 Employed ICT specialists (% of total employment) (eu_empict)
Employed ICT specialists (% of total employment)
N: 35 N: 35 n: 433 N : 25 T : 12
4.33.62 Employment rates: 15-24 Years, Female (percentage of active population)

(eu_empy1524f)
Employment rates: 15-24 Years, Female (percentage of active population)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
4.33.63 Employment rates: 15-24 Years, Male (percentage of active population) (eu_-
empy1524m)
Employment rates: 15-24 Years, Male (percentage of active population)
243
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
4.33.64 Employment rates: 15-24 Years, Total (percentage of active population) (eu_-
empy1524t)
Employment rates: 15-24 Years, Total (percentage of active population)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11

(eu_empy1564f)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
empy1564m)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
empy1564t)
244
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11

(eu_empy2064f)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
empy2064m)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
empy2064t)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11

(eu_empy2554f)
245
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
empy2554m)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
empy2554t)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11

(eu_empy5564f)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
empy5564m)
246
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
empy5564t)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
4.33.77 Resident population % not connected to urban and wastewater treatment

plants (eu_envnc)
Percentage of resident population not connected to urban and other wastewater treatment plants
N: 30 N: 33 n: 286 N : 24 T : 9
4.33.78 Percentage reporting drinking every day (eu_heaalcday)
Percentage reporting drinking every day

N: 29
4.33.79 Percentage reporting drinking every month (eu_heaalcmon)
Percentage reporting drinking every month
247
N: 29
4.33.80 Percentage reporting drinking never or not in last 12 months (eu_heaalcnv)
Percentage reporting drinking never or not in last 12 months

N: 29
4.33.81 Percentage reporting drinking every week (eu_heaalcwk)
Percentage reporting drinking every week

N: 29
4.33.82 Dentists, per hundred thousand inhabitants (eu_headenththab)
Dentists, Per hundred thousand inhabitants. Professionally active.
N: 23 N: 24 n: 544 N : 14 T : 23
4.33.83 Dentists, number (eu_headentnr)
Dentists, Number. Professionally active.
248
N: 23 N: 24 n: 551 N : 13 T : 23
4.33.84 Dentists, inhabitants per dentist (eu_headentp)
Dentists, Inhabitants per dentist. Professionally active.
N: 23 N: 24 n: 544 N : 14 T : 23
4.33.85 Curative care beds in hospitals, Inhabitants per curative care beds (eu_-
heahbedcurhabp)
Curative care beds in hospitals, Inhabitants per curative care beds
N: 35 N: 35 n: 930 N : 16 T : 27
4.33.86 Curative care beds in hospitals, Number (eu_heahbedcurnr)
Curative care beds in hospitals, Number
N: 35 N: 35 n: 921 N : 15 T : 26
4.33.87 Curative care beds in hospitals, Per hundred thousand inhabitants (eu_heahbed-
curphthab)
Curative care beds in hospitals, Per hundred thousand inhabitants
249
N: 35 N: 35 n: 930 N : 16 T : 27
4.33.88 Available beds in hospitals, Inhabitants per bed (eu_heahbedhabp)
Available beds in hospitals, Inhabitants per bed
N: 36 N: 37 n: 1063 N : 18 T : 29
4.33.89 Long-term care beds (no psychiatric) in hospitals, Inhabitant per bed (eu_-
heahbedlthabp)
Long-term care beds (except psychiatric) in hospitals, Inhabitants per bed
N: 29 N: 30 n: 597 N : 13 T : 20
4.33.90 Long-term care beds (no psychiatric) in hospitals, Number (eu_heahbedltnr)
Long-term care beds (except psychiatric) in hospitals, Number
N: 32 N: 33 n: 717 N : 15 T : 22
4.33.91 Long-term care beds (no psychiatric) in hospitals per 100,000 inhab. (eu_-
heahbedltphthab)
Long-term care beds (except psychiatric)in hospit, Per 100 thousand inhabitants
250
N: 32 N: 33 n: 722 N : 15 T : 22
4.33.92 Available beds in hospitals, Number (eu_heahbednr)
Available beds in hospitals, Number
N: 36 N: 37 n: 1066 N : 17 T : 29
4.33.93 Other beds in hospitals, Inhabitants per bed (eu_heahbedothhabp)
Other beds in hospitals, Inhabitants per bed

N: 20 n: 397 N : 8 T : 20
4.33.94 Other beds in hospitals, Number (eu_heahbedothnr)
Other beds in hospitals, Number
N: 33 N: 33 n: 810 N : 13 T : 25
4.33.95 Other beds in hospitals, per 100,000 inhabitants (eu_heahbedothphthab)
Other beds in hospitals, Per hundred thousand inhabitants
251
N: 33 N: 33 n: 805 N : 13 T : 24
4.33.96 Available beds in hospitals, Per hundred thousand inhabitants (eu_heahbed-

phthab)
Available beds in hospitals, Per hundred thousand inhabitants
N: 36 N: 37 n: 1063 N : 18 T : 29
4.33.97 Psychiatric care beds in hospitals, Inhabitants per bed (eu_heahbedpsyhabp)
Psychiatric care beds in hospitals, Inhabitants per bed
N: 36 N: 37 n: 985 N : 18 T : 27
4.33.98 Psychiatric care beds in hospitals, Number (eu_heahbedpsynr)
Psychiatric care beds in hospitals, Number
N: 36 N: 37 n: 1025 N : 18 T : 28
4.33.99 Psychiatric care beds in hospitals, per 100,000 inhabitants (eu_heahbedpsyph-

thab)
Psychiatric care beds in hospitals, Per hundred thousand inhabitants
252
N: 36 N: 37 n: 1019 N : 19 T : 28
4.33.100 Medical doctors, per 100,000 inhabitants (eu_heamdochthab)
Medical doctors, Per hundred thousand inhabitants. Professionally active.
N: 25 N: 27 n: 702 N : 12 T : 26
4.33.101 Medical doctors, Number (eu_heamdocnr)
Medical doctors, Number. Professionally active.
N: 25 N: 27 n: 703 N : 12 T : 26
4.33.102 Medical doctors, inhabitants per doctor (eu_heamdocp)
Medical doctors, Inhabitants per doctor. Professionally active.
N: 25 N: 27 n: 702 N : 12 T : 26
4.33.103 Professionally active nurses and midwives, per 100,000 inhabitants (eu_hea-
nurshthab)
Professionally active nurses and midwives, Per hundred thousand inhabitants
253
N: 23 N: 26 n: 445 N : 11 T : 17
4.33.104 Professionally active nurses and midwives, Number (eu_heanursnr)
Professionally active nurses and midwives, Number
N: 23 N: 26 n: 448 N : 11 T : 17
4.33.105 Professionally active nurses and midwives, Inhabitants per nurse/midwive

(eu_heanursp)
Professionally active nurses and midwives, Inhabitants per nurse/midwive
N: 23 N: 26 n: 445 N : 11 T : 17
4.33.106 Pharmacists, per 100,000 inhabitants (eu_heapharmhthab)
Pharmacists, Per hundred thousand inhabitants. Professionally active.
N: 25 N: 27 n: 560 N : 14 T : 21
4.33.107 Pharmacists, number (eu_heapharmnr)
Pharmacists, Number. Professionally active.
254
N: 25 N: 27 n: 566 N : 14 T : 21
4.33.108 Pharmacists, inhabitants per pharmacist (eu_heapharmp)
Pharmacists, Inhabitants per pharmacist. Professionally active.
N: 25 N: 27 n: 560 N : 14 T : 21
4.33.109 Percentage of current smokers and daily smokers (eu_heasmok)
Percentage of current smokers and daily smokers

N: 31
4.33.110 Number of immigrants aged less than 18, Female (eu_imm118f)
Number of immigrants aged less than 18, female
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
4.33.111 Number of immigrants aged less than 18, Male (eu_imm118m)
Number of immigrants aged less than 18, male
255
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
4.33.112 Number of immigrants aged less than 18, Total (eu_imm118t)
Number of immigrants aged less than 18, total
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
4.33.113 Number of immigrants aged 18 to 24, Female (eu_imm1824f)
Number of immigrants aged 18 to 24, female
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
4.33.114 Number of immigrants aged 18 to 24, Male (eu_imm1824m)
Number of immigrants aged 18 to 24, male
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
4.33.115 Number of immigrants aged 18 to 24, Total (eu_imm1824t)
Number of immigrants aged 18 to 24, total
256
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
257
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
4.33.122 Number of immigrants aged more than 65, Female (eu_imm65f)
Number of immigrants aged more than 65, female
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
4.33.123 Number of immigrants aged more than 65, Male (eu_imm65m)
Number of immigrants aged more than 65, male
258
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
4.33.124 Number of immigrants aged more than 65, Total (eu_imm65t)
Number of immigrants aged more than 65, total
N: 27 N: 27 n: 400 N : 13 T : 15
4.33.125 Internet use: internet banking (eu_isiubk)
Internet use: internet banking as percentage of all individuals
N: 37 N: 37 n: 552 N : 31 T : 15
4.33.126 Internet use: civic or political participation (eu_isiucpp)
Internet use: civic or political participation as percentage of all individuals
N: 37 N: 37 n: 132 N : 19 T : 4
4.33.127 Internet use: seeking health information (eu_isiuhlt)
Internet use: seeking health information as percentage of all individuals
259
N: 37 N: 37 n: 476 N : 26 T : 13
4.33.128 Internet use: participating in social networks (eu_isiunet)
Internet use: participating in social networks as percentage of all individuals
N: 37 N: 37 n: 292 N : 29 T : 8
4.33.129 Internet use: selling goods or services (eu_isiusell)
Internet use: selling goods or services as percentage of all individuals
N: 37 N: 37 n: 547 N : 29 T : 15
4.33.130 Internet use: never (eu_isiux)
Internet use: never as a percentage of all individuals
N: 37 N: 37 n: 513 N : 32 T : 14
4.33.131 Households with broadband access (% of households with Internet access)

(eu_ispchhiacc)
Households with broadband access (% of households with Internet access)
260
N: 37 N: 37 n: 353 N : 32 T : 10
4.33.132 Severe material deprivation rate (Total) (eu_povmatdepr)
Severe material deprivation rate (Total)
N: 36 N: 36 n: 527 N : 29 T : 15
4.33.133 Severe material deprivation rate (Female) (eu_povmatdeprf)
Severe material deprivation rate (Female)
N: 36 N: 36 n: 527 N : 29 T : 15
4.33.134 Severe material deprivation rate (Male) (eu_povmatdeprm)
Severe material deprivation rate (Male)
N: 36 N: 36 n: 527 N : 29 T : 15
4.33.135 % of people under 60(y) living in households w. very low work intensity
(eu_povpoplwoin)
Percentage of people under 60 years old living in households with very low work intensity
261
N: 36 N: 36 n: 525 N : 29 T : 15
4.33.136 Researchers in all sectors % tot. emloyment - full-time (Female) (eu_resallf)
Researchers in all sectors % tot. emloyment - full-time equivalent (female)
N: 28 N: 31 n: 441 N : 19 T : 14
4.33.137 Researchers in all sectors % tot. emloyment - full-time (Total) (eu_resallt)
Researchers in all sectors % tot. emloyment - full-time equivalent (total)
N: 35 N: 39 n: 724 N : 19 T : 19
4.33.138 Researchers in Business Sector % tot. emloyment - full-time (Female) (eu_-

resbusf)
Researchers in Business Sector % tot. emloyment - full-time equivalent (female)
N: 28 N: 31 n: 453 N : 20 T : 15
4.33.139 Researchers in Business Sector % tot. emloyment - full-time (Total) (eu_-

resbust)
Researchers in Business Sector % tot. emloyment - full-time equivalent (total)
262
N: 35 N: 38 n: 728 N : 19 T : 19
4.33.140 Researchers in Higher Education % tot. emloyment - full-time (Female) (eu_-

reseduf)
Researchers in Higher Education % tot. emloyment - full-time equivalent (female)
N: 29 N: 32 n: 502 N : 20 T : 16
4.33.141 Researchers in Higher Education % tot. emloyment - full-time (Total) (eu_-

resedut)
Researchers in Higher Education % tot. emloyment - full-time equivalent (total)
N: 35 N: 39 n: 733 N : 19 T : 19
4.33.142 Researchers in Government % tot. emloyment - full-time (Female) (eu_-

resgovf)
Researchers in Government % tot. emloyment - full-time equivalent (female)
N: 30 N: 33 n: 508 N : 20 T : 15
4.33.143 Researchers in Government % tot. emloyment - full-time (Total) (eu_resgovt)
Researchers in Government % tot. emloyment - full-time equivalent (total)
263
N: 35 N: 39 n: 738 N : 19 T : 19
4.33.144 Researchers in Non-profits % tot. emloyment - full-time (Female) (eu_-

resnonpf)
Researchers in Non-profits % tot. emloyment - full-time equivalent (female)
N: 20 N: 25 n: 327 N : 13 T : 13
4.33.145 Researchers in Non-profits % tot. emloyment - full-time (Total) (eu_resnonpt)
Researchers in Non-profits % tot. emloyment - full-time equivalent (total)
N: 24 N: 34 n: 523 N : 13 T : 15
4.33.146 Employment in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Quarry (Female) %tot

(eu_sctabf)
Employment in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Quarrying (Female) % total employment
N: 33 N: 33 n: 364 N : 30 T : 11
4.33.147 Employment in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Quarry (Male) % tot

(eu_sctabm)
Employment in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Quarrying (Male) % total employment
264
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.148 Employment in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Quarry (Total) % tot

(eu_sctabt)
Employment in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Quarrying (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.149 Employment in Manufacturing (Female) % total employment (eu_sctcff)
Employment in Manufacturing (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.150 Employment in Manufacturing (Male) % total employment (eu_sctcfm)
Employment in Manufacturing (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.151 Employment in Manufacturing (Total) % total employment (eu_sctcft)
Employment in Manufacturing (Total) % total employment
265
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.152 Employment in High-tech manufacturing (Female) % total employment (eu_-

sctchtcf)
Employment in high-tech manufacturing (Female) % total employment
N: 31 N: 31 n: 307 N : 26 T : 10
4.33.153 Employment in High-tech manufacturing (Male) % total employment (eu_-

sctchtcm)
Employment in high-tech manufacturing (Male) % total employment
N: 29 N: 29 n: 298 N : 25 T : 10
4.33.154 Employment in Medium high-tech manufacturing (Female) % total employ-

ment (eu_sctchtcmf)
Employment in Medium high-tech manufacturing (Female) % total employment
N: 32 N: 32 n: 321 N : 27 T : 10
4.33.155 Employment in High and medium high-tech manufacturing (Female) % total

(eu_sctchtcmhf)
Employment in High and medium high-tech manufacturing (Female) % total employment
266
N: 33 N: 33 n: 357 N : 30 T : 11
4.33.156 Employment in High and medium high-tech manufacturing (Male) % total

(eu_sctchtcmhm)
Employment in High and medium high-tech manufacturing (Male) % total employment
N: 34 N: 34 n: 375 N : 31 T : 11
4.33.157 Employment in High and medium high-tech manufacturing (Total) % total

(eu_sctchtcmht)
Employment in High and medium high-tech manufacturing (Total) % total employment
N: 34 N: 34 n: 376 N : 31 T : 11
4.33.158 Employment in Medium high-tech manufacturing (Male) % total employment

(eu_sctchtcmm)
Employment in Medium high-tech manufacturing (Male) % total employment
N: 34 N: 34 n: 366 N : 31 T : 11
4.33.159 Employment in Medium high-tech manufacturing (Total) % total employment

(eu_sctchtcmt)
Employment in Medium high-tech manufacturing (Total) % total employment
267
N: 34 N: 34 n: 372 N : 31 T : 11
4.33.160 Employment in High-tech manufacturing (Total) % total employment (eu_-

sctchtct)
Employment in high-tech manufacturing (Total) % total employment
N: 33 N: 33 n: 344 N : 29 T : 10
4.33.161 Employment in Low-technology manufacturing (Female) % total employment

(eu_sctcltcf)
Employment in Low-technology manufacturing (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 384 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.162 Employment in Low and medium low-tech manufacturing (Female) % total

(eu_sctcltclmf)
Employment in Low and medium low-tech manufacturing (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.163 Employment in Low and medium low-tech manufacturing (Male) % total

(eu_sctcltclmm)
Employment in Low and medium low-technology manufacturing (Male) % total employment
268
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.164 Employment in Low and medium low-tech manufacturing (Total) % total

(eu_sctcltclmt)
Employment in Low and medium low-technology manufacturing (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.165 Employment in Low-tech manufacturing (Male) % total employment (eu_-

sctcltcm)
Employment in Low-technology manufacturing (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.166 Employment in Medium low-tech manufacturing (Female) % total employ.

(eu_sctcltcmf)
Employment in Medium low-technology manufacturing (Female) % total employment
N: 34 N: 34 n: 347 N : 29 T : 10
4.33.167 Employment in Medium low-tech manufacturing (Male) % total employ. (eu_-

sctcltcmm)
Employment in Medium low-technology manufacturing (Male) % total employment
269
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.168 Employment in Medium low-tech manufacturing (Total) % total employ. (eu_-

sctcltcmt)
Employment in Medium low-technology manufacturing (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.169 Employment in Low-tech manufacturing (Total) % total employment (eu_-

sctcltct)
Employment in Low-technology manufacturing (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.170 Employment in Electricity, Gas, Steam, Air Con. supply (Female) % tot
(eu_sctdff)
Employment in Electricity, Gas, Steam, Air conditioning supply (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 384 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.171 Employment in Electricity, Gas, Steam, Air Con. supply (Male) % tot (eu_-
sctdfm)
Employment in Electricity, Gas, Steam, Air conditioning supply (Male) % total employment
270
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.172 Employment in Electricity, Gas, Steam, Air Con. supply (Total) % tot (eu_-
sctdft)
Employment in Electricity, Gas, Steam, Air conditioning supply (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.173 Employment in Wholesale, Retail trade, Food service activ. (Female) %tot
(eu_sctgitf)
Employment in Wholesale, Retail trade, Food service activities (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.174 Employment in Wholesale, Retail trade, Food service activ. (Male) % tot
(eu_sctgitm)
Employment in Wholesale, Retail trade, Food service activities (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.175 Employment in Wholesale, Retail trade, Food service activ. (Total) % tot
(eu_sctgitt)
Employment in Wholesale, Retail trade, Food service activities (Total) % total employment
271
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.176 Employment in Services (Female) % total employment (eu_sctguf)
Employment in Services (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.177 Employment in Services (Male) % total employment (eu_sctgum)
Employment in Services (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.178 Employment in Services (Total) % total employment (eu_sctgut)
Employment in Services (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.179 Employment in Land, Water, Air transport, Warehouse Female % tot employ.
(eu_scth52n79f)
Employment in Land, Water, Air transport, Warehouse (Female) % total employment
272
N: 35 N: 35 n: 385 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.180 Employment in Land, Water, Air transport, Warehouse Male % tot employ.
(eu_scth52n79m)
Employment in Land, Water, Air transport, Warehouse (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.181 Employment in Land, Water, Air transport, Warehouse Total % tot employ.
(eu_scth52n79t)
Employment in Land, Water, Air transport, Warehouse (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.182 Employment in High-tech sectors (Female) % total employment (eu_scthtcf)
Employment in high-tech sectors (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 382 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.183 Employment in High-tech sectors (Male) % total employment (eu_scthtcm)
Employment in high-tech sectors (Male) % total employment
273
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.184 Employment in High-tech sectors (Total) % total employment (eu_scthtct)
Employment in high-tech sectors (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.185 Employment in Information and communication (Female) % total employ-

ment (eu_sctjf)
Employment in Information and communication (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 384 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.186 Employment in Information and communication (Male) % total employment

(eu_sctjm)
Employment in Information and communication (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.187 Employment in Information and communication (Total) % total employment

(eu_sctjt)
Employment in Information and communication (Total) % total employment
274
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.188 Employment in Financial and insurance activities (Female) % total employ-

ment (eu_sctkf)
Employment in Financial and insurance activities (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 385 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.189 Employment in Knowledge-intensive services (Female) % total employment

(eu_sctkisf)
Employment in Knowledge-intensive services (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.190 Employment in Knowledge-intensive high-tech serv. (Female) % total employ.

(eu_sctkishtcf)
Employment in Knowledge-intensive high-tech services (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 378 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.191 Employment in Knowledge-intensive high-tech serv. (Male) % total employ.

(eu_sctkishtcm)
Employment in Knowledge-intensive high-tech services (Male) % total employment
275
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.192 Employment in Knowledge-intensive high-tech serv. (Total) % total employ.

(eu_sctkishtct)
Employment in Knowledge-intensive high-tech services (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.193 Employment in Knowledge-intensive services (Male) % total employment

(eu_sctkism)
Employment in Knowledge-intensive services (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.194 Employment in Knowledge-intensive market serv. (Female) % tot employ.

(eu_sctkismktothf)
Employment in Knowledge-intensive market services (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.195 Employment in Knowledge-intensive market serv. (Male) % tot employ.

(eu_sctkismktothm)
Employment in Knowledge-intensive market services (Male) % total employment
276
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.196 Employment in Knowledge-intensive market serv. (Total) % tot employ.

(eu_sctkismktotht)
Employment in Knowledge-intensive market services (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.197 Employment in Other knowledge-intensive serv. (Female) % tot employment

(eu_sctkisothf)
Employment in Other knowledge-intensive services (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.198 Employment in Other knowledge-intensive serv. (Male) % tot employment

(eu_sctkisothm)
Employment in Other knowledge-intensive services (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.199 Employment in Other knowledge-intensive serv. (Total) % tot employment

(eu_sctkisotht)
Employment in Other knowledge-intensive services (Total) % total employment
277
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.200 Employment in Knowledge-intensive services (Total) % tot employment (eu_-

sctkist)
Employment in Knowledge-intensive services (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.201 Employment in Financial and insurance activities (Male) % total employment

(eu_sctkm)
Employment in Financial and insurance activities (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 370 N : 31 T : 11
4.33.202 Employment in Financial and insurance activities (Total) % total employment

(eu_sctkt)
Employment in Financial and insurance activities (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.203 Employment in Less knowledge-intensive services (Female) % tot employment

(eu_sctlkisf)
Employment in Less knowledge-intensive services (Female) % total employment
278
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.204 Employment in Less knowledge-intensive services (Male) % tot employment

(eu_sctlkism)
Employment in Less knowledge-intensive services (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.205 Employment in Less knowledge-intensive market serv. (Female) % tot emp.

(eu_sctlkismktf)
Employment in Less knowledge-intensive market services (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.206 Employment in Less knowledge-intensive market serv. (Male) % tot emp.

(eu_sctlkismktm)
Employment in Less knowledge-intensive market services (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.207 Employment in Less knowledge-intensive market serv. (Total) % tot emp.

(eu_sctlkismktt)
Employment in Less knowledge-intensive market services (Total) % total employment
279
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.208 Employment in Other less knowledge-intensive serv. (Female) % tot emp.

(eu_sctlkisothf)
Employment in Other less knowledge-intensive services (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.209 Employment in Other less knowledge-intensive serv. (Male) % tot emp. (eu_-
sctlkisothm)
Employment in Other less knowledge-intensive services (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 382 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.210 Employment in Other less knowledge-intensive serv. (Total) % tot emp.

(eu_sctlkisotht)
Employment in Other less knowledge-intensive services (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.211 Employment in Less knowledge-intensive services (Total) % total employment

(eu_sctlkist)
Employment in Less knowledge-intensive services (Total) % total employment
280
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.212 Employment in Professional, scientific and tech activ. (Female) % total emp.
(eu_sctmf)
Employment in Professional, scientific and tech activities (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.213 Employment in Professional, scientific and tech activ. (Male) % total emp.
(eu_sctmm)
Employment in Professional, scientific and tech activities (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.214 Employment in Professional, scientific and tech activ. (Total) % total emp.
(eu_sctmt)
Employment in Professional, scientific and tech activities (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.215 Employment in Administrative and support service activ. (Female) % total

emp. (eu_sctnf)
Employment in Administrative and support service activities (Female) % total employment
281
N: 35 N: 35 n: 383 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.216 Employment in Administrative and support service activ. (Male) % total

emp. (eu_sctnm)
Employment in Administrative and support service activities (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.217 Employment in Administrative and support service activ. (Total) % total

emp. (eu_sctnt)
Employment in Administrative and support service activities (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.218 Employment in Education (Female) % total employment (eu_sctpaf)
Employment in Public administration; activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies (Female)

% total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.219 Employment in Education (Male) % total employment (eu_sctpam)
Employment in Public administration; activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies (Male)

% total employment
282
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.220 Employment in Education (Total) % total employment (eu_sctpat)
Employment in Public administration; activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies (Total)

% total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.221 Employment in Education (Female) % total employment (eu_sctpf)
Employment in Education (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.222 Employment in Education (Male) % total employment (eu_sctpm)
Employment in Education (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.223 Patent applications to the EPO, Purchasing Power Standard per inhabitant
(eu_sctppspop)
Patent applications to the EPO, Purchasing Power Standard per inhabitant
283
N: 34 n: 651 N : 18 T : 19
4.33.224 Employment in Education (Total) % total employment (eu_sctpt)
Employment in Education (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.225 Employment in Human health and social work activities (Female) % tot em-
ploy. (eu_sctqf)
Employment in Human health and social work activities (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.226 Employment in Human health and social work activities (Male) % tot employ.
(eu_sctqm)
Employment in Human health and social work activities (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 385 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.227 Employment in Human health and social work activities (Total) % tot employ.
(eu_sctqt)
Employment in Human health and social work activities (Total) % total employment
284
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.228 Employment in Arts, entertainment and recreation (Female) % total employ-

ment (eu_sctrf)
Employment in Arts, entertainment and recreation (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 384 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.229 Employment in Arts, entertainment and recreation (Male) % total employ-

ment (eu_sctrm)
Employment in Arts, entertainment and recreation (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 382 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.230 Employment in Arts, entertainment and recreation (Total) % total employ-

ment (eu_sctrt)
Employment in Arts, entertainment and recreation (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.33.231 Patent applications to the EPO, Per million inhabitants (eu_sctrtotpmin)
Patent applications to the EPO, Per million inhabitants
285
N: 28 N: 46 n: 1496 N : 37 T : 33
286
4.34 Eurostat
(Data downloaded: )
Patent applications to the EPO, Per million of active population
4.34.1 Employment in Other service activities (Female) % total employment (eu_sctsf)
Employment in Other service activities (Female) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.34.2 Employment in Other service activities (Male) % total employment (eu_sctsm)
Employment in Other service activities (Male) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 371 N : 31 T : 11
4.34.3 Employment in Other service activities (Total) % total employment (eu_sctst)
Employment in Other service activities (Total) % total employment
N: 35 N: 35 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
287
4.34.4 Patent applications to the EPO, number (eu_scttotn)
Patent applications to the EPO, number
N: 28 N: 48 n: 1570 N : 39 T : 33
4.34.5 Navigable canals (kilometre) (eu_trcnlkm)
Navigable canals (kilometre)
N: 16 N: 19 n: 429 N : 14 T : 23
4.34.6 Maritime transport, freight loaded and unloaded (1000’s tonnes) (eu_trfrldnld)
Maritime transport, freight loaded and unloaded (1000’s tonnes)
N: 27 N: 27 n: 320 N : 27 T : 12
4.34.7 Air transport, freight and mail loaded and unloaded (tonnes) (eu_trldnld)
Air transport, freight and mail loaded and unloaded (tonnes)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 386 N : 32 T : 11
4.34.8 Motorways (kilometre) (eu_trmwaykm)
Motorways (kilometre)
288
N: 31 N: 33 n: 826 N : 28 T : 25
4.34.9 Other roads (kilometre) (eu_trrdothkm)
Other roads (kilometre)
N: 29 N: 33 n: 793 N : 26 T : 24
4.34.10 Navigable rivers (kilometre) (eu_trrivkm)
Navigable rivers (kilometre)
N: 19 N: 23 n: 490 N : 16 T : 21
4.34.11 Electrified railway lines (kilometre) (eu_trrlelckm)
Electrified railway lines (kilometre)
N: 28 N: 32 n: 754 N : 25 T : 24
4.34.12 Total railway lines (kilometre) (eu_trrlkm)
Total railway lines (kilometre)
289
N: 28 N: 32 n: 815 N : 27 T : 25
4.34.13 Railway lines with double and more tracks (kilometre) (eu_trrltge2km)
Railway lines with double and more tracks (kilometre)
N: 28 N: 32 n: 749 N : 25 T : 23
4.34.14 Long-term unemployment 25+ years, Female (% of unemployment) (eu_un-

emppcunef)
Long-term unemployment 25+ years, female (% of unemployment)
N: 35 N: 35 n: 651 N : 25 T : 19
4.34.15 Long-term unemployment 25+ years, Male (% of unemployment) (eu_unemp-

pcunem)
Long-term unemployment 25+ years, male (% of unemployment)
N: 34 N: 35 n: 662 N : 25 T : 19
4.34.16 Long-term unemployment 25+ years, total (% of unemployment) (eu_unemp-

pcunet)
Long-term unemployment 25+ years, total (% of unemployment)
290
N: 35 N: 35 n: 679 N : 26 T : 19
4.34.17 Unemployment rates: 15-24 Years, Female (% of active population) (eu_-

unempy1524f)
Unemployment rates: 15 to 24 Years, Female (percentage of active population)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 381 N : 21 T : 11
4.34.18 Unemployment rates: 15-24 Years, Male (% of active population) (eu_un-

empy1524m)
Unemployment rates: 15 to 24 Years, Male (percentage of active population)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 386 N : 21 T : 11
4.34.19 Unemployment rates: 15-24 Years, Total (% of active population) (eu_un-

empy1524t)
Unemployment rates: 15 to 24 Years, Total (percentage of active population)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
4.34.20 Unemployment rates: 25-74 Years, Female (% of active population) (eu_-

unempy2574f)
Unemployment rates: 25-74 Years, Female (percentage of active population)
291
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
4.34.21 Unemployment rates: 25-74 Years, Male (% of active population) (eu_un-

empy2574m)
Unemployment rates: 25-74 Years, Male (percentage of active population)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
4.34.22 Unemployment rates: 25-74 Years, Total (% of active population) (eu_un-

empy2574t)
Unemployment rates: 25-74 Years, Total (percentage of active population)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
4.34.23 Unemployment rates: Total, Female (percentage of active population) (eu_-

unempytotf)
Unemployment rates: 15 to 74 Years, Female (percentage of active population)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
4.34.24 Unemployment rates: Total, Male (percentage of active population) (eu_-

unempytotm)
Unemployment rates: 15 to 74 Years, Male (percentage of active population)
292
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
4.34.25 Unemployment rates: Total, Total (percentage of active population) (eu_-

unempytott)
Unemployment rates: 15 to 74 Years, Total (percentage of active population)
N: 34 N: 34 n: 388 N : 22 T : 11
293
4.35 Emanuele, Angelucci, Marino, Puleo and Vegetti
Emanuele, V., Angelucci, D., Marino, B., Puleo, L., & Vegetti, F. (2020). The congealing of
a new cleavage? the evolution of the demarcation bloc in europe (19792019). Italian Political
Science Review, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2020.19
http://www.vincenzoemanuele.com/dataset-of-electoral-volatility-in-ep-elections.html
Dataset of Electoral Volatility in the European Parliament elections since 1979
This dataset provides data on electoral volatility and its internal components in the elections for
the European Parliament (EP) in all European Union (EU) countries since 1979 or the date of their
accession to the Union. It also provides data about electoral volatility for both the class bloc and
the demarcation bloc. This dataset will be regularly updated so as to include the next rounds of the
European Parliament elections.
4.35.1 Electoral Volatility in the EP - Parties above 1% (evep_altv)
Electoral volatility in the European Parliament, caused by vote switching between parties that enter
or exit from the party system caused by vote switching between existing parties, namely parties
receiving at least 1% of the national share in both elections under scrutiny.
N: 28 N: 29 n: 147 N : 4 T : 5
4.35.2 Net change in the agg. vote share for all parties in Class Bloc (EP) (evep_-
classbloc)
Net change in the aggregate vote share for all parties included in the Class Bloc. For the definition
of the class bloc and the identification of parties included in such bloc, the author relies on Bartolini
and Mair (1990) and Bartolini (1983; 2000). This includes ’those parties which are the historical
product of the structuring of the working-class movement’ (Bartolini and Mair 1990 [2007], 46). Full
list of parties in the class bloc can be found in the original codebook.
N: 28 N: 29 n: 147 N : 4 T : 5
294
4.35.3 Net change in the agg. vote share for all parties in Demarcation Bloc (EP)
(evep_dembloc)
Net change in the aggregate vote share for all parties included in the Demarcation Bloc. Those
political parties that defend anti-EU, anti-immigration and economically protectionist policies are
included in the demarcation bloc. Full list of parties in the demarcation bloc can be found in the
original codebook.
N: 20 N: 20 n: 100 N : 3 T : 5
4.35.4 Electoral Volatility in the EP - Parties below 1% (evep_othv)
Electoral volatility in the European Parliament, caused by vote switching between parties falling
below 1% of the national share in both the elections at time t and t+1. It is important to clarify
that this category is not computed by aggregating the scores of each party falling below 1% and
then comparing the overall sum at time t and t+1. Conversely, each party’s volatility is counted
separately - up to a specification of 0.1% - and then added to the calculation of evep_othv. This
choice has been made to avoid underestimation of Total Volatility but at the same time to maintain a
distinction between parties above 1% and parties below 1% for the calculation of the two components
of evep_regv and evep_altv.
N: 28 N: 29 n: 147 N : 4 T : 5
4.35.5 Electoral Volatility in the EP - Parties entering/exiting party system (evep_-

regv)
Electoral volatility in the European Parliament, caused by vote switching between parties that enter
or exit from the party system. A party is considered as entering the party system where it receives
at least 1% of the national share in election at time t+1 (while it received less than 1% in election at
time t). Conversely, a party is considered as exiting the part system where it receives less than 1%
in election at time t+1 (while it received at least 1% in election at time t).
N: 28 N: 29 n: 147 N : 4 T : 5
295
4.35.6 Electoral Volatility in the EP - Total (evep_tv)
Total electoral volatility in the party system, given by the sum of the previous measures: evep_regv
+ evep_altv + evep_othv = evep_tv.
N: 28 N: 29 n: 147 N : 4 T : 5
296
4.36 Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. (2021). Global forest resources
assessments. http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/en/
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. (2016). Fishery commodities global
production and trade. http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-commodities-production/
query/en
http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home
Environmental Land Use Data
The FAOSTAT Land Use domain contains data on forty-seven categories of land use, irrigation and
agricultural practices, relevant to monitor agriculture, forestry and fisheries activities at national,
regional and global level.
Data are available by country and year, with global coverage and annual updates.
Note: Micronesia has been dropped due to duplicate cases.
4.36.1 Agricultural land (% of Land area) (fao_luagr)
Agricultural land (% of Land area)
N: 193 N: 206 n: 9868 N : 167 T : 48
4.36.2 Arable Land (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrara)
Arable Land (% of Agricultural land)
N: 190 N: 203 n: 9767 N : 166 T : 48
297
4.36.3 Cropland (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrcrop)
Cropland (% of Agricultural land)
N: 193 N: 206 n: 9868 N : 167 T : 48
4.36.4 Agriculture area actually irrigated (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrirrac)
Agriculture area actually irrigated (% of Agricultural land)
N: 73 N: 111 n: 897 N : 47 T : 8
4.36.5 Land area equipped for irrigation (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrirreq)
Land area equipped for irrigation (% of Agricultural land)
N: 176 N: 189 n: 8792 N : 149 T : 47
4.36.6 Land area equipped for irrigation (% of Cropland) (fao_luagrirreqcrop)
Land area equipped for irrigation (% of Cropland)
N: 172 N: 185 n: 8586 N : 146 T : 46
4.36.7 Agriculture area under organic agric. (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrorg)
Agriculture area under organic agric. (% of Agricultural land)
298
N: 159 N: 163 n: 2154 N : 135 T : 13
4.36.8 Land under perm meadows and pastures (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrpas)
Land under perm meadows and pastures (% of Agricultural land)
N: 183 N: 197 n: 9386 N : 159 T : 48
4.36.9 Land under Permanent Crops (% of Agricultural land) (fao_luagrpcrop)
Land under Permanent Crops (% of Agricultural land)
N: 188 N: 201 n: 9530 N : 162 T : 47
4.36.10 Cropland (% of Land area) (fao_lucrop)
Cropland (% of Land area)
N: 193 N: 206 n: 9868 N : 167 T : 48
4.36.11 Forest land (% of Land area) (fao_luforest)
Forest land (% of Land area)
299
N: 192 N: 199 n: 5640 N : 188 T : 28
4.36.12 Planted Forest (% of Forest area) (fao_luforplant)
Planted Forest (% of Forest area)
N: 183 N: 190 n: 5400 N : 180 T : 28
4.36.13 Other naturally regenerated forest (% of Forest area) (fao_luforreg)
Other naturally regenerated forest (% of Forest area)
N: 183 N: 190 n: 5398 N : 180 T : 28
4.36.14 Land under perm meadows and pastures (% of Land area) (fao_lupas)
Land under perm meadows and pastures (% of Land area)
N: 183 N: 197 n: 9386 N : 159 T : 48
300
4.37 James D. Fearon
Fearon, J. D. (2003). Ethnic and cultural diversity by country. Journal of Economic Growth,
8 (2), 195–222
https://fearonresearch.stanford.edu/paperspublished/journal-articles-2/
Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country
Data used in the article Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country published in Journal of Economic
Growth, containing data on 822 ethnic groups in 160 countries that made up at least 1 percent of
the country population in the early 1990s. This data was last originally updated in 2003. For this
compilation, QoG Data imputes the values from 2003 into 2019.
4.37.1 Cultural Diversity (fe_cultdiv)
This measure modifies fractionalization (fe_etfra) so as to take some account of cultural distances
between groups, measured as the structural distance between languages spoken by different groups in
a country. If the groups in a country speak structurally unrelated languages, their cultural diversity
index will be the same as their level of ethnic fractionalization (fe_etfra). The more similar are the
languages spoken by different ethnic groups, however, the more will this measure be reduced below
the level of ethnic fractionalization for that country. The values are assumed to be constant for all
years.
N: 153 N: 154 n: 11704 N : 154 T : 76
4.37.2 Ethnic Fractionalization (fe_etfra)
Restricting attention to groups that had at least 1 percent of country population in the 1990s,
Fearon identifies 822 ethnic and “ethnoreligious” groups in 160 countries. This variable reflects the
probability that two randomly selected people from a given country will belong to different such
groups. The variable thus ranges from 0 (perfectly homogeneous) to 1 (highly fragmented). The
values are assumed to be constant for all years.
N: 154 N: 155 n: 11780 N : 155 T : 76
301
4.37.3 Largest Minority (fe_lmin)
Based on the same set of groups, this variable reflects the population share of the second largest
group (largest minority). The values are assumed to be constant for all years.
N: 145 N: 146 n: 11096 N : 146 T : 76
4.37.4 Plurality Group (fe_plural)
Based on the same set of groups, this variable reflects the population share of the largest group
(plurality group) in the country. The values are assumed to be constant for all years.
N: 153 N: 154 n: 11704 N : 154 T : 76
302
4.38 Freedom House
Freedom House. (2021a). Freedom in the world 2021. https : / / freedomhouse . org / report /
freedom-world
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world
Freedom in the World
Freedom in the World is an annual global report on political rights and civil liberties, composed
of numerical ratings and descriptive texts for each country and a select group of territories. The
2020 edition covers developments in 195 countries and 15 territories from January 1, 2019, through
December 31, 2019.
The report’s methodology is derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948. Freedom in the World is based on the premise
that these standards apply to all countries and territories, irrespective of geographical location, ethnic
or religious composition, or level of economic development. Freedom in the World operates from the
assumption that freedom for all people is best achieved in liberal democratic societies.
Freedom in the World assesses the real-world rights and freedoms enjoyed by individuals, rather than
governments or government performance per se. Political rights and civil liberties can be affected by
both state and nonstate actors, including insurgents and other armed groups. To read more about
the methodology used by Freedom House, please visit https://freedomhouse.org/reports/freedom-
world/freedom-world-research-methodology. These subcategories, drawn from the Universal Declara-
tion of Human Rights, represent the fundamental components of freedom, which include an individ-
ual’s ability to:
- Vote freely in legitimate elections;

- Participate freely in the political process;
- Have representatives that are accountable to them;
- Exercise freedoms of expression and belief;
- Be able to freely assemble and associate;
- Have access to an established and equitable system of rule of law;
- Enjoy personal freedoms, including free movement, the right to hold private property, social free-
doms, and equal access to economic opportunities.
Note: The 1982 edition of Freedom in the World covers the period Jan 1981 - Aug 1982 (=1981
in our dataset). The 1983-84 edition covers the period Aug 1982 - Nov 1983 (=1983 in our dataset).
This leaves 1982 empty. For 1972, South Africa was in the original data rated as “White” (fh_cl: 3,
fh_pr: 2, fh_status: Free) and “Black” (fh_cl: 6, fh_pr: 5, fh_status: Not Free). We treat South
Africa 1972 as missing.
4.38.1 Associational and Organizational Rights (fh_aor)
Associational and Organizational Rights - The variable evaluates the freedom of assembly, demonstra-
tions and open public discussion; the freedom for nongovernmental organizations; and the freedom
303
for trade unions, peasant organizations and other professional and private organizations. Countries
are graded between 0 (worst) and 12 (best).
N: 194 N: 196 n: 3097 N : 194 T : 16
4.38.2 Civil Liberties (fh_cl)
Civil Liberties Rating - Civil liberties allow for the freedoms of expression and belief, associational
and organizational rights, rule of law, and personal autonomy without interference from the state.
The more specific list of rights considered vary over the years. Countries are graded between 1 (most
free) and 7 (least free).
N: 194 N: 207 n: 8585 N : 175 T : 41
4.38.3 Electoral Process (fh_ep)
Electoral Process - The variable measures to what extent the national legislative representatives and
the national chief authority are elected through free and fair elections. Countries are graded between
0 (worst) and 12 (best).
N: 194 N: 196 n: 3097 N : 194 T : 16
4.38.4 Freedom of Expression and Belief (fh_feb)
Freedom of Expression and Belief - The variable measures the freedom and independence of the
media and other cultural expressions; the freedom of religious groups to practice their faith and
express themselves; the academic freedom and freedom from extensive political indoctrination in the
educational system; and the ability of the people to engage in private (political) discussions without
fear of harassment or arrest by the authorities. Countries are graded between 0 (worst) and 16 (best).
N: 194 N: 196 n: 3097 N : 194 T : 16
304
4.38.5 Functioning of Government (fh_fog)
Functioning of Government - The variable examines in what extent the freely elected head of gov-
ernment and a national legislative representative determine the policies of the government; if the
government is free from pervasive corruption; and if the government is accountable to the electorate
between elections and operates with openness and transparency. Countries are graded between 0
(worst) and 12 (best).
N: 194 N: 196 n: 3097 N : 194 T : 16
4.38.6 Level of Democracy (Freedom House/Imputed Polity) (fh_ipolity2)
Scale ranges from 0-10 where 0 is least democratic and 10 most democratic. Average of Freedom
House (fh_pr and fh_cl) is transformed to a scale 0-10 and Polity (p_polity2) is transformed to a
scale 0-10. These variables are averaged into fh_polity2. The imputed version has imputed values for
countries where data on Polity is missing by regressing Polity on the average Freedom House measure.
Hadenius & Teorell (2005) show that this average index performs better both in terms of validity and
reliability than its constituent parts.
N: 194 N: 207 n: 8585 N : 175 T : 41
4.38.7 Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights (fh_pair)
Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights - The variable evaluates the extent of state control over
travel, choice of residence, employment or institution of higher education; the right of citizens to
own property and establish private businesses; the private business’ freedom from unduly influence
by government officials, security forces, political parties or organized crime; gender equality, freedom
of choice of marriage partners and size of family; equality of opportunity and absence of economic
exploitation. Countries are graded between 0 (worst) and 16 (best).
N: 194 N: 196 n: 3097 N : 194 T : 16
4.38.8 Level of Democracy (Freedom House/Polity) (fh_polity2)
Scale ranges from 0-10 where 0 is least democratic and 10 most democratic. Average of Freedom
House (fh_pr and fh_cl) is transformed to a scale 0-10 and Polity (p_polity2) is transformed to a
305
scale 0-10. These variables are averaged into fh_polity2.
N: 165 N: 179 n: 7034 N : 144 T : 39
4.38.9 Political Pluralism and Participation (fh_ppp)
Political Pluralism and Participation - This variable encompasses an examination of the right of the
people to freely organize in political parties; the existence of an opposition with a realistic possibility
to increase its support; the ability of the people to make political choices free from domination by
the military, totalitarian parties or other powerful groups; and the existence of full political rights for
all minorities. Countries are graded between 0 (worst) and 16 (best).
N: 194 N: 196 n: 3097 N : 194 T : 16
4.38.10 Political Rights (fh_pr)
Political Rights Rating - Political rights enable people to participate freely in the political process,
including the right to vote freely for distinct alternatives in legitimate elections, compete for public
office, join political parties and organizations, and elect representatives who have a decisive impact
on public policies and are accountable to the electorate. The specific list of rights considered varies
over the years. Countries are graded between 1 (most free) and 7 (least free).
N: 194 N: 207 n: 8585 N : 175 T : 41
4.38.11 Rule of Law (fh_rol)
Rule of Law - The variable measures the independence of the judiciary; the extent to which rule
of law prevails in civil and criminal matters; the existence of direct civil control over the police;
the protection from political terror, unjustified imprisonment, exile and torture; absence of war and
insurgencies; and the extent to which laws, policies and practices guarantee equal treatment of various
segments of the population. Countries are graded between 0 (worst) and 16 (best).
306
N: 194 N: 196 n: 3097 N : 194 T : 16
4.38.12 Freedom Status (fh_status)
1. Free
2. Partly Free
3. Not Free
Until 2003, countries whose combined average ratings for Political Rights and Civil Liberties fell
between 1.0 and 2.5 were designated “Free”; between 3.0 and 5.5 “Partly Free”, and between 5.5 and
7.0 “Not Free”. Since then, countries whose ratings average 1.0 to 2.5 are considered “Free”, 3.0 to
5.0 “Partly Free”, and 5.5 to 7.0 “Not Free”.
N: 194 N: 207 n: 8585 N : 175 T : 41
307
4.39 Freedom House
Freedom House. (2021b). Freedom on the net 2020: The global drive to control big tech.
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2021/global-drive-control-big-tech
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net
Freedom on the Net
Freedom on the Net is a Freedom House project consisting of cutting-edge analysis, fact-based ad-
vocacy, and on-the-ground capacity building. It features a ranked, country-by-country assessment
of online freedom, a global overview of the latest developments, as well as in depth country reports.
Freedom on the Net measures the subtle and not-so-subtle ways that governments and non-state
actors around the world restrict our intrinsic rights online. Each country assessment includes a de-
tailed narrative report and numerical score, based on methodology developed in consultation with
international experts. This methodology includes three categories:
1. Obstacles to Access details infrastructural and economic barriers to access, legal and owner-
ship control over internet service providers, and independence of regulatory bodies;
2. Limits on Content analyzes legal regulations on content, technical filtering and blocking of web-
sites, self-censorship, the vibrancy/diversity of online news media, and the use of digital tools for
civic mobilization;
3. Violations of User Rights tackles surveillance, privacy, and repercussions for online speech and
activities, such as imprisonment, extralegal harassment, or cyberattacks.
Freedom on the Net is a collaborative effort between a small team of Freedom House staff and an
extensive network of local researchers and advisors in 65 countries.
4.39.1 Freedom on the Net: Limits on content (fhn_fotnloc)
Limits on Content: Analyzes legal regulations on content, technical filtering and blocking of websites,
self-censorship, the vibrancy/diversity of online news media, and the use of digital tools for civic
mobilization. The score goes from 0 to 100, where 100 represents worst outcomes.
N: 71 N: 71 n: 669 N : 61 T : 9
4.39.2 Freedom on the Net: Obstacles to Access (fhn_fotnota)
Obstacles to Access: Details infrastructural and economic barriers to access, legal and ownership
control over internet service providers, and independence of regulatory bodies. The score goes from
0 to 100, where 100 represents worst outcomes.
308
N: 71 N: 71 n: 669 N : 61 T : 9
4.39.3 Freedom on the Net: Score (fhn_fotnsc)
Freedom on the Net, Score: Measures the subtle and not-so-subtle ways that governments and non-
state actors around the world restrict our intrinsic rights online by looking at Obstacles to Access,
Limits on Content and Violations of User Rights. The scores are based on a scale of 0 to 100 with 0
representing the best level of freedom on the net progress and 100 the worst.
N: 71 N: 71 n: 669 N : 61 T : 9
4.39.4 Freedom on the Net: Status (fhn_fotnst)
Freedom on the Net, Status:
1. Free
2. Partly Free
3. Not Free
N: 71 N: 71 n: 669 N : 61 T : 9
4.39.5 Freedom on the Net: Violation of Users’ rights (fhn_fotnvur)
Violations of User Rights: Tackles surveillance, privacy, and repercussions for online speech and
activities, such as imprisonment, extralegal harassment, or cyberattacks. The score goes from 0 to
100, where 100 represents worst outcomes.
N: 71 N: 71 n: 669 N : 61 T : 9
309
4.40 Freedom House
Freedom House. (2017). Freedom of the press 2017. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-

press/freedom-press-2017
https://freedomhouse.org/reports/publication-archives
Freedom of the Press
Freedom of the Press, an annual report on media independence around the world, was published
between 1980 and 2017, and assessed the degree of print, broadcast, and digital media freedom in 199
countries and territories. It provided numerical scores and country narratives evaluating the legal
environment for the media, political pressures that influenced reporting, and economic factors that
affected access to news and information.
Note: The number in the variable names indicate what time period they refer to.
1: 1979-1987
2: 1988-1992
3: 1993-1995
4: 1996-2000
5: 2001-2016
4.40.1 Economic Influences over Media Content (2001-2016) (fhp_mcei5)
Economic Influences over Media Content (2001-2016). This category includes the structure of media
ownership; transparency and concentration of ownership; the costs of establishing media as well
as any impediments to news production and distribution; the selective withholding of advertising or
subsidies by the state or other actors; the impact of corruption and bribery on content; and the extent
to which the economic situation in a country or territory affects the development and sustainability
of the media.
N: 194 N: 196 n: 3081 N : 193 T : 16
4.40.2 Economic Influences over Broadcast Media Content (1993-1995) (fhp_mceib3)
Economic Influences over Media Content: Broadcast Media (1993-1995): The third sub-category
examines the economic environment for the media. This includes the structure of media ownership;
transparency and concentration of ownership; the costs of establishing media as well as of production
and distribution; the selective withholding of advertising or subsidies by the state or other actors;
the impact of corruption and bribery on content; and the extent to which the economic situation in
310
a country impacts the development of the media. The scale of the variable is 0-20. 0 indicates more
freedom.

N: 185 n: 550 N : 183 T : 3
4.40.3 Economic Influences over Broadcast Media Content (1996-2000) (fhp_mceib4)
Economic Influences over Media Content: Broadcast Media (1996-2000): The third sub-category
examines the economic environment for the media. This includes the structure of media ownership;
freedom.

N: 185 n: 925 N : 185 T : 5
4.40.4 Economic Influences over Print Media Content (1993-1995) (fhp_mceip3)
Economic Influences over Media Content: Print Media (1993-1995): The third sub-category ex-
amines the economic environment for the media. This includes the structure of media ownership;
freedom.

N: 185 n: 550 N : 183 T : 3
4.40.5 Economic Influences over Print Media Content (1996-2000) (fhp_mceip4)
Economic Influences over Media Content: Print Media (1996-2000): The third sub-category ex-
amines the economic environment for the media. This includes the structure of media ownership;
311
freedom.

N: 185 n: 925 N : 185 T : 5
4.40.6 Laws and Regulations that Influence Media Content (2001-2016) (fhp_mclr5)
Laws and Regulations that Influence the Media Content (2001-2016). The variable encompasses an
examination of both the laws and regulations that could influence media content and the govern-
ment’s inclination to use these laws and legal institutions to restrict the media’s ability to operate.
Freedom House assesses the positive impact of legal and constitutional guarantees for freedom of
expression; the potentially negative aspects of security legislation, the penal code, and other criminal
statutes; penalties for libel and defamation; the existence of and ability to use freedom of information
legislation; the independence of the judiciary and of official media regulatory bodies; registration
requirements for both media outlets and journalists; and the ability of journalists’ groups to operate
freely. The scale of the variable is 0-30. 0 indicates more freedom.
N: 194 N: 196 n: 3081 N : 193 T : 16
4.40.7 Laws and Regulations that Influence the Broadcast Media Content (1993-1995)
(fhp_mclrb3)
Laws and Regulations that Influence the Media Content: Broadcast Media (1993-1995). The variable
encompasses an examination of both the laws and regulations that could influence media content and
the government’s inclination to use these laws and legal institutions to restrict the media’s ability
to operate. Freedom House assesses the positive impact of legal and constitutional guarantees for
freedom of expression; the potentially negative aspects of security legislation, the penal code, and
other criminal statutes; penalties for libel and defamation; the existence of and ability to use freedom
of information legislation; the independence of the judiciary and of official media regulatory bodies;
registration requirements for both media outlets and journalists; and the ability of journalists’ groups
to operate freely. The scale of the variable is 0-20. 0 indicates more freedom.

N: 185 n: 550 N : 183 T : 3
312
4.40.8 Laws and Regulations that Influence the Broadcast Media Content (1996-2000)
(fhp_mclrb4)
Laws and Regulations that Influence the Media Content: Broadcast Media (1996-2000). The variable

N: 185 n: 925 N : 185 T : 5
4.40.9 Laws and Regulations that Influence the Print Media Content (1993-1995)
(fhp_mclrp3)
Laws and Regulations that Influence the Media Content: Print Media (1993-1995). The variable

N: 185 n: 550 N : 183 T : 3
4.40.10 Laws and Regulations that Influence the Print Media Content (1996-2000)
(fhp_mclrp4)
Laws and Regulations that Influence the Media Content: Print Media (1996-2000). The variable
313
N: 185 n: 925 N : 185 T : 5
4.40.11 Political Pressures and Controls on Media Content (2001-2016) (fhp_mcpp5)
Political Pressures and Controls on Media Content (2001-2016). The variable evaluates the degree of
political control over the content of news media. Issues examined include the editorial independence
of both state-owned and privately owned media; access to information and sources; official censorship
and self-censorship; the vibrancy of the media; the ability of both foreign and local reporters to cover
the news freely and without harassment; and the intimidation of journalists by the state or other
actors, including arbitrary detention and imprisonment, violent assaults, and other threats. The
scale of the variable is 0-40. 0 indicates more freedom.
N: 194 N: 196 n: 3081 N : 193 T : 16
4.40.12 Political Pressures and Controls on Broadcast Media Content (1993-1995)

(fhp_mcppb3)
Political Pressures and Controls on Media Content: Broadcast Media (1993-1995). The variable
evaluates the degree of political control over the content of news media. Issues examined include
the editorial independence of both state-owned and privately owned media; access to information
and sources; official censorship and self-censorship; the vibrancy of the media; the ability of both
foreign and local reporters to cover the news freely and without harassment; and the intimidation
of journalists by the state or other actors, including arbitrary detention and imprisonment, violent
assaults, and other threats. The scale of the variable is 0-20. 0 indicates more freedom.

N: 185 n: 550 N : 183 T : 3
4.40.13 Political Pressures and Controls on Broadcast Media Content (1996-2000)

(fhp_mcppb4)
Political Pressures and Controls on Media Content: Broadcast Media (1996-2000). The variable
evaluates the degree of political control over the content of news media. Issues examined include
the editorial independence of both state-owned and privately owned media; access to information
and sources; official censorship and self-censorship; the vibrancy of the media; the ability of both
foreign and local reporters to cover the news freely and without harassment; and the intimidation
of journalists by the state or other actors, including arbitrary detention and imprisonment, violent
assaults, and other threats. The scale of the variable is 0-30. 0 indicates more freedom.
314
N: 185 n: 925 N : 185 T : 5
4.40.14 Political Pressures and Controls on Print Media Content (1993-1995) (fhp_-
mcppp3)
Political Pressures and Controls on Media Content: Print Media (1993-1995): The variable evaluates
the degree of political control over the content of news media. Issues examined include the editorial
independence of both state-owned and privately owned media; access to information and sources;
official censorship and self-censorship; the vibrancy of the media; the ability of both foreign and local
reporters to cover the news freely and without harassment; and the intimidation of journalists by
the state or other actors, including arbitrary detention and imprisonment, violent assaults, and other
threats. The scale of the variable is 0-20. 0 indicates more freedom.

N: 185 n: 550 N : 183 T : 3
4.40.15 Political Pressures and Controls on Print Media Content (1996-2000) (fhp_-
mcppp4)
Political Pressures and Controls on Media Content: Print Media (1996-2000): The variable evaluates
the degree of political control over the content of news media. Issues examined include the editorial
independence of both state-owned and privately owned media; access to information and sources;
official censorship and self-censorship; the vibrancy of the media; the ability of both foreign and local
reporters to cover the news freely and without harassment; and the intimidation of journalists by
the state or other actors, including arbitrary detention and imprisonment, violent assaults, and other
threats. The scale of the variable is 0-30. 0 indicates more freedom.

N: 185 n: 925 N : 185 T : 5
4.40.16 Repressive Actions: Broadcast Media (1993-1995) (fhp_rab3)
Repressive Actions: Broadcast Media (1993-1995). This variable reflects actual press-freedom vi-
olations (killing of journalists, physical violence against journalists or facilities, censorship, self-
censorship, harassment, expulsions, etc). The scale of the variable is 0-40. 0 indicates more freedom.
315
N: 185 n: 550 N : 183 T : 3
4.40.17 Repressive Actions: Broadcast Media (1996-2000) (fhp_rab4)
Repressive Actions: Broadcast Media (1996-2000). This variable reflects actual press-freedom vi-
olations (killing of journalists, physical violence against journalists or facilities, censorship, self-
censorship, harassment, expulsions, etc). The scale of the variable is 0-10. 0 indicates more freedom.

N: 185 n: 925 N : 185 T : 5
4.40.18 Repressive Actions: Print Media (1993-1995) (fhp_rap3)
Repressive Actions: Print Media (1993-1995). This variable reflects actual press-freedom violations
(killing of journalists, physical violence against journalists or facilities, censorship, self-censorship,
harassment, expulsions, etc). The scale of the variable is 0-40. 0 indicates more freedom.

N: 185 n: 550 N : 183 T : 3
4.40.19 Repressive Actions: Print Media (1996-2000) (fhp_rap4)
Repressive Actions: Print Media (1996-2000). This variable reflects actual press-freedom violations
(killing of journalists, physical violence against journalists or facilities, censorship, self-censorship,
harassment, expulsions, etc). The scale of the variable is 0-10. 0 indicates more freedom.

N: 185 n: 925 N : 185 T : 5
316
4.40.20 Freedom of the Press, Score (1993-1995) (fhp_score3)
Freedom of the Press, Score (1993-1995): The press freedom index is computed by adding four
component ratings: Laws and regulations, Political pressures and controls, Economic Influences and
Repressive actions. The scale ranges from 0 (most free) to 100 (least free).

N: 185 n: 550 N : 183 T : 3

N: 185 n: 925 N : 185 T : 5
N: 194 N: 196 n: 3081 N : 193 T : 16
4.40.23 Freedom of the Press, Status (1988-1992) (fhp_status2)
Freedom of the Press, Status (1988-1992):
1. Free
2. Partly Free
3. Not Free
317
N: 180 n: 804 N : 161 T : 4
1. Free
2. Partly Free
3. Not Free

N: 185 n: 554 N : 185 T : 3
1. Free
2. Partly Free
3. Not Free

N: 185 n: 925 N : 185 T : 5
1. Free
2. Partly Free
3. Not Free
N: 194 N: 196 n: 3081 N : 193 T : 16
318
4.40.27 Freedom of Broadcast Media, Status (1979-1987) (fhp_statusb1)
Freedom of Print Media, Status (1979-1987):
1. Free
2. Partly Free
3. Not Free

N: 158 n: 1240 N : 138 T : 8
4.40.28 Freedom of Print Media, Status (1979-1987) (fhp_statusp1)
Freedom of Broadcast Media, Status (1979-1987):
1. Free
2. Partly Free
3. Not Free

N: 158 n: 1246 N : 138 T : 8
319
4.41 Fraser Institute
Gwartney, J., Lawson, R., Hall, J., Murphy, R., Callais, J. T., Fike, R., Geloso, V., Kahli, N. S.,
McMahon, F., & van Staden, M. (2021). Economic Freedom Dataset 2021, published in Eco-
nomic Freedom of the World: 2021. Fraser Institute. https://www.fraserinstitute.org/economic-
freedom/dataset
https://www.fraserinstitute.org/economic-freedom/dataset
Economic Freedom of the World Dataset
The index published in Economic Freedom of the World measures the degree to which the policies and
institutions of countries are supportive of economic freedom. The cornerstones of economic freedom
are personal choice, voluntary exchange, freedom to enter markets and compete, and security of the
person and privately owned property. The EFW index now ranks 159 countries and territories. Data
are available for approximately 100 nations and territories back to 1980, and many back to 1970.
This data set makes it possible for scholars to analyze the impact of both cross-country differences
in economic freedom and changes in that freedom across a time frame of three and a half decades.
For a consistent time-series for a particular country and/or longitudinal data for a panel of countries,
the Fraser Institute previously developed and reported a chain-linked version of the index. One of
the problems with the chain-linked index was that it was limited to just the 123 countries that were
available in the chain-link’s “base year” of 2000. With this year’s report, the Institute is replacing
the chain-linked index with the EFW Panel Dataset, which reports area and summary ratings for all
countries for which we have a regular EFW index score in any given year.
The EFW Panel Dataset adjusts the regular EFW index in two ways. (1) From the most-recent
year annually back to 2000, whenever possible, any missing data is estimated by autoregressively
“backcasting” the data, meaning the actual values are used in later years to estimate the missing
values for earlier years. For example, if a country is missing a data value for a particular component
from 2000-2004, this method estimates the missing 2000-2004 values based on data available in 2005
and thereafter. This approach allows to have area and summary ratings for up to the entire 159
countries in the EFW index. (2) For 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, and 1995, the index is chain-linked
as described in previous editions. That is, using 2000 as the base year, changes in a country’s scores
backward in time are based only on changes in components that were present in adjoining years. It
should be noted that the EFW Panel Dataset contains area and summary ratings only for those years
in which the country received a regular EFW index rating.
4.41.1 Freedom to Trade Internationally (current) (fi_ftradeint)
The index ranges from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to “increasing tax rate on international trade”,
“slow import or export process”, “small trade sectors relative to the population and geographic size”,
“exchange rate controls are present and a black-market exists”, and “restrictions on the freedom of
citizens to engage in capital market exchange with foreigners” and 10 corresponds to “no specific
taxes on international trade”, “swift import or export process”, “large trade sectors relative to the
population and geographic size”, “no black-market exchange rate”, and “no restrictions on the free-
dom of citizens to engage in capital market exchange with foreigners”. The index consists of the
following indicators: Taxes on international trade, Regulatory trade barriers, Actual size of trade
320
sector compared to expected size, Difference between official exchange rate and black market rate,
and International capital market controls.
N: 164 N: 167 n: 3495 N : 70 T : 21
4.41.2 Freedom to Trade Internationally (panel data) (fi_ftradeint_pd)
The index ranges from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to “increasing tax rate on international trade”,
“slow import or export process”, “small trade sectors relative to the population and geographic size”,
“exchange rate controls are present and a black-market exists”, and “restrictions on the freedom of
citizens to engage in capital market exchange with foreigners” and 10 corresponds to “no specific
taxes on international trade”, “swift import or export process”, “large trade sectors relative to the
population and geographic size”, “no black-market exchange rate”, and “no restrictions on the free-
dom of citizens to engage in capital market exchange with foreigners”. The index consists of the
following indicators: Taxes on international trade, Regulatory trade barriers, Actual size of trade
sector compared to expected size, Difference between official exchange rate and black market rate,
and International capital market controls. Panel-data adjusted.
N: 164 N: 167 n: 3463 N : 69 T : 21
4.41.3 Economic Freedom of the World Index (current) (fi_index)
The index is founded upon objective components that reflect the presence (or absence) of economic
freedom. The index comprises 21 components designed to identify the consistency of institutional
arrangements and policies with economic freedom in five major areas: size of government (fi_sog),
legal structure and security of property rights (fi_legprop), access to sound money (fi_sm), freedom to
trade internationally (fi_ftradeint), regulation of credit, labor and business (fi_reg). The index ranges
from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to “less economic freedom” and 10 to “more economic freedom”. This is
the version of the index published at the current year of measurement, without taking methodological
changes over time into account.
N: 164 N: 167 n: 3535 N : 71 T : 21
4.41.4 Economic Freedom of the World Index (panel data) (fi_index_pd)
The index is founded upon objective components that reflect the presence (or absence) of economic
freedom. The index ranges from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to “less economic freedom” and 10 to
321
“more economic freedom”. Panel-data adjusted.
N: 164 N: 167 n: 3530 N : 71 T : 21
4.41.5 Legal Structure and Security of Property Rights (current) (fi_legprop)
The index ranges from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to “no judicial independence”, “no trusted legal
framework exists”, “no protection of intellectual property”, “military interference in rule of law”, and
“no integrity of the legal system” and 10 corresponds to “high judicial independence”, “trusted legal
framework exists”, “protection of intellectual property”, “no military interference in rule of law”, and
“integrity of the legal system”. The index consists of the following indicators: Judicial independence:
The judiciary is independent and not subject to interference by the government or parties in dispute,
Impartial courts: A trusted legal framework exists for private businesses to challenge the legality of
government actions or regulations, Protection of intellectual property, Military interference in rule of
law and the political process, Integrity of the legal system.
N: 164 N: 169 n: 4027 N : 81 T : 24
4.41.6 Legal Structure and Security of Property Rights (panel data) (fi_legprop_pd)
The index ranges from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to “no judicial independence”, “no trusted legal
framework exists”, “no protection of intellectual property”, “military interference in rule of law”, and
“no integrity of the legal system” and 10 corresponds to “high judicial independence”, “trusted legal
framework exists”, “protection of intellectual property”, “no military interference in rule of law”, and
“integrity of the legal system”. The index consists of the following indicators: Judicial independence:
The judiciary is independent and not subject to interference by the government or parties in dispute,
Impartial courts: A trusted legal framework exists for private businesses to challenge the legality of
government actions or regulations, Protection of intellectual property, Military interference in rule of
law and the political process, Integrity of the legal system. Panel-data adjusted.
N: 164 N: 167 n: 3534 N : 71 T : 21
4.41.7 Regulation of Credit, Labor and Business (current) (fi_reg)
The index ranges from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to “low percentage of deposits held in privately owned
banks”, “high foreign bank license denial rate”, “private sector’s share of credit is close to the base-
year-minimum”, “deposit and lending rates is fixed by the government and real rates is persistently
322
negative”, “high impact of minimum wage”, “widespread use of price controls throughout various
sectors of the economy”, and “starting a new business is generally complicated” and 10 corresponds
to “high percentage of deposits held in privately owned banks”, “low foreign bank license denial rate”,
“private sector’s share of credit is close to the base-year-maximum”, “interest rates is determined
primarily by market forces and the real rates is positive”, “low impact of minimum wage”, “no
price controls or marketing boards”, and “starting a new business is generally easy”. The index
consists of the following indicators: Credit Market Regulations, Labor Market Regulations, Business
Regulations.
N: 164 N: 167 n: 3553 N : 71 T : 21
4.41.8 Regulation of Credit, Labor and Business (panel data) (fi_reg_pd)
The index ranges from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to “low percentage of deposits held in privately owned
banks”, “high foreign bank license denial rate”, “private sector’s share of credit is close to the base-
year-minimum”, “deposit and lending rates is fixed by the government and real rates is persistently
negative”, “high impact of minimum wage”, “widespread use of price controls throughout various
sectors of the economy”, and “starting a new business is generally complicated” and 10 corresponds
to “high percentage of deposits held in privately owned banks”, “low foreign bank license denial rate”,
“private sector’s share of credit is close to the base-year-maximum”, “interest rates is determined
primarily by market forces and the real rates is positive”, “low impact of minimum wage”, “no
price controls or marketing boards”, and “starting a new business is generally easy”. The index
consists of the following indicators: Credit Market Regulations, Labor Market Regulations, Business
Regulations. Panel-data adjusted.
N: 164 N: 167 n: 3512 N : 70 T : 21
4.41.9 Access to Sound Money (current) (fi_sm)
The index ranges from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to “high annual money growth”, “high variation in
the annual rate of inflation”, “high inflation rate”, and “restricted foreign currency bank accounts” and
10 corresponds to “low annual money growth”, “low or no variation in the annual rate of inflation”,
“low inflation rate”, and “foreign currency bank accounts are permissible without restrictions”. The
index consists of the following indicators: Average annual growth of the money supply in the last five
years minus average annual growth of real GDP in the last ten years, Standard inflation variability in
the last five years, Recent inflation rate, Freedom to own foreign currency bank accounts domestically
and abroad.
323
N: 164 N: 167 n: 3558 N : 71 T : 21
4.41.10 Access to Sound Money (chain_linked) (fi_sm_pd)
The index ranges from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to “high annual money growth”, “high variation in
the annual rate of inflation”, “high inflation rate”, and “restricted foreign currency bank accounts” and
10 corresponds to “low annual money growth”, “low or no variation in the annual rate of inflation”,
“low inflation rate”, and “foreign currency bank accounts are permissible without restrictions”. The
index consists of the following indicators: Average annual growth of the money supply in the last five
years minus average annual growth of real GDP in the last ten years, Standard inflation variability in
the last five years, Recent inflation rate, Freedom to own foreign currency bank accounts domestically
and abroad. Panel-data adjusted.
N: 164 N: 167 n: 3532 N : 71 T : 21
4.41.11 Size of Government: Expenditures, Taxes and Enterprises (current) (fi_sog)
The index ranges from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to “large general government consumption”, “large
transfer sector”, “many government enterprises”, and “high marginal tax rates and low income thresh-
olds”, and 10 to “small general government consumption”, “small transfer sector”, “few government
enterprises”, and “low marginal tax rates and high income thresholds”. The index consists of the
following indicators: General government consumption spending as a percentage of total consump-
tion, Transfers and subsidies as a percentage of GDP, Government enterprises and investment as a
percentage of total investment, Top marginal tax rate (and income threshold to which it applies).
N: 164 N: 169 n: 3891 N : 78 T : 23
4.41.12 Size of Government: Expenditures, Taxes and Enterprises (panel data) (fi_-
sog_pd)
The index ranges from 0-10 where 0 corresponds to “large general government consumption”, “large
transfer sector”, “many government enterprises”, and “high marginal tax rates and low income thresh-
olds”, and 10 to “small general government consumption”, “small transfer sector”, “few government
enterprises”, and “low marginal tax rates and high income thresholds”. The index consists of the
following indicators: General government consumption spending as a percentage of total consump-
tion, Transfers and subsidies as a percentage of GDP, Government enterprises and investment as a
324
percentage of total investment, Top marginal tax rate (and income threshold to which it applies).
Panel-data adjusted.
N: 164 N: 167 n: 3529 N : 71 T : 21
325
4.42 Guillén and Capron
Guillen, M., & Capron, L. (2016). State capacity, minority shareholder protections, and stock
market development. Administrative Science Quarterly, 61 (1), 125–160
https://whartonmgmt.wufoo.com/forms/guillencapron-shareholder-protections-index/
State Capacity, Minority Shareholder Protections, and Stock Market Development
A longitudinal dataset on the adoption of minority shareholders’ legal protections and the development
of the stock market in 78 countries between 1970 and 2016.
4.42.1 Minority Shareholder Rights (gc_shr)
The ten key legal provisions identified as most relevant to the protection of minority shareholder rights
are coded by a team of legal scholars coded between 0 and 1. The measures are not dichotomous
because intermediate scores between 0 and 1 are possible. The sum of the scores for each of the ten
legal provisions are the value of the variable, ranging from 0 to 10.
The ten legal provisions protecting the rights of minority shareholders:

1. Powers of the general meeting for de facto changes
2. Agenda-setting power
3. Anticipation of shareholder decision facilitated
4. Prohibition of multiple voting rights (super voting rights)
5. Independent board members
6. Feasibility of directors’ dismissal
7. Private enforcement of directors’ duties (derivative suit)
8. Shareholder action against resolutions of the general meeting
9. Mandatory bid
10. Disclosure of major share ownership
N: 77 N: 79 n: 3064 N : 65 T : 39
326
4.43 Transparency International
International, T. (2017). Global corruption barometer 9th edition. https://www.transparency.

org/research/gcb
http://www.transparency.org/research/gcb/overview
Global Corruption Barometer
The Global Corruption Barometer is the only worldwide public opinion survey about the views and
experiences of corruption.
The Global Corruption Barometer asks for people’s views on corruption in their country generally,
how the level of corruption has changed and in which institution’s the problem of corruption is most
severe. It also provides a measure of people’s experience of bribery in the past year across six different
services. The survey asks people how well or badly they think their government has done at stopping
corruption.
For the 2015-2017 version all the values have been assigned the year 2016.
Note: Only valid answers are used when calculating the averages, “Unknown”, “Don’t know” etc.
are excluded.
For the 2003-2013 version, the data for a country is marked as missing if there are less than 100
respondents per year, if there are 100 or more, the value corresponds to the mean of all answers.
4.43.1 Paid Bribe: Education System (gcb_bed)
In the past 12 months have you or anyone living in your household paid a bribe in any form to each
of the following institutions/organizations? Education system. Share of population answering Yes.

N: 121 n: 358 N : 45 T : 3
4.43.2 Paid Bribe: Medical Services (gcb_bmed)
of the following institutions/organizations? Medical services. Share of population answering Yes.
327
N: 121 n: 360 N : 45 T : 3
4.43.3 Paid Bribe: Registry and permit services (gcb_bper)
In the past 12 months have you or anyone living in your household paid a bribe in any form to
each of the following institutions/organizations? Registry and permit services. Share of population
answering Yes.

N: 120 n: 346 N : 43 T : 3
4.43.4 Paid Bribe: Police (gcb_bpol)
of the following institutions/organizations? Police. Share of population answering Yes.

N: 119 n: 321 N : 40 T : 3
4.43.5 Total bribery rate, total population (gcb_br)
Total bribery rates by country. Total Bribery rate, total population. In percentage.

N: 108
4.43.6 Total bribery rate, contact rate (gcb_brcr)
Total bribery rates by country. Total Contact Rate in percentage.
328
N: 106
4.43.7 Total bribery rate, no contact rate (gcb_brnc)
Total bribery rates by country. Total Bribery Rate, excluding no contact in percentage.

N: 106
4.43.8 Paid Bribe: Tax Revenue (gcb_btax)
of the following institutions/organizations? Tax revenue. Share of population answering Yes.

N: 112 n: 319 N : 40 T : 3
4.43.9 Paid Bribe: Utilities (gcb_butil)
of the following institutions/organizations? Utilities. Share of population answering Yes.

N: 120 n: 312 N : 39 T : 3
4.43.10 Fight aganist corruption: Badly (% respondents) (gcb_fcbad)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Badly’ to the following question: How well or badly would
you say the current government is handling the following matter: “fighting corruption in government”?
329
N: 112
4.43.11 Fight aganist corruption: Well (% respondents) (gcb_fcwell)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Well’ to the following question: How well or badly would you
say the current government is handling the following matter: “fighting corruption in government”?

N: 112
4.43.12 Feel personally obliged to report corruption: agree (% respondents) (gcb_-

orcag)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Agree’ to the following question: Would you agree or
disagree with the following statement: If I would witness an act of corruption, I would feel personally
obliged to report it.

N: 77
4.43.13 Feel personally obliged to report corruption: disagree (% respondents) (gcb_-

orcdis)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Disagree’ to the following question: Would you agree or
disagree with the following statement: If I would witness an act of corruption, I would feel personally
obliged to report it.

N: 77
330
4.43.14 Corruption Perception: Business (gcb_pb)
To what extent do you perceive the following categories in this country to be affected by corruption?
Business. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 125 n: 510 N : 51 T : 4
4.43.15 Corruption Perception-Business Executives: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcb-

most)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Most or All’ to the following question about Business
Executives: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t
you heard enough about them to say?

N: 114
4.43.16 Corruption Perception-Business Executives: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcb-

some)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Some or None’ to the following question about Business
Executives: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t

N: 114
4.43.17 Corruption Perception-Gov Officials: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcgomost)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Most or All’ to the following question about Government
Officials: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you
heard enough about them to say?
331
N: 114
4.43.18 Corruption Perception-Gov Officials: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcgosome)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Some or None’ to the following question about Government
Officials: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you

N: 114
4.43.19 Corruption Perception-Judges: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcjmost)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Most or All’ to the following question about Judges and
Magistrates: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t

N: 113
4.43.20 Corruption Perception-Judges: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcjsome)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Some or None’ to the following question about Judges and
Magistrates: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t

N: 113
332
4.43.21 Corruption Perception-Local Gov Council: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pclgc-
most)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Most or All’ to the following question about Local gov-
ernment councilors: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or
haven’t you heard enough about them to say?

N: 113
4.43.22 Corruption Perception-Local Gov Council: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pclgc-

some)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Some or None’ to the following question about Local gov-
ernment councilors: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or
haven’t you heard enough about them to say?

N: 113
4.43.23 Corruption Perception-Legislature: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pclmost)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Most or All’ to the following question about the Members
of Parliament or Senators: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption,
or haven’t you heard enough about them to say?

N: 114
4.43.24 Corruption Perception-Legislature: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pclsome)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Some or None’ to the following question about the Members
of Parliament or Senators: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption,
or haven’t you heard enough about them to say?
333
N: 114
4.43.25 Corruption Perception Change: Decrease (% respondents) (gcb_pcord)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘decreased’ to the following question: In your opinion, over
the past year, has the level of corruption in this country increased, decreased, or stayed the same?

N: 82
4.43.26 Corruption Perception Change: Increase (% respondents) (gcb_pcori)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘increased’ to the following question: In your opinion, over
the past year, has the level of corruption in this country increased, decreased, or stayed the same?

N: 82
4.43.27 Corruption Perception-Head of State: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcpmost)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Most or All’ to the following question about the President
or Prime Minister and Officials in his office: How many of the following people do you think are
involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say?

N: 113
4.43.28 Corruption Perception-Police: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcpolmost)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Most or All’ to the following question about the Police:
How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard
enough about them to say?
334
N: 114
4.43.29 Corruption Perception-Police: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcpolsome)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Some or None’ to the following question about the Police:
How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard
enough about them to say?

N: 114
4.43.30 Corruption Perception-Head of State: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcpsome)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Some or None’ to the following question about the President
or Prime Minister and Officials in his office: How many of the following people do you think are
involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say?

N: 113
4.43.31 Corruption Perception-Religious Leaders: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pcr-

most)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Most or All’ to the following question about Religious
Leaders: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you

N: 113
335
4.43.32 Corruption Perception-Religious Leaders: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pcr-
some)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Some or None’ to the following question about Religious
Leaders: How many of the following people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you

N: 113
4.43.33 Corruption Perception-Tax officers: Most (% respondents) (gcb_pctaxmost)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Most or All’ to the following question about Tax Officials,
like Ministry of Finance officials or Local Government tax collectors: How many of the following
people do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say?

N: 114
4.43.34 Corruption Perception-Tax officers: Some (% respondents) (gcb_pctaxsome)
Percentage of respondents who answered ‘Some or None’ to the following question about Tax Officials,
like Ministry of Finance officials or Local Government tax collectors: How many of the following people
do you think are involved in corruption, or haven’t you heard enough about them to say?

N: 114
4.43.35 Corruption Perception: Education (gcb_ped)
Education. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 123 n: 442 N : 44 T : 4
336
4.43.36 Can people fight aganist corruption: agree (% respondents) (gcb_pfcaag)
disagree with the following statement: Ordinary people can make a difference in the fight against
corruption.

N: 113
4.43.37 Can people fight aganist corruption: disagree (% respondents) (gcb_pfcdis)
disagree with the following statement: Ordinary people can make a difference in the fight against
corruption.

N: 113
4.43.38 Corruption Perception: Judiciary/Legal System (gcb_pj)
Judiciary/Legal system. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 125 n: 509 N : 51 T : 4
4.43.39 Corruption Perception: Medical Services (gcb_pmed)
Medical services. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 120 n: 346 N : 35 T : 3
337
4.43.40 Corruption Perception: Media (gcb_pmedia)
Media. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 125 n: 510 N : 51 T : 4
4.43.41 Corruption Perception: Military (gcb_pmil)
Military. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 121 n: 434 N : 43 T : 4
4.43.42 Corruption Perception: NGOs (gcb_pngo)
NGOs. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 123 n: 443 N : 44 T : 4
4.43.43 Corruption Perception: Political Parties (gcb_ppa)
Political parties. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 125 n: 509 N : 51 T : 4
338
4.43.44 Corruption Perception: Parliament (gcb_pparl)
Parliament. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 125 n: 509 N : 51 T : 4
4.43.45 Corruption Perception: Registry and permit services (gcb_pper)
Registry and permit services. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 77 n: 241 N : 60 T : 3
4.43.46 Corruption Perception: Police (gcb_ppol)
Police. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 123 n: 441 N : 44 T : 4
4.43.47 Corruption Perception: Religious Bodies (gcb_prel)
Religious bodies. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 123 n: 442 N : 44 T : 4
339
4.43.48 Corruption Perception: Tax Revenue (gcb_ptax)
Tax revenue. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 77 n: 241 N : 60 T : 3
4.43.49 Corruption Perception: Utilities (gcb_putil)
Utilities. 1 (Not at all corrupt) - 5 (Extremely corrupt).

N: 78 n: 242 N : 61 T : 3
4.43.50 Is socially acceptable to report corruption: agree (% respondents) (gcb_-

sarcag)
disagree with the following statement: In our society it is generally acceptable for people to report a
case of corruption they witness.

N: 77
4.43.51 Is socially acceptable to report corruption: disagree (% respondents) (gcb_-

sarcdis)
disagree with the following statement: In our society it is generally acceptable for people to report a
case of corruption they witness.
340
N: 77
4.43.52 Would spend a whole day in court to give evidence: agree (% respondents)
(gcb_wsdag)
disagree with the following statement: I would report a case of corruption even if I would have to
spend a day in court to give evidence.

N: 77
4.43.53 Would spend a whole day in court to give evidence: disagree (% respondents)
(gcb_wsddis)
disagree with the following statement: I would report a case of corruption even if I would have to
spend a day in court to give evidence.

N: 77
341
4.44 The Political Terror Scale project
Gibney, M., Cornett, L., Wood, R., Haschke, P., Arnon, D., Pisanò, A., Barrett, G., & Park,
B. (2020). The political terror scale 1976-2019 [Data retrieved from the Political Terror Scale
website]. http://www.politicalterrorscale.org
http://www.politicalterrorscale.org/Data/Download.html
The Political Terror Scale
The PTS seeks to measure political terror. The authors define political terror as violations of basic
human rights to the physical integrity of the person by agents of the state within the territorial
boundaries of the state in question. It is important to note that political terror as defined by the
PTS is not synonymous with terrorism or the use of violence and intimidation in pursuit of political
aims. The concept is also distinguishable from terrorism as a tactic or from criminal acts.
The PTS measures levels of political violence and terror that a country experiences in a particu-
lar year based on a 5-level ”terror scale” originally developed by Freedom House. The data used
in compiling this index comes from three different sources: the yearly country reports of Amnesty
International, the U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, and Human
Rights Watch’s World Reports.
4.44.1 Political Terror Scale - Amnesty International (gd_ptsa)
Political Terror Scale Levels from the yearly country reports of Amnesty International:
1. Countries under a secure rule of law, people are not imprisoned for their view, and torture is
rare or exceptional. Political murders are extremely rare.
2. There is a limited amount of imprisonment for nonviolent political activity. However, few persons
are affected, torture and beatings are exceptional. Political murder is rare.
3. There is extensive political imprisonment, or a recent history of such imprisonment. Execution or
other political murders and brutality may be common. Unlimited detention, with or without a trial,
for political views is accepted.
4. Civil and political rights violations have expanded to large numbers of the population. Murders,
disappearances, and torture are a common part of life. In spite of its generality, on this level terror
affects those who interest themselves in politics or ideas.
5. Terror has expanded to the whole population. The leaders of these societies place no limits on the
means or thoroughness with which they pursue personal or ideological goals.
N: 162 N: 190 n: 5728 N : 130 T : 30
342
4.44.2 Political Terror Scale - Human Rights Watch (gd_ptsh)
Political Terror Scale Levels from the Human Rights Watch’s World Reports:
N: 96 N: 108 n: 627 N : 90 T : 6
4.44.3 Political Terror Scale - US State Department (gd_ptss)
Political Terror Scale Levels from the the U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights
Practices:
N: 193 N: 204 n: 7502 N : 171 T : 37
343
4.45 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2015). Global educational attainment
1970-2015
http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/global-educational-attainment-1970-2015
Global Educational Attainment 1970-2015
These are IHME results data from a global analysis of educational attainment spanning the last 50
years. These data are an update to earlier estimates (Educational Attainment and Child Mortality
Estimates by Country 1970-2009) and inform the IHME policy report “A Hand Up: Global Progress
Towards Universal Education”, as well as the Social Determinants of Health Visualization, which is
supported by the Center for Health Trends and Forecasts at IHME.
This data file provides estimates of average years of educational attainment per capita for people
over the age of 15 for the years 1970-2015 by year, sex, and age group for 188 countries, 21 GBD
regions, 7 GBD super regions, and the global aggregate. Age-standardized and population-weighted
estimates are included for females 15-44 and for both sexes for the age group 25+.
4.45.1 Educational Attainment (15-24 years, Female) (gea_ea1524f)
Educational Attainment (15-24 years, Female). Average years of education.
N: 187 N: 193 n: 7740 N : 168 T : 40
4.45.2 Educational Attainment (15-24 years, Male) (gea_ea1524m)
Educational Attainment (15-24 years, Male). Average years of education.
N: 187 N: 193 n: 7740 N : 168 T : 40
344
N: 187 N: 193 n: 7740 N : 168 T : 40
N: 187 N: 193 n: 7740 N : 168 T : 40
N: 187 N: 193 n: 7740 N : 168 T : 40
N: 187 N: 193 n: 7740 N : 168 T : 40
345
N: 187 N: 193 n: 7740 N : 168 T : 40
N: 187 N: 193 n: 7740 N : 168 T : 40
N: 187 N: 193 n: 7740 N : 168 T : 40
N: 187 N: 193 n: 7740 N : 168 T : 40
4.45.11 Educational Attainment (65+ years, Female) (gea_ea65f)
Educational Attainment (65+ years, Female). Average years of education.
346
N: 187 N: 193 n: 7740 N : 168 T : 40
4.45.12 Educational Attainment (65+ years, Male) (gea_ea65m)
Educational Attainment (65+ years, Male). Average years of education.
N: 187 N: 193 n: 7740 N : 168 T : 40
347
4.46 IMF Government Finance Statistics
International Monetary Fund. (2019). Government finance statistics yearbook (gfsy) 2019.
https://data.imf.org/?sk=a0867067-d23c-4ebc-ad23-d3b015045405
https://data.imf.org/?sk=388dfa60-1d26-4ade-b505-a05a558d9a42
IMF GFS - Expenditure by Functions of Government (COFOG)
The IMF Government Finance Statistics (GFS) database contains fiscal data for all reporting coun-
tries in the framework of the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014 (GFSM 2014). It includes
detailed data on revenues, expenditures, transactions in financial assets and liabilities, and balance
sheet data and includes data for the general government sector and its subsectors (e.g., central gov-
ernment, local government, state government and social security funds). GFS data are compiled by
country authorities and reported to the IMF Statistics Department annually. The data reported in
the QoG Datasets is retrieved from Expenditure by Function of Government (COFOG) dataset, as
the percentage of total expenditure by general government.
4.46.1 Expenditure on defense, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_def)
Total expenditure on defense, as the percentage of general government expenditure.
N: 66 N: 73 n: 1349 N : 28 T : 18
4.46.2 Expenditure on economic affairs, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_ecaf)
Total expenditure on economic affairs, as the percentage of general government expenditure.
N: 68 N: 76 n: 1370 N : 28 T : 18
4.46.3 Expenditure on education, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_educ)
Total expenditure on education, as the percentage of general government expenditure.
348
N: 68 N: 76 n: 1370 N : 28 T : 18
4.46.4 Expenditure on environment protection, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_envr)
Total expenditure on environment protection, as the percentage of general government expenditure.
N: 68 N: 76 n: 1326 N : 27 T : 17
4.46.5 Expenditure on general public services, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_gps)
Total expenditure on general public services, as the percentage of general government expenditure.
N: 68 N: 77 n: 1372 N : 28 T : 18
4.46.6 Expenditure on housing and comm. amenities, as % of total gen. gov. exp.
(gfs_hca)
Total expenditure on housing and community amenities, as the percentage of general government
expenditure.
N: 68 N: 76 n: 1368 N : 28 T : 18
4.46.7 Expenditure on health, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_heal)
Total expenditure on health, as the percentage of general government expenditure.
349
N: 68 N: 76 n: 1371 N : 28 T : 18
4.46.8 Expenditure on public order and safety, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_pos)
Total expenditure on public order and safety, as the percentage of general government expenditure.
N: 66 N: 74 n: 1355 N : 28 T : 18
4.46.9 Expenditure on recreation, culture and religion, as % of total gen. gov. exp.
(gfs_rcr)
Total expenditure on recreation, culture and religion, as the percentage of general government ex-
penditure.
N: 68 N: 76 n: 1370 N : 28 T : 18
4.46.10 Expenditure on social protection, as % of total gen. gov. exp. (gfs_sp)
Total expenditure on social protection, as the percentage of general government expenditure.
N: 68 N: 76 n: 1368 N : 28 T : 18
350
4.47 World Economic Forum
World Economic Forum. (2021). The global gender gap report 2021 [All Rights Reserved].
https://www.weforum.org/reports/ab6795a1-960c-42b2-b3d5-587eccda6023
http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2018/
The Global Gender Gap Index 2006-2019
The Global Gender Gap Report benchmarks 153 countries on their progress towards gender parity
across four thematic dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment,
Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment.
4.47.1 Global Gender Gap Educational Attainment Subindex (gggi_eas)
Educational Attainment (0 to 1, where 1 indicates no gap). This subindex captures the gap be-
tween women’s and men’s current access to education through ratios of women to men in primary-,
secondary- and tertiary-level education. A longer-term view of the country’s ability to educate women
and men in equal numbers is captured through the ratio of the female literacy rate to the male literacy
rate.
N: 156 N: 157 n: 2065 N : 138 T : 13
4.47.2 Overall Global Gender Gap Index (gggi_ggi)
The Global Gender Gap Index (0 to 1, where 1 indicates no gap) examines the gap between men
and women in four fundamental categories (subindexes): Economic Participation and Opportunity,
Educational Attainment, Health and Survival and Political Empowerment.
N: 156 N: 157 n: 2065 N : 138 T : 13
351
4.47.3 Global Gender Gap Health and Survival Subindex (gggi_hss)
Health and Survival (0 to 1, where 1 indicates no gap). This subindex provides an overview of the
differences between women’s and men’s health through the use of two indicators. The first is the
sex ratio at birth, which aims specifically to capture the phenomenon of missing women, prevalent
in many countries with a strong son preference. Second, we use the gap between women’s and men’s
healthy life expectancy. This measure provides an estimate of the number of years that women and
men can expect to live in good health by taking into account the years lost to violence, disease,
malnutrition and other relevant factors.
N: 156 N: 157 n: 2065 N : 138 T : 13
4.47.4 Global Gender Gap Political Empowerment subindex (gggi_pes)
Political Empowerment (0 to 1, where 1 indicates no gap). This subindex measures the gap between
men and women at the highest level of political decision-making through the ratio of women to men
in ministerial positions and the ratio of women to men in parliamentary positions. In addition, we’ve
included the ratio of women to men in terms of years in executive office (prime minister or president)
for the last 50 years. A clear drawback in this category is the absence of any indicators capturing
differences between the participation of women and men at local levels of government. Should such
data become available at a globally comparative level in future years, it will be considered for inclusion
in the Index.
N: 156 N: 157 n: 2065 N : 138 T : 13
4.47.5 Global Gender Gap Economic Participation and Opportunity Subindex (gggi_-
pos)
Economic Participation and Opportunity (0 to 1, where 1 indicates no gap). This subindex contains
three concepts: the participation gap, the remuneration gap and the advancement gap. The partic-
ipation gap is captured using the difference between women and men in labour force participation
rates. The remuneration gap is captured through a hard data indicator (ratio of estimated female-
to-male earned income) and a qualitative indicator gathered through the World Economic Forum’s
annual Executive Opinion Survey (wage equality for similar work). Finally, the gap between the
advancement of women and men is captured through two hard data statistics (the ratio of women to
men among legislators, senior officials and managers, and the ratio of women to men among technical
and professional workers).
352
N: 156 N: 157 n: 2065 N : 138 T : 13
353
4.48 United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Development Program. (2020a). Gender inequality index. http://hdr.undp.org/

en/content/gender-inequality-index-gii
http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
The Gender Inequality Index
The Gender Inequality Index (GII) reflects gender-based disadvantage in three dimensions - repro-
ductive health, empowerment and the labour market - for as many countries as data of reasonable
quality allow. It shows the loss in potential human development due to inequality between female
and male achievements in these dimensions. It ranges from 0, where women and men fare equally, to
1, where one gender fares as poorly as possible in all measured dimensions.
4.48.1 Gender Inequality Index (0 to 1 higher disparity) (gii_gii)
The GII is an inequality index. It measures gender inequalities in three important aspects of human
development-reproductive health, measured by maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates;
empowerment, measured by proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by females and proportion of
adult females and males aged 25 years and older with at least some secondary education; and economic
status, expressed as labour market participation and measured by labour force participation rate of
female and male populations aged 15 years and older. The GII is built on the same framework as
the IHDI-to better expose differences in the distribution of achievements between women and men.
It measures the human development costs of gender inequality. Thus the higher the GII value the
more disparities between females and males and the more loss to human development.
N: 162 N: 163 n: 1943 N : 78 T : 12
354
4.49 Kristian S. Gleditsch
Gleditsch, K. S. (2002). Expanded trade and GDP data (version 6.0). Journal of Conflict
Resolution, 46 (5), 712–724
Gleditsch, K., & Ward, M. D. (1999). Interstate system membership: A revised list of the
independent states since 1816. International Interactions, 25, 393–413
http://ksgleditsch.com/exptradegdp.html
Expanded Trade and GDP Data
The dataset by Kristian Gleditsch provides estimates of trade flows between independent states
(1948-2000) and GDP per capita of independent states (1950-2011). Version 6. In order to fill in
gaps in the Penn World Table’s mark 5.6 and 6.2 data (see: Heston, Summers & Aten), Gleditsch
has imputed missing data by using an alternative source of data (the CIA World Fact Book), and
through extrapolation beyond available time-series.
4.49.1 GDP per Capita (Current Prices) (gle_cgdpc)
GDP per capita (Current prices).

N: 209 n: 9478 N : 153 T : 45
4.49.2 Total Export (gle_exp)
This amounts to the total export of a country, in millions of current year US dollars, estimated as
the sum of all dyadic export figures to that country using the imputation technique described above.

N: 204 n: 7481 N : 141 T : 37
355
4.49.3 Real GDP (2005) (gle_gdp)
Real GDP (2005). This is Gleditsch’s estimate of GDP per Capita in US dollars at current year
international prices.

N: 209 n: 9478 N : 153 T : 45
4.49.4 Total Import (gle_imp)
This amounts to the total import of a country, in millions of current year US dollars, estimated as
the sum of all dyadic import figures to that country using the imputation technique described above.

N: 204 n: 7481 N : 141 T : 37
4.49.5 Population (in the 1000’s) (gle_pop)
Size of the population in the years 1000’s.

N: 209 n: 9478 N : 153 T : 45
4.49.6 Real GDP per Capita (2005) (gle_rgdpc)
This is the estimate of real GDP per Capita in constant US dollars at base year 2000, based on the
imputation technique described above.

N: 209 n: 9478 N : 153 T : 45
356
4.49.7 Total Trade (gle_trade)
This amounts to the sum of import and export of a country, in millions of current year US dollars,
estimated as the sum of all dyadic import and export figures of that country using the imputation
technique described above.

N: 204 n: 7481 N : 141 T : 37
357
4.50 Bormann and Golder
Bormann, N.-C., & Golder, M. (2013). Democratic electoral systems around the world, 1946–
2011. Electoral Studies, 32, 360–369
http://mattgolder.com/elections
Democratic Electoral Systems Around the World 1946-2016
The data focus on national-level (lower house) legislative and presidential elections in democratic
regimes. A regime is classified as a democracy at the time of an election if (i) the chief executive
is elected, (ii) the legislature is elected, (iii) there is more than one party competing in elections,
and (iv) an alternation under identical electoral rules has taken place. A regime is classified as a
dictatorship at the time of an election if any of these four conditions do not hold (Przeworski et al.,
2000; Cheibub, Gandhi and Vreeland, 2010).
Note: The original values of -99 (the information is missing but should theoretically be available) and
-88 (there is no single value for this particular variable) have been recoded to ”.” (missing).
Note: The original data source is prepared in country-election format and data for interim years
without elections has been filled using the latest election data, if an election was held in the last five
years before the reference year.
4.50.1 Average District Magnitude (gol_adm)
Average district magnitude in an electoral tier. This is calculated as the total number of seats allocated
in an electoral tier divided by the total number of districts in that tier.
N: 114 N: 133 n: 4663 N : 66 T : 35
4.50.2 Districts (gol_dist)
This is the number of electoral districts or constituencies in an electoral tier.
N: 114 N: 133 n: 4686 N : 66 T : 35
358
4.50.3 Effective Number of Electoral Parties (gol_enep)
Effective number of electoral parties.
N: 105 N: 124 n: 4258 N : 60 T : 34
4.50.4 Effective Number of Electoral Parties 1 (gol_enep1)
The effective number of electoral parties once the ”other” category has been ”corrected” by using the
least component method of bounds.
N: 105 N: 124 n: 4255 N : 60 T : 34
4.50.5 Effective Number of Electoral Parties (Others) (gol_enepo)
The percentage of the vote going to parties that are collectively known as ”others” in official election
results.
N: 105 N: 124 n: 4233 N : 60 T : 34
4.50.6 Effective Number of Parliamentary or Legislative Parties (gol_enpp)
The effective number of parliamentary (legislative) parties.
N: 110 N: 130 n: 4509 N : 64 T : 35
359
4.50.7 Effective Number of Parliamentary or Legislative Parties 1 (gol_enpp1)
This is the effective number of parliamentary (legislative) parties once the ”other” category has been
”corrected” by using the least component method of bounds.
N: 110 N: 129 n: 4450 N : 63 T : 34
4.50.8 Effective Number of Parliamentary or Legislative Parties (Others) (gol_enppo)
The percentage of seats won by parties that are collectively known as ”others” in official election
results.
N: 110 N: 129 n: 4455 N : 63 T : 35
4.50.9 Effective Number of Presidential Candidates (gol_enpres)
The effective number of presidential candidates.
N: 66 N: 72 n: 2207 N : 31 T : 31
4.50.10 Electoral System Type-3 classes (gol_est)
This is a categorical variable that takes on one of three values indicating the basic type of electoral
system used in the elections.
1. Majoritarian
2. Proportional
3. Mixed
N: 114 N: 134 n: 4713 N : 66 T : 35
360
4.50.11 Electoral System Type-11 classes (gol_est_spec)
This is a categorical variable that provides a more detailed indication of the type of electoral system
used in the election.
1. Single-Member-District-Plurality (SMDP)
2. Two-Round System (TRS)
3. Alternative Vote (AV)
4. Borda Count (BC)
5. Block Vote (BV)
6. Party Block Vote (PBV)
7. Limited Vote (LV)
8. Single Nontransferable Vote (SNTV)
9. List Proportional Representation (List PR)
10. Single Transferable Vote (STV)
11. Mixed Dependent (or Mixed Member Proportional)
12. Mixed Independent (or Mixed Parallel)
N: 114 N: 134 n: 4719 N : 66 T : 35
4.50.12 Institution (gol_inst)
This is a categorical variable indicating a country’s regime type at the end of a given year. The data
for this variable come from Cheibub, Gandhi and Vreeland (2010), which we updated through 2011.
0. Parliamentary democracy
1. Semi-presidential democracy
2. Presidential democracy
3. Civilian dictatorship
4. Military dictatorship
5. Royal dictatorship
Not all elections that occur when a regime is classified as a dictatorship (regime = 4-6) are dic-
tatorial. This apparent anomaly has to do with the fact that a country’s regime type is coded based
on its status at the end of a given year. Elections like those in Argentina 1962, Nicaragua 1983,
Philippines 1965, and Thailand 1976 all preceded a democratic collapse in the same year. Although
these countries are considered dictatorial at the end of these years, we code these particular elec-
tions as democratic and therefore include them in our data set. We should note that we code the
1997 elections in Kenya, the 1999 elections in Guinea Bissau, the 2005 elections in Liberia, the 2006
elections in Mauritania, and the 2008 elections in Bangladesh as democratic even though Cheibub,
Gandhi and Vreeland (2010) do not code these countries as democratic until the following year. The
reason for this is that these elections are the primary reason cited by Cheibub, Gandhi and Vreeland
(2010) for their eventual recoding of these countries as democratic. As an example, Cheibub, Gandhi
and Vreeland (2010) do not code Liberia as democratic until 2006 despite the fact that presidential
elections took place in October 2005, because the winner of these elections, Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, did
not officially take office until January 2006. The bottom line is that there are a few observations in
our data set of democratic elections where regime indicates that the country was a dictatorship by
the end of the year.
361
N: 116 N: 134 n: 4781 N : 67 T : 36
4.50.13 Mixed Type (gol_mix)
This is a categorical variable that indicates the precise type of mixed electoral system that is being
used.
1. Coexistence
2. Superposition
3. Fusion
4. Correction
5. Conditional
N: 20 N: 35 n: 555 N : 8 T : 16
4.50.14 Multi-Tier Type (gol_mt)
This is a dichotomous variable that indicates whether different electoral tiers are linked (1) or not
(0). Electoral tiers are linked if the unused votes from one electoral tier are used to allocate seats
in another electoral tier, or if the allocation of seats in one electoral tier is conditional on the seats
received in a different electoral tier.
N: 114 N: 134 n: 4728 N : 67 T : 35
4.50.15 Number of Seats (gol_nos)
This indicates the total number of seats in the lower house of the national legislature.
N: 114 N: 134 n: 4720 N : 66 T : 35
362
4.50.16 Presidential Electoral System Type (gol_pest)
This is a categorical variable that indicates the electoral formula used in the presidential election.
1. Plurality
2. Absolute Majority
3. Qualified Majority
4. Electoral College
5. Alternative Vote
N: 66 N: 71 n: 2219 N : 31 T : 31
4.50.17 Electoral Formula used in an Electoral Tier (gol_pr)
This is a categorical variable that indicates the precise electoral formula used in an electoral tier.
1. Single-Member-District-Plurality (SMDP)
2. Two Round Majority-Plurality
3. Two Round Qualified Majority
4. Two Round Majority Runoff
6. Borda Count (BC)
7. Modified Borda Count (mBC)
8. Block Vote (BV)
9. Party Block Vote (PBV)
11. Single Nontransferable Vote (SNTV)
12. Hare quota
13. Hare quota with largest remainders
14. Hare quota with highest average remainders
15. Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
16. Hagenbach-Bischoff quota with largest remainders
17. Hagenbach-Bischoff quota with highest average remainders
18. Droop quota
19. Droop quota with largest remainders
20. Droop quota with highest average remainders
21. Imperiali quota
22. Imperiali quota with largest remainders
23. Imperiali quota with highest average remainders
24. Reinforced Imperiali quota
25. D’Hondt
26. Sainte-Laguë
27. Modified Sainte-Laguë
28. Single Transferable Vote.
Note: Users can find a detailed description of the difference between types in the original codebook.
363
N: 113 N: 134 n: 4678 N : 66 T : 35
4.50.18 Presidential Election (gol_preel)
This is a dichotomous variable that takes on the value 1 if the election is presidential and 0 if the
election is legislative.
N: 116 N: 134 n: 4781 N : 67 T : 36
4.50.19 Upper Seats (gol_upseat)
This indicates the number of legislative seats allocated in electoral districts above the lowest electoral
tier.
N: 112 N: 132 n: 4520 N : 64 T : 34
4.50.20 Upper Tier (gol_uptier)
This indicates the percentage of all legislative seats allocated in electoral districts above the lowest
electoral tier.
N: 42 N: 132 n: 4279 N : 60 T : 32
364
4.51 The Growth Lab at Harvard University
The Growth Lab at Harvard University. (2019). Growth projections and complexity rankings
[UNF:6:+dXp8TMQz26OFv7ZOfIxSg== [fileUNF]]. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/XTAQMC
https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/XTAQMC
Growth Projections and Complexity Rankings V2
Each year, researchers at the Growth Lab of the Center for International Development release growth
forecasts for the upcoming decade as well as rankings of countries by their current economic complex-
ity. The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) is a measure of the amount of capabilities and know-how
of a given country determined by the diversity, ubiquity, and complexity of the products it exports.
Growth projections are calculated through a process largely based on determining whether a country’s
economic complexity is higher or lower than expected given its level of income. We expect countries
whose economic complexity is greater than we would expect for its level of income to grow faster
than those that are ”too rich” for their current level of complexity. In this data, a country’s growth
projection value for a given year is for the decade beginning with that year. For example, a value in
a 2017 row is the projection of annualized growth for 2017-2027.
4.51.1 Economic Complexity Index (SITC product classification) (gpcr_eci)
The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) is a measure of the amount of capabilities and know-how of
a given country determined by the diversity, ubiquity, and complexity of the products it exports.
A rank of countries based on how diversified and complex their export basket is. Countries that
are home to a great diversity of productive know-how, particularly complex specialized know-how,
are able to produce a great diversity of sophisticated products.
The complexity of a country’s exports is found to highly predict current income levels, or where
complexity exceed expectations for a country’s income level, the country is predicted to experience
more rapid growth in the future. ECI therefore provides a useful measure of economic development.
This Economic Complexity Index is computed using SITC product classification.
N: 133 N: 133 n: 3033 N : 132 T : 23
365
4.51.2 Forecasted annualized rate of growth for following decade (gpcr_growth)
A prediction of how much a country will grow based on its current level of Economic Complexity, its
Complexity Outlook or connectedness to new complex products in the Product Space, as compared
to its current income level in GDP per capita and expected natural resource exports.
Economic complexity alone helps explain the lion’s share of variance in current income levels. But the
value of economic complexity is in its predictive power on future growth, where a simple measure of
current complexity and connectedness to new complex products, in relation to current income levels
and expected natural resource exports, holds greater accuracy in predicting future growth than any
other single economic indicator.
To calculate Economic Complexity Growth Projections, the authors consider four factors as explana-
tory variables: the Economic Complexity Index; the Complexity Outlook Index; the current level of
income; and the expected growth in the value of natural resource exports per capita.
In effect, the growth projections show countries grow by expanding the know-how they have that
allows them to produce more, and more complex products, depending on the connectedness of know-
how and how many other products rely on similar capabilities, as well as the initial economic com-
plexity the country held.
Growth projections are calculated through a process largely based on determining whether a country’s
economic complexity is higher or lower than expected given its level of income. The authors expect
countries whose economic complexity is greater than the authors would expect for its level of income
to grow faster than those that are ”too rich” for their current level of complexity.
In this data, a country’s growth projection value for a given year is for the decade beginning with
that year. For example, a value in a 2017 row is the projection of annualized growth for 2017-2027.
N: 133 N: 133 n: 1704 N : 122 T : 13
366
4.52 Institute for Economics & Peace
Institute for Economics and Peace. (2021). Global peace index 2021: Measuring peace in a
complex world [Accessed 09-11-2021]. http://visionofhumanity.org/reports
http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/
Global Peace Index
The Global Peace Index (GPI), which ranks 163 independent states and territories according to their
level of peacefulness. Produced by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), the GPI is the
world’s leading measure of global peacefulness. The complete version of the GPI covers 99.7 per
cent of the world’s population, using 23 qualitative and quantitative indicators from highly respected
sources, and measures the state of peace using three thematic domains: the level of Societal Safety and
Security; the extent of Ongoing Domestic and International Conflict; and the degree of Militarisation.
Please refer to the original source to see all of the indicators.
4.52.1 Ongoing Conflict (1-5 Higher intensity of conflict) (gpi_conf)
Ongoing Domestic and International Conflict (1 to 5, 5 refers to higher intensity of conflict) is one of
the three subdomains of the GPI. It investigates the extent to which countries are involved in internal
and external conflicts, as well as their role and duration of involvement in conflicts.
N: 161 N: 162 n: 1929 N : 161 T : 12
4.52.2 Displaced people (1-5 Higher displacement) (gpi_dic)
Refugees by territory of origin (starting in 2010 this indicator also includes the number of internally
displaced people by country) as percentage of the country’s total population. Sclaed 1 to 5, 5 being
a higher percentage of internal displacement. Source: UNHCR Statistical Yearbook and Internal
Displacement Monitoring Center.
N: 161 N: 162 n: 1929 N : 161 T : 12
367
4.52.3 Global Peace Index (1-5 Less peaceful) (gpi_gpi)
The GPI (Scaled 1 to 5, 5 being least peaceful) measures a country’s level of Negative Peace using
three domains of peacefulness. The first domain, Ongoing Domestic and International Conflict, in-
vestigates the extent to which countries are involved in internal and external conflicts, as well as their
role and duration of involvement in conflicts.
The second domain evaluates the level of harmony or discord within a nation; ten indicators broadly
assess what might be described as Societal Safety and Security. The assertion is that low crime
rates, minimal terrorist activity and violent demonstrations, harmonious relations with neighbouring
countries, a stable political scene and a small proportion of the population being internally displaced
or made refugees can be equated with peacefulness.
Seven further indicators are related to a country’s Militarisation-reflecting the link between a coun-
try’s level of military build-up and access to weapons and its level of peacefulness, both domestically
and internationally. Comparable data on military expenditure as a percentage of GDP and the num-
ber of armed service officers per head are gauged, as are financial contributions to UN peacekeeping
missions.
N: 161 N: 162 n: 1929 N : 161 T : 12
4.52.4 Incarceration (1-5 Higher incarceration) (gpi_jail)
Prison population rates per 100,000 of the national population. Sclaed 1 to 5, 5 having a higher
incarceration rate. Source: International Centre for Prison Studies, King’s College London, World
Prison Population List.
N: 161 N: 162 n: 1929 N : 161 T : 12
4.52.5 Militarisation (1-5 Higher militarisation) (gpi_mil)
Militarisation (Scaled 1 to 5, 5 being more militarised) is one of the three subdomains of the GPI. It
reflects the link between a country’s level of military build-up and access to weapons and its level of
peacefulness, both domestically and internationally.
N: 161 N: 162 n: 1929 N : 161 T : 12
368
4.52.6 Safety and Security (1-5 Less secure) (gpi_ss)
Societal Safety and Security (Scaled 1 to 5, 5 being less secure) is one of the three subdomains of the
GPI. Low crime rates, minimal terrorist activity and violent demonstrations, harmonious relations
with neighbouring countries, a stable political scene and a small proportion of the population being
internally displaced or made refugees can be equated with peacefulness.
N: 161 N: 162 n: 1929 N : 161 T : 12
369
4.53 Gerring, Thacker and Moreno
Gerring, J., Thacker, S. C., & Moreno, C. (2005). Centripetal democratic governance: A theory
and global inquiry. The American Political Science Review, 99 (4), 567–581. http://www.jstor.
org/stable/30038965
http://www.bu.edu/sthacker/research/articles-and-data/
Centripetal Democratic Governance
Data used in the book ”A Centripetal Theory of Democratic Governance” (Gerring, John and
Thacker, Strom C, 2008).
4.53.1 Parliamentarism (gtm_parl)
The parliamentary/presidential distinction is conceptualized as a continuum with two dimensions: (a)

the degree of separation (independence) between president and parliament (unity = parliamentary,
separation = presidential) and, if there is any separation at all, (b) the relative power of the two
players (the more power the president possesses, the more presidential is the resulting system). This
complex reality is captured with a three-part coding scheme:
0. Presidential
1. Semi-presidential
2. Parliamentary

N: 167 n: 4428 N : 78 T : 27
4.53.2 Proportional Representation (gtm_pr)
The centripetal theory of democratic governance emphasizes the following three features of an elec-
toral system: (a) district magnitude (M), (b) seat allocation rules (majoritarian or proportional),
and (c) candidate selection rules. The centripetal ideal type is defined by M>1, proportional seat
allocation rules, and party-controlled candidate selection. This is the closed-list-PR electoral system.
Other systems are ranked lower in this coding according to their deviation from this ideal type. Thus,
the coding for the list-PR variable is as follows:
0. Majoritarian or Preferential-vote.
1. Mixed-member majority or Block vote.
2. Closed-list-PR.
370
N: 168 n: 4431 N : 78 T : 26
4.53.3 Unitarism (gtm_unit)
Average of Nonfederalism and Nonbicameralism: Nonfederalism is coded as 0 = federal (elective

regional legislatures plus conditional recognition of subnational authority), 1 = semifederal (where
there are elective legislatures at the regional level but in which constitutional sovereignty is reserved
to the national government), or 2 = non-federal. Nonbicameralism is coded as 0 = strong bicameral
(upper house has some effective veto power; the two houses are incongruent), 1 = weak bicameral
(upper house has some effective veto power, though not necessarily a formal veto; the two houses are
congruent), or 2 = unicameral (no upper house or weak upper house).

N: 167 n: 4428 N : 78 T : 27
371
4.54 Andersson and Brambor
Andersson, Per F. and Thomas Brambor. (2019). Financing the state: Government tax revenue
from 1800 to 2012. version 2.0. https://www.perfandersson.com/data
https://www.perfandersson.com/data.html
Financing the State: Government Tax Revenue from 1800 to 2012
The Financing the State: Government Tax Revenue from 1800 to 2012 dataset provides information
on the size and composition of government tax revenues for 31 countries in Europe and the Americas
for the period from 1800 (or independence) to 2012. It provides a comprehensive picture of the
sources of government funding starting with the establishment or independence of modern nation
states in the early 19th century. The original dataset contains further information on sub-categories
of direct and indirect taxes, such as revenues received through property, income, excise, consumption
and custom taxes.
4.54.1 Share Direct Taxes (gtr_centaxdir)
Share of total central government tax revenue from direct taxes. A direct tax is imposed directly upon
an individual person (legal or natural) or property, in contrast to a tax imposed upon a transaction.
Direct taxes include taxes on income, property, and other direct taxes.

N: 33 n: 1927 N : 29 T : 58
4.54.2 Share Direct Taxes in 1800 (gtr_centaxdir1800)
Share of total central government tax revenue from direct taxes, in the year 1800. A direct tax is
imposed directly upon an individual person (legal or natural) or property, in contrast to a tax imposed
upon a transaction. Direct taxes include taxes on income, property, and other direct taxes.
N: 1 N: 1 n: 67 N : 1 T : 67
372
N: 9 N: 10 n: 675 N : 9 T : 68
N: 19 N: 20 n: 1433 N : 19 T : 72
4.54.5 Share Government Revenue of GDP (gtr_centaxgdp)
Total central government tax revenue as a share of GDP.

N: 33 n: 1997 N : 30 T : 61
4.54.6 Share Government Revenue of GDP in 1800 (gtr_centaxgdp1800)
Total central government tax revenue as a share of GDP, in the year 1800.
N: 2 N: 2 n: 152 N : 2 T : 76
373
N: 13 N: 14 n: 979 N : 13 T : 70
N: 25 N: 27 n: 1886 N : 25 T : 70
4.54.9 Share Indirect Taxes (gtr_centaxind)
Share of total central government tax revenue from property taxes, most importantly levies on land
and real estate. These include (i) recurrent taxes on immovable property, (ii) recurrent taxes on net
wealth, (iii) estate, inheritance, and gift taxes, (iv) taxes in financial and capital transactions, (v)
other taxes on property.

N: 33 n: 1924 N : 29 T : 58
4.54.10 Share Indirect Taxes in 1800 (gtr_centaxind1800)
and real estate, in the year 1800. These include (i) recurrent taxes on immovable property, (ii)
recurrent taxes on net wealth, (iii) estate, inheritance, and gift taxes, (iv) taxes in financial and
capital transactions, (v) other taxes on property.
N: 1 N: 1 n: 76 N : 1 T : 76
374
and real estate , in the year 1850. These include (i) recurrent taxes on immovable property, (ii)
N: 13 N: 14 n: 977 N : 13 T : 70
and real estate, in the year 1900. These include (i) recurrent taxes on immovable property, (ii)
N: 24 N: 26 n: 1810 N : 24 T : 70
4.54.13 Total Central Govt Revenue (millions, local currency) (gtr_centaxtot)
Total central government tax revenue (in millions of local currency). Taxes are defined as compulsory
and unrequited levies by the government, following the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD). Excluded are social security contributions and non-tax revenues.

N: 33 n: 2011 N : 30 T : 61
4.54.14 Total Central Govt Revenue in 1800 (millions, local currency) (gtr_centax-
tot1800)
Total central government tax revenue (in millions of local currency), in the year 1800. Taxes are de-
fined as compulsory and unrequited levies by the government, following the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD). Excluded are social security contributions and non-tax rev-
enues.
375
N: 4 N: 4 n: 295 N : 4 T : 74
tot1850)
enues.
N: 18 N: 19 n: 1357 N : 18 T : 71
tot1900)
enues.
N: 28 N: 30 n: 2114 N : 28 T : 70
376
4.55 Geddes, Wright and Frantz
Geddes, B., Wright, J., & Frantz, E. (2014). Autocratic breakdown and regime transitions:
A new data set. Perspectives on Politics, 12 (2), 313–331
http://sites.psu.edu/dictators/
Autocratic Regime Data: Autocratic Regimes
When the leader of an autocratic regime loses power, one of three things happens. The incumbent
leadership group is replaced by democratically elected leaders. Someone from the incumbent leader-
ship group replaces them, and the regime persists. Or the incumbent leadership group loses control
to a different group that replaces it with a new autocracy. The data set facilitates the investigation
of all three kinds of transition. The data identify how regimes exit power, how much violence occurs
during transitions, and whether the regimes that precede and succeed them are autocratic. The data
identify autocratic regime breakdowns regardless of whether the country democratizes, which makes
possible the investigation of why the ouster of dictators sometimes leads to democracy but often does
not, and many other questions.
4.55.1 Duration of Autocratic Regime (gwf_duration)
Time-varying duration of autocratic regime up to time t.

N: 123 n: 4554 N : 70 T : 37
4.55.2 Regime Failure (gwf_fail)
Binary indicator of autocratic regime failure.

N: 123 n: 4554 N : 70 T : 37
377
4.55.3 Regime Failure - Subsequent Regime Type (gwf_failsub)
Categorical variable marking the subsequent regime type:
0. No regime failure at duration time t and regime still in power December 31, 2010
1. Subsequent regime is democracy
2. Subsequent regime is autocratic
3. Subsequent regime is warlord, foreign-occupied or ceases to exist

N: 123 n: 4554 N : 70 T : 37
4.55.4 Regime Failure - Ending Type (gwf_failtype)
Categorical variable marking how the autocratic regime ends:
0. Regime still in power on December 31, 2010

1. Regime insiders change rules of regime
2. Incumbent loses elections
3. No incumbent runs in competitive election won by opponent
4. Popular uprising
5. Military coup
6. Insurgents, revolutionaries, or combatants fighting a civil war
7. Foreign imposition or invasion
8. New autocratic leader selected, changes rules, and remains in power
9. State ceases to exist, ends or government fails to control most of the country’s territory

N: 123 n: 4554 N : 70 T : 37
4.55.5 Regime Failure - Level of Violence (gwf_failviolent)
Categorical variable marking the level of violence during the autocratic regime failure event:
0: Regime still in power on December 31, 2010

1. No deaths
2. 1-25 deaths
3. 26-1000 deaths
4. >1000
378
N: 123 n: 4554 N : 70 T : 37
4.55.6 Regime Type (gwf_regimetype)
Autocratic regime type:
1. Monarchy
2. Personal
3. Military
4. Party
5. Party-Personal
6. Party-Military
7. Military-Personal
8. Party-Personal-Military
9. Oligarchy
10. Indirect Military

N: 123 n: 4523 N : 70 T : 37
379
4.56 Witold Henisz
Henisz, W. J. (2017). The Political Constraint Index (POLCON) Dataset 2017 release. https:
//mgmt.wharton.upenn.edu/profile/1327
https://mgmt.wharton.upenn.edu/profile/1327
Political Constraint Index (POLCON) Dataset
The measure of political constraints employed estimates the feasibility of policy change (the extent
to which a change in the preferences of any one actor may lead to a change in government policy)
using the following methodology. First, extracting data from political science databases, it identifies
the number of independent branches of government (executive, lower and upper legislative chambers)
with veto power over policy change. The preferences of each of these branches and the status quo
policy are then assumed to be independently and identically drawn from a uniform, unidimensional
policy space. This assumption allows for the derivation of a quantitative measure of institutional
hazards using a simple spatial model of political interaction.
4.56.1 Alignment Executive/Legislative Chamber (lower) (h_alignl1)
Dummy variable indicating alignment between the executive and the lower legislative chamber, coded
1 when the party controlling the executive branch is either the largest party in the lower legislative
chamber or is a member of a ruling coalition in that chamber.
N: 155 N: 178 n: 6486 N : 91 T : 36
4.56.2 Alignment Lower/Upper Legislative Chamber (h_alignl1l2)
Dummy variable indicating alignment between the legislative chambers, coded 1 when the same party
or a coalition of parties (when available) control a majority in both legislative chambers.
N: 37 N: 66 n: 1825 N : 26 T : 28
380
4.56.3 Alignment Executive/Legislative Chamber (upper) (h_alignl2)
Dummy variable indicating alignment between the executive and the upper legislative chamber, coded
1 when the party controlling the executive branch is either the largest party in the upper legislative
chamber or is a member of a ruling coalition in that chamber.
N: 37 N: 66 n: 1825 N : 26 T : 28
4.56.4 Independent Sub-Federal Unit (h_f)
Dummy variable coded 1 if there are independent sub-federal units (states, provinces, regions etc.)
that impose substantive constraints on national fiscal policy.
N: 183 N: 200 n: 9196 N : 130 T : 46
4.56.5 Independent Judiciary (h_j)
Dummy variable coded 1 if there is an independent judiciary (based on information from Polity’s
Executive Constraints, p_xconst) and - where available - on ICRG’s index of Law & Order.
N: 163 N: 183 n: 8387 N : 118 T : 46
4.56.6 Legislative Chamber (h_l1)
Dummy variable coded 1 if there is an effective legislative chamber (based on information from Polity’s
Executive Constraints, p_xconst).
N: 183 N: 200 n: 10282 N : 145 T : 51
381
4.56.7 2nd Legislative Chamber (h_l2)
Dummy variable coded 1 if there is an effective second legislative chamber, namely, where h_l1=1
and records on the composition of a second chamber exist - where that chamber is elected under a
distinct electoral system and has a substantive (not merely delaying) role in the implementation of
fiscal policy.
N: 183 N: 200 n: 10282 N : 145 T : 51
4.56.8 Legislative Fractionalization (lower) (h_lflo)
Legislative fractionalization is approximately the probability that two random draws from the lower
legislative chamber will be from different parties.
N: 181 N: 195 n: 8323 N : 117 T : 43
4.56.9 Legislative Fractionalization (upper) (h_lfup)
Legislative fractionalization is approximately the probability that two random draws from the upper
legislative chamber will be from different parties.
N: 47 N: 75 n: 2069 N : 29 T : 28
4.56.10 Political Constraints Index III (h_polcon3)
This index measures the feasibility of policy change, i.e. the extent to which a change in the prefer-
ences of any one political actor may lead to a change in government policy. The index is composed
from the following information: the number of independent branches of government with veto power
over policy change, counting the executive and the presence of an effective lower and upper house
in the legislature (more branches leading to more constraint); the extent of party alignment across
branches of government, measured as the extent to which the same party or coalition of parties control
each branch (decreasing the level of constraint); and the extent of preference heterogeneity within
each legislative branch, measured as legislative fractionalization in the relevant house (increasing
constraint for aligned executives, decreasing it for opposed executives). The index scores are derived
from a simple spatial model and theoretically ranges from 0 to 1, with higher scores indicating
more political constraint and thus less feasibility of policy change. Note that the coding reflects
382
information as of January 1 in any given year. Henisz (2002) uses this index to demonstrate that
political environments that limit the feasibility of policy change are an important determinant of
investment in infrastructure.
N: 183 N: 201 n: 10325 N : 145 T : 51
4.56.11 Political Constraints Index V (h_polcon5)
This index follows the same logic as Political Constraints Index III (h_polcon3) but also includes
two additional veto points: the judiciary and sub-federal entities. Note that the coding reflects in-
formation as of January 1 in any given year. Henisz (2000) uses this index to measure the impact on
cross-national growth rates of a government’s ability to provide credible commitment.
N: 163 N: 183 n: 8352 N : 147 T : 46
383
4.57 Hollyer, Rosendorff and Vreeland
Hollyer, J. R., Rosendorff, B. P., & Vreeland, J. R. (2014). Measuring transparency. Politi-
cal Analysis, 22 (4), 413–434. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpu001
http://hrvtransparency.org/
HRV Transparency Project
The HRV Transparency project examines the causes and consequences of government transparency
both through theoretical and empirical approaches with the measure of government transparency or
HRV Index. The HRV index contrasts with other measurements because it relies on a precise and
narrow conception of transparency: the disclosure of policy-relevant information by the government
to the public.
The HRV Index focuses on the availability of credible aggregate economic data. It does so by exam-
ining patterns of missing data and treating transparency as the latent term which best reflects the
tendency to disclose. This measure provides observations for 125 countries from 1980-2010 and can be
used to measure relationships between transparency and other issues such as democracy, accountabil-
ity, or political instability. Transparency encompasses many dimensions. The HRV index measures
a specific aspect of government transparency: reporting national data to international organizations.
Rather than rely on expert but subjective judgments, the measure is based on objective criteria. The
HRV team uses “Item Response Theory” a highly sophisticated and computationally intense method
to estimate transparency. This method assigns different weights for reporting distinct measures of the
economy, based on how many other countries actually reported data on the measure, and how much a
country distinguishes itself from other countries by reporting data on a given measure. (Technically,
the model estimates “difficulty” and “discrimination” parameters for each economic variable.)
The model analyzes 240 measures of the economy consistently collected by the World Bank’s World
Development Indicators. Since the World Bank obtains its data from other international agencies
that, in turn, obtain their data from national statistical offices, the HRV measure is a valid indica-
tor of governments’ efforts to collect and disseminate economically relevant information. Moreover,
because the World Bank omits data considered “questionable”, this index reflects the collection and
dissemination of generally credible information about a country’s national economy.
4.57.1 HRV Index (hrv_index)
The point estimate of the HRV index. The HRV transparency index measures the availability of
credible aggregate economic data that a country discloses to the public.

N: 126 n: 3863 N : 125 T : 31
384
4.57.2 HRV Index: Lower bound of point estimate (hrv_lb)
The estimated lower bound of HRV index.

N: 126 n: 3863 N : 125 T : 31
4.57.3 HRV Index: Standard deviation of point estimate (hrv_sd)
The standard deviation of the HRV index.

N: 126 n: 3863 N : 125 T : 31
4.57.4 HRV Index: Upper bound of point estimate (hrv_ub)
The estimated upper bound of the HRV index.

N: 126 n: 3863 N : 125 T : 31
385
4.58 Wahman, Teorell and Hadenius
Wahman, M., Teorell, J., & Hadenius, A. (2013). Authoritarian regime types revisited: Up-
dated data in comparative perspective. Contemporary Politics, 19 (1), 19–34
Hadenius, A., & Teorell, J. (2007). Pathways from authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy,
18 (1), 143–157
Teorell, J., & Wahman, M. (2018). Institutional stepping stones for democracy: How and why
multipartyism enhances democratic change. Democratization, 25 (1), 78–97
https://sites.google.com/site/authoritarianregimedataset/data
The Authoritarian Regime Dataset
The Authoritarian Regimes Dataset version 6.0 covers the time period 1972-2014 and includes all
192 nations recognized as members of the UN except the four micro states of Europe (Andorra,
Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino) and two micro states in the Pacific that are not members of
the World Bank (Nauru and Tuvalu).
4.58.1 Colonial Origin (ht_colonial)
This is a tenfold classification of the former colonial ruler of the country. Following Bernard et al.
(2004), we have excluded the British settler colonies (the US, Canada, Australia, Israel and New
Zealand), and exclusively focused on “Western overseas” colonialism. This implies that only West-
ern colonizers (e.g. excluding Japanese colonialism), and only countries located in the non-Western
hemisphere “overseas” (e.g. excluding Ireland & Malta), have been coded. Each country that has
been colonized since 1700 is coded. In cases of several colonial powers, the last one is counted, if it
lasted for 10 years or longer. The categories are the following:
0. Never colonized by a Western overseas colonial power

1. Dutch
2. Spanish
3. Italian
4. US
5. British
6. French
7. Portuguese
8. Belgian
9. British-French
10. Australian
N: 194 N: 211 n: 12394 N : 163 T : 59
386
4.58.2 Size of Largest Party in Legislature (in Fractions) (ht_partsz)
Counts the largest parties’ number of seats divided by the legislative assemblies’ total number of seats
expressed in fractions. In countries with a two-chamber parliament the lower house is counted.

N: 184 n: 5590 N : 140 T : 30
4.58.3 The Region of the Country (ht_region)
This is a tenfold politico-geographic classification of world regions, based on a mixture of two consid-
erations: geographical proximity (with the partial exception of category 5 below) and demarcation
by area specialists having contributed to a regional understanding of democratization. The categories
are as follow:
1. Eastern Europe and post Soviet Union (including Central Asia)
2. Latin America (including Cuba, Haiti & the Dominican Republic)
3. North Africa & the Middle East (including Israel, Turkey & Cyprus)
4. Sub-Saharan Africa
5. Western Europe and North America (including Australia & New Zealand)
6. East Asia (including Japan & Mongolia)
7. South-East Asia
8. South Asia
9. The Pacific (excluding Australia & New Zealand)
10. The Caribbean (including Belize, Guyana & Suriname, but excluding Cuba, Haiti & the Domini-
can Republic)
N: 194 N: 211 n: 12394 N : 163 T : 59
4.58.4 Regime Type (ht_regtype)
This typology of authoritarian regimes is based on a distinction between three modes of political
power maintenance (probably the three most widely used throughout history): hereditary succession
(lineage), corresponding to monarchies; the actual or threatened use of military force, corresponding
to military regimes; and popular elections, designating electoral regimes. Among the latter we dis-
tinguish among no-party regimes (where all parties are prohibited), one-party regimes (where all but
one party is prohibited), and limited multiparty regimes (where multiple parties are allowed but the
system still does not pass as democratic); a subtype of these regimes where no parties are present,
although not being prohibited, are coded as “partyless” regimes. A subtype of military regimes are
coded “rebel regimes”, where a rebel movement has taken power by military means. We also code
hybrids (or amalgams) combining elements from more than one regime type, as well as several minor
types of regimes: “theocracies”, “transitional” regimes, “civil war”, foreign “occupation”, and a resid-
ual “other” category. Using the mean of the Freedom House and Polity scales (fh_ipolity2), the line
between democracies and autocracies is drawn at 7.5. This threshold value was chosen by estimating
the mean cutoff point separating democracy from autocracy in five well-known categorical measures
387
of democracy: those of Przeworski et al. (2000), Mainwaring et al. (2001), and Reich (2002), together
with Freedom House’s and Polity’s own categorical thresholds for democracy.
1. Limited Multiparty
2. Partyless
3. No-Party
4. Military
5. Military No-Party
6. Military Multiparty
7. Military One-party
8. One-Party
9. Other
16. One-Party Monarchy
17. Monarchy
18. Rebel Regime
19. Civil War
20. Occupation
21. Theocracy
22. Transitional Regime
23. No-Party Monarchy
24. Multiparty Monarchy
25. Multiparty-Occupied
100. Democracy

N: 199 n: 7390 N : 172 T : 37
4.58.5 Regime Type (simplified) (ht_regtype1)
A simplified, collapsed version of ht_regtype, where all monarchical regimes with amalgams [ht_reg-
type =16, 17, 23 or 24] are treated as monarchies, all military regimes with sub-types and amalgams
[ht_regtype=4, 5, 6, 7 or 18] are treated as military regimes, and multiparty regimes with sub-types
are treated as multiparty regimes [ht_regtype=1 or 2]. Only pure noparty [ht_regtype=3] and one-
party [ht_regtype=8] regimes are treated as no-party and one-party regimes, respectively. The minor
types [ht_regtype=9, 19, 20, 21, 22 or 25] are treated as other.
1. Monarchy
2. Military
3. One party
4. Multi-party
9. No-party
99. Other
100. Democracy

N: 199 n: 7390 N : 172 T : 37
388
4.59 Institutions and Elections Project
Wig, T., Hegre, H., & Regan, P. M. (2015). Updated data on institutions and elections 1960–
2012: Presenting the iaep dataset version 2.0. Research & Politics, 2 (2). https://doi.org/10.
1177/2053168015579120
https://havardhegre.net/iaep/
Institutions and Elections Project Data
Institutions and Elections Project Data (version 2.0). The objective of the data from the Institutions
and Elections Project (IAEP) is to describe the formal institutions that are in place, even if practice
does not comport with those formal rules. The data refers to the situation January 1st each year.
Note: According to the documentation of the data many of the cases “have more than one executive;
[...] the executive referred to may be any one of the executives established in a country”. We urge
users to refer to the documentation at the IAEP web site for information about which executive each
particular case refers to.
Note: Changes from the original version: The dataset has two types of missing values, logical missing
values and actual missing values. In the QoG data, logical missing values were recoded to actual
missing values. To access data with logical missing values please use original dataset.
Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015).
Find the article at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2053168015579120
4.59.1 Appointment of Executive (iaep_ae)
Is there an executive appointed either by a PM (that is, an executive who is also a member of the
legislature) or a president (an independently selected executive)?
0. No
1. Yes
Source: IAEP (Wig et al., 2015)

N: 175 n: 7317 N : 138 T : 42
389
4.59.2 Appointments/Elections to Constitutional Court (iaep_aecc)
Are members of this court (see iaep_cc) appointed or elected? ”Elected” here refers to a popular
election. Elections by legislative bodies are considered appointments.
1. Appointed
2. Elected

N: 156 n: 4814 N : 91 T : 31
4.59.3 Appointment for Life to Constitutional Court (iaep_alcc)
Are members of the court appointed for life?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 149 n: 4309 N : 81 T : 29
4.59.4 Appointment of Regional Representatives (iaep_arr)
This variable examine the relationship between the central and regional governments, those which
are immediately below the central government. We focus exclusively on states or provincial levels of
government, municipalities are not coded. In practice, do regions or provinces:
1. Appoint, elect or otherwise choose their own representatives autonomous from decisions by the
central government
2. Have their administrators appointed by the central government
3. No regional/provincial governments

N: 175 n: 7039 N : 133 T : 40
390
4.59.5 Banning of Anti-System Parties (iaep_basp)
Does an anti-system platform determine the banning of parties?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 6969 N : 131 T : 40
4.59.6 Banned Parties (iaep_bp)
Are there banned parties?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 174 n: 7182 N : 136 T : 41
4.59.7 Some other executive have the power to call elections (iaep_callo)
Does some other executive have the power to call elections?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 7438 N : 140 T : 43
391
4.59.8 Constitutional Court (iaep_cc)
According to the constitution, does the country have a national constitutional court? In some cases,
a council with the powers of a constitutional court may exist, though it may not be part of the formal
judiciary. In such cases, this non-judicial council with the powers of a constitutional court is coded
as the constitutional court.
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 7031 N : 133 T : 40
4.59.9 Constitutional Court Rules on Executive Actions (iaep_ccrea)
Can the court rule on executive actions?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 151 n: 4584 N : 86 T : 30
4.59.10 Constitutional Court Rules on Legislative Actions (iaep_ccrla)
Can the court rule on legislative actions?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 153 n: 4608 N : 87 T : 30
392
4.59.11 The Age of the Constitution (years) (iaep_const)
How long has the current constitution existed (years since the constitution was established)?

N: 173 n: 6839 N : 129 T : 40
4.59.12 The Time the Constitution has been in Effect (years) (iaep_constin)
How long has the current constitution been in effect (in years)?

N: 175 n: 7101 N : 134 T : 41
4.59.13 The Time since the Last Amendment of Constitution (years) (iaep_constlam)
How many years since the last amendment (in years)?

N: 174 n: 6745 N : 127 T : 39
4.59.14 Ethnicity Based Banning of Parties (iaep_ebbp)
Does ethnic makeup determine the banning of parties?
0. No
1. Yes
393
N: 175 n: 6969 N : 131 T : 40
4.59.15 Executive Can Change Domestic Taxes (iaep_eccdt)
Can an executive change domestic taxes (excluding import/export tariffs) without legislative ap-
proval?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 6342 N : 120 T : 36
4.59.16 Executive Can Dissolve Legislature (iaep_ecdl)
According to the constitution, can an executive dissolve the legislature?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 6551 N : 124 T : 37
4.59.17 Election of the Executive (iaep_ee)
Is the executive elected by:
1. Directly elected by public vote

2. Elected through legislative action by members of the legislature
3. Chosen through party process strictly by a party
4. Indirect public vote
5. Appointed
394
N: 152 n: 5466 N : 103 T : 36
4.59.18 Executive is Member of Legislature (iaep_eml)
Is there an executive who is also a member of the legislature (like a prime minister, for example)?
We consider membership in the legislature if either an explicit rule exists which requires an executive
to maintain a seat in the legislature, or if practice and/or convention determines membership.
0. No
1. Yes

N: 173 n: 6455 N : 122 T : 37
4.59.19 Executive Nomination of Legislature Candidates (iaep_enlc)
Does executive nomination establish how the field of candidates who stand for legislative elections is
determined?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 173 n: 6442 N : 122 T : 37
4.59.20 Executive Power over Military Force (iaep_epmf)
Does an executive have the power to use military force abroad without legislative approval?
0. No
1. Yes
395
N: 174 n: 6397 N : 121 T : 37
4.59.21 Electoral System (iaep_es)
What is the type of electoral system for legislative elections?
1. Plurality (First past the post)

2. Majority
3. Proportional representation
4. Mixed systems (combination of PR and either plurality or majority). This option includes situa-
tions in which a single chamber contains seats selected by different methods, or situations in which
all of the seats in a chamber are chosen with the same method, but each chamber is selected through
different methods.

N: 169 n: 5990 N : 113 T : 35
4.59.22 Electoral System for the Executive (iaep_ese)
Election rules governing the determination of electoral outcomes for the executive: we record data
on the electoral requirements for winning executive elections, specifically, the sorts of vote thresholds
required for winners. If the executive is appointed or otherwise comes to power via non-electoral
processes, we code this as missing.
1. Majority rule (50% + 1). Where run-offs are held, ”majority rule” is selected, as the inten-
tion of a run-off election is to have one candidate receive a majority of the votes.
2. Plurality
3. No official, explicit, rule governing the outcome
4. Party leader of majority party/coalition in legislature is automatically selected without additional
process

N: 111 n: 3138 N : 59 T : 28
396
4.59.23 Executive Veto Power (iaep_evp)
Does an executive have constitutional veto power over laws passed by the legislature?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 6560 N : 124 T : 37
4.59.24 Independence of Selection of Executive (iaep_ise)
Is there an executive chosen independently of the legislature (like a president, for example)? If these
processes that select the executive are distinct from that which selects the legislature, then the au-
thors consider the two to be independent. The selection processes, moreover, can involve different -
albeit competing or complimentary - forms of selection.
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 6915 N : 130 T : 40
4.59.25 Legislature Approves Budget (iaep_lap)
Does an executive have to secure legislative approval for the budget?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 174 n: 6551 N : 124 T : 38
397
4.59.26 Legislature Can Remove Executive (iaep_lcre)
According to the constitution, can the legislature remove an executive from office?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 6594 N : 124 T : 38
4.59.27 Some other executive have the power to introduce legislation (iaep_lego)
Does some other executive have the power to introduce legislation in the legislature?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 7438 N : 140 T : 43
4.59.28 Legislature’s Ratification of International Treaties (iaep_lrit)
Does the legislature have the constitutional authority to ratify international treaties negotiated by
an executive?
0. No authority
1. One chamber approval necessary
2. Both chambers’ approval necessary.

N: 175 n: 6831 N : 129 T : 39
398
4.59.29 Legislature Veto Power (iaep_lvp)
Does the legislature have the constitutional power to stop executive action, in effect a legislative veto?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 6447 N : 122 T : 37
4.59.30 Some other executive have the power to use force abroad (iaep_milo)
Is the power to use military force vested in some other executive?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 7438 N : 140 T : 43
4.59.31 National Elections for an Executive (iaep_nee)
Does the country hold national elections for an executive? We consider national elections to involve
subjecting the executive to some form of popular plebiscite. This electoral process may or may not
bear any relationship to the ultimate appointment of the executive. Executive council elections that
select an executive are not considered national elections.
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 7379 N : 139 T : 42
399
4.59.32 National Elections for the Legislature (iaep_nel)
Does the country hold national elections for the legislature? We consider national elections to involve
subjecting the members of the legislature to some form of popular plebiscite. While seats may be di-
vided into districts, we consider national elections to occur when district-wide elections are organized
at the national level.
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 6929 N : 131 T : 40
4.59.33 No Parties Allowed (iaep_npa)
Are no parties allowed?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 6969 N : 131 T : 40
4.59.34 National Referendums (iaep_nr)
Does the country hold national elections on referendum items?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 7080 N : 134 T : 40
400
4.59.35 Official State Party (iaep_osp)
Is there an official state party?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 174 n: 7149 N : 135 T : 41
4.59.36 Parties with More than 5 Percent (iaep_pm5p)
How many parties hold at least 5% of seats in the legislature?
1. One
2. Two
3. More than two

N: 167 n: 6021 N : 114 T : 36
4.59.37 Party Nomination of Executive Candidates (iaep_pnec)
Does party nomination (party list, convention, etc.) establish how the field of candidates who stand
for executive elections is determined?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 122 n: 3450 N : 65 T : 28
401
4.59.38 Party Nomination of Legislature Candidates (iaep_pnlc)
Does party nomination (party list, convention, etc.) establish how the field of candidates who stand
for legislative elections is determined?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 173 n: 6442 N : 122 T : 37
4.59.39 Petition Signatures Establish Executive Candidates (iaep_pseec)
Do petition signatures establish how the field of candidates who stand for executive elections is de-
termined?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 122 n: 3450 N : 65 T : 28
4.59.40 Petition Signatures Establish Legislature Candidates (iaep_pselc)
Do petition signatures establish how the field of candidates who stand for legislative elections is de-
termined?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 173 n: 6442 N : 122 T : 37
402
4.59.41 Party Vote Establish Executive Candidates (iaep_pveec)
Do members of party vote (primary) establish how the field of candidates who stand for executive
elections is determined?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 122 n: 3450 N : 65 T : 28
4.59.42 Party Vote Establish Legislature Candidates (iaep_pvelc)
Do members of party vote (primary) establish how the field of candidates who stand for legislative
elections is determined?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 173 n: 6442 N : 122 T : 37
4.59.43 Religion Based Banning of Parties (iaep_rbbp)
Does religious affiliation determine the banning of parties?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 175 n: 6969 N : 131 T : 40
403
4.59.44 Removal of Members of Constitutional Court (iaep_rmcc)
Can members of this court (see iaep_cc) be removed?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 152 n: 4364 N : 82 T : 29
4.59.45 Self-Nomination of Executive Candidates (iaep_snec)
Does self-nomination establish how the field of candidates who stand for executive elections is deter-
mined?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 122 n: 3450 N : 65 T : 28
4.59.46 Self-Nomination of Legislature Candidates (iaep_snlc)
Does self-nomination establish how the field of candidates who stand for legislative elections is deter-
mined?
0. No
1. Yes

N: 173 n: 6442 N : 122 T : 37
404
4.59.47 Unitary or Federal State (iaep_ufs)
This variable examines the relationship between the central and regional governments, those which
are immediately below the central government. We focus exclusively on states or provincial levels of
government, municipalities are not coded. Is the government structure a:
1. Unitary system
2. Confederation
3. Federal system

N: 175 n: 7323 N : 138 T : 42
4.59.48 Who Removes Members of Constitutional Court (iaep_wrmcc)
If members of the court can be removed, by whom? Here, the term ”court itself” may refer to another
court in the judiciary, not necessarily the constitutional court itself.
1. Legislature
2. Executive
3. Requires both legislature and executive action
4. Vote of general public
5. Court itself

N: 132 n: 3273 N : 62 T : 25
405
4.60 International Budget Partnership
International Budget Partnership. (2019). Open budget survey data [Accessed on 2021-12-
01]. https://www.internationalbudget.org/data-evidence/
https://www.internationalbudget.org/opening-budgets/open-budget-initiative/open-budget-survey/
Open Budget Survey Data
The Open Budget Survey is a comprehensive analysis and survey that evaluates whether governments
give the public access to budget information and opportunities to participate in the budget process
at the national level. The survey also assesses the capacity and independence of formal oversight in-
stitutions. The IBP works with civil society partners in 100 countries to collect the data for the survey.
These materials were developed by the International Budget Partnership. IBP has given us per-
mission to use the materials solely for noncommercial, educational purposes.
4.60.1 Open Budget Index (ibp_obi)
The Open Budget Index (OBI) is a comparative measure of central government budget transparency.
The OBI assigns countries covered by the Open Budget Survey a transparency score on a 100-point
scale using 109 of the 140 questions on the Survey. These questions focus specifically on whether the
government provides the public with timely access to comprehensive information contained in eight
key budget documents in accordance with international good practice standards.
N: 117 N: 118 n: 672 N : 48 T : 6
406
4.61 Brambor, Goenega, Lindvall and Teorell
Brambor, T., Goenaga, A., Lindvall, J., & JanTeorell. (2020). The lay of the land: Infor-
mation capacity and the state. Comparative Political Studies, 53 (2), 175–213. https://doi.org/
10.1177/0010414019843432
http://www.stanceatlund.org/information-capacity-dataset.html
Information Capacity Dataset
The original Information Capacity Dataset offers numerical data on five institutions and policies
that modern states use to collect information about their populations and territories: (1) the regular
implementation of a reliable census, (2) the regular release of statistical yearbooks, the operation of
(3) civil and (4) population registers, and (5) the establishment of a government agency tasked with
processing statistical information. Based on these five indicators, an overall index of information
capacity is calculated for 85 polities from 1750 to 2015.
4.61.1 Information Capacity (icd_infcapirt)
The aggregate index of information capacity. It is based on a hybrid two-parameter and graded Item
Response Model (IRT) that is based on five component indicators - when the country first established
a statistical agency, whether the country had in place a civil register and a population register, and
the graded indexes of census ability and yearbook ability.

N: 72 n: 4228 N : 63 T : 59
4.61.2 Information Capacity (year 1750) (icd_infcapirt1750)
The aggregate index score of information capacity for the year of 1750. It is based on a hybrid two-
parameter and graded Item Response Model (IRT) that is based on five component indicators - when
the country first established a statistical agency, whether the country had in place a civil register and
a population register, and the graded indexes of census ability and yearbook ability.
N: 48 N: 52 n: 3164 N : 45 T : 61
407
N: 48 N: 52 n: 3160 N : 45 T : 61
N: 65 N: 70 n: 4295 N : 61 T : 61
N: 64 N: 68 n: 4225 N : 60 T : 62
408
4.62 International Country Risk Guide - The PRS Group
PRS Group et al. (2021). International country risk guide
https://www.prsgroup.com/about-us/our-two-methodologies/icrg
ICRG Indicator of Quality of Government
ICRG collects political information and financial and economic data, converting these into risk points.
4.62.1 ICRG Indicator of Quality of Government (icrg_qog)
The mean value of the ICRG variables “Corruption”, “Law and Order” and “Bureaucracy Quality”,
scaled 0-1. Higher values indicate higher quality of government.
Corruption (originally 6 points)

This is an assessment of corruption within the political system. Such corruption is a threat to for-
eign investment for several reasons: it distorts the economic and financial environment; it reduces
the efficiency of government and business by enabling people to assume positions of power through
patronage rather than ability; and, last but not least, it introduces an inherent instability into the
political process. The most common form of corruption met directly by business is financial cor-
ruption in the form of demands for special payments and bribes connected with import and export
licenses, exchange controls, tax assessments, police protection, or loans. Such corruption can make it
difficult to conduct business effectively, and in some cases may force the withdrawal or withholding of
an investment. Although the measure takes such corruption into account, it is more concerned with
actual or potential corruption in the form of excessive patronage, nepotism, job reservations, “favor-
for-favors”, secret party funding, and suspiciously close ties between politics and business. According
to ICRG, these insidious sorts of corruption are potentially of much greater risk to foreign business
in that they can lead to popular discontent, unrealistic and inefficient controls on the state economy,
and encourage the development of the black market. The greatest risk in such corruption is that at
some time it will become so overweening, or some major scandal will be suddenly revealed, so as to
provoke a popular backlash, resulting in a fall or overthrow of the government, a major reorganizing
or restructuring of the country’s political institutions, or, at worst, a breakdown in law and order,
rendering the country ungovernable.
Law and order (originally 6 points)

Law and Order are assessed separately, with each sub-component comprising zero to three points.
The Law sub-component is an assessment of the strength and impartiality of the legal system, while
the Order sub-component is an assessment of popular observance of the law. Thus, a country can
enjoy a high rating in terms of its judicial system, but a low rating if it suffers from a very high
crime rate or if the law is routinely ignored without effective sanction (for example, widespread illegal
strikes).
Bureaucracy Quality (originally 4 points)

The institutional strength and quality of the bureaucracy is another shock absorber that tends to
minimize revisions of policy when governments change. Therefore, high points are given to countries
where the bureaucracy has the strength and expertise to govern without drastic changes in policy
or interruptions in government services. In these low-risk countries, the bureaucracy tends to be
409
somewhat autonomous from political pressure and to have an established mechanism for recruitment
and training. Countries that lack the cushioning effect of a strong bureaucracy receive low points
because a change in government tends to be traumatic in terms of policy formulation and day-to-day
administrative functions.
The component variables can be purchased at http://epub.prsgroup.com/products/icrg
N: 139 N: 147 n: 4939 N : 133 T : 34
410
4.63 International Centre for Tax and Development and UNU-WIDER
ICTD/UNU-WIDER. (2020). Government revenue dataset. https : / / www . wider . unu . edu /
project/government-revenue-dataset
https://www.wider.unu.edu/project/government-revenue-dataset
ICTD/UNU-WIDER Government Revenue Dataset
The GRD aims to present a complete picture of government revenue and tax trends over time and
allows for analysis at the country, regional or cross-country level. Where possible, figures are expressed
both inclusive and exclusive of natural resource revenues, which helps to overcome a major obstacle
to cross-country comparisons in existing data sources.
4.63.1 Grants (ictd_grants)
Total grants received by the government.
N: 169 N: 186 n: 5596 N : 136 T : 30
4.63.2 Consolidated Non-Tax Revenue (ictd_nontax)
Total non-tax revenue, comprising data categorized as either “non-tax revenue” or “other revenue”
depending on the underlying source. Includes revenue from both resource and non-resource sources.
N: 170 N: 187 n: 5638 N : 138 T : 30
4.63.3 Revenue (excluding social contributions) (ictd_revexsc)
Total government revenue, excluding social contributions.
411
N: 167 N: 183 n: 5420 N : 132 T : 30
4.63.4 Revenue (including social contributions) (ictd_revinsc)
Total government revenue including taxes, non-tax revenue, grants and social contributions.
N: 171 N: 181 n: 5314 N : 130 T : 29
4.63.5 Total Resource Revenue (ictd_revres)
Total natural resource revenues, including natural resource revenues reported as “tax revenue” or
“non-tax revenue”. Natural resources are here defined as natural resources that include a significant
component of economic rent, primarily from oil and mining activities.
N: 101 N: 126 n: 3194 N : 78 T : 25
4.63.6 Social Contributions (ictd_soccon)
Total social contributions.
N: 165 N: 187 n: 5872 N : 143 T : 31
4.63.7 Taxes on Corporations and Other Enterprises (ictd_taxcorp)
Total income and profit taxes on corporations, including taxes on resource firms.
412
N: 135 N: 175 n: 4417 N : 108 T : 25
4.63.8 Taxes (excluding social contributions) (ictd_taxexsc)
Total tax revenue, excluding social contributions.
N: 171 N: 190 n: 6157 N : 150 T : 32
4.63.9 Taxes on Goods and Services (ictd_taxgs)
Total taxes on goods and services, which includes (but it not necessarily always equal to) sales taxes
and excise taxes.
N: 162 N: 184 n: 5371 N : 131 T : 29
4.63.10 Taxes on Income, Profits, and Capital Gains (ictd_taxinc)
Total taxes on income, profits and capital gains, including taxes on natural resource firms. This
figure is always exclusive of social contributions. The total value of Taxes on Income, Profits and
Capital Gains may sometimes exceed the sum of Individuals and Corporations, due to revenues that
are unallocated between the two.
N: 159 N: 187 n: 5323 N : 130 T : 28
4.63.11 Taxes on Individuals (ictd_taxind)
Total income, capital gains and profit taxes on individuals. This figure is always exclusive of resource
revenues in available sources.
413
N: 133 N: 176 n: 4366 N : 106 T : 25
4.63.12 Indirect Taxes (ictd_taxindirect)
Total indirect taxes, including resource revenues. Includes taxes on goods and services, taxes on
international trade and other taxes. Indirect may exceed the sum of Taxes on Goods and Services,
Taxes on International Trade and Transactions and Other Taxes due to unallocated revenue not
classified in any of these categories.
N: 164 N: 186 n: 5622 N : 137 T : 30
4.63.13 Taxes (including social contributions) (ictd_taxinsc)
Total tax revenue, including social contributions.
N: 173 N: 186 n: 5877 N : 143 T : 32
4.63.14 Non-resource Tax (excluding social contributions) (ictd_taxnresexsc)
Total non-resource tax revenue, excluding social contributions. Calculated as “Taxes excluding social
contributions” minus “resource taxes”. This is the variable recommended for econometric analysis, as
it is most complete and consistent across countries.
N: 149 N: 183 n: 5533 N : 135 T : 30
4.63.15 Non-resource Tax (including social contributions) (ictd_taxnresinsc)
Total non-resource tax revenue, including social contributions. Calculated as “Taxes including social
contributions” minus “resource taxes”.
414
N: 149 N: 178 n: 5262 N : 128 T : 30
4.63.16 Other Taxes (ictd_taxother)
Total other taxes.
N: 152 N: 185 n: 5138 N : 125 T : 28
4.63.17 Taxes on Payroll and Workforce (ictd_taxpaywf)
Total taxes on payroll and workforce. This variable is entirely distinct from social contributions,
though in underlying sources, social contributions are very occasionally reported as payroll taxes.
N: 125 N: 157 n: 4048 N : 99 T : 26
4.63.18 Taxes on Property (ictd_taxprop)
Total taxes on property.
N: 128 N: 171 n: 4476 N : 109 T : 26
4.63.19 Resource Taxes (ictd_taxres)
Component of reported tax revenue that is from natural resource sources, most often corporate
taxation of resource firms.
415
N: 147 N: 179 n: 5423 N : 132 T : 30
4.63.20 Taxes on International Trade and Transactions (ictd_taxtrade)
Total taxes on international trade, including both import and export taxes. In some cases this figure
may also include VAT collected at the border, where countries consistently report revenue in this
way.
N: 164 N: 186 n: 5473 N : 133 T : 29
416
4.64 Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2021a). Electoral sys-
tem design database. https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/electoral-system-design
https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/electoral-system-design
Electoral System Design
The Electoral System Design Database is comprised of various reviews of the electoral legislation of
countries from around the world. The database research was sourced from national legal documents
from different sources, including the official web portals of governments, regional organizations that
work in the area of democracy and electoral processes, and research institutes specialized in the area
of elections and politics in general.
4.64.1 Electoral System Family (ideaesd_esf)
Electoral System Family
1. Proportional Representation
2. Plurality/Majority
3. Plurality/Majority and Proportional Representation
4. Mixed
5. Transition
6. Other
7. Not Applicable
N: 189 N: 195 n: 1312 N : 25 T : 7
4.64.2 Electoral System for the National Legislature (ideaesd_esnl)
Electoral System for National Legislature:
1. List Proportional Representation (List PR)

Under a List Proportional Representation (List PR) system each party or grouping presents a list of
candidates for a multi-member electoral district, the voters vote for a party, and parties receive seats
in proportion to their overall share of the vote. In some (closed list) systems the winning candidates
are taken from the lists in order of their position on the lists. If the lists are ’open’ or ’free’ the voters
can influence the order of the candidates by marking individual preferences.
2. Block Vote (BV)

417
Block Vote is a plurality/majority system used in multi-member districts. Electors have as many
votes as there are candidates to be elected. The candidates with the highest vote totals win the seats.
Usually voters vote for candidates rather than parties and in most systems may use as many, or as
few, of their votes as they wish.
3. First Past the Post (FPTP)

First Past The Post is the simplest form of plurality/majority electoral system. The winning can-
didate is the one who gains more votes than any other candidate, even if this is not an absolute
majority of valid votes. The system uses single-member districts and the voters vote for candidates
rather than political parties.

The Two-Round System is a plurality/majority system in which a second election is held if no candi-
date or party achieves a given level of votes, most commonly an absolute majority (50 per cent plus
one), in the first election round. A Two-Round System may take a majority-plurality form-more than
two candidates contest the second round and the one wins the highest number of votes in the second
round is elected, regardless of whether they have won an absolute majority-or a majority run-off
form-only the top two candidates in the first round contest the second round.
5. Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)

Mixed Member Proportional is a mixed system in which the choices expressed by the voters are used
to elect representatives through two different systems-one List PR system and (usually) one plural-
ity/majority system-where the List PR system compensates for the disproportionality in the results
from the plurality/majority system.

The Single Transferable Vote is a preferential system in which the voter has one vote in a multi-member
district and the candidates that surpass a specified quota of first preference votes are immediately
elected. In successive counts, votes are redistributed from least successful candidates, who are elim-
inated, and votes surplus to the quota are redistributed from successful candidates, until sufficient
candidates are declared elected. Voters normally vote for candidates rather than political parties,
although a party-list option is possible.

The Alternative Vote is a preferential plurality/majority system used in single-member districts. Vot-
ers use numbers to mark their preferences on the ballot paper. A candidate who receives an absolute
majority (50 per cent plus 1) of valid first preference votes is declared elected. If no candidate achieves
an absolute majority of first preferences, the least successful candidates are eliminated and their votes
reallocated according to their second preferences until one candidate has an absolute majority. Voters
vote for candidates rather than political parties.
8. Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV)

Under the Single Non-Transferable Vote system voters cast a single vote in a multi-member district.
The candidates with the highest vote totals are declared elected. Voters vote for candidates rather
than political parties.
9. Two-Round System, Party Block Vote (TRS PBV)

Party Block Vote (PBV) is a plurality/majority system using multi-member districts in which voters
cast a single party-centered vote for a party of choice, and do not choose between candidates. The
party with the most votes will win every seat in the electoral district.

Limited Vote is a candidate-centred electoral system used in multi-member districts in which electors
have more than one vote, but fewer votes than there are candidates to be elected. The candidates
with the highest vote totals win the seats.
11. First Past The Post, Party Block Vote (FPTP PBV)
418
12. First Past the Post, List Proportional Representation (FPTP List PR)
13. First Past the Post, Block Vote (FPTP BV)
14. First Past the Post, Party Block Vote, List Proportional Representation (FPTP PBV List PR)
15. Parallel
A Parallel System is a mixed system in which the choices expressed by the voters are used to elect rep-
resentatives through two different systems-one List PR system and (usually) one plurality/majority
system-but where no account is taken of the seats allocated under the first system in calculating the
results in the second system.
16. In transition
17. Modified Borda Count (Modified BC)

Borda Count (BC) - A candidate-centred preferential system used in either single- or multimember
districts in which voters use numbers to mark their preferences on the ballot paper and each prefer-
ence marked is then assigned a value using equal steps. These are summed and the candidate(s) with
the highest total(s) is/are declared elected.
18. Two-Round System, Party Block Vote, List Proportional Representation (TRS PBV List PR)
19. No direct elections.
N: 189 N: 195 n: 1312 N : 25 T : 7
4.64.3 Electoral System for the President (ideaesd_esp)
Electoral System for the President:

The Two-Round System is a plurality/majority system in which a second election is held if no can-
didate or party achieves a given level of votes, most commonly an absolute majority (50 per cent
plus one), in the first election round. A Two-Round System may take a majority-plurality form-more
than two candidates contest the second round and the one who wins the highest number of votes in
the second round is elected, regardless of whether they have won an absolute majority-or a majority
run-off form-only the top two candidates in the first round contest the second round.
2. First Past the Post (FPTP)

First Past The Post is the simplest form of plurality/majority electoral system. The winning can-
didate is the one who gains more votes than any other candidate, even if this is not an absolute
majority of valid votes. The system uses single-member districts and the voters vote for candidates
rather than political parties.
3. Supplementary Vote (SV)

Supplementary vote: Voters can rank up to three candidates, and if no candidate wins a majority in
the first round of voting, second and third preferences from ballots whose first preference candidate
has been eliminated are used to determine the winner.

The Single Transferable Vote is a preferential system in which the voter has one vote in a multi-member
419
district and the candidates that surpass a specified quota of first preference votes are immediately
elected. In successive counts, votes are redistributed from least successful candidates, who are elim-
inated, and votes surplus to the quota are redistributed from successful candidates, until sufficient
candidates are declared elected. Voters normally vote for candidates rather than political parties,
although a party-list option is possible.
5. In Transition
6. Other
7. Not applicable
N: 189 N: 195 n: 1308 N : 25 T : 7
4.64.4 Legislative Size (Directly Elected) (ideaesd_lsde)
Legislative size, directly elected. Total number of directly elected representatives, excluding those
appointed or indirectly elected.
N: 182 N: 188 n: 1302 N : 25 T : 7
4.64.5 Legislative Size (Voting Members) (ideaesd_lsvm)
Legislative size, voting members. Total number of directly elected representatives, including those
appointed or indirectly elected.
N: 182 N: 188 n: 1287 N : 24 T : 7
4.64.6 Number of Tiers (ideaesd_tiers)
Number of tiers. The tiers of an electoral system can be understood as the sets of representatives
that are elected to the same chamber by the entire electorate of a country. 99 indicates a hybrid
system, where one part of the country elects representatives using one electoral system, while another
distinct part of the country elects representatives using a different system.
420
N: 182 N: 188 n: 1304 N : 25 T : 7
421
4.65 Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. (2021b). Voter turnout
database. https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout
https://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout
Voter Turnout Database
The Voter Turnout Database is the best resource for a wide array of statistics on voter turnout from
around the world. It contains the most comprehensive global collection of voter turnout statistics
from presidential and parliamentary elections since 1945. Always growing, the database also includes
European Parliament elections, as presented by country using both the number of registered voters
and voting age population as indicators, and in some cases the data includes statistics on spoilt ballot
rate.
4.65.1 EU Parliamentary Election: Compulsory Voting (ideavt_eucv)
EU Parliamentary Election: Compulsory Voting
N: 27 N: 29 n: 174 N : 4 T : 6
4.65.2 EU Parliamentary Election: Voter Turnout (ideavt_euvt)
EU Parliamentary Election: Voter Turnout
N: 28 N: 29 n: 175 N : 4 T : 6
4.65.3 Parliamentary Election: Compulsory Voting (ideavt_legcv)
Parliamentary Election: Compulsory Voting
422
N: 180 N: 192 n: 2049 N : 27 T : 11
4.65.4 Parliamentary Election: Voter Turnout (ideavt_legvt)
Parliamentary Election: Voter Turnout
N: 179 N: 192 n: 1939 N : 26 T : 10
4.65.5 Presidential Election: Compulsory Voting (ideavt_prescv)
Presidential Election: Compulsory Voting
N: 105 N: 114 n: 817 N : 11 T : 7
4.65.6 Presidential Election: Voter Turnout (ideavt_presvt)
Presidential Election: Voter Turnout
N: 105 N: 113 n: 773 N : 10 T : 7
423
4.66 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. (2020). Global burden of disease study 2019
(gbd 2019) results. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool
http://www.healthdata.org/gbd
Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
IHME provides rigorous and comparable measurements of the world’s most important health problems
and evaluates the strategies used to address them.
4.66.1 Healthy Life Years, Female, Age 1-4 years (ihme_hle_0104f)
Healthy Life Years, Female, Age 1-4 years. HALE is often referred to as healthy life expectancy.
Unlike life expectancy, HALE takes into account mortality and nonfatal outcomes. HALE does this
by summarizing years lived in less than ideal health (YLDs) and years lost due to premature mortality
(YLLs) in a single measure of average population health for individual countries.
N: 193 N: 196 n: 5673 N : 189 T : 29
4.66.2 Healthy Life Years, Male, Age 1-4 years (ihme_hle_0104m)
Healthy Life Years, Male, Age 1-4 years. HALE is often referred to as healthy life expectancy. Unlike
life expectancy, HALE takes into account mortality and nonfatal outcomes. HALE does this by
summarizing years lived in less than ideal health (YLDs) and years lost due to premature mortality
N: 193 N: 196 n: 5673 N : 189 T : 29
4.66.3 Healthy Life Years, Both sexes, Age 1-4 years (ihme_hle_0104t)
Healthy Life Years, Both sexes, Age 1-4 years. HALE is often referred to as healthy life expectancy.
Unlike life expectancy, HALE takes into account mortality and nonfatal outcomes. HALE does this
424
by summarizing years lived in less than ideal health (YLDs) and years lost due to premature mortality
N: 193 N: 196 n: 5673 N : 189 T : 29
4.66.4 Life Expectancy, Female, Age 1-4 years (ihme_lifexp_0104f)
Life Expectancy, Female, Age 1-4 years. Life expectancy is the number of years a person can expect
to live at any given age.
N: 193 N: 196 n: 5673 N : 189 T : 29
4.66.5 Life Expectancy, Male, Age 1-4 years (ihme_lifexp_0104m)
Life Expectancy, Male, Age 1-4 years. Life expectancy is the number of years a person can expect to
live at any given age.
N: 193 N: 196 n: 5673 N : 189 T : 29
4.66.6 Life Expectancy, Both sexes, Age 1-4 years (ihme_lifexp_0104t)
Life Expectancy, Both sexes, Age 1-4 years. Life expectancy is the number of years a person can
expect to live at any given age.
N: 193 N: 196 n: 5673 N : 189 T : 29
425
4.67 Mo Ibrahim Foundation
Mo Ibrahim Foundation. (2020). The Ibrahim Index of African Governance. http : / / mo .

ibrahim.foundation/iiag/
http://mo.ibrahim.foundation/
Ibrahim Index of African Governance
The Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) is a tool that measures and monitors governance
performance in African countries. The IIAG governance framework comprises four categories: Safety
& Rule of Law, Participation & Human Rights, Sustainable Economic Opportunity and Human
Development. These categories are made up of 14 sub-categories, consisting of 100 indicators. The
IIAG is refined on an annual basis. Refinements may be methodological, or based on the inclusion or
exclusion of indicators. Different IIAG datasets are not comparable between themselves as they cover
a different ten-year period, data are revised retrospectively, and the theoretical framework is updated
between iterations. Users of the Index should therefore always reference the most recent version of
the IIAG data set.
4.67.1 Accountability and Transparency (iiag_acc)
Accountability & Transparency is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Security
& Rule of Law category score. It consists of five indicators from six data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.2 Business Environment (iiag_be)
Business Environment is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Foundations for
Economic Opportunity category score. It consists of five indicators from five data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
426
4.67.3 Anti-corruption (iiag_corr)
Anti-corruption is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Security & Rule of
Law category score. It consists of five indicators from six data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.4 Education (iiag_edu)
Education is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Human Development category
score. It consists of five indicators from seven data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.5 Foundations for Economic Opportunity (iiag_feo)
Foundations for Economic Opportunity is one of the four categories that are used to calculate the
Overall Governance score. It consists of four sub-categories, made up of 18 indicators.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.6 Gender (iiag_gen)
Gender is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Participation, Rights & Inclusion
category score. It consists of five indicators from four data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
427
4.67.7 Overall Governance (iiag_gov)
The Overall Governance score is calculated by aggregating the four categories: Security & Rule
of Law; Participation, Rights and Inclusion; Human Development and Foundations for Economic
Opportunity. These categories are made up of 16 sub-categories, consisting of 79 IIAG indicators,
from 40 data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.8 Human Development (iiag_hd)
Human Development is one of the four categories that are used to calculate the Overall Governance
score. It consists of four sub-categories, made up of 21 indicators.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.9 Health (iiag_he)
Health is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Human Development category
score. It consists of six indicators from eight data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.10 Inclusion and Equality (iiag_ie)
Inclusion & Equality is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Participation,
Rights & Inclusion category score. It consists of five indicators from four data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
428
4.67.11 Infrastructure (iiag_inf)
Infrastructure is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Foundations for Economic
Opportunity category score. It consists of four indicators from four data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.12 Public Administration (iiag_pa)
Public Administration is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Foundations for
Economic Opportunity category score. It consists of five indicators from six data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.13 Participation (iiag_par)
Participation is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Participation, Rights &
Inclusion category score. It consists of four indicators from four data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.14 Participation, Rights and Inclusion (iiag_pri)
Participation, Rights & Inclusion is one of the four categories that are used to calculate the Overall
Governance score. It consists of four sub-categories, made up of 19 indicators.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
429
4.67.15 Rights (iiag_rig)
Rights is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Participation, Rights & Inclusion
category score. It consists of five indicators from six data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.16 Rule of Law and Justice (iiag_rolf)
Rule of Law & Justice is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Security & Rule
of Law category score. It consists of six indicators from six data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.17 Rural Sector (iiag_rs)
Rural sector is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Foundations for Economic
Opportunity category score. It consists of four indicators from International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD).
N: 51 N: 52 n: 500 N : 50 T : 10
4.67.18 Sustainable Environment (iiag_se)
Sustainable Environment is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Human
Development category score. It consists of five indicators from ten data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
430
4.67.19 Social Protection (iiag_sp)
Social Protection is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Human Development
category score. It consists of five indicators from eight data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.20 Security and Rule of Law (iiag_srol)
Security & Rule of Law is one of the four categories that are used to calculate the Overall Governance
score. It consists of four sub-categories, made up of 21 indicators.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
4.67.21 Security and Safety (iiag_ssaf)
Security & Safety is one of the four sub-categories that are used to calculate the Security & Rule of
Law category score. It consists of five indicators from eight data sources.
N: 54 N: 55 n: 539 N : 54 T : 10
431
4.68 European Research Centre for Anti-Corruption and State-Building
Mungiu–Pippidi, A., Dadasov, R., Martinez–Kukutschka, R., Alvarado–Pachon, N., Dykes, V.,
Kossow, N., & Khaghaghordyan, A. (2019). Index of public integrity. http://www.integrity-
index.org
http://integrity-index.org/
Index of Public Integrity
The Index of Public Integrity (IPI) aims to capture a snapshot of this balance in 114 countries for
which data is available. It is a composite index consisting of six components. For the 2015, 2017 and
2019 editions, the components were: administrative burden, trade openness, budget transparency for
opportunities, and judicial independence, e-citizenship and freedom of the press for constraints.
Starting from the 2021 edition, administrative burden and trade openness have been replaced by
administrative transparency and online services due to unavailable alternative data on the original
components (based on the World Bank Doing Business project, which closed). Please see the page of
the original source for more detailed information about the methodology of this index.
A more extensive explanation of the methodology and the original composition of the IPI can be
found in the following peer-reviewed publication:
Measuring Control of Corruption by a New Index of Public Integrity - Mungiu-Pippidi, A., Dadaov, R.
Measuring Control of Corruption by a New Index of Public Integrity. European Journal on Criminal
Policy Research 22, 415-438 (2016).
4.68.1 Index of Public Integrity (overall) (ipi_ipi)
The Index of Public Integrity (IPI) aims to capture a snapshot of this balance in 114 countries for
which data is available. It is a composite index consisting of six components. For the 2015, 2017 and
2019 editions, the components were: administrative burden, trade openness, budget transparency for
opportunities, and judicial independence, e-citizenship and freedom of the press for constraints.
Starting from the 2021 edition, administrative burden and trade openness have been replaced by
administrative transparency and online services, due to unavailable alternative data on the original
components (based on the World Bank Doing Business project, which closed).. Below you will find
an outline of the methodology behind the IPI, detailing recent changes.
A more extensive explanation of the methodology and the original composition of the IPI can be
found in the following peer-reviewed publication:
Measuring Control of Corruption by a New Index of Public Integrity - Mungiu-Pippidi, A., Dadaov, R.
Measuring Control of Corruption by a New Index of Public Integrity. European Journal on Criminal
Policy Research 22, 415-438 (2016).
432
N: 116 N: 116 n: 443 N : 63 T : 4
433
4.69 Inter-Parliamentary Union
Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2021). Parline database: Monthly ranking of women in national

parliaments. https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking
https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking
Inter-Parliamentary Union Data
The data has been compiled by the Inter-Parliamentary Union on the basis of information provided
by National Parliaments. Comparative data on the world and regional averages as well as data con-
cerning the two regional parliamentary assemblies elected by direct suffrage can be found on separate
pages.
Note: The figures for South Africa on the distribution of seats in the Upper House do not include the
36 special rotating delegates appointed on an ad hoc basis, and all percentages given are therefore
calculated on the basis of the 54 permanent seats. Included in the QoG Dataset are the data for
January each year.
4.69.1 Number of Seats (Lower and Single Houses) (ipu_l_s)
Number of Seats (Lower and Single Houses).
N: 193 N: 195 n: 4654 N : 186 T : 24
4.69.2 Share of Women (Lower and Single Houses) (ipu_l_sw)
Share of Women (Lower and Single Houses).
N: 193 N: 195 n: 4523 N : 181 T : 23
4.69.3 Number of Women (Lower and Single Houses) (ipu_l_w)
Number of Women (Lower and Single Houses).

434
N: 193 N: 195 n: 4523 N : 181 T : 23
4.69.4 Number of Seats (Upper House) (ipu_u_s)
Number of Seats (Upper House).
N: 83 N: 91 n: 1825 N : 73 T : 20
4.69.5 Share of Women (Upper House) (ipu_u_sw)
Share of Women (Upper House).
N: 83 N: 91 n: 1765 N : 71 T : 19
4.69.6 Number of Women (Upper House) (ipu_u_w)
Number of Women (Upper House).
N: 83 N: 91 n: 1766 N : 71 T : 19
435
4.70 Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hop-
kins University
Ensheng, D., Du, H., & Gardner, L. (2020). An interactive web-based dashboard to track covid-
19 in real time. The Lancet, 20 (5), 533–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1
https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19
COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE)
at Johns Hopkins University
4.70.1 Number of COVID-19 cases reported (jht_ccc)
This is the number of reported cases of COVID-19 during the year.

N: 189
4.70.2 Number of COVID-19 deaths reported (jht_ccd)
This is the number of reported deaths due to COVID-19 during the year.

N: 189
436
4.71 Johnson and Wallack
Johnson, J. W., & Wallack, J. S. (2012). Electoral systems and the personal vote. https :
//doi.org/1902.1/17901
https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=hdl:1902.1/17901
Electoral Systems and the Personal Vote
This database updates and expands the coding of electoral systems presented in Gaviria et al.’s (2003)
Database of Particularism. Data now cover up to 180 countries from 1978-2005 and distinguish
electoral systems by the degree to which electoral institutions create incentives for candidates to
cultivate a personal vote - as described theoretically in Carey and Shugart (1995) and Gaviria et al.
(2003) - including the amount of vote pooling among co-partisan candidates, the amount of parties’
control over ballot access, and whether voters cast their votes for candidates or parties. The database
also contains several variables that rank-order electoral systems by tier, distinguish mixed-member
and other multi-tier electoral systems, capture district magnitude (in two ways), and record election
years. Database created 2007. Database last updated 2010.
4.71.1 Party Control over Ballot (lower/only house) (jw_avgballot)
Country-level weighted averages of Party Control over Ballot - SMD (lower/only house) (jw_smdbal-
lot) and Party Control over Ballot - MMD (lower/only house) (jw_mmdballot), where the weights
are the percentage of members that originate from each tier. This variable thus reflects the value of
ballots for the average member sitting in the lower house. The ballot variables focus on the amount
of party control over candidates’ access to a competitive position on the ballot. The variables equal
(in order of increasing personal vote incentives): (0) where parties control access to ballots as well
as the order in which individuals will fill the seats that the party wins (closed list multi-member
districts, open list multi-member districts with little or no de facto change in list order); (1) where
parties control access to the ballot, but not the order in which candidates will receive seats (open
lists where intra-party preference votes seem to have a significant influence on which candidates are
selected, and single-member districts where parties control access to the list); (2) where there are few
or no impediments to individual candidates’ ability to appear on the ballot (single-member districts
where parties do not control access, e.g. allowing independent candidates and/or use primaries to
select candidates).

N: 133 n: 2368 N : 85 T : 18
437
4.71.2 Party Control over Ballot (upper house) (jw_avgballot2)
Country-level weighted averages of Party Control over Ballot - SMD (upper house) (jw_smdballot2)
and Party Control over Ballot - MMD (upper house) (jw_mmdballot2), where the weights are the
percentage of members that originate from each tier. This variable thus reflects the value of ballots
for the average member sitting in the upper house. The ballot variables focus on the amount of
party control over candidates’ access to a competitive position on the ballot. The variables equal (in
order of increasing personal vote incentives): (0) where parties control access to ballots as well as the
order in which individuals will fill the seats that the party wins (closed list multi-member districts,
open list multi-member districts with little or no de facto change in list order); (1) where parties
control access to the ballot, but not the order in which candidates will receive seats (open lists where
intra-party preference votes seem to have a significant influence on which candidates are selected,
and single-member districts where parties control access to the list); (2) where there are few or no
impediments to individual candidates’ ability to appear on the ballot (single-member districts where
parties do not control access, e.g. allowing independent candidates and/or use primaries to select
candidates).

N: 24 n: 473 N : 17 T : 20
4.71.3 Sharing of Votes among Candidates (lower/only house) (jw_avgpool)
Country-level weighted averages of Sharing of Votes among Candidates - SMD (lower/only house)
(jw_smdpool) and Sharing of Votes among Candidates - MMD (lower/only house) (jw_mmdpool),
where the weights are the percentage of members that originate from each tier. This variable thus
reflects the value of the pooling of votes for the average member sitting in the lower house. The Pool
variables measure the extent to which votes among candidates from the same party are shared. The
variables equal (in order of increasing personal vote incentives): (0) where pooling of votes occurs
across all candidates in a party in a district; (1) where pooling of votes occurs across some, but not
all, candidates in a party in a district, or, where there is vote pooling across all candidates in a party
in a district, but where the average district accounts for 5% or less of a legislature’s membership; (2)
where no pooling of votes occurs across candidates in a party (including single-member districts).

N: 135 n: 2373 N : 85 T : 18
4.71.4 Sharing of Votes among Candidates (upper house) (jw_avgpool2)
Country-level weighted averages of Sharing of Votes among Candidates - SMD (upper house) (jw_-
smdpool2) and Sharing of Votes among Candidates - MMD (upper house) (jw_mmdpool2), where
the weights are the percentage of members that originate from each tier. This variable thus reflects
the value of the pooling of votes for the average member sitting in the upper house. The Pool
variables measure the extent to which votes among candidates from the same party are shared. The
variables equal (in order of increasing personal vote incentives): (0) where pooling of votes occurs
across all candidates in a party in a district; (1) where pooling of votes occurs across some, but not
438
all, candidates in a party in a district, or, where there is vote pooling across all candidates in a party
in a district, but where the average district accounts for 5% or less of a legislature’s membership; (2)
where no pooling of votes occurs across candidates in a party (including single-member districts).

N: 24 n: 473 N : 17 T : 20
4.71.5 Candidate or Party-specific Voting (lower/only house) (jw_avgvote)
Country-level weighted averages of Candidate- or Party-specific Voting - SMD (lower/only house)

(jw_smdvote) and Candidate- or Party-specific Voting - MMD (lower/only house) (jw_mmdvote),
where the weights are the percentage of members that originate from each tier. This variable thus
reflects the value of votes for the average member sitting in the lower house. The Vote variables
focus attention on the distinction between casting votes for either parties or individual candidates.
The variables equal (in order of increasing personal vote incentives): (0) where voters have only one
vote for a party; (1) where voters can vote for a party or a candidate (as in open lists), where voters
have multiple votes for multiple candidates (as in runoff or single-transferable vote systems), or where
votes for a party or candidate are observationally equivalent (as in single-member districts); (2) where
voters have one vote for an individual candidate.

N: 131 n: 2346 N : 84 T : 18
4.71.6 Candidate or Party-specific Voting (upper house) (jw_avgvote2)
Country-level weighted averages of Candidate- or Party-specific Voting - SMD (upper house) (jw_-
smdvote2) and Candidate- or Party-specific Voting - MMD (upper house) (jw_mmdvote2), where the
weights are the percentage of members that originate from each tier. This variable thus reflects the
value of votes for the average member sitting in the upper house. The Vote variables focus attention
on the distinction between casting votes for either parties or individual candidates. The variables
equal (in order of increasing personal vote incentives): (0) where voters have only one vote for a party;
(1) where voters can vote for a party or a candidate (as in open lists), where voters have multiple
votes for multiple candidates (as in runoff or single-transferable vote systems), or where votes for a
party or candidate are observationally equivalent (as in single-member districts); (2) where voters
have one vote for an individual candidate.

N: 24 n: 473 N : 17 T : 20
439
4.71.7 Bicameral System (jw_bicameral)
Equals 1 whenever a country has a bicameral legislature.

N: 171 n: 3714 N : 133 T : 22
4.71.8 Dominant or Populous Tier (jw_domr)
This variable ranks countries in increasing order of incentives to cultivate a personal vote according
to their most dominant or populous tier (or tier with the greater number of legislators). The variable
varies from 1 to 13, corresponding to the thirteen positions in Carey & Shugart’s (1995) ranking. For
example, a country with a ranking of 1 would have a tier with the lowest possible rank of personal
vote incentives, and that tier would account for the majority of the members in the assembly.

N: 126 n: 2236 N : 80 T : 18
4.71.9 Year of Election (lower/only house) (jw_election)
Dummy variable, 1 if year of election to lower house.

N: 152 n: 2267 N : 81 T : 15
4.71.10 Year of Election (upper house) (jw_election2)
Dummy variable, 1 if year of election to upper house.

N: 26 n: 421 N : 15 T : 16
440
4.71.11 Ballot Access for Independent Candidates (lower/only house) (jw_indy)
Equals 1 wherever independent candidates are legally allowed (even where the legal requirements are
strict), and 0 otherwise. This complements the cases where the ballot variables above equal 1 or 2,
since they are adjusted to capture de facto practice. jw_indy instead captures the de jure rules. A
user could adjust the ballot variables above to be de jure if (s)he replaced values of 2 with values of
1 when jw_indy = 0. Refers to lower house elections. The ballot variables focus on the amount of
party control over candidates’ access to a competitive position on the ballot. The variables equal (in
order of increasing personal vote incentives): (0) where parties control access to ballots as well as the
order in which individuals will fill the seats that the party wins (closed list multi-member districts,
open list multi-member districts with little or no de facto change in list order); (1) where parties
control access to the ballot, but not the order in which candidates will receive seats (open lists where
intra-party preference votes seem to have a significant influence on which candidates are selected,
and single-member districts where parties control access to the list); (2) where there are few or no
impediments to individual candidates’ ability to appear on the ballot (single-member districts where
parties do not control access, e.g. allowing independent candidates and/or use primaries to select
candidates).

N: 106 n: 1989 N : 71 T : 19
4.71.12 Ballot Access for Independent Candidates (upper house) (jw_indy2)
Same as jw_indy, but for upper house elections. The ballot variables focus on the amount of party
control over candidates’ access to a competitive position on the ballot. The variables equal (in order
of increasing personal vote incentives): (0) where parties control access to ballots as well as the order
in which individuals will fill the seats that the party wins (closed list multi-member districts, open list
multi-member districts with little or no de facto change in list order); (1) where parties control access
to the ballot, but not the order in which candidates will receive seats (open lists where intra-party
preference votes seem to have a significant influence on which candidates are selected, and single-
member districts where parties control access to the list); (2) where there are few or no impediments
to individual candidates’ ability to appear on the ballot (single-member districts where parties do not
control access, e.g. allowing independent candidates and/or use primaries to select candidates).

N: 21 n: 424 N : 15 T : 20
4.71.13 Number of Coded Legislators (lower/only house) (jw_legsize)
The number of legislators coded in the dataset. These may not account for the total number of
legislators if there are appointed legislators that have no electoral rules to code.
441
N: 155 n: 2706 N : 97 T : 17
4.71.14 Number of Coded Legislators (upper house) (jw_legsize2)
The number of legislators coded in the dataset. These may not account for the total number of
legislators if there are appointed legislators that have no electoral rules to code.

N: 32 n: 557 N : 20 T : 17
4.71.15 District Magnitude of Average Legislator (lower/only house) (jw_mcand)
In keeping with the emphasis on the incentives faced by individual legislators, this variable measures
the district magnitude considering the viewpoint of the average legislator in the lower house. It is
scored as a weighted average of the various district sizes, where weights are computed as the number
of legislators running in the district of each magnitude divided by the total number of seats. For
example: A country with 300 seats divided among one national district with 200 members and 100
single-member districts has a magnitude for the average legislator of [(200*200) + (100*1)]/300, which
yields a figure of 133.67.

N: 124 n: 2137 N : 76 T : 17
4.71.16 District Magnitude of Average Legislator (upper house) (jw_mcand2)
This is the district magnitude of the average legislator in the upper house.

N: 42 n: 645 N : 23 T : 15
442
4.71.17 Average District Magnitude (lower/only house) (jw_mdist)
This is the standard magnitude of the average district in the lower house. For example: A country
with 300 seats divided among one national district with 200 members and 100 single-member districts
would have an average district magnitude (jw_mdist) of 2.97 (i.e., 300/101).

N: 160 n: 3090 N : 110 T : 19
4.71.18 Average District Magnitude (upper house) (jw_mdist2)
This is the average district magnitude in the upper house.

N: 29 n: 567 N : 20 T : 20
4.71.19 Party Control over Ballot - MMD (lower/only house) (jw_mmdballot)
Ballot (coded as above) for multi-member district tiers in elections to the lower house. The ballot
variables focus on the amount of party control over candidates’ access to a competitive position on
the ballot. The variables equal (in order of increasing personal vote incentives): (0) where parties
control access to ballots as well as the order in which individuals will fill the seats that the party wins
(closed list multi-member districts, open list multi-member districts with little or no de facto change
in list order); (1) where parties control access to the ballot, but not the order in which candidates
will receive seats (open lists where intra-party preference votes seem to have a significant influence on
which candidates are selected, and single-member districts where parties control access to the list);
(2) where there are few or no impediments to individual candidates’ ability to appear on the ballot
(single-member districts where parties do not control access, e.g. allowing independent candidates
and/or use primaries to select candidates).

N: 94 n: 1620 N : 58 T : 17
4.71.20 Party Control over Ballot - MMD (upper house) (jw_mmdballot2)
Ballot for multi-member district tiers in elections to the upper house. The ballot variables focus on the
amount of party control over candidates’ access to a competitive position on the ballot. The variables
equal (in order of increasing personal vote incentives): (0) where parties control access to ballots as
well as the order in which individuals will fill the seats that the party wins (closed list multi-member
443
select candidates).

N: 16 n: 298 N : 11 T : 19
4.71.21 Sharing of Votes among Candidates - MMD (lower/only house) (jw_mmdpool)
Pool for multi-member district tiers in elections to the lower house. The Pool variables measure the
extent to which votes among candidates from the same party are shared. The variables equal (in
order of increasing personal vote incentives): (0) where pooling of votes occurs across all candidates
in a party in a district; (1) where pooling of votes occurs across some, but not all, candidates in a
party in a district, or, where there is vote pooling across all candidates in a party in a district, but
where the average district accounts for 5% or less of a legislature’s membership; (2) where no pooling
of votes occurs across candidates in a party (including single-member districts).

N: 94 n: 1600 N : 57 T : 17
4.71.22 Sharing of Votes among Candidates - MMD (upper house) (jw_mmdpool2)
Pool for multi-member district tiers in elections to the upper house. The Pool variables measure the

N: 17 n: 304 N : 11 T : 18
444
4.71.23 Candidate or Party-specific Voting - MMD (lower/only house) (jw_mmdvote)
Vote for multi-member district tiers in elections to the lower house. The Vote variables focus attention

N: 90 n: 1573 N : 56 T : 17
4.71.24 Candidate or Party-specific Voting - MMD (upper house) (jw_mmdvote2)
Vote for multi-member district tiers in elections to the upper house. The Vote variables focus attention

N: 16 n: 298 N : 11 T : 19
4.71.25 Runoff Elections (jw_multiround)
The variable indicates whether there are run-off elections. These are usually for SMDs with absolute
majority requirements. Where jw_multiround is equal to 1, voters have more than a single vote to
cast, albeit votes occur on separate election days.

N: 111 n: 2089 N : 75 T : 19
4.71.26 Multi Tier (lower/only house) (jw_multitier)
Indicates whether there are two or more tiers to the legislature.
445
N: 138 n: 2419 N : 86 T : 18
4.71.27 Multi Tier (upper house) (jw_multitier2)
Equals 1 wherever there are multiple allocation tiers, regardless of whether they are the result of
mixed member systems that incorporate different members under different rules, or systems that
have upper tiers within a single electoral system to compensate for disproportionality in lower tiers.

N: 28 n: 493 N : 18 T : 18
4.71.28 Single Party System (jw_oneparty)
Dummy variable, 1 if single-party system.

N: 169 n: 3473 N : 124 T : 21
4.71.29 Tiers allocated in Parallel (jw_parallel)
Coded 1 if multiple tiers are elected in parallel fashion, 0 when they are elected in (at least some-what)
compensatory fashion. Is coded only when jw_multitier = 1.

N: 21 n: 257 N : 9 T : 12
4.71.30 Personalistic Tier (jw_persr)
This variable ranks countries in increasing order of incentives to cultivate a personal vote according
to their more personalistic tier (or tier with the greater incentives to cultivate a personal vote). The
variable varies from 1 to 13, corresponding to the thirteen positions in Carey & Shugart’s (1995)
ranking. For example, a country with a ranking of 13 would have a tier with the highest possible
446
rank of incentives to cultivate a personal vote, although that tier may only account for a minority or
small fraction of its members.

N: 127 n: 2266 N : 81 T : 18
4.71.31 Proportion Coded Legislators (lower/only house) (jw_propcoded)
Shows the proportion of total legislators (elected and non-elected) that are included in the database
(i.e. those that are elected).

N: 170 n: 3535 N : 126 T : 21
4.71.32 Proportion Coded Legislators (upper house) (jw_propcoded2)
This is the proportion of the total number of legislators (elected and non-elected) that are coded.

N: 51 n: 865 N : 31 T : 17
4.71.33 Seats from Multi-Member Districts (lower/only house) (jw_propmmd)
Proportion of seats from Multi-Member District (lower/only house).

N: 155 n: 2742 N : 98 T : 18
4.71.34 Seats from Multi-Member Districts (upper house) (jw_propmmd2)
This is the proportion of coded legislators elected in multi-member districts.
447
N: 26 n: 479 N : 17 T : 18
4.71.35 Seats from a National District (lower/only house) (jw_propn)
The proportion of legislators that are elected via a national tier.

N: 169 n: 3414 N : 122 T : 20
4.71.36 Seats from a National District (upper house) (jw_propn2)
This is the proportion of coded legislators that are elected via a national tier. This is often (but not
always) similar to the proportion elected via multi-member districts (jw_propmmd): some electoral
systems have proportional representation based on regional multimember districts as well as national
tiers (e.g. Hungary).

N: 66 n: 1096 N : 39 T : 17
4.71.37 Seats from Single-Member Districts (lower/only house) (jw_propsmd)
Proportion of seats from Single-Member Districts.

N: 155 n: 2702 N : 97 T : 17
4.71.38 Seats from Single-Member Districts (upper house) (jw_propsmd2)
This is the proportion of coded legislators elected in single-member districts (Note: In the original
data for Kyrgyzstan propsmd2=60 in 1997-1999 and propsmd2=45 2000-2004. We have replaced
these figures with missing values).
448
N: 23 n: 422 N : 15 T : 18
4.71.39 Rank Vote (lower/only house) (jw_rank)
Equals 1 in two circumstances: where voters may rank order candidates according to preference, or
where citizens have multiple preference votes for multiple candidates, even if they may not specifically
rank the candidates. Otherwise, jw_rank is equal to zero. Refers to lower house elections.

N: 90 n: 1785 N : 64 T : 20
4.71.40 Rank Vote (upper house) (jw_rank2)
Same as jw_rank, but for upper house elections.

N: 21 n: 424 N : 15 T : 20
4.71.41 Party Control over Ballot - SMD (lower/only house) (jw_smdballot)
Ballot for single-member district tiers in elections to the lower house. The ballot variables focus on the
amount of party control over candidates’ access to a competitive position on the ballot. The variables
equal (in order of increasing personal vote incentives): (0) where parties control access to ballots as
well as the order in which individuals will fill the seats that the party wins (closed list multi-member
select candidates).

N: 71 n: 1086 N : 39 T : 15
449
4.71.42 Sharing of Votes among Candidates - SMD (lower/only house) (jw_smdpool)
Pool for single-member district tiers in elections to the lower house. The Pool variables measure the

N: 73 n: 1111 N : 40 T : 15
4.71.43 Candidate or Party-specific Voting - SMD (lower/only house) (jw_smdvote)
Vote for single-member district tiers in elections to the lower house. The Vote variables focus attention

N: 73 n: 1111 N : 40 T : 15
4.71.44 Tiervote (lower/only house) (jw_tiervote)
Equals 1 when citizens are given a separate vote for deputies in each legislative tier.

N: 111 n: 2143 N : 77 T : 19
4.71.45 Tiervote (upper house) (jw_tiervote2)
Equals 1 when citizens are given a separate vote for deputies in each legislative tier.
450
N: 18 n: 364 N : 13 T : 20
451
4.72 Aljaz Kuncic
Kuncic, A. (2014). Institutional quality dataset. Journal of Institutional Economics, 10 (01),

135–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137413000192
https://sites.google.com/site/aljazkuncic/research
Institutional Quality Dataset
More than 30 established institutional indicators can be clustered into three homogeneous groups of
formal institutions: legal, political and economic, which capture to a large extent the complete formal
institutional environment of a country. The latent qualities of legal, political and economic institutions
for every country in the world and for every year are calculated. On this basis, a legal, political and
economic World Institutional Quality Ranking are proposed, through which one can follow whether
a country is improving or worsening its relative institutional environment. The calculated latent
institutional quality measures can be useful in further panel data applications and add to the usual
practice of using simply one or another index of institutional quality to capture the institutional
environment.
4.72.1 Cluster memberships based on means (kun_cluster)
Cluster membership based on means.

N: 126 n: 2561 N : 122 T : 20
4.72.2 Absolute economic institutional quality(simple averages) (kun_ecoabs)
Absolute economic institutional quality(simple averages).

N: 194 n: 3726 N : 177 T : 19
4.72.3 Economic institutional quality (relative factor scores) (kun_ecorel)
Economic institutional quality (relative factor scores).

452
N: 126 n: 2236 N : 106 T : 18
4.72.4 Absolute legal institutional quality (simple averages) (kun_legabs)
Absolute legal institutional quality (simple averages).

N: 196 n: 3607 N : 172 T : 18
4.72.5 Legal institutional quality (relative factor scores) (kun_legrel)
Legal institutional quality (relative factor scores).

N: 142 n: 2434 N : 116 T : 17
4.72.6 Absolute political institutional quality (simple averages) (kun_polabs)
Absolute political institutional quality (simple averages).

N: 185 n: 3629 N : 173 T : 20
4.72.7 Political institutional quality (relative factor scores) (kun_polrel)
Political institutional quality (relative factor scores).
453
N: 134 n: 2554 N : 122 T : 19
4.72.8 Economic World Institutional Quality Ranking (all countries) (kun_wiqreco_-

all)
Economic World Institutional Quality Ranking (all countries).

N: 126 n: 2236 N : 106 T : 18
4.72.9 Economic World Institutional Quality Ranking (full obs.) (kun_wiqreco_full)
Economic World Institutional Quality Ranking (countries with full observations).

N: 85 n: 1762 N : 84 T : 21
4.72.10 Legal World Institutional Quality Ranking (all countries) (kun_wiqrleg_all)
Legal World Institutional Quality Ranking (all countries).

N: 142 n: 2434 N : 116 T : 17
4.72.11 Legal World Institutional Quality Ranking (full obs.) (kun_wiqrleg_full)
Legal World Institutional Quality Ranking (countries with full observations).
454
N: 85 n: 1762 N : 84 T : 21
4.72.12 Political World Institutional Quality Ranking (all countries) (kun_wiqrpol_-

all)
Political World Institutional Quality Ranking (all countries).

N: 134 n: 2554 N : 122 T : 19
4.72.13 Political World Institutional Quality Ranking (full obs.) (kun_wiqrpol_full)
Political World Institutional Quality Ranking (countries with full observations).

N: 90 n: 1848 N : 88 T : 21
455
4.73 LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg
LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg. (2021). Lis inequality and poverty key fig-
ures [Accessed on 2021-12-09]. https://www.lisdatacenter.org/download-key-figures/
https://www.lisdatacenter.org/data-access/key-figures/
Luxembourg Income Study Database and the Luxembourg Wealth Study Database
LIS, formerly known as The Luxembourg Income Study, is a data archive and research center ded-
icated to cross-national analysis. LIS is home to two databases, the Luxembourg Income Study
Database, and the Luxembourg Wealth Study Database. The Luxembourg Income Study Database
(LIS), under constant expansion, is the largest available database of harmonised microdata collected
from multiple countries over a period of decades. The newer Luxembourg Wealth Study Database
(LWS), is the only cross-national wealth microdatabase in existence.
4.73.1 Atkinson Coefficient (epsilon=0.5) (lis_atk05)
Atkinson Coefficient (epsilon=0.5).
N: 38 N: 52 n: 503 N : 9 T : 10
4.73.2 Atkinson Coefficient (epsilon=1) (lis_atk1)
Atkinson Coefficient (epsilon=1).
N: 38 N: 52 n: 503 N : 9 T : 10
4.73.3 Children Living in Single-Mother Families (%) (lis_clsmf)
Children Living in Single-Mother Families (%).
456
N: 37 N: 52 n: 491 N : 9 T : 9
4.73.4 Children Poverty Rates - Single-Mother Families (50%) (lis_cprsmf)
Children Poverty Rates - Single-Mother Families (50%).
N: 37 N: 52 n: 491 N : 9 T : 9
4.73.5 Children Poverty Rates - Two-Parent Families (50%) (lis_cprtpf)
Children Poverty Rates - Two-Parent Families (50%).
N: 37 N: 52 n: 492 N : 9 T : 9
4.73.6 Distribution of Children by Income Group (above 150%) (lis_dc150)
Distribution of Children by Income Group (above 150%).
N: 37 N: 52 n: 493 N : 9 T : 9
4.73.7 Distribution of Children by Income Group (50-75%) (lis_dc5075)
Distribution of Children by Income Group (50-75%).
457
N: 37 N: 52 n: 493 N : 9 T : 9
4.73.8 Distribution of Children by Income Group (75-150%) (lis_dc75150)
Distribution of Children by Income Group (75-150%).
N: 37 N: 52 n: 493 N : 9 T : 9
4.73.9 Gini Coefficient (lis_gini)
Gini Coefficient.
N: 38 N: 52 n: 503 N : 9 T : 10
4.73.10 Mean Equivalized Income (lis_meaneqi)
Mean Equivalized Income.
N: 38 N: 52 n: 503 N : 9 T : 10
4.73.11 Median Equivalized Income (lis_medeqi)
Median Equivalized Income.
458
N: 38 N: 52 n: 503 N : 9 T : 10
4.73.12 Percentile Ratio (80/20) (lis_pr8020)
Percentile Ratio (80/20).
N: 38 N: 52 n: 503 N : 9 T : 10
N: 38 N: 52 n: 503 N : 9 T : 10
N: 38 N: 52 n: 503 N : 9 T : 10
4.73.15 Relative Poverty Rates - Elderly (40%) (lis_rpr40)
Relative Poverty Rates - Elderly (40%).
459
N: 38 N: 52 n: 500 N : 9 T : 10
4.73.16 Relative Poverty Rates - Children (40%) (lis_rprc40)
Relative Poverty Rates - Children (40%).
N: 37 N: 52 n: 493 N : 9 T : 9
N: 37 N: 52 n: 493 N : 9 T : 9
N: 37 N: 52 n: 493 N : 9 T : 9
4.73.19 Relative Poverty Rates - Elderly (50%) (lis_rpre50)
460
N: 38 N: 52 n: 500 N : 9 T : 10
4.73.20 Relative Poverty Rates - Elderly (60%) (lis_rpre60)
N: 38 N: 52 n: 500 N : 9 T : 10
4.73.21 Relative Poverty Rates - Total Population (40%) (lis_rprt40)
Relative Poverty Rates - Total Population (40%).
N: 38 N: 52 n: 503 N : 9 T : 10
N: 38 N: 52 n: 503 N : 9 T : 10
461
N: 38 N: 52 n: 503 N : 9 T : 10
462
4.74 Hanson and Sigman
Hanson, J. K., & Sigman, R. (2021). Leviathans latent dimensions: Measuring state capac-
ity for comparative political research. The Journal of Politics, 83 (4), 1495–1510
https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/IFZXQX
Hanson & Sigmanťs State Capacity Index
Data used in the article ”Leviathan’s Latent Dimensions: Measuring State Capacity for Comparative
Political Research” (Hanson and Sigman, 2021). The authors identify three core dimensions of state
capacity, develop the expectation that they are mutually supporting and interlinked, and estimate
the state capacity using Bayesian latent variable analysis.
4.74.1 Hanson & Sigman State Capacity Index (lld_capacity)
Hanson and Sigman’s State Capacity Estimate. Three dimensions of state capacity that their estimate
relies on are extractive capacity, coercive capacity, and administrative capacity. The authors use
Bayesian latent variable analysis to estimate state capacity at the conjunction of indicators related
to these dimensions.
N: 165 N: 181 n: 8168 N : 146 T : 45
4.74.2 Standard Deviation for Hanson & Sigman State Capacity Index (lld_capstd)
Standard Deviation for Hanson and Sigman’s State Capacity Estimate.
N: 165 N: 181 n: 8168 N : 146 T : 45
463
4.75 La Porta, López-de-Silanes, Shleifer and Vishny
Porta, R. L., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1999). The quality of govern-
ment. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15 (1), 222–279
http://faculty.tuck.dartmouth.edu/rafael-laporta/research-publications/
Data used in the article "The Quality of Government"
Original sources for the Religion variables: Barrett (1982), Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations
(1995), Statistical Abstract of the World (1995), United Nations (1995) and CIA (1996).
4.75.1 Religion: Catholic (lp_catho80)
Religion: Catholic: Catholics as percentage of population in 1980.
N: 150 N: 154 n: 11704 N : 154 T : 76
4.75.2 Latitude (lp_lat_abst)
Latitude: The absolute value of the latitude of the capital city, divided by 90 (to take values between
0 and 1).
N: 153 N: 157 n: 11932 N : 157 T : 76
4.75.3 Legal Origin (lp_legor)
Legal origin: Identifies the legal origin of the Company Law or Commercial code of each country.
There are five possible origins:
1. English Common Law

2. French Commercial Code
3. Socialist/Communist Laws
464
4. German Commercial Code
5. Scandinavian Commercial Code
N: 153 N: 157 n: 11932 N : 157 T : 76
4.75.4 Religion: Muslim (lp_muslim80)
Religion: Muslim: Muslims as percentage of population in 1980.
N: 150 N: 154 n: 11704 N : 154 T : 76
4.75.5 Religion: Other Denomination (lp_no_cpm80)
Religion: Other Denomination: Percentage of population belonging to other denominations in 1980.

Defined as 100 - lp_catho80 - lp_muslim80 - lp_protmg80.
N: 150 N: 154 n: 11704 N : 154 T : 76
4.75.6 Religion: Protestant (lp_protmg80)
Religion: Protestant: Protestants as percentage of population in 1980.
N: 150 N: 154 n: 11704 N : 154 T : 76
465
4.76 Maddison Historical Statistics
Bolt, J., & van Zanden, J. L. (2020). Maddison project database, version 2020 [Maddison style
estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2020 update]. https://www.rug.nl/
ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/research
https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2020
Maddison Project Database 2020
The Maddison Project Database provides information on comparative economic growth and income
levels over the very long run. The 2020 version of this database covers 169 countries and the period
up to 2018.
4.76.1 Real GDP per Capita (mad_gdppc)
Real GDP per capita in 2011 US dollars, multiple benchmarks.
N: 163 N: 175 n: 9559 N : 131 T : 55
4.76.2 Real GDP per Capita (year 1) (mad_gdppc1)
Real GDP per capita in 2011 US dollars for year 1, multiple benchmarks.

N: 15 n: 992 N : 14 T : 66
466
N: 6 N: 6 n: 430 N : 6 T : 72
N: 4 N: 5 n: 288 N : 4 T : 58
N: 8 N: 9 n: 580 N : 8 T : 64
N: 11 N: 13 n: 796 N : 11 T : 61
467
N: 15 N: 17 n: 1090 N : 15 T : 64
N: 17 N: 19 n: 1236 N : 17 T : 65
N: 20 N: 21 n: 1457 N : 20 T : 69
N: 42 N: 48 n: 3128 N : 43 T : 65
468
4.77 Hyde and Marinov
Hyde, S. D., & Marinov, N. (2012). Which elections can be lost? Political Analysis, 20 (2),
191–201
Hyde, S. D., & Marinov, N. (2021). Codebook for national elections across democracy and
autocracy dataset, 5.0. https://nelda.co/
http://www.nelda.co/
National Elections Across Democracy and Autocracy, Version 6
The National Elections across Democracy and Autocracy (NELDA) dataset provides detailed in-
formation on all election events from 1945-2020. To be included, elections must be for a national
executive figure, such as a president, or for a national legislative body, such as a parliament, legisla-
ture, constituent assembly, or other directly elected representative bodies. In order for an election to
be included, voters must directly elect the person or persons appearing on the ballot to the national
post in question. Voting must also be direct, or by the people in the sense that mass voting takes
place. Microstates are now included but were not part of NELDA Versions 1-4.
4.77.1 First Multiparty Election (nelda_fme)
This indicates when a newly independent country is having its first elections, when a country holds
the first multiparty elections after a significant period of non-democratic rule, or when a country
transitions from single-party elections to multiparty elections. Multiparty means that more than one
party is allowed to contest the election, and that at least some of the parties are both nominally and
effectively independent of the ruling actors.
N: 183 N: 203 n: 3020 N : 40 T : 15
4.77.2 Media Bias before Election (nelda_mbbe)
If there were reports by either domestic or outside actors of media bias in favor of the incumbent or
ruling party, it is coded as a “Yes”. In cases where the media is totally controlled by the government,
and/or no opposition is allowed, the answer is “Yes”. It is possible that the answer is “No” even if
the political system is tightly controlled.
469
N: 181 N: 203 n: 2969 N : 40 T : 15
4.77.3 Was More Than One Party Legal (nelda_mtop)
This variable indicates whether multiple political parties were technically legal. The legalization of
multiple parties need not necessarily mean the existence of a functioning opposition party, as there
may be other non-legal barriers to the development of an opposition party. Similarly, a well organized
opposition party may exist but may not be legal.
N: 183 N: 203 n: 3013 N : 40 T : 15
4.77.4 Number of Elections, Total (nelda_noe)
The number of elections during the year (counting legislative, executive and constituent assembly
elections).
N: 183 N: 203 n: 3020 N : 40 T : 15
4.77.5 Number of Elections, Constituent Assembly (nelda_noea)
Number of constituent assembly elections during the year.
N: 183 N: 203 n: 3020 N : 40 T : 15
4.77.6 Number of Elections, Executive (nelda_noee)
Number of executive elections during the year.
470
N: 183 N: 203 n: 3020 N : 40 T : 15
4.77.7 Number of Elections, Legislative (nelda_noel)
Number of legislative elections during the year.
N: 183 N: 203 n: 3020 N : 40 T : 15
4.77.8 Was Opposition Allowed (nelda_oa)
This variable indicates whether at least one opposition political party existed to contest the election.
Some countries have multiple government parties but no opposition political party. An opposition
party is one that is not in the government, meaning it is not affiliated with the incumbent party in
power.
N: 183 N: 203 n: 3013 N : 40 T : 15
4.77.9 Riots and Protests after Election (nelda_rpae)
If there are protests and riots after elections, a “Yes” is coded. The riots and protests should at least
somewhat be related to the handling or outcome of the election.
N: 183 N: 203 n: 3011 N : 40 T : 15
4.77.10 Violence and Civilian Deaths before Election (nelda_vcdbe)
If there was any significant violence relating to the elections that resulted in civilian deaths, a “Yes”
is coded. These deaths should be at least plausibly related to the election, though sometimes it is
471
difficult to be certain. Deaths related to civil war that are not intended to influence the election, and
are not caused by the election, should not be counted.
N: 183 N: 203 n: 3000 N : 40 T : 15
472
4.78 Pippa Norris
Norris, P. (2009). Democracy Timeseries Data Release 3.0. http : / / www . hks . harvard . edu /
fs/pnorris/Data/Data.htm
https://www.pippanorris.com/data
Democracy Time-series Data Release 3.0, January 2009
This dataset is in a country-year case format, suitable for cross-national time-series analysis. It con-
tains data on the social, economic and political characteristics of 191 nations with over 600 variables
from 1971 to 2007. In particular, it merges the indicators of democracy by Freedom House, Vanhanen,
Polity IV, and Cheibub and Gandhi, selected institutional classifications and also socioeconomic in-
dicators. Note that you should check the original codebook for the definition and measurement of
each of the variables. The period for each series also varies. This is the replication dataset used in
the book, Driving Democracy.
4.78.1 Classification of Executives (no_ce)
Classification of Executives:
1. Parliamentary Monarchy
2. Presidential Republic
3. Mixed Executive
4. Monarchy
5. Military State

N: 192 n: 5085 N : 154 T : 26
4.78.2 Electoral Family (no_ef)
Electoral Family:
1. Majoritarian
2. Combined (mixed)
3. Proportional
4. No competitive elections
473
N: 195 n: 5511 N : 167 T : 28
4.78.3 Unitary or Federal State (no_ufs)
Unitary or Federal State:
1. Unitary
2. Hybrid unions
3. Federal

N: 195 n: 5591 N : 169 T : 29
474
4.79 Natural Resource Management Index
Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University.
(2019). Natural resource protection and child health indicators, 2020 release [Accessed on: 20-
12-2021]. https://doi.org/10.7927/r6mv-sv82
http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/collection/nrmi
Natural Resource Management Index (NRMI) Data
The Natural Resource Protection and Child Health Indicators, 2020 Release, is produced in support
of the U.S. Millennium Challenge Corporation as selection criteria for funding eligibility. The Natural
Resource Protection Indicator (NRPI) and Child Health Indicator (CHI) are based on proximity-to-
target scores ranging from 0 to 100 (at target). The NRPI covers 250 countries and is calculated
based on the weighted average percentage of biomes under protected status. The CHI is a composite
index for 194 countries derived from the average of three proximity-to-target scores for access to at
least basic water and sanitation, along with child mortality. The 2020 release includes a consistent
time series of NRPI scores for 2010 to 2020 and CHI scores for 2010 to 2019.
4.79.1 Natural Resource Protection Indicator (nrmi_nrpi)
Natural Resource Protection Indicator assesses whether a country is protecting at least 17% of all
of its biomes (e.g. deserts, forests, grasslands, aquatic, and tundra). It is designed to capture the
comprehensiveness of a government’s commitment to habitat preservation and biodiversity protection.
The World Wildlife Fund provides the underlying biome data, and the United Nations Environment
Program World Conservation Monitoring Center provides the underlying data on protected areas.
N: 194 N: 195 n: 4999 N : 192 T : 26
475
4.80 Nunn and Puga
Nunn, N., & Puga, D. (2012). Ruggedness: The blessing of bad geography in Africa. Re-
view of Economics and Statistics, 94 (1), 20–36
http://diegopuga.org/data/rugged/
Country Ruggedness and Geographical Data (2012)
The dataset of terrain ruggedness and other geographical characteristics of countries was created by
Nathan Nunn and Diego Puga for their article ‘Ruggedness: The blessing of bad geography in Africa’,
published in the Review of Economics and Statistics 94(1), February 2012: 20-36.
4.80.1 Percentage of desert in 2012 (nunn_desert)
The percentage of the land surface area of each country covered by sandy desert, dunes, rocky or
lava flows, was calculated on the basis of the desert layer of the Collins Bartholomew World Premium
digital map data (Collins Bartholomew, 2005) and the country boundaries described above. This was
initially computed as a cruder measure of soil (in)fertility for an early draft of the paper and is no
longer used in the final version. Nunn and Puga have left it in the dataset in case it is of use to other
researchers.

N: 191
4.80.2 Average distance to nearest ice-free coast (1000 km) in 2012 (nunn_dist_coast)
Average distance to nearest ice-free coast (1000 km). To calculate the average distance to the closest
ice-free coast in each country, Nunn and Puga first compute the distance to the nearest ice-free coast
for every point in the country in equi-rectangular projection with standard parallels at 30 degrees,
on the basis of sea and sea ice area features contained in the fifth edition of the Digital Chart of
the World (US National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 2000) and the country boundaries described
above. Then Nunn and Puga average this distance across all land in each country not covered by
inland water features. Units are thousands of kilometres.

N: 191
476
4.80.3 Percentage within 100 km of ice-free coast in 2012 (nunn_near_coast)
Within 100 km of ice-free coast. On the basis of the same data used to calculate the average distance
to nearest ice-free coast, Nunn and Puga calculate the percentage of the land surface area of each
country that is within 100 km of the nearest ice-free coast.

N: 191
4.80.4 Ruggedness (Terrain Ruggedness Index, 100 m) in 2012 (nunn_rugged)
This is the Terrain Ruggedness Index originally devised by Riley, DeGloria, and Elliot (1999) to
quantify topographic heterogeneity in wildlife habitats providing concealment for preys and lookout
posts. The source of elevation data is GTOPO30 (US Geological Survey, 1996), a global elevation data
set developed through a collaborative international effort led by staff at the US Geological Survey’s
Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS). Elevations in GTOPO30 are regularly
spaced at 30 arc-seconds across the entire surface of the Earth on a map using a geographic projection,
so the sea-level surface distance between two adjacent grid points on a meridian is half a nautical mile
or, equivalently, 926 metres. After calculating the Terrain Ruggedness Index for each point on the
grid, Nunn and Puga average across all grid cells in the country not covered by water to obtain the
average terrain ruggedness of the country’s land area. Since the sea-level surface that corresponds to a
30 by 30 arcsecond cell varies in proportion to the cosine of its latitude, when calculating the average
terrain ruggedness or the average of any other variable for each country, Nunn and Puga weigh each
cell by its latitude-varying sea-level surface. Nunn and Puga assign land to countries for this and
other variables using digital boundary data based on the fifth edition of the Digital Chart of the
World (US National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 2000), which they have updated to reflect 2000
country boundaries using information from the International Organization for Standardization ISO
3166 Maintenance Agency and other sources. Nunn and Puga exclude areas covered by permanent
inland water area features contained in the same edition of the Digital Chart of the World. The units
for the terrain ruggedness index correspond to the units used to measure elevation differences. In our
calculation, ruggedness is measured in hundreds of metres of elevation difference for grid points 30
arc-seconds (926 metres on the equator or any meridian) apart.

N: 191
4.80.5 Percentage of tropical climate in 2012 (nunn_tropical)
Tropical climate. Using detailed temperature and precipitation data from the Climatic Research Unit
of the University of East Anglia and the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre of the German Nunn
and Pugaather Service, Kottek, Grieser, Beck, Rudolf, and Rubel (2006) classify each cell on a 30
arc-minute grid covering the entire land area of the Earth into one of 31 climates in the widely-used
Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Based on these data and the country boundaries described
above, Nunn and Puga calculate the percentage of the land surface area of each country that has any
of the four Köppen-Geiger tropical climates.
477
N: 191
478
4.81 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2021). Country statistical pro-
files: Key tables from OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/20752288
http://stats.oecd.org/#
Country Statistical Profiles
The Country Statistical Profiles database from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and De-
velopment (OECD) includes a wide range of indicators on economy, education, energy, environment,
foreign aid, health, information and communication, labour, migration, R&D, trade and society that
better reflect key figures about the member states of the OECD. Historical data refer to the latest
eight time periods.
Please note we have selected some of these variables for this version of the QoG Datasets. Find
the full list of variables in the source’s website.
4.81.1 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (oecd_airqty_t1)
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.
N: 44 N: 46 n: 2214 N : 39 T : 48
4.81.2 Current account balance (oecd_bop_t1)
Current account balance.
N: 44 N: 44 n: 1111 N : 17 T : 25
4.81.3 CPI: all items (oecd_cpi_t1a)
Consumer Price Index: all items.
479
N: 44 N: 46 n: 2289 N : 33 T : 50
4.81.4 CPI: all items non food non energy (oecd_cpi_t1b)
Consumer Price Index: all items non food non energy.
N: 40 N: 41 n: 1568 N : 25 T : 38
4.81.5 CPI: food (oecd_cpi_t1c)
Consumer Price Index: food.
N: 44 N: 45 n: 1911 N : 28 T : 42
4.81.6 CPI: energy (oecd_cpi_t1d)
Consumer Price Index: energy.
N: 40 N: 42 n: 1605 N : 23 T : 38
4.81.7 Practising physicians (oecd_doctor_g1)
Practising physicians.
480
N: 34 N: 40 n: 1307 N : 23 T : 33
4.81.8 Medical graduates (oecd_doctor_g3)
Medical graduates.
N: 34 N: 36 n: 1177 N : 31 T : 33
4.81.9 Employment rates for age group 15-24 (oecd_emplage_t1a)
Employment rates for age group 15-24.
N: 38 N: 40 n: 831 N : 13 T : 21
4.81.10 Employment rates for age group 25-54 (oecd_emplage_t1b)
N: 38 N: 39 n: 819 N : 13 T : 21
4.81.11 Employment rates for age group 55-64 (oecd_emplage_t1c)
481
N: 38 N: 39 n: 819 N : 13 T : 21
4.81.12 Employment rates: women (oecd_emplgndr_t1a)
Employment rates: women.
N: 38 N: 39 n: 827 N : 13 T : 21
4.81.13 Employment rates: men (oecd_emplgndr_t1b)
Employment rates: men.
N: 38 N: 39 n: 827 N : 13 T : 21
4.81.14 Employment rates: total (oecd_emplgndr_t1c)
Employment rates: total.
N: 38 N: 39 n: 827 N : 13 T : 21
4.81.15 Real GDP growth (oecd_evogdp_t1)
Real GDP growth.
482
N: 44 N: 45 n: 1820 N : 37 T : 40
4.81.16 Population growth rates (oecd_evopop_g1)
Population growth rates.

N: 44 n: 2419 N : 38 T : 55
4.81.17 Population levels (oecd_evopop_t1)
Population levels.

N: 44 n: 2459 N : 38 T : 56
4.81.18 Real value added: agriculture, fishing, hunting and forestry (oecd_evova_t1a)
Real value added in agriculture, fishing, hunting and forestry.
N: 40 N: 40 n: 1110 N : 23 T : 28
4.81.19 Real value added: industry including energy (oecd_evova_t1b)
Real value added in industry including energy.
483
N: 40 N: 40 n: 719 N : 38 T : 18
4.81.20 Real value added: construction (oecd_evova_t1c)
Real value added in construction.
N: 40 N: 40 n: 1110 N : 23 T : 28
4.81.21 Real value added: trade, repairs, transport, accommodation and food serv.
(oecd_evova_t1d)
Real value added in distributive trade, repairs, transport, accommodation and food services activities.
N: 40 N: 40 n: 1104 N : 23 T : 28
4.81.22 Real value added: Information and communication (oecd_evova_t1e)
Real value added in Information and communication.
N: 40 N: 40 n: 1105 N : 23 T : 28
4.81.23 Real value added: financial and insurance activities (oecd_evova_t1f)
Real value added in financial and insurance activities.
484
N: 40 N: 40 n: 1110 N : 23 T : 28
4.81.24 Real value added: real estate activities (oecd_evova_t1g)
Real value added in real estate activities.
N: 40 N: 40 n: 1105 N : 23 T : 28
4.81.25 Real value added in professional, scientific, technical, administration (oecd_-

evova_t1h)
Real value added in professional, scientific, technical, administration and support services activities.
N: 39 N: 39 n: 1080 N : 22 T : 28
4.81.26 Real value added in public administration, defence, education human health
(oecd_evova_t1i)
Real value added in public administration, defence, education human health and social work activities.
N: 40 N: 40 n: 1109 N : 23 T : 28
4.81.27 Real value added in other services activities (oecd_evova_t1j)
Real value added in other services activities.
485
N: 39 N: 39 n: 1088 N : 22 T : 28
4.81.28 Outflows of foreign direct investment (oecd_fdiflstk_t1a)
Outflows of foreign direct investment.

N: 40 n: 211 N : 35 T : 5
4.81.29 Inflows of foreign direct investment (oecd_fdiflstk_t1b)
Inflows of foreign direct investment.

N: 40 n: 211 N : 35 T : 5
4.81.30 Total FDI Index (oecd_fdindex_t1a)
Total FDI Index.
N: 44 N: 44 n: 517 N : 24 T : 12
4.81.31 Primary sector (oecd_fdindex_t1b)
FDI Index: Primary sector.
486
N: 44 N: 44 n: 517 N : 24 T : 12
4.81.32 Manufacturing (oecd_fdindex_t1c)
FDI Index: Manufacturing.
N: 44 N: 44 n: 517 N : 24 T : 12
4.81.33 Electricity (oecd_fdindex_t1d)
FDI Index: Electricity.
N: 44 N: 44 n: 517 N : 24 T : 12
4.81.34 Distribution (oecd_fdindex_t1e)
FDI Index: Distribution.
N: 44 N: 44 n: 517 N : 24 T : 12
4.81.35 Transport (oecd_fdindex_t1f)
FDI Index: Transport.
487
N: 44 N: 44 n: 517 N : 24 T : 12
4.81.36 Media (oecd_fdindex_t1g)
FDI Index: Media.
N: 44 N: 44 n: 517 N : 24 T : 12
4.81.37 Communications (oecd_fdindex_t1h)
FDI Index: Communications.
N: 44 N: 44 n: 517 N : 24 T : 12
4.81.38 Financial services (oecd_fdindex_t1i)
FDI Index: Financial services.
N: 44 N: 44 n: 517 N : 24 T : 12
4.81.39 Business services (oecd_fdindex_t1j)
FDI Index: Business services.
488
N: 44 N: 44 n: 517 N : 24 T : 12
4.81.40 Outward FDI stocks (oecd_fdistock_t1a)
Outward FDI stocks.

N: 40 n: 204 N : 20 T : 5
4.81.41 Inward FDI stocks (oecd_fdistock_t1b)
Inward FDI stocks.

N: 40 n: 204 N : 20 T : 5
4.81.42 Total fertility rates (oecd_fertility_t1)
Total fertility rates.

N: 41 n: 515 N : 12 T : 13
4.81.43 Structure of central gov. expenditures, general public serv. (oecd_gengovdis-

tri_t1a)
Structure of central government expenditures, general public services.
489
N: 33 N: 33 n: 319 N : 29 T : 10
4.81.44 Structure of central gov. expenditures, defence (oecd_gengovdistri_t1b)
Structure of central government expenditures, defence.
N: 33 N: 33 n: 319 N : 29 T : 10
4.81.45 Structure of central gov. expenditures, public order and safety (oecd_gen-
govdistri_t1c)
Structure of central government expenditures, public order and safety.
N: 33 N: 33 n: 319 N : 29 T : 10
4.81.46 Structure of central gov. expenditures, economic affairs (oecd_gengovdistri_-

t1d)
Structure of central government expenditures, economic affairs.
N: 33 N: 33 n: 319 N : 29 T : 10
4.81.47 Structure of central gov. expenditures, environmental protect. (oecd_gen-

govdistri_t1e)
Structure of central government expenditures, environmental protection.
490
N: 33 N: 33 n: 319 N : 29 T : 10
4.81.48 Structure of central gov. expenditures, housing and community (oecd_gen-

govdistri_t1f)
Structure of central government expenditures, housing and community amenities.
N: 33 N: 33 n: 319 N : 29 T : 10
4.81.49 Structure of central gov. expenditures, health (oecd_gengovdistri_t1g)
Structure of central government expenditures, health.
N: 33 N: 33 n: 319 N : 29 T : 10
4.81.50 Structure of central gov. expenditures, recreation, culture and relig. (oecd_-
gengovdistri_t1h)
Structure of central government expenditures, recreation, culture and religion.
N: 33 N: 33 n: 319 N : 29 T : 10
4.81.51 Structure of central gov. expenditures, education (oecd_gengovdistri_t1i)
Structure of central government expenditures, education.
491
N: 33 N: 33 n: 319 N : 29 T : 10
4.81.52 Structure of central gov. expenditures, social protection (oecd_gengovdistri_-

t1j)
Structure of central government expenditures, social protection.
N: 33 N: 33 n: 319 N : 29 T : 10
4.81.53 General government revenues per capita (oecd_gengovexpend_t1a)
General government revenues per capita.
N: 38 N: 38 n: 333 N : 37 T : 9
4.81.54 General government expenditures per capita (oecd_gengovexpend_t1b)
General government expenditures per capita.
N: 39 N: 39 n: 339 N : 38 T : 9
4.81.55 Production costs for general gov. compensation of employees (oecd_gen-

govprod_t1a)
Production costs for general government, compensation of employees.
492
N: 42 N: 42 n: 441 N : 40 T : 11
4.81.56 Production costs for general gov. costs of goods and services (oecd_gen-
govprod_t1b)
Production costs for general government, costs of goods and services used and financed by general
government.
N: 40 N: 40 n: 422 N : 38 T : 11
4.81.57 Production costs for general gov. Other production costs (oecd_gengovprod_-
t1c)
Production costs for general government. Other production costs.
N: 39 N: 39 n: 413 N : 38 T : 11
4.81.58 Production costs for general gov. total (oecd_gengovprod_t1d)
Production costs for general government, total.
N: 39 N: 39 n: 413 N : 38 T : 11
4.81.59 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (oecd_gerd_t1)
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D.
493
N: 39 N: 40 n: 1109 N : 29 T : 28
4.81.60 Adjusted general government debt-to-GDP (excl. unfunded pension liability)

(oecd_govdebt_t1)
Adjusted general government debt-to-GDP (excluding unfunded pension liabilities).
N: 34 N: 35 n: 632 N : 32 T : 18
4.81.61 Adjusted general government debt-to-GDP (incl. unfunded pension liability)

(oecd_govdebt_t2)
Adjusted general government debt-to-GDP (including unfunded pension liabilities).
N: 34 N: 35 n: 632 N : 32 T : 18
4.81.62 General government net lending (oecd_govdefct_t1)
General government net lending.
N: 43 N: 43 n: 1029 N : 21 T : 24
4.81.63 General government revenues (oecd_govdefct_t2)
General government revenues.
494
N: 39 N: 39 n: 970 N : 20 T : 25
4.81.64 General government expenditures (oecd_govdefct_t3)
General government expenditures.
N: 33 N: 33 n: 739 N : 15 T : 22
4.81.65 Greenhouse gas emissions (oecd_greenhouse_t1)
Greenhouse gas emissions.
N: 37 N: 45 n: 1048 N : 39 T : 23
4.81.66 Average hours actually worked (oecd_hourswkd_t1)
Average hours actually worked.
N: 38 N: 39 n: 1361 N : 20 T : 35
4.81.67 Households debt (oecd_housdebt_t1)
Households debt.
495
N: 35 N: 35 n: 698 N : 29 T : 20
4.81.68 Real household disposable income (oecd_housinc_t1)
Real household disposable income.
N: 38 N: 38 n: 871 N : 18 T : 23
4.81.69 Non-financial assets of households: dwellings (oecd_housnonfin_t1a)
Non-financial assets of households: dwellings.
N: 29 N: 29 n: 715 N : 15 T : 25
4.81.70 Non-financial assets of households: lands (oecd_housnonfin_t1b)
Non-financial assets of households: lands.
N: 21 N: 22 n: 497 N : 10 T : 23
4.81.71 Household net saving rates (oecd_houssave_t1)
Household net saving rates.
496
N: 36 N: 37 n: 863 N : 18 T : 23
4.81.72 Financial asset of households: Currency and deposits (oecd_houswealth_t1a)
Financial asset of households: Currency and deposits.
N: 39 N: 39 n: 768 N : 32 T : 20
4.81.73 Financial asset of households: Debt securities (oecd_houswealth_t1b)
Financial asset of households: Debt securities.
N: 38 N: 38 n: 745 N : 31 T : 20
4.81.74 Financial asset of households: equity (oecd_houswealth_t1c)
Financial asset of households: equity.
N: 35 N: 35 n: 715 N : 30 T : 20
4.81.75 Financial asset of households: investment funds shares (oecd_houswealth_-

t1d)
Financial asset of households: investment funds shares.
497
N: 35 N: 35 n: 704 N : 29 T : 20
4.81.76 Financial asset of households: Life insurance and annuities (oecd_houswealth_-

t1e)
Financial asset of households: Life insurance and annuities.
N: 34 N: 34 n: 696 N : 29 T : 20
4.81.77 Financial asset of households: Pension funds (oecd_houswealth_t1f)
Financial asset of households: Pension funds.
N: 35 N: 35 n: 722 N : 30 T : 21
4.81.78 Income inequality: Gini (at disposable income post taxes & transfers) (oecd_-
incinequal_t1a)
Income inequality: Gini (at disposable income, post taxes and transfers).
N: 36 N: 42 n: 371 N : 9 T : 9
4.81.79 Income inequality: S80/S20 disposable income quintile share (oecd_incinequal_-

t1d)
Income inequality: S80/S20 disposable income quintile share.
498
N: 36 N: 42 n: 372 N : 9 T : 9
4.81.80 Income inequality: P90/P10 disposable income decile ratio (oecd_incinequal_-

t1e)
Income inequality: P90/P10 disposable income decile ratio.
N: 36 N: 42 n: 372 N : 9 T : 9

t1f)
Income inequality: P90/P50 disposable income decile ratio .
N: 36 N: 42 n: 372 N : 9 T : 9

t1g)
Income inequality: P50/P10 disposable income decile ratio .
N: 36 N: 42 n: 372 N : 9 T : 9
4.81.83 Relative poverty rates: Entire population (oecd_incompoverty_t1a)
Relative poverty rates: Entire population.
499
N: 36 N: 42 n: 328 N : 22 T : 8
4.81.84 Relative poverty rates: Children (age 0-17) (oecd_incompoverty_t1b)
Relative poverty rates: Children (age 0-17).
N: 36 N: 42 n: 328 N : 22 T : 8
4.81.85 Relative poverty rates: Working-age population (age 18-65) (oecd_incompov-

erty_t1c)
Relative poverty rates: Working-age population (age 18-65).
N: 36 N: 42 n: 328 N : 22 T : 8
4.81.86 Relative poverty rates: Retirement-age population (over 65) (oecd_incompov-

erty_t1d)
Relative poverty rates: Retirement-age population (over 65).
N: 36 N: 42 n: 328 N : 22 T : 8
4.81.87 Poverty gap entire population (oecd_incompoverty_t1e)
Poverty gap entire population.
500
N: 35 n: 246 N : 22 T : 7
4.81.88 Infant mortality (oecd_infmorty_g1)
Infant mortality.

N: 42 n: 2028 N : 38 T : 48
4.81.89 Real effective exchange rates (oecd_intlcomp_t1)
Real effective exchange rates.
N: 42 N: 43 n: 1750 N : 36 T : 41
4.81.90 Gross fixed capital formation (oecd_invrates_t1)
Gross fixed capital formation.
N: 43 N: 45 n: 1873 N : 28 T : 42
4.81.91 Life expectancy at birth: total (oecd_lifeexpy_g1)
Life expectancy at birth: total.
501
N: 44 N: 46 n: 2255 N : 39 T : 49
4.81.92 Life expectancy at birth: women (oecd_lifeexpy_g2a)
Life expectancy at birth: women.
N: 44 N: 46 n: 2258 N : 39 T : 49
4.81.93 Life expectancy at birth: men (oecd_lifeexpy_g2b)
Life expectancy at birth: men.
N: 44 N: 46 n: 2255 N : 39 T : 49
4.81.94 Long-term interest rates (oecd_ltintrst_t1)
Long-term interest rates.
N: 39 N: 41 n: 1293 N : 20 T : 32
4.81.95 Long-term unemployment (oecd_ltunemp_t1)
Long-term unemployment.
502
N: 39 N: 40 n: 1159 N : 23 T : 29
4.81.96 Trade balance of goods (oecd_mertrade_t1)
Trade balance of goods.

N: 40 n: 160 N : 11 T : 4
4.81.97 Imports of goods (oecd_mertrade_t2)
Imports of goods.

N: 40 n: 160 N : 11 T : 4
4.81.98 Exports of goods (oecd_mertrade_t3)
Exports of goods.

N: 40 n: 160 N : 11 T : 4
4.81.99 Employment rates of native-born pop. by edu. attainment: low (oecd_mige-

duemp_t1a)
Employment rates of native-born population by educational attainment: low.
503
N: 30 N: 35 n: 456 N : 29 T : 13
4.81.100 Employment rates of native-born pop. by edu. attainment: high (oecd_-

migeduemp_t1b)
Employment rates of native-born population by educational attainment: High.
N: 30 N: 35 n: 456 N : 29 T : 13
4.81.101 Employment rates of native-born pop. by edu. attainment: total (oecd_-

migeduemp_t1c)
Employment rates of native-born population by educational attainment: Total.
N: 31 N: 36 n: 472 N : 30 T : 13
4.81.102 Employment rates of foreign-born pop. by edu. attainment: low (oecd_-

migeduemp_t1d)
Employment rates of foreign-born population by educational attainment: low.
N: 29 N: 35 n: 461 N : 29 T : 13
4.81.103 Employment rates of foreign-born pop. by educational attainment: high

(oecd_migeduemp_t1e)
Employment rates of foreign-born population by educational attainment: High.
504
N: 30 N: 35 n: 466 N : 29 T : 13
4.81.104 Employment rates of foreign-born pop. by edu. attainment: total (oecd_-

migeduemp_t1f)
Employment rates of foreign-born population by educational attainment: Total.
N: 31 N: 36 n: 482 N : 30 T : 13
4.81.105 Foreign-born population (oecd_migforpop_t1a)
Foreign-born population.

N: 34 n: 570 N : 17 T : 17
4.81.106 Foreign population (oecd_migforpop_t1b)
Foreign population.

N: 30 n: 619 N : 21 T : 21
4.81.107 Unemployment rates of native-born populations: Men (oecd_migunemp_-

t1a)
Unemployment rates of native-born populations: Men.
505
N: 31 n: 89 N : 11 T : 3
4.81.108 Unemployment rates of foreign-born populations: Men (oecd_migunemp_-

t1b)
Unemployment rates of foreign-born populations: Men.

N: 31 n: 89 N : 11 T : 3
4.81.109 Unemployment rates of native-born populations: Women (oecd_migunemp_-

t1c)
Unemployment rates of native-born populations: Women.

N: 31 n: 89 N : 11 T : 3
4.81.110 Unemployment rates of foreign-born populations: Women (oecd_migunemp_-

t1d)
Unemployment rates of foreign-born populations: Women.

N: 31 n: 89 N : 11 T : 3
4.81.111 Unemployment rates of native-born populations: Total (oecd_migunemp_-

t1e)
Unemployment rates of native-born populations: Total.
506
N: 31 n: 89 N : 11 T : 3
4.81.112 Unemployment rates of foreign-born populations: Total (oecd_migunemp_-

t1f)
Unemployment rates of foreign-born populations: Total.

N: 31 n: 89 N : 11 T : 3
4.81.113 Gross national income per capita (oecd_natinccap_t1)
Gross national income per capita.
N: 42 N: 45 n: 1615 N : 27 T : 36
4.81.114 Permanent inflows by category of entry: work (oecd_netmigr_t1a)
Permanent inflows by category of entry: work.
N: 23 N: 25 n: 353 N : 16 T : 14
4.81.115 Permanent inflows by category of entry: free movements (oecd_netmigr_t1b)
Permanent inflows by category of entry: free movements.
507
N: 18 N: 23 n: 289 N : 13 T : 13
4.81.116 Permanent inflows by category of entry: accompanying family of workers

(oecd_netmigr_t1c)
Permanent inflows by category of entry: accompanying family of workers.
N: 23 N: 25 n: 393 N : 18 T : 16
4.81.117 Permanent inflows by category of entry: family (oecd_netmigr_t1d)
Permanent inflows by category of entry: family.
N: 24 N: 26 n: 356 N : 16 T : 14
4.81.118 Permanent inflows by category of entry: humanitarian (oecd_netmigr_t1e)
Permanent inflows by category of entry: humanitarian.
N: 23 N: 25 n: 353 N : 16 T : 14
4.81.119 Permanent inflows by category of entry: Other (oecd_netmigr_t1f)
Permanent inflows by category of entry: Other.
508
N: 19 N: 25 n: 300 N : 14 T : 12
4.81.120 Permanent inflows by category of entry: total (oecd_netmigr_t1g)
Permanent inflows by category of entry: total.
N: 24 N: 27 n: 398 N : 18 T : 15
4.81.121 Practising nurses (oecd_nurse_g1)
Practising nurses.
N: 37 N: 42 n: 873 N : 22 T : 21
4.81.122 Nursing graduates (oecd_nurse_g3)
Nursing graduates.
N: 33 N: 35 n: 910 N : 24 T : 26
4.81.123 Net official development assistance, as a percentage of gross national income

(oecd_oda_t1a)
Net official development assistance, as a percentage of gross national income.
509
N: 28 n: 224 N : 28 T : 8
4.81.124 Net official development assistance as a percentage of gross national income

(oecd_oda_t1b)
Net official development assistance as a percentage of gross national income.

N: 28 n: 224 N : 28 T : 8
4.81.125 Crude oil import prices (oecd_oilprices_t1)
Crude oil import prices.

N: 27 n: 318 N : 9 T : 12
4.81.126 Production of crude oil (oecd_oilprod_t1)
Production of crude oil.
N: 44 N: 46 n: 2254 N : 39 T : 49
4.81.127 Triadic patent families (oecd_patents_t1)
Triadic patent families.
510
N: 44 N: 45 n: 1408 N : 44 T : 31
4.81.128 Public pension expenditure (oecd_pension_t1a)
Public pension expenditure.

N: 34 n: 204 N : 17 T : 6
4.81.129 Private pension expenditure (oecd_pension_t1b)
Private pension expenditure.

N: 36 n: 198 N : 33 T : 6
4.81.130 Total expenditure on health (oecd_pphlthxp_t1c)
Total expenditure on health.
N: 44 N: 45 n: 1519 N : 32 T : 34
4.81.131 GDP per hour worked (oecd_prodincom_g1)
GDP per hour worked.
511
N: 39 N: 40 n: 1534 N : 31 T : 38
4.81.132 Levels of GDPpc and labour productivity (% gap in USD) (oecd_prodin-

com_g2a)
Levels of GDP per capita and labour productivity - Percentage gap with respect to US GDP per
capita.
N: 43 N: 44 n: 1762 N : 36 T : 40
4.81.133 Levels of GDPpc and labour productivity (Effect of labour util.) (oecd_-
prodincom_g2b)
Levels of GDP per capita and labour productivity - Effect of labour utilisation.
N: 38 N: 39 n: 1477 N : 31 T : 38
4.81.134 Levels of GDPpc and labour productivity (GDP/hour worked) (oecd_prod-

incom_g2c)
Levels of GDP per capita and labour productivity - Percentage gap with respect to US GDP per hour
worked.
N: 38 N: 39 n: 1459 N : 30 T : 37
4.81.135 Incidence of part-time employment (oecd_ptempl_t1)
Incidence of part-time employment.
512
N: 40 N: 41 n: 1074 N : 26 T : 26
4.81.136 Road fatalities (oecd_rddeath_t1)
Road fatalities. Deaths, per 1 000 000 inhabitants, 1994 - 2016. Source: ITF Transport Statistics:
road accidents .

N: 35 n: 445 N : 34 T : 13
4.81.137 Researchers (oecd_research_t1)
Researchers. Total, Per 1 000 employed, 2000 - 2016 Source: OECD Science, Technology and R&D
Statistics: Main Science and Technology Indicators..
N: 36 N: 40 n: 974 N : 26 T : 24
4.81.138 Contribution of renewables to energy supply (oecd_rnewable_t1)
Contribution of renewables to energy supply.
N: 44 N: 46 n: 2235 N : 39 T : 49
4.81.139 Purchasing power parities (oecd_rtsconv_t1a)
Purchasing power parities.
513
N: 44 N: 46 n: 2099 N : 36 T : 46
4.81.140 Indices of price levels (oecd_rtsconv_t1b)
Indices of price levels.
N: 43 N: 43 n: 946 N : 43 T : 22
4.81.141 Self-employment rates: women (oecd_selfempl_t1a)
Self-employment rates: women.

N: 36 n: 134 N : 9 T : 4
4.81.142 Self-employment rates: men (oecd_selfempl_t1b)
Self-employment rates: men.

N: 36 n: 134 N : 9 T : 4
4.81.143 Self-employment rates: total (oecd_selfempl_t1c)
Self-employment rates: total.
514
N: 36 n: 136 N : 9 T : 4
4.81.144 GDP per capita (oecd_sizegdp_t1)
GDP per capita.
N: 44 N: 46 n: 1786 N : 30 T : 39
4.81.145 Adult population smoking daily (oecd_smoke_g1)
Adult population smoking daily.
N: 30 N: 46 n: 742 N : 13 T : 16
4.81.146 Youths who are not in education or in employment (15-19) (oecd_socexclus_-

t1a)
Youths who are not in education or in employment (15-19).

N: 35 n: 123 N : 8 T : 4
4.81.147 Youths who are not in education or in employment (20-24) (oecd_socexclus_-

t1b)
Youths who are not in education or in employment (20-24).
515
N: 34 n: 122 N : 8 T : 4
4.81.148 Public social expenditure (oecd_socexpnd_t1a)
Public social expenditure.
N: 36 N: 37 n: 1213 N : 31 T : 33
4.81.149 Private social expenditure (oecd_socexpnd_t1b)
Private social expenditure.
N: 36 N: 37 n: 1083 N : 29 T : 29
4.81.150 Net social expenditure (oecd_socexpnd_t1c)
Net social expenditure.
N: 34 N: 35 n: 282 N : 12 T : 8
4.81.151 Sulphur Oxides Emmissions (oecd_soxnox_t1a)
Sulphur oxides emmissions.
516
N: 35 N: 38 n: 939 N : 34 T : 25
4.81.152 Nitrogene Oxides Emmissions (oecd_soxnox_t1b)
Nitrogene oxides emmissions.
N: 35 N: 38 n: 939 N : 34 T : 25
4.81.153 Trade balance of services (oecd_svctrade_t1)
Trade balance of services.
N: 44 N: 44 n: 1159 N : 19 T : 26
4.81.154 Imports of services (oecd_svctrade_t2)
Imports of services.
N: 44 N: 44 n: 1159 N : 19 T : 26
4.81.155 Exports of services (oecd_svctrade_t3)
Exports of services.
517
N: 44 N: 44 n: 1183 N : 19 T : 27
4.81.156 Taxes on the average worker (oecd_taxapw_t1)
Taxes on the average worker.
N: 36 N: 36 n: 684 N : 36 T : 19
4.81.157 Re-exported intermediates: Agriculture, hunting, forest and fish (oecd_-

tiva_inter_t1a)
Re-exported intermediates: agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing.

N: 44 n: 308 N : 18 T : 7
4.81.158 Re-exported intermediates: Food products, beverages and tobacco (oecd_-

tiva_inter_t1b)
Re-exported intermediates: food products, beverages and tobacco.

N: 44 n: 308 N : 18 T : 7
4.81.159 Re-exported intermediates: Textiles & prod., leather & footwear (oecd_-
tiva_inter_t1c)
Re-exported intermediates: textiles, textile products, leather and footwear.
518
N: 44 n: 308 N : 18 T : 7
4.81.160 Re-exported intermediates: Wood, paper & products, printing (oecd_tiva_-

inter_t1d)
Re-exported intermediates: wood paper, paper products, printing and publishing.

N: 44 n: 308 N : 18 T : 7
4.81.161 Re-exported intermediates: Chemicals and non-metallic mineral (oecd_tiva_-

inter_t1e)
Re-exported intermediates: chemicals and non-metallic mineral products.

N: 44 n: 308 N : 18 T : 7
4.81.162 Re-exported intermediates: Basic metals and fabricated metal (oecd_tiva_-

inter_t1f)
Re-exported intermediates: basic metals and fabricated metal products.

N: 44 n: 308 N : 18 T : 7
4.81.163 Re-exported intermediates: Machinery and equipment (oecd_tiva_inter_-

t1g)
Re-exported intermediates: machinery and equipment.
519
N: 44 n: 308 N : 18 T : 7
4.81.164 Re-exported intermediates: Transport equipment (oecd_tiva_inter_t1h)
Re-exported intermediates: transport equipment.

N: 44 n: 308 N : 18 T : 7
4.81.165 Re-exported intermediates: Transport & storage, post & telecom. (oecd_-
tiva_inter_t1i)
Re-exported intermediates: transport and storage, post and telecommunication.

N: 44 n: 308 N : 18 T : 7
4.81.166 Re-exported intermediates: Business services (oecd_tiva_inter_t1j)
Re-exported intermediates: business services.

N: 44 n: 308 N : 18 T : 7
4.81.167 Foreign value added as a share of gross exports (oecd_tiva_t1)
Foreign value added as a share of gross exports.
520
N: 44 n: 308 N : 18 T : 7
4.81.168 Total tax revenue (oecd_totaltax_t1)
Total tax revenue.
N: 36 N: 37 n: 1587 N : 30 T : 43
4.81.169 Total primary energy supply per unit of GDP (oecd_tpes_t1)
Total primary energy supply per unit of GDP.
N: 44 N: 46 n: 2245 N : 39 T : 49
4.81.170 International imports in goods and services (oecd_tradegdp_t1a)
International imports in goods and services.
N: 44 N: 45 n: 1850 N : 38 T : 41
4.81.171 International exports in goods and services (oecd_tradegdp_t1b)
International exports in goods and services.
521
N: 44 N: 45 n: 1850 N : 38 T : 41
4.81.172 Inland goods transport (oecd_transpgood_t1)
Inland goods transport.

N: 35 n: 430 N : 33 T : 12
4.81.173 Inland passenger transport (oecd_transppasseng_t1)
Inland passenger transport.

N: 32 n: 386 N : 30 T : 12
4.81.174 Unemployment rates: women (oecd_unemplrt_t1a)
Unemployment rates: women.
N: 39 N: 40 n: 1020 N : 15 T : 26
4.81.175 Unemployment rates: men (oecd_unemplrt_t1b)
Unemployment rates: men.
522
N: 39 N: 40 n: 1029 N : 16 T : 26
4.81.176 Unemployment rates: total (oecd_unemplrt_t1c)
Unemployment rates: total.
N: 40 N: 42 n: 1129 N : 18 T : 27
4.81.177 Value added: agriculture, hunting, fishing and forestry (oecd_valaddac_t1a)
Value added in agriculture, hunting, fishing and forestry.
N: 43 N: 43 n: 1222 N : 25 T : 28
4.81.178 Value added: industry including energy (oecd_valaddac_t1b)
Value added in industry including energy.
N: 43 N: 43 n: 768 N : 40 T : 18
4.81.179 Value added: construction (oecd_valaddac_t1c)
Value added in construction.
523
N: 43 N: 43 n: 1222 N : 25 T : 28
4.81.180 Value added: trade, repairs, transport, accommodation and food services
(oecd_valaddac_t1d)
Value added in distributive trade, repairs, transport and accommodation and food services activities.
N: 43 N: 43 n: 1212 N : 25 T : 28
4.81.181 Value added: Information and communication (oecd_valaddac_t1e)
Value added in Information and communication.
N: 41 N: 41 n: 1163 N : 24 T : 28
4.81.182 Value added: financial and insurance activities (oecd_valaddac_t1f)
Value added in financial and insurance activities.
N: 42 N: 42 n: 1215 N : 25 T : 29
4.81.183 Value added: real estate activities (oecd_valaddac_t1g)
Value added in real estate activities.
524
N: 43 N: 43 n: 1217 N : 25 T : 28
4.81.184 Value added in professional, scientific, technical, administration (oecd_valad-

dac_t1h)
Value added in professional, scientific, technical, administration and support services activities.
N: 40 N: 40 n: 1132 N : 23 T : 28
4.81.185 Value added in public administration, defence, education human health (oecd_-
valaddac_t1i)
Value added in public administration, defence, education human health and social work activities.
N: 42 N: 42 n: 1170 N : 24 T : 28
4.81.186 Value added in other services activities (oecd_valaddac_t1j)
Value added in other services activities.
N: 42 N: 42 n: 1215 N : 25 T : 29
4.81.187 Generation intensities of municipal waste (oecd_waste_t1a)
Generation intensities of municipal waste.
525
N: 36 N: 41 n: 954 N : 22 T : 23
4.81.188 Total amount generated of municipal waste (oecd_waste_t1b)
Total amount generated of municipal waste.
N: 36 N: 42 n: 966 N : 22 T : 23
4.81.189 Water abstractions per capita (oecd_water_t1a)
Water abstractions per capita.
N: 15 N: 40 n: 678 N : 14 T : 17
4.81.190 Total abstractions of water (oecd_water_t1b)
Total abstractions of water.
N: 15 N: 40 n: 673 N : 14 T : 17
4.81.191 Electricity generation (oecd_welecgen_t1)
Electricity generation.
526
N: 44 N: 46 n: 2248 N : 39 T : 49
4.81.192 Total primary energy supply (oecd_wenergys_t1)
Total primary energy supply.
N: 44 N: 46 n: 2246 N : 39 T : 49
527
4.82 The Ocean Health Index
Halpern, B., Longo, C., Hardy, D., McLeod, K., Samhouri, J., & Steven Katona, e. a. (2012).
An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean. Nature, 488, 615–620. https:
//doi.org/10.1038/nature11397
Halpern, B., Longo, C., Hardy, D., McLeod, K., Samhouri, J., & Steven Katona, e. a. (2018).
Ocean health index [Date accessed: 07 December 2021]. https://github.com/OHI-Science/ohi-
global/releases
http://www.oceanhealthindex.org
The Ocean Health Index Data
The Ocean Health Index is a valuable tool for the ongoing assessment of ocean health. By providing
a means to advance comprehensive ocean policy and compare future progress, the Index can inform
decisions about how to use or protect marine ecosystems. The Index is a collaborative effort, made
possible through contributions from more than 65 scientists/ocean experts and partnerships between
organizations including the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Sea Around Us,
Conservation International, National Geographic, and the New England Aquarium. The Index as-
sesses the ocean based on 10 widely-held public goals for a healthy ocean. They are: Food Provision,
Artisanal Fishing Opportunities, Natural Products, Carbon Storage, Coastal Protection, Sense of
Place, Coastal Livelihoods & Economies, Tourism & Recreation, Clean Waters, Biodiversity.
4.82.1 The Ocean Health Index (ohi_ohi)
The Ocean Health Index establishes reference points for achieving ten widely accepted socio-ecological
objectives, and scores the oceans adjacent to 171 countries and territories on how successfully they
deliver these goals. Evaluated globally and by country, these ten public goals represent the wide range
of benefits that a healthy ocean can provide; each country’s overall score is the average of its respective
goal scores. The ten socio-ecological objectives are: Food Provision, Artisanal Fishing Opportunities,
Natural Products, Carbon Storage, Coastal Protection, Coastal Livelihoods & Economies, Tourism
& Recreation, Sense of Place, Clean Waters, Biodiversity.
N: 151 N: 151 n: 1359 N : 151 T : 9
528
4.83 Marshall and Gurr
Marshall, M. G., & Gurr, T. R. (2020). Polity v project, political regime characteristics and
transitions, 1800-2018
http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html
Polity V Annual Time-Series, 1800-2018
The Polity project is one of the most widely used data resource for studying regime change and the
effects of regime authority. The Polity5 dataset covers all major, independent states in the global
system over the period 1800-2018 (i.e., states with a total population of 500,000 or more in the most
recent year (167 countries in 2018). Please note that the codes -99, -88, -77 and -66 has been recoded
to missing.
4.83.1 Regime Durability (p_durable)
Regime Durability: The number of years since the most recent regime change (defined by a three
point change in the p_polity score over a period of three years or less) or the end of a transition period
defined by the lack of stable political institutions (denoted by a standardized authority score). In
calculating the p_durable value, the first year during which a new (post-change) polity is established
is coded as the baseline “year zero” (value = 0) and each subsequent year adds one to the value of
the p_durable variable consecutively until a new regime change or transition period occurs.
N: 166 N: 182 n: 9799 N : 134 T : 54
4.83.2 Revised Combined Polity Score (p_polity2)
Revised Combined Polity Score: The polity score is computed by subtracting the p_autoc score from
the p_democ score; the resulting unified polity scale ranges from +10 (strongly democratic) to -10
(strongly autocratic). The revised version of the polity variable is designed to facilitate the use of
the polity regime measure in time-series analyses. It modifies the combined annual polity score by
applying a simple treatment, or “fix” to convert instances of “standardized authority scores” (i.e.,
-66, -77, and -88) to conventional polity scores (i.e., within the range, -10 to +10). The values have
been converted according to the following rule set:
(-66) Cases of foreign “interruption” are treated as “system missing.”

(-77) Cases of “interregnum”, or anarchy, are converted to a “neutral” Polity score of “0.”
(-88) Cases of “transition” are prorated across the span of the transition.
For example, country X has a p_polity score of -7 in 1957, followed by three years of -88 and,
529
finally, a score of +5 in 1961. The change (+12) would be prorated over the intervening three years
at a rate of per year, so that the converted scores would be as follow: 1957 -7; 1958 -4; 1959 -1; 1960
+2; and 1961 +5.
N: 165 N: 182 n: 9725 N : 130 T : 53
530
4.84 Norris and Groemping
Norris, P., & Groemping, M. (2019). Perceptions of Electoral Integrity, (PEI-7.0) [V2, UNF:6:2wnukYraCZzg+gojPE
[fileUNF]]. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EWYTZ7
https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/PEI
Electoral Integrity Project (Version 7.0)
This dataset by the Electoral Integrity Project evaluates the quality of elections held around the world.
Based on a rolling survey collecting the views of election experts, this research provides independent
and reliable evidence to compare whether countries meet international standards of electoral integrity.
PEI-7.0 cumulative release covers 336 national parliamentary and presidential contests held worldwide
in 166 countries from 1 July 2012 to 31 December 2018.
4.84.1 Electoral Integrity Rating (pei_eir)
Overall how would you rate the integrity of this election on a scale from 1 (very poor) to 10 (very
good)?

N: 148
4.84.2 Electoral Integrity Rating, Higher C.I. (pei_eirhci)
The higher bound of the 95% confidence interval for either the election or the country level.

N: 148
4.84.3 Electoral Integrity Rating, Lower C.I. (pei_eirlci)
The lower bound of the 95% confidence interval for either the election or the country level.
531
N: 148
4.84.4 Elected Office (pei_off)
What government body was this election for?
0. Legislative
1. Presidential
2. Both

N: 148
4.84.5 Perception of Electoral Integrity Index (pei_peii)
The PEI index is designed to provide an overall summary evaluation of expert perceptions that an
election meets international standards and global norms. It is generated at the individual level using
experts’ answers to the 49 substantive variables below. Therefore, an Index score is missing if an
expert does not answer a question. The 49 scores are summed and then standardized to a 100 point
scale.

N: 123
4.84.6 Perception of Electoral Integrity Index, Higher C.I. (pei_peiihci)
The higher bound of the 95% confidence interval for either the election or the country level.

N: 92
532
4.84.7 Perception of Electoral Integrity Index, Lower C.I. (pei_peiilci)
The lower bound of the 95% confidence interval for either the election or the country level.

N: 92
4.84.8 Perception of Electoral Integrity Index Type (pei_peit)
Classification of the PEI Index on five categories.
1. Very Low
2. Low
3. Moderate
4. High
5. Very High

N: 148
533
4.85 Ouattara and Standaert
Ouattara, B., & Standaert, S. (2020). Property rights revisited. European Journal of Politi-
cal Economy, 64, 101895. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101895
https://users.ugent.be/~sastanda/Data.html
The Property Rights Protection Index
Over the last two decades, numerous studies have tried to quantify the effect of property rights on a
wide range of societal outcomes, including growth, trade, and, to a lesser extent, inequality. However,
a major limitation of these studies has been the data measuring property rights. These suffer from a
number of shortcomings, including a lack of availability, focus, and objectivity.
Ouattara and Standaert address this gap by composing a new index of property rights that strictly
focuses on the protection of these rights. As is common with indicators of governance, there is little to
no objective data available that can be used to directly compare the security of property rights across
countries. Instead, perception-based indicators such as survey-data or expert assessments are used
to capture the opinion of a range of actors. The researchers’ approach is to combine a data set of 18
such indicators from 7 different sources. The selection of an indicator depends on whether it directly
measures the degree to which a country’s laws protect private property rights and the degree to which
its government enforces those laws, including the probability that private property is expropriated.
By focusing on property rights alone, this allows the researchers to disentangle its effect from that
of the overall quality of the judicial system and other aspects of the institutional framework. This
ensures a better match between theoretical models and empirical tests on the effects of property rights.
This is done for as wide a group of countries and as long a time span as possible, increasing the
index coverage by as much as 45% compared to other indexes - this index covers 191 countries cross
twenty-year period between 1994 - 2014.
4.85.1 The Property Right Protection Index (prp_prp)
The Poperty Rights Index measures (the perception of) the security of property rights, separately
from other aspects of the rule of law. It combines all publicly available information on the perception
of the security of property rights (18 singular indicators of property rights).
N: 188 N: 189 n: 3713 N : 169 T : 20
4.85.2 Estimated variance of the PRP point estimate (prp_std)
Estimated variance of the Property Rights Protection estimate.

534
N: 188 N: 189 n: 3713 N : 169 T : 20
535
4.86 Vincenzo Emanuele
Emanuele, V. (2016). Dataset of new parties and party system innovation in western europe
since 1945. https://doi.org/10.7802/1363
http://www.vincenzoemanuele.com/dataset-of-party-system-innovation.html
New Parties and Party System Innovation in Western Europe
This dataset identifies and lists all the new parties emerged in Western Europe since 1945 and provides
data about party system innovation, defined as the aggregate level of ’newness’ recorded in a party
system at a given election. Data are based on parliamentary elections (lower house) of 20 Western
European countries since 1945. This dataset covers the entire universe of Western European elections
held after World War II under democratic regimes. Data for Greece, Portugal and Spain have been
collected after their democratizations in the 1970s.
4.86.1 Cummulative Party System Innovation (psi_cpsi1)
Cumulative Party System Innovation: sum of the vote share received by non-founder parties in each
election. A party is considered as a founder if it has received at least 1% of the national vote share
in at least one of the first two post-WWII elections (or, in the case of Greece, Portugal and Spain,
the first two democratic elections). Otherwise, the party is counted as a non-founder. The rationale
behind this choice is that we look at the first two post-WWII or post-authoritarian elections and
make a dichotomous distinction between relevant parties that formed the system (those who received
more than 1% of the votes) and parties that emerged later or were only marginal actors (those below
1%) at that time.
N: 20 N: 22 n: 349 N : 5 T : 16
4.86.2 Cummulative Party System Innovation of a second election in a year (psi_cpsi2)
Cumulative Party System Innovation: sum of the vote share received by non-founder parties in each
election. A party is considered as a founder if it has received at least 1% of the national vote share
in at least one of the first two post-WWII elections (or, in the case of Greece, Portugal and Spain,
the first two democratic elections). Otherwise, the party is counted as a non-founder. The rationale
behind this choice is that we look at the first two post-WWII or post-authoritarian elections and
make a dichotomous distinction between relevant parties that formed the system (those who received
more than 1% of the votes) and parties that emerged later or were only marginal actors (those below
1%) at that time. This variable (psi_cpsi2) refers to a second election held on the same year as an
election reported on psi_cpsi1.
536
N: 2 N: 6 n: 8 N : 0 T : 1
4.86.3 Exact date of the election (psi_edate1)
Exact date of the election
N: 20 N: 22 n: 349 N : 5 T : 16
4.86.4 Exact date of the second election in a year (psi_edate2)
Exact date of a second election in a same year
N: 2 N: 6 n: 8 N : 0 T : 1
4.86.5 Party System Innovation (overall vote share of new parties in given election)
(psi_psi1)
Party System Innovation: overall vote share of new parties in a given election. It is calculated at time
t with respect to time t-1 (namely, PSInn is calculated with respect to the status quo established at
the previous election) and therefore each observation in each country is completely independent from
the previous ones. In order to exclude marginal parties, the author has set a threshold at 1% of the
national share for a given party to be considered as part of the party system in a given election and
has collected data starting from the third post-World War II or democratic election of each country,
for a total of 209 new parties (see the complete list of new parties below) in 327 elections. The
underlying assumption is that the party system innovation they are interested in is that occurring
after the initial institutionalization of the party system. According to PSInn, a party is considered
’new’ only in the first election when it enters the party system by receiving at least 1% of the national
share. Then, in the subsequent elections, it becomes ’old’.
N: 20 N: 22 n: 349 N : 5 T : 16
537
4.86.6 Party System Innovation of a second election in a year (psi_psi2)
Party System Innovation: overall vote share of new parties in a given election. It is calculated at time
t with respect to time t-1 (namely, PSInn is calculated with respect to the status quo established at
the previous election) and therefore each observation in each country is completely independent from
the previous ones. In order to exclude marginal parties, the author has set a threshold at 1% of the
national share for a given party to be considered as part of the party system in a given election and
has collected data starting from the third post-World War II or democratic election of each country,
for a total of 209 new parties (see the complete list of new parties below) in 327 elections. The
underlying assumption is that the party system innovation they are interested in is that occurring
after the initial institutionalization of the party system. According to PSInn, a party is considered
’new’ only in the first election when it enters the party system by receiving at least 1% of the national
share. Then, in the subsequent elections, it becomes ’old’. This variable (psi_psi2) refers to a second
election held on the same year as an election reported on psi_psi1.
N: 2 N: 6 n: 8 N : 0 T : 1
538
4.87 Persson and Tabellini
Persson, T., & Tabellini, G. E. (2003). The economic effects of constitutions [Munich Lec-
tures in Economics]. MIT Press
http://didattica.unibocconi.eu/myigier/index.php?IdUte=48805&idr=4273&lingua=eng&comando=
Apri
The Economic Effects of Constitutions
Persson and Tabellini only include countries of democratic rule in their sample. To be included in the
cross-section, an average of the Freedom House indices for civil liberties and political rights (fh_cl
and fh_pr) lower than an average of 5 for the 1990-1998 period is required. For the 1960- 1998 panel
data, Persson and Tabellini include country-years that obtain a score greater than zero on the Polity
democracy indicator (p_polity2) (For details, see Persson and Tabellini 2003, 74- 77).
4.87.1 Federal Political Structure (pt_federal)
Dummy variable:
1. If the country has a federal political structure

0. Otherwise

N: 64 n: 2219 N : 57 T : 35
4.87.2 Majoritarian Electoral Systems (pt_maj)
Dummy variable:
1. The lower house is selected under plurality rule

0. Otherwise.
Only legislative elections (lower house) are considered.

N: 64 n: 2151 N : 55 T : 34
539
4.87.3 Forms of Government (pt_pres)
Dummy variable:
1. For presidential regimes

0. Otherwise.
Only regimes in which the confidence of the assembly is not necessary for the executive to stay
in power (even if an elected president is not the chief executive, or if there is no elected president)
are included among presidential regimes. Most semi-presidential and premier-presidential systems
are classified as parliamentary.

N: 64 n: 2219 N : 57 T : 35
540
4.88 Feenstra, Inklaar and Timmer
Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R., & Timmer, M. P. (2015). The next generation of the penn world
table. The American Economic Review, 105 (10), 3150–3182. www.ggdc.net/pwt
http://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/
Penn World Table
PWT version 10.0 is a database with information on relative levels of income, output, input and
productivity, covering 183 countries between 1950 and 2019.
4.88.1 Capital services at constant 2017 national prices (2017=1) (pwt_cs)
Capital services at constant 2017 national prices (2017= 1).
N: 131 N: 136 n: 6736 N : 102 T : 50
4.88.2 Capital services levels at current PPPs (USA=1) (pwt_csppp)
Capital services levels at current PPPs (USA = 1).
N: 131 N: 136 n: 6736 N : 102 T : 50
4.88.3 Share of government consumption at current PPPs (pwt_gc)
Share of government consumption at current PPPs.
541
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
4.88.4 Human capital index, see note hc (pwt_hci)
Human capital index, based on years of schooling (Barro & Lee, 2010) and assumed returns, based
on Mincer equation estimates around the world.
N: 143 N: 152 n: 8165 N : 117 T : 54
4.88.5 Share of merchandise exports at current PPPs (pwt_me)
Share of merchandise exports at current PPPs.
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
4.88.6 Share of merchandise imports at current PPPs (pwt_mi)
Share of merchandise imports at current PPPs.
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
4.88.7 Price level of capital formation, price level of USA GDPo in 2017=1 (pwt_plcf)
Price level of capital formation, price level of USA GDP (output side) in 2017=1.
542
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
4.88.8 Price level of the capital services, price level of USA=1 (pwt_plcs)
Price level of the capital stock, price level of USA 2017 = 1.
N: 131 N: 136 n: 6736 N : 102 T : 50
4.88.9 Price level of exports, price level of USA GDPo in 2017=1 (pwt_ple)
Price level of exports, price level of USA GDP(output side) in 2017=1.
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
4.88.10 Price level of government consumption, price level of USA GDPo in 2017=1
(pwt_plgc)
Price level of government consumption, price level of USA GDP (output side) in 2017=1.
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
4.88.11 Price level of household consumption, price level of USA GDPo in 2017=1
(pwt_plhc)
Price level of household consumption, price level of USA GDP (output side) in 2017=1.
543
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
4.88.12 Price level of imports, price level of USA GDPo in 2017=1 (pwt_pli)
Price level of imports, price level of USA GDP (output side) in 2017=1.
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
4.88.13 Population (in millions) (pwt_pop)
Population (in millions).
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
4.88.14 Real GDP at constant 2017 national prices (in mil. 2017US dollar) (pwt_rgdp)
Real GDP at constant 2017 national prices (in mil. 2017 US dollar).
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
4.88.15 Share of residual trade and GDP statistical discrepancy at current PPPs
(pwt_rt)
Share of residual trade and GDP statistical discrepancy at current PPPs.
544
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
4.88.16 Share of gross capital formation at current PPPs (pwt_sgcf)
Share of gross capital formation at current PPPs.
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
4.88.17 Share of household consumption at current PPPs (pwt_shhc)
Share of household consumption at current PPPs.
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
4.88.18 Share of labour compensation in GDP at current national prices (pwt_slcgdp)
Share of labour compensation in GDP at current national prices.
N: 131 N: 136 n: 7040 N : 101 T : 52
4.88.19 TFP at constant national prices (2017=1) (pwt_tfp)
Total Factor Productivity (TFP) at constant national prices (2017=1).
545
N: 116 N: 121 n: 6182 N : 94 T : 51
4.88.20 TFP level at current PPPs (USA=1) (pwt_tfpppp)
Total Factor Productivity (TFP) level at current PPPs (USA=1).
N: 116 N: 121 n: 6182 N : 94 T : 51
4.88.21 Exchange rate, national currency/USD (market+estimated) (pwt_xr)
Exchange rate, national currency/USD (market+estimated).
N: 171 N: 180 n: 9303 N : 133 T : 52
546
4.89 Nistotskaya, Dahlberg, Dahlström, Sundström, Axelsson, Dalli and
Alvarado Pachon
Nistotskaya, M., Dahlberg, S., Dahlström, C., Sundström, A., Axelsson, S., Dalli, C. M., &
Alvarado, N. (2021). The Quality of Government Expert Survey 2020 Dataset: Wave III. https:
//doi.org/10.18157/qoges2020
https://www.gu.se/en/quality-government/qog-data/data-downloads/qog-expert-survey
The QoG Expert Survey (2020 wave)
The Quality of Government Expert Survey (QoG Expert Survey) is a research project aimed at doc-
umenting the organizational design of public bureaucracies and bureaucratic behavior in countries
around the world. The third wave of the QoG Expert Survey covers 117 countries and is based on a
web survey of 996 experts.
The general purpose of the QoG Expert Survey is to measure the structure and behaviour of public
administration across countries. The survey covers a variety of topics which are seen as relevant to
the structure and functioning of the public administration according to the literature, but on which
we lack quantitative indicators for a large number of countries. The QoG Expert Survey 2020 is the
third wave of the QoG Expert Survey, following the first wave in 2008-2012 and the second wave in
2014.
The QoG Expert Survey 2020 produced ten country-level indicators, pertaining to bureaucratic struc-
ture (meritocratic recruitment, security of tenure, closedness) and bureaucratic behavior (political
interference into day-to-day bureaucratic decision-making and impartiality). The data is based on
the assessments of experts from 117 countries, carefully selected for their contextual subject-matter
knowledge. The experts took part in the research pro bono. The main innovation of the third wave
is the use of anchoring vignettes and Item-Response Theory (IRT)-based aggregation techniques to
produce point estimates that account and adjust for systematic differences in expert subjective as-
sessments and variation in expert reliability. The resulting indicators are internally coherent and
also correlate well with other well-established measures for the same concepts. The strength of the
association between the data from 2020 and the two previous waves of the survey suggests that the
data is likely to measure the same underlying phenomena, while offering enough variability over time
to be used in time-series analysis.
4.89.1 Entry at the lowest level only (qs20_close1)
Country-level estimate for Entry at the lowest level only, scaled between 0 and 1. Highest score refers
to cases where entry to bureaucratic positions is possible at the lowest level of hierarchy only, and
positions at middle and higher levels of hierarchy are filled by individuals from within the bureaucracy.
547
N: 109
4.89.2 Entry via examination (qs20_close2)
Country-level estimate for Entry via examination, scaled between 0 and 1. Countries in which formal
examination is usually part of the hiring process have higher scores.

N: 111
4.89.3 Special Laws (qs20_close3)
Country-level estimate for Special Laws, scaled between 0 and 1. Higher scores mean that human
resource management in public administration is regulated by a set of laws and regulations applicable
only to the public sector (including government), which is different from the country’s labor code.

N: 111
4.89.4 Closedness Index, constructed with PCA (qs20_close_pca)
Closedness Index is constructed from Entry at the lowest level only, Entry via examination and Special
Laws with the help of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Entry at the lowest level only, Entry
via examination and Special Laws variables are load on the same dimension, which predicted scores
are used as Closedness Index.

N: 105
4.89.5 Political Interference (qs20_impar1)
Country-level estimate for Political Interference, constructed with an IRT model that accounts for
DIF and variation in expert reliability. Higher values stand for more political interference.
548
N: 82
4.89.6 Political Interference, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_impar1_lowci)
Lower boundary of 95% credible interval for Political Interference.

N: 82
4.89.7 Political Interference, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_impar1_upci)
Upper boundary of 95% credible interval for Political Interference.

N: 82
4.89.8 Impartiality (qs20_impar2)
Country-level estimate for Impartiality, constructed with an IRT model that accounts for DIF and
variation in expert reliability. Higher values stand for more impartiality.

N: 83
4.89.9 Impartiality, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_impar2_lowci)
Lower boundary of 95% credible interval for Impartiality.
549
N: 83
4.89.10 Impartiality, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_impar2_upci)
Upper boundary of 95% credible interval for Impartiality.

N: 83
4.89.11 Patronage (qs20_proff1)
Country-level estimate for Patronage, constructed with an IRT model that accounts for differential
item functioning (DIF) and variation in expert reliability. Higher values stand for more patronage in
recruitment.

N: 89
4.89.12 Patronage, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff1_lowci)
Lower boundary of 95% credible interval for Patronage.

N: 89
4.89.13 Patronage, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff1_upci)
Upper boundary of 95% credible interval for Patronage.
550
N: 89
4.89.14 Merit (qs20_proff2)
Country-level estimate for Merit, constructed with an IRT model that accounts for DIF and variation
in expert reliability. Higher values stand for more merit-based appointment.

N: 85
4.89.15 Merit, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff2_lowci)
Lower boundary of 95% credible interval for Merit.

N: 85
4.89.16 Merit, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff2_upci)
Upper boundary of 95% credible interval for Merit.

N: 85
4.89.17 Tenure (qs20_proff3)
Country-level estimate for Tenure, constructed with an IRT model that accounts for DIF and variation
in expert reliability. Higher values stand for stronger security of tenure.
551
N: 89
4.89.18 Tenure, lower limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff3_lowci)
Lower boundary of 95% credible interval for Tenure.

N: 89
4.89.19 Tenure, upper limit of 95% CI (qs20_proff3_upci)
Upper boundary of 95% credible interval for Tenure.

N: 89
4.89.20 Professionalism Index, constructed with PCA (qs20_proff_pca)
Professionalism Index is constructed from Patronage, Merit and Tenure with the help of Principal
Component Analysis (PCA). Merit, Patronage and Tenure are load on the same dimension, which
predicted scores are used as Professionalism Index.

N: 79
552
4.90 Philip G. Roeder
Roeder, P. G. (2001). Ethnolinguistic fractionalization (ELF) indices, 1961 and 1985. http :
//pages.ucsd.edu/~proeder/elf.htm
http://weber.ucsd.edu/~proeder/elf.htm
Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization (ELF) Indices, 1961 and 1985
The Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization (ELF) Indices, 1961 and 1985 Indices measure the probability
of two randomly selected people not belonging to the same ethnolinguistic group using different
methods. The estimates are computed from population estimates of different sources. For details,
please visit https://pages.ucsd.edu/ proeder/elf.htm
4.90.1 Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization-Atlas (1964) (r_atlas)
Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization: Measures probability that two randomly selected people from a
given country will not belong to the same ethnolinguistic group. Reprint from the index published
in Taylor and Hudson (1972: 271-274). Original source: Atlas Narodov Mira (1964).
N: 102 N: 113 n: 6554 N : 113 T : 58
4.90.2 Ethnolinguistic fractionalization (1961) (r_elf61)
Ethnolinguistic fractionalization 1961: Reflects probability that two randomly selected people from a
given country will not belong to the same ethnolinguistic group, where the latter is defined without
collapsing any sub-groups in the sources. Original source: Roeder (2001).
N: 98 N: 111 n: 6766 N : 111 T : 61
4.90.3 Ethnolinguistic fractionalization (1985) (r_elf85)
Ethnolinguistic fractionalization 1985: Reflects probability that two randomly selected people from a
given country will not belong to the same ethnolinguistic group, where the latter is defined without
553
collapsing any sub-groups in the sources. Original source: Roeder (2001).
N: 144 N: 154 n: 5680 N : 154 T : 37
4.90.4 Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization-Muller (1964) (r_muller)
in Taylor and Hudson (1972: 271-274). Original source: Muller (1964).
N: 91 N: 99 n: 5742 N : 99 T : 58
4.90.5 Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization-Roberts (1962) (r_roberts)
in Taylor and Hudson (1972: 271-274). Original source: Roberts (1962).
N: 40 N: 45 n: 2700 N : 45 T : 60
554
4.91 World Bank
The World Bank. (2021a). Remittances data. https : / / datacatalog . worldbank . org / search /
dataset/0038132
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-
data
Remittances Data
Remittances Data provides a snapshot of latest statistics on remittance flows for 214 countries and
territories. It is calculated by World Bank staff calculation based on data from IMF Balance of
Payments Statistics database and data releases from central banks, national statistical agencies, and
World Bank country desks. All numbers are in current (nominal) US dollar million.
4.91.1 Inward Remittances Flow, current (nominal) US dollar million (rd_inw)
Inward Remittances Flow, current (nominal) US dollar million.
N: 181 N: 185 n: 6377 N : 156 T : 34
4.91.2 Outward Remittances Flow, current (nominal) US dollar million (rd_outw)
Outward Remittances Flow, current (nominal) US dollar million.
N: 187 N: 190 n: 6020 N : 147 T : 32
555
4.92 Michael L Ross
Ross, M., & Mahdavi, P. (2015). Oil and gas data, 1932-2014. https : / / doi . org / 10 . 7910 /
DVN/ZTPW0Y
https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/ZTPW0Y
Oil and Gas Data, 1932-2014
Global dataset of oil and natural gas production, prices, exports, and net exports. These data are
based on the best available information about the volume and value of oil and natural gas production
in all countries from 1932 to 2014. The volume figures are from the documents listed in the original
source; to calculate the total value of production, the author multiplies the volume by the world
price for oil or gas. Since these are world prices for a single (benchmark) type of oil/gas, they only
approximate the actual price - which varies by country according to the quality, the terms of contracts,
the timing of the transactions, and other factors. These figures do not tell how much revenues were
collected by governments or companies - only the approximate volume and value of production. Data
on oil production from 1946 to 1969, and gas production from 1955 (when it first was reported) to
1969, are from the US Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, for various years.
4.92.1 Gas exports, billion cubic feet per year (ross_gas_exp)
Gas exports, billion cubic feet per year.

N: 173 n: 4007 N : 167 T : 23
4.92.2 Net gas exports value, constant 2000 dollar (ross_gas_netexp)
Net gas exports value, constant 2000 dollar.

N: 173 n: 3872 N : 161 T : 22
556
4.92.3 Net gas exports value per capita, constant 2000 dollar (ross_gas_netexpc)
Net gas exports value per capita, constant.

N: 173 n: 3871 N : 161 T : 22
4.92.4 Constant price of gas in 2000 dollar/mboe (ross_gas_price)
Constant price of gas in 2000 dollar/mboe.

N: 189 n: 9514 N : 138 T : 50
4.92.5 Gas production, million barrels oil equiv. (ross_gas_prod)
Gas production, million barrels oil equiv.

N: 188 n: 8347 N : 139 T : 44
4.92.6 Gas production value in 2000 dollars (ross_gas_value_2000)
Gas production value in 2000 dollars.

N: 188 n: 8347 N : 139 T : 44
4.92.7 Gas production value in 2014 dollars (ross_gas_value_2014)
Gas production value in 2014 dollars.
557
N: 188 n: 8347 N : 139 T : 44
4.92.8 Oil exports, thousands of barrels per day (ross_oil_exp)
Oil exports, thousands of barrel per day.

N: 173 n: 4498 N : 150 T : 26
4.92.9 Net oil exports value, constant 2000 dollar (ross_oil_netexp)
Net oil exports value, constant 2000 dollar.

N: 173 n: 4498 N : 150 T : 26
4.92.10 Net oil exports value per capita, constant 2000 dollar (ross_oil_netexpc)
Net oil exports value per capita, constant.

N: 173 n: 4497 N : 150 T : 26
4.92.11 Constant price of oil in 2000 dollar/brl (ross_oil_price)
Constant price of oil in 2000 dollar/brl.
558
N: 189 n: 9514 N : 138 T : 50
4.92.12 Oil production in metric tons (ross_oil_prod)
Oil production in metric tons.

N: 189 n: 8821 N : 128 T : 47
4.92.13 Oil production value in 2000 dollars (ross_oil_value_2000)
Oil production value in 2000 dollars.

N: 189 n: 8821 N : 128 T : 47
4.92.14 Oil production value in 2014 dollars (ross_oil_value_2014)
Oil production value in 2014 dollars.

N: 189 n: 8821 N : 128 T : 47
559
4.93 Reporters Sans Frontières
Reporters sans frontières. (2021). World press freedom index. https://rsf.org/en/ranking
https://rsf.org/en/ranking
World Press Freedom
The Reporters Without Borders World Press Freedom Index ranks the performance of 180 countries
according to a range of criteria that include media pluralism and independence, respect for the safety
and freedom of journalists, and the legislative, institutional and infrastructural environment in which
the media operate.
4.93.1 Press Freedom Index (rsf_pfi)
The Press Freedom index measures the amount of freedom journalists and the media have in each
country and the efforts made by governments to see that press freedom is respected. It does not take
account of all human rights violations, only those that affect press freedom. Neither is it an indicator
of the quality of a country’s media.
Note: With the exception of the year 2012 the index ranges between 0 (total press freedom) and
100 (no press freedom). However for the 2012 data release RSF changed the scale so that negative
values can be and indeed are assigned to countries with more press freedom. We have decided leave
the data as is.
N: 175 N: 179 n: 3064 N : 170 T : 17
560
4.94 Borcan, Olsson and Putterman
Borcan, O., Olsson, O., & Putterman, L. (2018). State history and economic development:
Evidence from six millennia. Journal of Economic Growth 23(1): 1-40. https://sites.google.
com/site/econolaols/extended-state-history-index
https://sites.google.com/site/econolaols/extended-state-history-index
Extended State History Index
The data set extends and replaces previous versions of the State Antiquity Index (originally created
by Bockstette, Chanda and Putterman, 2002). The updated data extends the previous Statehist data
into the years before 1 CE, to the first states in Mesopotamia (in the fourth millennium BCE), along
with filling in the years 1951 - 2000 CE that were left out of past versions of the Statehist data.
The construction of the index follows the principles developed by Bockstette et al (2002). First,
the duration of state existence is established for each territory defined by modern-day country bor-
ders. Second, this duration is divided into 50-year periods. For each half-century from the first period
(state emergence) onwards, the authors assign scores to reflect three dimensions of state presence,
based on the following questions: 1) Is there a government above the tribal level? 2) Is this govern-
ment foreign or locally based? 3) How much of the territory of the modern country was ruled by this
government?
4.94.1 State History Index, with the discounting rates 0% (sai_statehiste0)
State History Index. Discounted values of the overall country indicators with the discounting rates
0%.

N: 157
1%.
561
N: 157
10%.

N: 157
4.94.4 Normalized Values State History Index, with the discounting rates 0% (sai_-
statehisten0)
Normalized Values State History Index, with the discounting rates 0%.

N: 157
statehisten01)

N: 157
statehisten1)
562
N: 157
563
4.95 Bertelsmann Stiftung
Schiller, C., & Hellmann, T. (2020). Sustainable governance indicators 2020 [Date accessed:
12 December 2021]. Bertelsmann Stiftung. https://www.sgi-network.org
https://www.sgi-network.org/2021/
Sustainable Governance Indicators
The Sustainable Governance Indicators (SGI) survey addresses one of the most pressing questions
facing the highly developed states of the OECD and the European Union in the 21st century: How can
we achieve sustainable policy outcomes while ensuring that policymaking processes remain focused
on long-term goals? To answer this question, 41 countries of the OECD and the EU are assessed and
compared on the basis of 157 quantitative and qualitative indicators. The qualitative assessment is
carried out by more than 100 international experts from the academic community. These country re-
ports are the result of a multiphase process of survey and validation. This allows successful examples
of sustainable governance to be identified, along with corresponding policy and governance achieve-
ments. The instrument is based on three pillars: the Sustainable Policies Index, which measures the
sustainability of policy outcomes; the Robust Democracy Index, which measures the quality of democ-
racy; and the Good Governance Index, which explores the extent to which a country’s institutional
arrangements enhance the public sector’s capacity to act (executive capacity) as well as the extent
to which citizens, NGOs and other organizations are endowed with the participatory competence to
hold government accountable to its actions (executive accountability).
4.95.1 Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Overall (sgi_ec)
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies (Economy, Labor Market, Taxes, Budgets, Research and
Innovation, Global Financial System).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.2 Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Budgets (sgi_ecbg)
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Budgets (Budgetary Policy, Debt to GDP, Primary Balance,
Debt Interest Ratio, Budget Consolidation).
564
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.3 Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Economy (sgi_ecec)
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Economy (Economic Policy, GDP per Capita, Inflation,
Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Real Interest Rate, Potential Output Growth Rate).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.4 Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Global Financial System (sgi_ecgf)
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Global Financial System (Stabilizing Global Financial Sys-
tem, Tier 1 Capital Ratio, Banks’ Nonperforming Loans).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.5 Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Labor Markets (sgi_eclm)
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Labor Market (Labor Market Policy, Unemployment, Long-
term Unemployment, Youth Unemployment, Low-skilled Unemployment, Employment, Low Pay In-
cidence).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.6 Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Research, Innovation and Infrastructur

(sgi_ecri)
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Research, Innovation and Infrastructure (Research and
Innovation Policy, Public R&D Spending, Non-public R&D Spending, Total Researchers, Intellectual
565
Property Licenses, PCT Patent Applications).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.7 Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Taxes (sgi_ectx)
Sustainable Policies: Economic Policies - Taxes (Tax Policy, Tax System Complexity, Structural
Balance, Marginal Tax Burden for Businesses, Redistribution Effect).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.8 Sustainable Policies: Environmental Policies - Overall (sgi_en)
Sustainable Policies: Environmental Policies (Environment, Global Environmental Protection).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.9 Sustainable Policies: Environmental Policies - Environment (sgi_enen)
Sustainable Policies: Environmental Policies - Environment (Environmental Policy, Energy Produc-

tivity, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Particulate Matter, Water Usage, Waste Generation, Material
Recycling, Biodiversity, Renewable Energy).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
566
4.95.10 Sustainable Policies: Environmental Policies - Global Environmental Protec-
tion (sgi_enge)
Sustainable Policies: Environmental Policies - Global Environmental Protection (Global Environmen-

tal Policy, Multilateral Environmental Agreements, Kyoto Participation and Achievements).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.11 Good Governance (sgi_go)
This pillar of the SGI examines the good governance capacities of a political system in terms of its
executive capability and accountability. Sustainable governance is defined here as the political man-
agement of public affairs that adopts a long-term view of societal development, takes into account
the interests of future generations, and facilitates capacities for social change.
The Governance index examines how effective governments are in directing and implementing policies
appropriate to these three goals. As a measuring tool grounded in practical evidence, the Governance
index draws on 37 qualitative indicators posed in an expert survey that measure a country’s institu-
tional arrangements against benchmarks of good practices in governance. Governance in this context
implies both the capacity to act (”executive capacity”) and the extent to which non-governmental
actors and institutions are endowed with the participatory competence to hold the government ac-
countable to its actions (”executive accountability”). This includes citizens, legislatures, parties,
associations and the media, that is, actors that monitor the government’s activities and whose effec-
tive inclusion in the political process improve the quality of governance.
The dimension of Executive Capacity draws on the categories of steering capability, policy imple-
mentation and institutional learning. Steering capability questions explore the roles of strategic
planning and expert advice, the effectiveness of interministerial coordination and regulatory impact
assessments, and the quality of consultation and communication policies. Questions about implemen-
tation assess the government’s ability to ensure effective and efficient task delegation to ministers,
agencies or subnational governments. Questions on institutional learning refer to a government’s
ability to reform its own institutional arrangements and improve its strategic orientation.
The dimension of Executive Accountability is comprised of three categories corresponding to ac-

tors or groups of actors considered to be important agents of oversight and accountability in theories
of democracy and governance. The questions here are designed to examine the extent to which
citizens are informed of government policies, whether the legislature is capable of evaluating and
acting as a ”check” on the executive branch, and whether intermediary organizations (i.e., media,
parties, interest associations) demonstrate relevance and policy know-how in exercising oversight.
This approach is based on a dynamic understanding of governance in which power and authority is
dispersed throughout the institutions, processes and structures of government. In order to account
for the diversity of institutional arrangements, the index explicitly considers functional equivalencies
in different countries, and pays equal attention to formal and informal as well as hierarchical and
non-hierarchical institutional arrangements.
567
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.12 Good Governance: Executive Accountability (sgi_goea)
Good Governance: Executive Accountability (Citizens, Legislature, Intermediary Organizations).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.13 Good Governance: Executive Capacity (sgi_goec)
Good Governance: Executive Capacity (Steering Capability, Policy Implementation, Institutional

Learning).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.14 Sustainable Policies (sgi_pp)
This pillar of the SGI examines each country’s sustainable policy performance in terms of three di-
mensions of sustainable development. If the goal of politics is to promote sustainable development,
and if citizens are to be empowered to live their lives in accordance with their own individual talents,
then governments must be able to establish and maintain the social, economic and environmental con-
ditions for such well-being and empowerment. The conditions for social progress must be generated
by suitable outcomes in certain policy fields. Such outcomes are examined by the Policy Performance
pillar, which is comprised of 16 policy fields grouped in terms of economic, social and environmental
sustainability. Each policy field is addressed by a qualitative assessment and additional quantitative
data. The point here is to examine domestic policymaking as well as the extent to which governments
actively contribute to the provision of global public goods. The areas examined are:
1. Economic Policies: economy, labor markets, taxes, budgets, research and innovation, global fi-
nancial system.
2. Social Policies: education, social inclusion, health, families, pensions, integration policy, safe living
conditions, global inequalities.
3. Environmental Policies: environment policy, global environmental protection.
568
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.15 Robust Democracy (sgi_qd)
This pillar of the SGI examines the quality of democracy in each country. From the perspective of
long-term system stability and political performance, the quality of democracy and political partici-
pation are crucial aspects of a society’s success. The stability and performance of a political system
depends in large part upon the assent and confidence of its citizens. Democratic participation and
oversight are also essential to genuine learning and adaptation processes, and to the ability to change.
In this sense, guaranteeing opportunities for democratic participation and oversight, as well as the
presence of due process and respect for civil rights, are fundamental prerequisites for the legitimacy of
a political system. The quality of democracy in each country is measured against a definitional norm
that considers issues relating to participation rights, electoral competition, access to information and
the rule of law. Given that all OECD and EU member states constitute democracies, the questions
posed here focus on the quality rather than the presence of democracy. Individual indicators monitor
the following criteria:
1. Electoral processes.
2. Access to information.
3. Civil rights and political liberties.
4. Rule of law.
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.16 Robust Democracy: Access to Information (sgi_qdai)
Robust Democracy: Access to Information (Media Freedom, Media Pluralism, Access to Government
Information).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.17 Robust Democracy: Civil Rights and Political Liberties (sgi_qdcr)
Robust Democracy: Civil Rights and Political Liberties (Civil Rights, Political Liberties, Non-
discrimination).
569
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.18 Robust Democracy: Electoral Process (sgi_qdep)
Robust Democracy: Electoral Process (Candidacy Procedures, Media Access, Voting and Registration
Rights, Party Financing, Popular Decision-making).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.19 Robust Democracy: Rule of Law (sgi_qdrl)
Robust Democracy: Rule of Law (Legal Certainty, Judicial Review, Appointment of Justices, Cor-
ruption Prevention).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.20 Robust Democracy: Rule of Law - Corruption Prevention (sgi_qdrlc)
Robust Democracy: Rule of Law - Corruption Prevention. To what extent are public officeholders
prevented from abusing their position for private interests? This question addresses how the state
and society prevent public servants and politicians from accepting bribes by applying mechanisms
to guarantee the integrity of officeholders: auditing of state spending; regulation of party financing;
citizen and media access to information; accountability of officeholders (asset declarations, conflict
of interest rules, codes of conduct); transparent public procurement systems; effective prosecution of
corruption. (1, 2): Public officeholders can exploit their offices for private gain as they see fit without
fear of legal consequences or adverse publicity. (3, 4, 5): Some integrity mechanisms function, but
do not effectively prevent public officeholders from abusing their positions. (6, 7, 8): Most integrity
mechanisms function effectively and provide disincentives for public officeholders willing to abuse
their positions. (9, 10): Legal, political and public integrity mechanisms effectively prevent public
officeholders from abusing their positions.
570
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.21 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Overall (sgi_so)
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies (Education, Social Inclusion, Health, Families, Pensions, Inte-
gration, Safe Living, Global Inequalities).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.22 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Education (sgi_soed)
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Education (Education Policy, Upper Secondary Attainment,
Tertiary Attainment, Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Results, Programme
for International Student Assessment (PISA) Socioeconomic Background, Pre-primary Expenditure).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.23 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Families (sgi_sofa)
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Families (Family Policy, Child Care Density Age 0-2, Child
Care Density Age 3-5, Fertility Rate, Child Poverty Rate).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.24 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Global Social Inequalities (sgi_sogi)
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Global Inequalities (Global Social Policy, Official Development
Assistance (ODA)).
571
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.25 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Health (sgi_sohe)
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Health (Health Policy, Spending on Health Programs, Life
Expectancy, Infant Mortality, Perceived Health Status).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.26 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Integration Policy (sgi_soin)
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Integration (Integration Policy, Foreign-born to Native Upper
Secondary Attainment, Foreign-born to Native Tertiary Attainment, Foreign-born to Native Unem-
ployment, Foreign-born to Native Employment).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.27 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Pensions (sgi_sope)
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Pensions (Pension Policy, Older Employment, Old Age Depen-
dency Ratio, Senior Citizen Poverty).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.28 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Social Inclusion (sgi_sosi)
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Social Inclusion (Social Inclusion Policy, Poverty Rate, NEET
Rate, Gini Coefficient, Gender Equality in Parliaments, Life Satisfaction).
572
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
4.95.29 Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Safe Living Conditions (sgi_sosl)
Sustainable Policies: Social Policies - Safe Living (Internal Security Policy, Homicides, Thefts, Con-
fidence in Police).
N: 41 N: 41 n: 287 N : 41 T : 7
573
4.96 Elgin and Oztunali
Elgin, C., & Oztunali, O. (2012). Shadow economies around the world: Model based estimates.
Bogazici University Department of Economics Working Papers, 5
http://www.econ.boun.edu.tr/public_html/RePEc/pdf/201205.pdf
Shadow Economies: Model Based estimates (2012)
The authors use a two-sector dynamic general equilibrium model; they developed an approach to
estimate the size of the shadow economy. Compared to the methods used in the current literature,
this approach overcomes three main issues. First, it does not rely on ad-hoc econometric specifications
and assumptions. Second, as it does not estimate the size of the shadow economy using statistical
methods, it does not include statistical errors. Finally, as opposed to the currently existing methods,
it does not lack micro-foundations.
4.96.1 Level of the shadow economy (shec_se)
Level of the shadow economy

N: 166 n: 6907 N : 115 T : 42
574
4.97 Nathan Nunn
Nunn, N. (2008). The long term effects of africa’s slave trades. Quarterly Journal of Eco-
nomics, 123, 139–176
http://scholar.harvard.edu/nunn/pages/data-0
The Long-Term Effects of Africa’s Slave Trades Dataset (2008)
To construct a measure of the total number of slaves taken from each country during the four slave
trades between 1400 and 1900, Nunn collected data that report the total number of slaves exported
from each port or region in Africa and data that reports the ethnic identity of slaves shipped from
Africa.
There were a number of ways Nunn identified the ethnicity or nation of a slave:
The easiest was often by a slave’s name. Slaves were often given a Christian first name and a sur-
name that identified their ethnicity (e.g., Tardieu [2001]). As well, a slave’s ethnicity could often
be determined from ethnic markings, such as cuts, scars, hairstyles, or the filing of teeth (Karasch
1987, pp. 4-9). Information on the ethnicities of slaves shipped during the trans-Atlantic slave trade
comes from 54 different samples, totalling 80,656 slaves, with 229 distinct ethnic designations reported.
The ethnicity data for the Indian Ocean slave trade come from six samples, with a total of 21,048
slaves and 80 different ethnicities reported. The data for the Red Sea slave trade are from two
samples: one from Jedda, Saudi Arabia, and the other from Bombay, India. The samples provide
information for 67 slaves, with 32 different reported ethnicities. For the trans-Saharan slave trade
two samples are available: one from central Sudan and the other from western Sudan. The samples
provide information on the origins of 5,385 slaves, with 23 different ethnicities recorded. The shipping
data from Austen (1992) also provide additional information on which caravan slaves were shipped
on, the city or town that the caravan originated in, the destination of the caravan, and in some cases
the ethnic identity of the slaves being shipped.
Nunn combines the data in the following way:

Using the shipping data, Nunn first calculates the number of slaves shipped from each coastal country
in Africa. In an example 100,000 slaves were shipped from Country A and 250,000 were shipped from
Country C. The problem with relying on the shipping data alone is that many of slaves shipped
from Country A may have come from Country B, which lies landlocked behind Country A. Then,
using the ethnicity data, Nunn calculates the ratio of slaves from each coastal country relative to
any landlocked countries located inland of the coastal country. This requires to map ethnicities to
countries and aggregate up to the country level. In practice, this step relied on a great amount of
past research by African historians, linguists, and ethnographers. The sources most heavily used are
Koelle (1854), Murdock (1959), Curtin (1969), Higman (1984), and Hall (2005).
4.97.1 Log Total Slave Export (Normalized by Land Area) (slavet_lnexparea)
Total number of slaves taken from each country during the four slave trades between 1400 and 1900
normalized by land area.
575
N: 52
4.97.2 Log Total Slave Export (Normalized by Historic Population) (slavet_lnexppop)
Total number of slaves taken from each country during the four slave trades between 1400 and 1900
normalized by average population.

N: 52
4.97.3 Minimum Atlantic distance (1,000 of kms) (slavet_mindistatl)
Shortest sailing distances to the locations of demand in the trans-Atlantic slave trades.

N: 52
4.97.4 Minimum Indian distance (1,000 of kms) (slavet_mindistind)
Shortest sailing distances to the locations of demand in the Indian Ocean slave trades.

N: 52
4.97.5 Minimum Red Sea distance (1,000 of kms) (slavet_mindistred)
Shortest overland distances to the locations of demand in the Red Sea slave trades.
576
N: 52
4.97.6 Minimum Saharan distance (1,000 of kms) (slavet_mindistsah)
Shortest overland distances to the locations of demand in the trans-Saharan slave trades.

N: 52
577
4.98 Social Progress Imperative
The Social Progress Imperative. (2020). Social progress index. www.socialprogress.org
https://www.socialprogress.org/index/global
Social Progress Index
The Social Progress Index (SPI) is a well-established measure, published since 2013, that is meant
to catalyze improvement and drive action by presenting social outcome data in a useful and reliable
way. The 2020 Social Progress Index ranks 163 countries on social progress. It combines 50 social
and environmental outcome indicators to calculate an overall score for these countries, based on
tiered levels of scoring that include measures in health, safety, education, technology, rights, and
more. In addition to the overall scores, three broad dimensions of social progress are also measured:
Basic Human Needs, Foundations of Wellbeing, and Opportunity. It also considers the data of 30
additional countries, calculating component and dimension scores when enough data are available. In
all, the SPI measures at least some aspects of social progress across more than 99.85% of the world’s
population.
4.98.1 Basic Human Needs (SPI) (spi_bn)
Basic Human Needs is one of the three components of the SPI, which are used to calculate the overall
Social Progress Index. It assesses a population’s capacity to survive with adequate nourishment and
basic medical care, clean water, sanitation, adequate shelter, and personal safety.
N: 164 N: 166 n: 1640 N : 164 T : 10
4.98.2 Foundations of Wellbeing (SPI) (spi_fob)
Foundations of Wellbeing is one of the three components of the SPI, which are used to calculate the
overall Social Progress Index. It highlights the extent to which a country’s residents can gain a basic
education, obtain information and communicate freely, benefit from a modern healthcare system, and
live in a healthy environment conducive to a long life.
N: 174 N: 175 n: 1737 N : 174 T : 10
578
4.98.3 Opportunity (SPI) (spi_opp)
Opportunity is one of the three components of the SPI, which are used to calculate the overall Social
Progress Index. Indicators on personal rights, personal freedom and choice, inclusiveness, and access
to advanced education are used to assess the level of opportunity.
N: 166 N: 167 n: 1657 N : 166 T : 10
4.98.4 Social Progress Index (spi_ospi)
Overall Social Progress Index. It aims to assess the capacity of a society to meet the basic human
needs of its citizens, establish the building blocks that allow citizens and communities to enhance
and sustain the quality of their lives, and create the conditions for all individuals to reach their full
potential.
N: 163 N: 165 n: 1630 N : 163 T : 10
579
4.99 The Political Terror Scale project
Gibney, M., Cornett, L., & Haschke, P. (2021). The societal violence scale [Data retrieved from
the Political Terror Scale website]. http://www.politicalterrorscale.org/Data/Documentation-
SVS.html
http://www.politicalterrorscale.org/Data/Documentation-SVS.html
The Societal Violence Scale
The Societal Violence Scale seeks to develop measures of societal violence based on annual US State
Department’s Human Rights reports. The Societal Violence Scale ranks countries on a 5-point scale
(from the lowest level of societal violence to the highest) based on three criteria. First, the authors
look at the scope: the proportion of society that is victimized. Thus, widespread violence against
women (who account for 50 percent of the population) figures more heavily in the final score than
widespread abuses against human rights defenders, who represent a very small number. The authors
also look at the severity of abuses. For example, evidence that human rights defenders are killed
weighs more heavily than beatings of human rights defenders. Likewise, while women are routinely
subjected to sexual violence and domestic violence, the addition of other types of violence against
women like gang rape, sex trafficking, and/or FGM/C adds to the assessment of severity.
4.99.1 Societal Violence Scale Index 1-5 (svs_ind)
The Societal Violence Scale is coded on a 5-point scale where:

1 Societal violence is limited in scope and severity, with relatively few victims and few perpetrators.
2 Societal violence is a problem, affecting a significant number of victims, albeit across few victim
categories and of a less severe nature.
3 Societal violence is widespread and serious in nature. It affects a significant number of people across
several victim categories.
4 Societal violence is pervasive in scope, severe in nature, assumes a variety of forms and affects a
large proportion of the population typically across several victim categories and perpetrators.
5 Societal violence is ubiquitous in scope, egregious in nature and assumes a variety of forms. If affects
a large proportion of the population, commonly crossing numerous victim groups and perpetrators.
N: 182 N: 192 n: 728 N : 182 T : 4
580
4.100 Duane Swank
Swank, D. (2018). Comparative political parties dataset: Electoral, legislative, and govern-
ment strength of political parties by ideological group in 21 capitalist democracies, 1950-2015.
http://www.marquette.edu/polisci/faculty_swank.shtml
http://www.marquette.edu/polisci/faculty_swank.shtml
Comparative Political Parties Dataset
The dataset captures characteristics of political parties in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Den-
mark, Finland, France, West Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,
Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Greece, Portugal, and Spain between 1950 to
2015.
This dataset uses the following categories for parties: Left: communist; socialist, social democratic,
and labor; and other various left-wing parties (e.g., left-libertarian parties); Right: far-right (e.g., neo-
fascist, right-wing populist), classical liberal, Conservative Christian Democratic, and other various
right-wing parties; Centrist Christian Democratic (Centrist CD): non-conservative Catholic parties;
Secular Center (Secular Cent): non-catholic parties of the center. The data set also includes a total
Christian Democratic party category and all variables for Radical Right-Wing Populist and Left-
Libertarian parties.
4.100.1 Cabinet Portfolios: Centrist Christian Democratic (sw_cccd)
Centrist Christian Democratic cabinet portfolios as a percent of all cabinet portfolios.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.2 Cabinet Portfolios: Christian Democratic (sw_ccd)
Total Christian Democratic party cabinet portfolios as a percent of all cabinet net portfolios.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
581
4.100.3 Cabinet Portfolios: Center (sw_cce)
Center party cabinet portfolios as a percent of all portfolios.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.4 Cabinet Portfolios: Left (sw_cl)
Left party cabinet portfolios as a percent of all cabinet portfolios.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.5 Cabinet Portfolios: Left-Libertarian (sw_cll)
Percentage of cabinet portfolios in national government held by left libertarian (”new left”) parties.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.6 Cabinet Portfolios: Right (sw_cr)
Right party cabinet portfolios as a percent of all cabinet portfolios.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.7 Cabinet Portfolios: Right-Wing Populist (sw_crwp)
Percentage of cabinet portfolios in national government held by right-wing populist parties.
582
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.8 Election Year (sw_ey)
Election Year. Dummy variable coded 1 for years in which elections occurred; otherwise, 0.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.9 Governing Party Seats: Centrist Christian Democratic (sw_gccd)
Centrist Christian Democratic governing party seats as a percent of all legislative seats.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.10 Governing Party Seats: Christian Democratic (sw_gcd)
Total Christian Democratic governing party seats as a percent of all legislative seats.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.11 Governing Party Seats: Center (sw_gce)
Center governing party seats as a percent of all legislative seats.
583
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.12 Governing Party Seats: Left (sw_gl)
Left governing party seats as a percent of all legislative seats.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.13 Governing Party Seats: Left-Libertarian (sw_gll)
Left libertarian governing party seats as a percent of all legislative seats.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.14 Governing Party Seats: Right (sw_gr)
Right governing party seats as a percent of all legislative seats.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.15 Governing Party Seats: Right-Wing Populist (sw_grwp)
Right-wing populist governing party seats as a percent of all legislative seats.
584
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.16 Legislative Seats: Centrist Christian Democratic (sw_lccd)
Centrist Christian Democratic party seats as a percent of all legislative seats.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.17 Legislative Seats: Christian Democratic (sw_lcd)
Total Christian Democratic party seats as a percent of all legislative seats.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.18 Legislative Seats: Center (sw_lce)
Center party seats as a percent of all legislative seats.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.19 Legislative Seats: Left (sw_ll)
Left party legislative seats as a percent of all legislative seats.
585
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.20 Legislative Seats: Left-Libertarian (sw_lll)
Percentage of seats (lower chamber) for left-libertarian parties and various miscellaneous works.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.21 Legislative Seats: Right (sw_lr)
Right party legislative seats as a percent of all legislative seats.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.22 Legislative Seats: Right-Wing Populist (sw_lrwp)
Percentage of seats in lower chamber of national parliament held by right wing populist parties.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.23 Votes: Centrist Christian Democratic (sw_vccd)
Centrist Christian Democratic party votes as a percent of all votes.
586
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.24 Votes: Christian Democratic (sw_vcd)
Total Christian Democratic party votes as a percent of all votes.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.25 Votes: Center (sw_vce)
Center party votes as a percent of all votes.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.26 Votes: Left (sw_vl)
Left party votes as a percent of total votes.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.27 Votes: Left-Libertarian (sw_vll)
Percentage of votes (lower chamber) for left-libertarian parties.
587
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.28 Votes: Right (sw_vr)
Right party votes as a percent of total votes.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
4.100.29 Votes: Right-Wing Populist (sw_vrwp)
Percentage of national vote for right-wing populist parties in elections to lower chamber.
N: 21 N: 23 n: 1305 N : 20 T : 57
588
4.101 Transparency International
Transparency International. (2021). Corruption perception index 2020 [Licensed under CC-
BY-ND 4.0]. http://www.transparency.org/cpi
https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020
Corruption Perceptions Index
The CPI focuses on corruption in the public sector and defines corruption as the abuse of public
office for private gain. The surveys used in compiling the CPI tend to ask questions in line with
the misuse of public power for private benefit, with a focus, for example, on bribe-taking by public
officials in public procurement. The sources do not distinguish between administrative and political
corruption. The CPI Score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business peo-
ple, risk analysts and the general public and ranges between 100 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt).
Note: The time-series information in the CPI scores can only be used if interpreted with caution.
Year-to-year shifts in a country’s score can result not only from a changing perception of a country’s
performance but also from a changing sample and methodology. That is, with differing respondents
and slightly differing methodologies, a change in a country’s score may also relate to the fact that
different viewpoints have been collected and different questions have been asked. Moreover, each
country’s CPI score is composed as a 3-year moving average, implying that if changes occur they only
gradually affect a country’s score. For a more detailed discussion of comparability over time in the
CPI, see Lambsdorff 2005.
Note: In 2012 TI changed the methodology for which the data is not comparable and only data
from 2012 can be compared.
Also, the observation ”Belgium/Luxembourg” from the 1995 data has been dropped.
The Corruption Perception Index (2020) by Transparency International is licensed under CC-BY-
ND 4.0
4.101.1 Corruption Perceptions Index (ti_cpi)
Corruption Perceptions Index. Scale of 0-100 where a 0 equals the highest level of perceived corruption
and 100 equals the lowest level of perceived corruption.
N: 179 N: 179 n: 1749 N : 175 T : 10
589
4.101.2 Corruption Perceptions Index - max range (ti_cpi_max)
Corruption Perceptions Index - Max Range. Highest possible value of the CPI for a country according
to the 95% confidence interval.
N: 178 N: 178 n: 1393 N : 174 T : 8
4.101.3 Corruption Perceptions Index - max range (old method.) (ti_cpi_max_om)
Corruption Perceptions Index - Max Range (Old methodology). Highest possible value of the CPI
for a country according to the 95% confidence interval.

N: 183 n: 1756 N : 146 T : 10
4.101.4 Corruption Perceptions Index - min range (ti_cpi_min)
Corruption Perceptions Index - Min Range. Lowest possible value of the CPI for a country according
to the 95% confidence interval.
N: 178 N: 178 n: 1393 N : 174 T : 8
4.101.5 Corruption Perceptions Index - min range (old method.) (ti_cpi_min_om)
Corruption Perceptions Index - Min Range (Old methodology). Lowest possible value of the CPI for
a country according to the 95% confidence interval.

N: 183 n: 1756 N : 146 T : 10
590
4.101.6 Corruption Perceptions Index (old methodology) (ti_cpi_om)
Corruption Perceptions Index (Old methodology). Scale of 0-10 where a 0 equals the highest level of
perceived corruption and 10 equals the lowest level of perceived corruption.

N: 183 n: 2079 N : 122 T : 11
4.101.7 Standard Error for Corruption Perceptions Index (ti_se)
Standard Error for Corruption Perceptions Index.
N: 179 N: 185 n: 2692 N : 112 T : 15
591
4.102 World Inequality Lab
Alvaredo, F., Atkinson, A. B., Piketty, T., & Saez, E. (2020b). World inequality report 2020.
http://wid.world/
Alvaredo, F., Atkinson, A. B., Piketty, T., & Saez, E. (2020a). World inequality database.
http://wid.world/data
http://wid.world/data/
World Inequality Database
Built to accompany the publishing of the two books Top Incomes: a Global Perspective (2010, Oxford
University Press) and Top Incomes over the XX Century (2007, Oxford University Press), the World
Top Incomes Database offers the most comprehensive set of historical series on income inequality
available so far. In the 2010 book, the authors analyze the long term evolution of top incomes in 12
new countries (after the 10 initial countries analyzed in the 2007 book).
4.102.1 Top 10% income share (top_top10_income_share)
Income share of the top 10% of the population. This refers to the share of pre-tax national income
among equal-split adults for the top 10% in each country-year.
The pre-tax national income is the sum of all pre-tax personal income flows accruing to the owners of
the production factors, labor and capital, before taking into account the operation of the tax/transfer
system, but after taking into account the operation of pension system.
The central difference between personal factor income and pre-tax income is the treatment of pensions,
which are counted on a contribution basis by factor income and on a distribution basis by pre-tax
income. The population is comprised of individuals over age 20. The base unit is the individual
(rather than the household) but resources are split equally within couples.
N: 172 N: 178 n: 7298 N : 96 T : 41
4.102.2 Top 1% income share (top_top1_income_share)
Income share of the top 1% of the population. This refers to the share of pre-tax national income
among equal-split adults for the top 1% in each country-year.
The pre-tax national income is the sum of all pre-tax personal income flows accruing to the owners of
the production factors, labor and capital, before taking into account the operation of the tax/transfer
592
system, but after taking into account the operation of pension system.
The central difference between personal factor income and pre-tax income is the treatment of pensions,
which are counted on a contribution basis by factor income and on a distribution basis by pre-tax
income. The population is comprised of individuals over age 20. The base unit is the individual
(rather than the household) but resources are split equally within couples.
N: 172 N: 178 n: 7388 N : 97 T : 42
593
4.103 UCDP/PRIO
Pettersson, T., Davis, S., Deniz, A., Engström, G., Hawach, N., Högbladh, S., Sollenberg, M., &
Öberg, M. (2021). Organized violence 1989-2020, with a special emphasis on syria. Journal of
Peace Research, 58 (4), 809–825. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433211026126
Harbom, L., Mellander, E., & Wallensteen, P. (2008). Dyadic dimensions of armed conflict.
Journal of peace research, 45 (5), 697–710
Pettersson, T. (2020). UCDP Dyadic Dataset Codebook v 20.1. https://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/
http://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/
UCDP Dyadic Dataset version 21.1
The UCDP Dyadic Dataset is a project within the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) at the
Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University. The UCDP Dyadic dataset builds
on the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict dataset, but goes beyond the conflict level and focuses on dyads
within each conflict. As such, it constitutes a disaggregated version of the UCDP/PRIO Armed
Conflict dataset.
4.103.1 Extrasystemic armed conflict (ucdp_type1)
Number of extrasystemic armed conflicts per country in a given year. Extrasystemic armed conflict
occurs between a state and a non-state group outside its own territory. (In the COW project,
extrasystemic war is subdivided into colonial war and imperial war, but this distinction is not used
here.) These conflicts are by definition territorial, since the government side is fighting to retain
control of a territory outside the state system.

N: 8 n: 73 N : 3 T : 9
4.103.2 Interstate armed conflict (ucdp_type2)
Number of interstate armed conflicts per country in a given year. An interstate armed conflict occurs
between two or more states.
594
N: 87 n: 414 N : 6 T : 5
4.103.3 Internal armed conflict (ucdp_type3)
Number of internal armed conflicts per country in a given year. Internal armed conflict occurs between
the government of a state and one or more internal opposition group(s) without intervention from
other states.
N: 36 N: 105 n: 1321 N : 18 T : 13
4.103.4 Internationalized internal armed conflict (ucdp_type4)
Number of internationalized internal armed conflicts per country in a given year. An internationalized
internal armed conflict occurs between the government of a state and one or more internal opposition
group(s) with intervention from other states (secondary parties) on one or both sides.
N: 94 N: 143 n: 1600 N : 21 T : 11
595
4.104 Pemstein, Meserve and Melton
Pemstein, D., Meserve, S. A., & Melton, J. (2017). Democratic compromise: A latent vari-
able analysis of ten measures of regime type. Political Analysis, 18 (4), 426–449. https://doi.
org/10.1093/pan/mpq020
http://www.unified-democracy-scores.net/uds.html
Unified Democracy Scores
The Unified Democracy Scores (UDS) now covers the time period 1946-2012. These scores incorporate
recent updates to three of the ten original measures - Freedom House (2014), Polity IV (Marshall et
al., 2012), and Van Hanen (2012) - that feature in the analysis that the authors report in their 2010
article. In addition, the current release adds a recently developed measure of democracy - Economist
Intelligence Unit (2012) - to its framework.
4.104.1 Unified Demo. Score Posterior (Mean) (uds_mean)
Unified Democracy Score Posterior (Mean).

N: 207 n: 9658 N : 144 T : 47
4.104.2 Unified Demo. Score Posterior (Median) (uds_median)
Unified Democracy Score Posterior (Median).

N: 207 n: 9658 N : 144 T : 47
4.104.3 Unified Demo. Score Posterior (2.5 percentile) (uds_pct025)
Unified Democracy Score Posterior (2.5 percentile).
596
N: 207 n: 9658 N : 144 T : 47
4.104.4 Unified Demo. Score Posterior (97.5 percentile) (uds_pct975)
Unified Democracy Score Posterior (97.5 percentile).

N: 207 n: 9658 N : 144 T : 47
4.104.5 Unified Demo. Score Posterior (Std. Dev.) (uds_sd)
Unified Democracy Score Posterior (Std. Dev.).

N: 207 n: 9658 N : 144 T : 47
597
4.105 United Nations Development Program
United Nations Development Program. (2020b). Human development report 2020. http : / /
hdr.undp.org/en/2020-report
http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
Human Development Report
The Human Development Report (HDR) is an annual report published by the Human Development
Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
The entire series of Human Development Index (HDI) values and rankings are recalculated every
year using the most recent (revised) data and functional forms. The HDI rankings and values in
the 2014 Human Development Report cannot therefore be compared directly to indices published in
previous Reports. Please see hdr.undp.org for more information.
The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate cri-
teria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. The HDI can also be
used to question national policy choices, asking how two countries with the same level of GNI per
capita can end up with different human development outcomes.
4.105.1 Human Development Index (undp_hdi)
The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria
for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. The HDI can also be used
to question national policy choices, asking how two countries with the same level of GNI per capita
can end up with different human development outcomes. These contrasts can stimulate debate about
government policy priorities.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievement in key di-
mensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and having a decent
standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimen-
sions.
The health dimension is assessed by life expectancy at birth, the education dimension is measured
by mean of years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and more and expected years of schooling
for children of school entering age. The standard of living dimension is measured by gross national
income per capita. The HDI uses the logarithm of income, to reflect the diminishing importance of
income with increasing GNI. The scores for the three HDI dimension indices are then aggregated into
a composite index using geometric mean. Refer to Technical notes for more details.
The HDI simplifies and captures only part of what human development entails. It does not reflect
on inequalities, poverty, human security, empowerment, etc. The HDRO offers the other composite
indices as broader proxy on some of the key issues of human development, inequality, gender disparity
and human poverty.
598
N: 187 N: 189 n: 5058 N : 169 T : 27
599
4.106 UNESCO
UNESCO. (2020). Unesco institute for statistics. http://data.uis.unesco.org/
http://data.uis.unesco.org/
UNESCO Institute for Statistics
The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is the official and trusted source of internationally-
comparable data on education, science, culture and communication. As the official statistical agency
of UNESCO, the UIS produces a wide range of state-of-the-art databases to fuel the policies and
investments needed to transform lives and propel the world towards its development goals. The UIS
provides free access to data for all UNESCO countries and regional groupings from 1970 to the most
recent year available.
4.106.1 Cinema expenditure per capita (une_cinexp)
Cinema expenditure per capita.
N: 75 N: 137 n: 2045 N : 43 T : 15
4.106.2 Gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary general education, femal
(une_girlglsf)
Gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary general education, female (%).
N: 163 N: 185 n: 3456 N : 66 T : 19
4.106.3 Gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary general education, male
(une_girlglsm)
Gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary general education, male (%).
600
N: 163 N: 185 n: 3455 N : 66 T : 19
4.106.4 Gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary general education, both
(une_girlglst)
Gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary general education, both sexes (%).
N: 163 N: 186 n: 3891 N : 75 T : 21
4.106.5 Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, female (%) (une_-
girlgpf)
Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, female (%).
N: 161 N: 187 n: 4359 N : 84 T : 23
4.106.6 Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, male (%) (une_-
girlgpm)
Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, male (%).
N: 161 N: 187 n: 4358 N : 84 T : 23
4.106.7 Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%)
(une_girlgpt)
Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%).
601
N: 161 N: 188 n: 4811 N : 93 T : 26
4.106.8 Official entrance age to early childhood education (years) (une_oaeece)
Official entrance age to early childhood education (years). Age at which students would enter a given
programme or level of education assuming they start at the official entrance age for the lowest level
of education, study full-time throughout and progressed through the system without repeating or
skipping a grade. The theoretical entrance age to a given programme or level is typically, but not
always, the most common entrance age.
N: 190 N: 192 n: 3652 N : 70 T : 19
4.106.9 Official entrance age to primary education (years) (une_oaepe)
Official entrance age to primary education (years). Age at which students would enter a given
N: 193 N: 200 n: 9119 N : 175 T : 46
4.106.10 Official entrance age to compulsory education (years) (une_oeace)
Official entrance age to compulsory education (years). Age at which students would enter a given
N: 193 N: 194 n: 4443 N : 95 T : 23
602
4.106.11 Official entrance age to lower secondary education (years) (une_oeals)
Official entrance age to lower secondary education (years). Age at which students would enter a given
N: 193 N: 200 n: 9117 N : 175 T : 46
4.106.12 Official entrance age to post-secondary non-tertiary education (years) (une_-

oeapsnt)
Official entrance age to post-secondary non-tertiary education (years). Age at which students would
enter a given programme or level of education assuming they start at the official entrance age for
the lowest level of education, study full-time throughout and progressed through the system without
repeating or skipping a grade. The theoretical entrance age to a given programme or level is typically,
but not always, the most common entrance age.
N: 193 N: 194 n: 4665 N : 90 T : 24
4.106.13 Official entrance age to upper secondary education (years) (une_oeaus)
Official entrance age to upper secondary education (years). Age at which students would enter a
given programme or level of education assuming they start at the official entrance age for the lowest
level of education, study full-time throughout and progressed through the system without repeating
or skipping a grade. The theoretical entrance age to a given programme or level is typically, but not
N: 193 N: 200 n: 9117 N : 175 T : 46
4.106.14 Repetition rate in lower secondary general education (all grades), female (%)
(une_reprlsef)
Repetition rate in lower secondary general education (all grades), female (%).
603
N: 158 N: 182 n: 2162 N : 42 T : 12
4.106.15 Repetition rate in lower secondary general education (all grades), male (%)
(une_reprlsem)
Repetition rate in lower secondary general education (all grades), male (%).
N: 158 N: 181 n: 2159 N : 42 T : 12
4.106.16 Repetition rate in lower secondary general education (all grades), both sexes
(% (une_reprlset)
Repetition rate in lower secondary general education (all grades), both sexes (%).
N: 157 N: 183 n: 2225 N : 44 T : 12
4.106.17 Repetition rate in primary education (all grades), female (%) (une_reprpef)
Repetition rate in primary education (all grades), female (%).
N: 150 N: 191 n: 4068 N : 80 T : 21
4.106.18 Repetition rate in primary education (all grades), male (%) (une_reprpem)
Repetition rate in primary education (all grades), male (%).
604
N: 150 N: 191 n: 4069 N : 80 T : 21
4.106.19 Repetition rate in primary education (all grades), both sexes (%) (une_-
reprpet)
Repetition rate in primary education (all grades), both sexes (%).
N: 152 N: 192 n: 4516 N : 89 T : 24
4.106.20 Screen per capita (per 100,000 inhabitants) (une_screen)
Number of cinema screen per capita (per 100,000 inhabitants).
N: 88 N: 144 n: 1523 N : 32 T : 11
4.106.21 Survival rate to Grade 4 of primary education, female (%) (une_surg4pef)
Survival rate to Grade 4 of primary education, female (%).
N: 140 N: 187 n: 3350 N : 66 T : 18
4.106.22 Survival rate to Grade 4 of primary education, gender parity index (GPI)
(une_surg4pegpi)
Survival rate to Grade 4 of primary education, gender parity index (GPI).
605
N: 140 N: 187 n: 3349 N : 66 T : 18
4.106.23 Survival rate to Grade 4 of primary education, male (%) (une_surg4pem)
Survival rate to Grade 4 of primary education, male (%).
N: 140 N: 187 n: 3349 N : 66 T : 18
4.106.24 Survival rate to Grade 4 of primary education, both sexes (%) (une_surg4pet)
Survival rate to Grade 4 of primary education, both sexes (%).
N: 145 N: 187 n: 3963 N : 78 T : 21
4.106.25 Survival rate to Grade 5 of primary education, female (%) (une_surg5pef)
Survival rate to Grade 5 of primary education, female (%).
N: 139 N: 188 n: 3282 N : 64 T : 17
4.106.26 Survival rate to Grade 5 of primary education, gender parity index (GPI)
(une_surg5pegpi)
Survival rate to Grade 5 of primary education, gender parity index (GPI).
606
N: 139 N: 188 n: 3281 N : 64 T : 17
4.106.27 Survival rate to Grade 5 of primary education, male (%) (une_surg5pem)
Survival rate to Grade 5 of primary education, male (%).
N: 139 N: 188 n: 3281 N : 64 T : 17
4.106.28 Survival rate to Grade 5 of primary education, both sexes (%) (une_surg5pet)
Survival rate to Grade 5 of primary education, both sexes (%).
N: 143 N: 189 n: 3859 N : 76 T : 20
4.106.29 Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, female (%) (une_surl-
gpef)
Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, female (%).
N: 132 N: 183 n: 3071 N : 60 T : 17
4.106.30 Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, gender parity index
(GPI) (une_surlgpegpi)
Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, gender parity index (GPI).
607
N: 133 N: 183 n: 3073 N : 60 T : 17
4.106.31 Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, male (%) (une_surl-
gpem)
Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, male (%).
N: 132 N: 183 n: 3070 N : 60 T : 17
4.106.32 Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%) (une_-
surlgpet)
Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%).
N: 134 N: 185 n: 3681 N : 72 T : 20
4.106.33 Theoretical duration of primary education (years) (une_tdurce)
Theoretical duration of primary education (years). Number of grades or years in a given level of
education.
N: 193 N: 200 n: 9119 N : 175 T : 46
4.106.34 Theoretical duration of early childhood education (years) (une_tdurece)
Theoretical duration of early childhood education (years). Number of grades or years in a given level
of education.
608
N: 189 N: 192 n: 3631 N : 70 T : 19
4.106.35 Theoretical duration of lower secondary education (years) (une_tdurls)
Theoretical duration of lower secondary education (years). Number of grades or years in a given level
of education.
N: 193 N: 200 n: 9117 N : 175 T : 46
4.106.36 Theoretical duration of post-secondary non-tertiary education (years) (une_-

tdurpsnt)
Theoretical duration of post-secondary non-tertiary education (years). Number of grades or years in

a given level of education.
N: 193 N: 194 n: 4665 N : 90 T : 24
4.106.37 Theoretical duration of upper secondary education (years) (une_tdurused)
Theoretical duration of upper secondary education (years). Number of grades or years in a given
level of education.
N: 193 N: 200 n: 9117 N : 175 T : 46
4.106.38 Teachers in lower secondary education, female (number) (une_tilsef)
Teachers in lower secondary education, female (number).
609
N: 135 N: 172 n: 1959 N : 38 T : 11
4.106.39 Teachers in lower secondary education, both sexes (number) (une_tilset)
Teachers in lower secondary education, both sexes (number).
N: 137 N: 174 n: 2075 N : 40 T : 12
4.106.40 Teachers in primary education, female (number) (une_tipef)
Teachers in primary education, female (number).
N: 169 N: 195 n: 5068 N : 97 T : 26
4.106.41 Teachers in primary education, both sexes (number) (une_tipet)
Teachers in primary education, both sexes (number).
N: 171 N: 195 n: 5870 N : 113 T : 30
4.106.42 Teachers in pre-primary education, female (number) (une_tiprepef)
Teachers in pre-primary education, female (number).
610
N: 145 N: 188 n: 3742 N : 72 T : 20
4.106.43 Teachers in pre-primary education, both sexes (number) (une_tiprepet)
Teachers in pre-primary education, both sexes (number).
N: 147 N: 190 n: 4282 N : 82 T : 23
4.106.44 Teachers in post-secondary non-tertiary education, female (number) (une_-

tipsntf)
Teachers in post-secondary non-tertiary education, female (number).
N: 123 N: 169 n: 1759 N : 70 T : 10
4.106.45 Teachers in post-secondary non-tertiary education, both sexes (number) (une_-

tipsntt)
Teachers in post-secondary non-tertiary education, both sexes (number).
N: 123 N: 169 n: 1801 N : 72 T : 11
4.106.46 Teachers in secondary education, female (number) (une_tisef)
Teachers in secondary education, female (number).
611
N: 153 N: 194 n: 3617 N : 70 T : 19
4.106.47 Teachers in secondary education, both sexes (number) (une_tiset)
Teachers in secondary education, both sexes (number).
N: 155 N: 195 n: 4280 N : 82 T : 22
4.106.48 Teachers in upper secondary education, female (number) (une_tiusef)
Teachers in upper secondary education, female (number).
N: 131 N: 173 n: 1829 N : 51 T : 11
4.106.49 Teachers in upper secondary education, both sexes (number) (une_tiuset)
Teachers in upper secondary education, both sexes (number).
N: 133 N: 174 n: 1940 N : 54 T : 11
612
4.107 Tatu Vanhanen
Vanhanen, T. (2019). Measures of democracy 1810-2018 [dataset] [Version 8.0]. http://urn.

fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD1289
Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor]. (2019). Measures of democ-
racy 1810-2018 [codebook] [Version 8.0]
https://services.fsd.tuni.fi/catalogue/FSD1289?lang=en&study_language=en
Measures of Democracy 1810-2018
The data contain three different variables, created by Tatu Vanhanen. The variables in question are
political competition, political participation and the index of democratization.
4.107.1 Competition (van_comp)
The competition variable portrays the electoral success of smaller parties, that is, the percentage of
votes gained by the smaller parties in parliamentary and/or presidential elections. The variable is
calculated by subtracting from 100 the percentage of votes won by the largest party (the party which
wins most votes) in parliamentary elections or by the party of the successful candidate in presidential
elections. Depending on their importance, either parliamentary or presidential elections are used
in the calculation of the variable, or both elections are used, with weights. If information on the
distribution of votes is not available, or if the distribution does not portray the reality accurately, the
distribution of parliamentary seats is used instead. If parliament members are elected but political
parties are not allowed to take part in elections, it is assumed that one party has taken all votes or
seats. In countries where parties are not banned but yet only independent candidates participate in
elections, it is assumed that the share of the largest party is not over 30 percent.
N: 187 N: 200 n: 10617 N : 145 T : 53
4.107.2 Index of Democratization (van_index)
The index of democratization is formed by multiplying the competition and the participation variables
and then dividing the outcome by 100.
613
N: 187 N: 200 n: 10617 N : 145 T : 53
4.107.3 Participation (van_part)
The political participation variable portrays the voting turnout in each election, and is calculated
as the percentage of the total population who actually voted in the election. In the case of indirect
elections, only votes cast in the final election are taken into account. If electors have not been elected
by citizens, only the number of actual electors is taken into account, which means that the degree of
participation drops to the value 0. If an election to choose electors has been held, the participation
variable is calculated from the number and distribution of votes in that election. National referendums
raise the variable value by five percent and state (regional) referendums by one percent for the year
they are held. Referendums can add the degree of participation at maximum by 30 percent a year.
The value of the combined degree of participation cannot be higher than 70 percent, even in cases
where the sum of participation and referendums would be higher than 70.
N: 187 N: 200 n: 10617 N : 145 T : 53
614
4.108 Varieties of Democracy
Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Teorell, J., Alizada, N., Altman,
D., Bernhard, M., Cornell, A., Fish, M. S., Gastaldi, L., Gjerløw, H., Glynn, A., Hicken, A.,
Hindle, G., Ilchenko, N., Krusell, J., Luhrmann, A., Maerz, S. F., . . . Ziblatt, D. (2021). V-dem
[country-year/country-date] dataset v11.1. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21
Pemstein, D., Marquardt, K. L., Tzelgov, E., Wang, Y.-t., Medzihorsky, J., Krusell, J., Miri,
F., & von Römer, J. (2021). The V-Dem measurement model: Latent variable analysis for cross-
national and cross-temporal expert-coded data
https://v-dem.net/en/data/
Varieties of Democracy Dataset version 11.1
Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy. It

provides a multidimensional and disaggregated dataset that reflects the complexity of the concept
of democracy as a system of rule that goes beyond the simple presence of elections. The V-Dem
project distinguishes between five high-level principles of democracy: electoral, liberal, participatory,
deliberative, and egalitarian, and collects data to measure these principles.
4.108.1 Academic Freedom Index (vdem_academ)
Academic freedom index. To what extent is academic freedom respected?
Clarifications: Academic freedom is understood as the right of academics, without constriction by

prescribed doctrine, to freedom of teaching and discussion, freedom in carrying out research and
disseminating and publishing the results thereof, freedom to express freely their opinion about the
institution or system in which they work, freedom from institutional censorship and freedom to partic-
ipate in professional or representative academic bodies (UNESCO 1997 Recommendation concerning
the Status of Higher-Education Teaching Personnel). The Academic Freedom Index is designed to
provide an aggregated measure that captures the de facto realization of academic freedom, includ-
ing the degree to which higher-education institutions are autonomous. Aggregation: The index is
formed by point estimates drawn from a Bayesian factor analysis model including the following indi-
cators: freedom to research and teach, freedom of academic exchange and dissemination, institutional
autonomy, campus integrity, freedom of academic and cultural expression.
N: 170 N: 178 n: 9496 N : 127 T : 53
615
4.108.2 Political corruption index (vdem_corr)
Political corruption. Question: How pervasive is political corruption?
Clarification: The directionality of the V-Dem corruption index runs from less corrupt to more
corrupt (unlike the other V-Dem variables that generally run from less democratic to more demo-
cratic situation). The corruption index includes measures of six distinct types of corruption that
cover both different areas and levels of the polity realm, distinguishing between executive, legislative
and judicial corruption. Within the executive realm, the measures also distinguish between corrup-
tion mostly pertaining to bribery and corruption due to embezzlement. Finally, they differentiate
between corruption in the highest echelons of the executive (at the level of the rulers/cabinet) on
the one hand, and in the public sector at large on the other. The measures thus tap into several
distinguished types of corruption: both ’petty’ and ’grand’; both bribery and theft; both corruption
aimed and influencing law making and that affecting implementation. Aggregation: The index is
arrived at by taking the average of (a) public sector corruption index; (b) executive corruption index;
(c) the indicator for legislative corruption; and (d) the indicator for judicial corruption. In other
words, these four different government spheres are weighted equally in the resulting index. V-Dem
replaces missing values for countries with no legislature by only taking the average of (a), (b) and
(d).
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10350 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.3 Deliberative democracy index (vdem_delibdem)
Deliberative democracy index. Question: To what extent is the ideal of deliberative democracy
achieved?
Clarification: The deliberative principle of democracy focuses on the process by which decisions
are reached in a polity. A deliberative process is one in which public reasoning focused on the com-
mon good motivates political decisions - as contrasted with emotional appeals, solidary attachments,
parochial interests, or coercion. According to this principle, democracy requires more than an aggre-
gation of existing preferences. There should also be respectful dialogue at all levels - from preference
formation to final decision - among informed and competent participants who are open to persuasion.
To make it a measure of not only the deliberative principle but also of democracy, the index also
takes the level of electoral democracy into account.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10364 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.4 Deliberative component index (vdem_dl_delib)
Deliberative component index. Question: To what extent is the deliberative principle of democracy
achieved?
616
Clarification: The deliberative principle of democracy focuses on the process by which decisions
are reached in a polity. A deliberative process is one in which public reasoning focused on the com-
mon good motivates political decisions - as contrasted with emotional appeals, solidary attachments,
parochial interests, or coercion. According to this principle, democracy requires more than an aggre-
gation of existing preferences. There should also be respectful dialogue at all levels - from preference
formation to final decision - among informed and competent participants who are open to persuasion.
To measure these features of a polity, we try to determine the extent to which political elites give
public justifications for their positions on matters of public policy, justify their positions in terms of
the public good, acknowledge and respect counter-arguments; and how wide the range of consultation
is at elite levels. Aggregation: The index is formed by point estimates drawn from a Bayesian factor
analysis model including the following indicators: reasoned justification, common good justification,
respect for counterarguments, range of consultation, and engaged society.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10383 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.5 Electoral component index (vdem_edcomp_thick)
Electoral component index. Question: To what extent is the electoral principle of democracy
achieved?
Clarifications: The electoral principle of democracy seeks to achieve responsiveness and accountabil-
ity between leaders and citizens through the mechanism of competitive elections. This is presumed
to be achieved when suffrage is extensive; political and civil society organizations can operate freely;
elections are clean and not marred by fraud or systematic irregularities; and the chief executive of
a country is selected directly or indirectly through elections. Aggregation: The electoral component
index is operationalized as a chain defined by its weakest link of freedom of association, suffrage,
clean elections, and elected executive.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10364 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.6 Egalitarian component index (vdem_egal)
Egalitarian component index. Question: To what extent is the egalitarian principle achieved?
Clarifications: The egalitarian principle of democracy holds that material and immaterial inequalities
inhibit the exercise of formal rights and liberties, and diminish the ability of citizens from all social
groups to participate. Egalitarian democracy is achieved when 1) rights and freedoms of individuals
are protected equally across all social groups; 2) resources are distributed equally across all social
groups; and 3) access to power is equally distributed by gender, socioeconomic class and social group.
Aggregation: This index is formed by averaging the following indices: equal protection index and
equal distribution of resources.
617
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10383 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.7 Egalitarian democracy index (vdem_egaldem)
Egalitarian democracy index. Question: To what extent is the ideal of egalitarian democracy
achieved?
Clarifications: The egalitarian principle of democracy holds that material and immaterial inequalities
inhibit the exercise of formal rights and liberties, and diminish the ability of citizens from all social
groups to participate. Egalitarian democracy is achieved when 1) rights and freedoms of individuals
are protected equally across all social groups; and 2) resources are distributed equally across all social
groups. The distribution of resources must be sufficient to ensure that citizens’ basic needs are met
in a way that enables their meaningful participation. Additionally, an equal distribution of resources
ensures the potential for greater equality in the distribution of power. To make it a measure of
egalitarian democracy, the index also takes the level of electoral democracy into account.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10364 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.8 Election vote buying (vdem_elvotbuy)
Election vote buying. Question: In this national election, was there evidence of vote and/or turnout
buying?
Clarification: Vote and turnout buying refers to the distribution of money or gifts to individuals,
families, or small groups in order to influence their decision to vote/not vote or whom to vote for. It
does not include legislation targeted at specific constituencies, i.e., ”porkbarrel” legislation. V-Dem
uses a specifically designed measurement model to provide country-year point estimates, aggregated
from multiple codings submitted by country experts by taking disagreement and measurement error
into account. In this version of the variable, used in the QoG dataset, V-Dem has linearly trans-
lated the measurement model point estimates back to the original ordinal scale of each variable as an
interval measure.
N: 166 N: 180 n: 2717 N : 36 T : 15
618
4.108.9 Executive bribery and corrupt exchanges (vdem_exbribe)
Executive bribery and corrupt exchanges. Question: How routinely do members of the executive (the
head of state, the head of government, and cabinet ministers), or their agents, grant favors in exchange
for bribes, kickbacks, or other material inducements? V-Dem uses a specifically designed measure-
ment model to provide country-year point estimates, aggregated from multiple codings submitted
by country experts by taking disagreement and measurement error into account. In this version of
the variable, used in the QoG dataset, V-Dem has linearly translated the measurement model point
estimates back to the original ordinal scale of each variable as an interval measure.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10383 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.10 Public sector corrupt exchanges (vdem_excrptps)
Public sector corrupt exchanges. Question: How routinely do public sector employees grant favors in
exchange for bribes, kickbacks, or other material inducements?
Clarification: When responding to this question, we would like you to think about a typical per-
son employed by the public sector, excluding the military. If you think there are large discrepancies
between branches of the public sector, between the national/federal and subnational/state level, or
between the core bureaucracy and employees working with public service delivery, please try to aver-
age them out before stating your response. V-Dem uses a specifically designed measurement model to
provide country-year point estimates, aggregated from multiple codings submitted by country experts
by taking disagreement and measurement error into account. In this version of the variable, used in
the QoG dataset, V-Dem has linearly translated the measurement model point estimates back to the
original ordinal scale of each variable as an interval measure.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10383 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.11 Executive corruption index (vdem_execorr)
Executive corruption index. Question: How routinely do members of the executive, or their agents
grant favors in exchange for bribes, kickbacks, or other material inducements, and how often do they
steal, embezzle, or misappropriate public funds or other state resources for personal or family use?
Clarification: The directionality of the V-Dem corruption index runs from less corrupt to more cor-
rupt (unlike the other V-Dem variables that generally run from less democratic to more democratic
situation). Aggregation: The index is formed by taking the average of the point estimates from a
Bayesian factor analysis model of the indicators for executive bribery and executive embezzlement.
619
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10383 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.12 Executive embezzlement and theft (vdem_exembez)
Executive embezzlement and theft. Question: How often do members of the executive (the head of
state, the head of government, and cabinet ministers), or their agents, steal, embezzle, or misappro-
priate public funds or other state resources for personal or family use? V-Dem uses a specifically
designed measurement model to provide country-year point estimates, aggregated from multiple cod-
ings submitted by country experts by taking disagreement and measurement error into account. In
this version of the variable, used in the QoG dataset, V-Dem has linearly translated the measurement
model point estimates back to the original ordinal scale of each variable as an interval measure.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10383 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.13 Public sector theft (vdem_exthftps)
Public sector theft. Question: How often do public sector employees steal, embezzle, or misappropri-
ate public funds or other state resources for personal or family use?
Clarification: When responding to this question, we would like to you think about a typical per-
son employed by the public sector, excluding the military. If you think there are large discrepancies
between branches of the public sector, between the national/federal and subnational/state level, or
between the core bureaucracy and employees working with public service delivery, please try to aver-
age them out before stating your response. Scale: ordinal, converted to interval by the measurement
model.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10383 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.14 Legislature corrupt activities (vdem_gcrrpt)
Legislature corrupt activities. Do members of the legislature abuse their position for financial gain?
Clarification: This includes any of the following: (a) accepting bribes, (b) helping to obtain gov-
ernment contracts for firms that the legislator (or his/her family/friends/political supporters) own,
(c) doing favors for firms in exchange for the opportunity of employment after leaving the legisla-
ture, (d) stealing money from the state or from campaign donations for personal use. V-Dem uses
a specifically designed measurement model to provide country-year point estimates, aggregated from
620
multiple codings submitted by country experts by taking disagreement and measurement error into
account. In this version of the variable, used in the QoG dataset, V-Dem has linearly translated the
measurement model point estimates back to the original ordinal scale of each variable as an interval
measure.
N: 172 N: 184 n: 9385 N : 125 T : 51
4.108.15 Women political empowerment index (vdem_gender)
Women political empowerment index. Question: How politically empowered are women?
Clarifications: Women’s political empowerment is defined as a process of increasing capacity for

women, leading to greater choice, agency, and participation in societal decision-making. It is under-
stood to incorporate three equally-weighted dimensions: fundamental civil liberties, women’s open
discussion of political issues and participation in civil society organizations, and the descriptive rep-
resentation of women in formal political positions. Aggregation: The index is formed by taking
the average of women’s civil liberties index, women’s civil society participation index, and women’s
political participation index.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10216 N : 136 T : 56
4.108.16 Judicial corruption decision (vdem_jucorrdc)
Judicial corruption decision. Question: How often do individuals or businesses make undocumented
extra payments or bribes in order to speed up or delay the process or to obtain a favorable judicial
decision? V-Dem uses a specifically designed measurement model to provide country-year point
estimates, aggregated from multiple codings submitted by country experts by taking disagreement
and measurement error into account. In this version of the variable, used in the QoG dataset, V-Dem
has linearly translated the measurement model point estimates back to the original ordinal scale of
each variable as an interval measure.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10350 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.17 Liberal democracy index (vdem_libdem)
Liberal democracy index. Question: To what extent is the ideal of liberal democracy achieved?
Clarifications: The liberal principle of democracy emphasizes the importance of protecting individual
621
and minority rights against the tyranny of the state and the tyranny of the majority. The liberal
model takes a ”negative” view of political power insofar as it judges the quality of democracy by the
limits placed on government. This is achieved by constitutionally protected civil liberties, strong rule
of law, an independent judiciary, and effective checks and balances that, together, limit the exercise
of executive power. To make this a measure of liberal democracy, the index also takes the level of
electoral democracy into account.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10331 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.18 Liberal component index (vdem_liberal)
Liberal component index. Question: To what extent is the liberal principle of democracy achieved?
Clarification: The liberal principle of democracy emphasizes the importance of protecting individual
and minority rights against the tyranny of the state and the tyranny of the majority. The liberal
model takes a ”negative” view of political power insofar as it judges the quality of democracy by the
limits placed on government. This is achieved by constitutionally protected civil liberties, strong rule
of law, an independent judiciary, and effective checks and balances that, together, limit the exercise of
executive power. Aggregation: This index is formed by averaging the following indices: equality be-
fore the law and individual liberties, judicial constraints on the executive, and legislative constraints
on the executive.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10351 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.19 Media corrupt (vdem_mecorrpt)
Media corrupt. Question: Do journalists, publishers, or broadcasters accept payments in exchange for
altering news coverage? V-Dem uses a specifically designed measurement model to provide country-
year point estimates, aggregated from multiple codings submitted by country experts by taking
disagreement and measurement error into account. In this version of the variable, used in the QoG
dataset, V-Dem has linearly translated the measurement model point estimates back to the original
ordinal scale of each variable as an interval measure.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10383 N : 138 T : 56
622
4.108.20 Participatory component index (vdem_partip)
Participatory component index. Question: To what extent is the participatory principle achieved?
Clarification: The participatory principle of democracy emphasizes active participation by citizens

in all political processes, electoral and non-electoral. It is motivated by uneasiness about a bedrock
practice of electoral democracy: delegating authority to representatives. Thus, direct rule by citizens
is preferred, wherever practicable. This model of democracy thus takes suffrage for granted, empha-
sizing engagement in civil society organizations, direct democracy, and subnational elected bodies.
Aggregation: This index is formed by averaging the following indices: civil society participation,
direct popular vote, elected local government power, and elected regional government power.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10383 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.21 Participatory democracy index (vdem_partipdem)
Participatory democracy index. Question: To what extent is the ideal of participatory democracy
achieved?
Clarifications: The participatory principle of democracy emphasizes active participation by citizens

in all political processes, electoral and non-electoral. It is motivated by uneasiness about a bedrock
practice of electoral democracy: delegating authority to representatives. Thus, direct rule by citizens
is preferred, wherever practicable. This model of democracy thus takes suffrage for granted, empha-
sizing engagement in civil society organizations, direct democracy, and subnational elected bodies. To
make it a measure of participatory democracy, the index also takes the level of electoral democracy
into account.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10364 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.22 Electoral democracy index (vdem_polyarchy)
Electoral democracy index. Question: To what extent is the ideal of electoral democracy in its fullest
sense achieved?
Clarifications: The electoral principle of democracy seeks to embody the core value of making rulers
responsive to citizens, achieved through electoral competition for the electorate’s approval under cir-
cumstances when suffrage is extensive; political and civil society organizations can operate freely;
elections are clean and not marred by fraud or systematic irregularities; and elections affect the com-
position of the chief executive of the country. In between elections, there is freedom of expression
and an independent media capable of presenting alternative views on matters of political relevance.
In the V-Dem conceptual scheme, electoral democracy is understood as an essential element of any
other conception of (representative) democracy - liberal, participatory, deliberative, egalitarian, or
some other. Aggregation: The index is formed by taking the average of, on the one hand, the sum of
623
the indices measuring freedom of association (thick), suffrage, clean elections, elected executive (de
jure) and freedom of expression; and, on the other, the five-way interaction between those indices.
This is half way between a straight average and strict multiplication, meaning the average of the two.
It is thus a compromise between the two most well known aggregation formulas in the literature,
both allowing “compensation” in one sub-component for lack of polyarchy in the others, but also
punishing countries not strong in one sub-component according to the “weakest link” argument. The
aggregation is done at the level of Dahl’s sub-components (with the one exception of the non-electoral
component).
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10364 N : 138 T : 56
4.108.23 Public sector corruption index (vdem_pubcorr)
Public sector corruption index. Question: To what extent do public sector employees grant favors in
exchange for bribes, kickbacks, or other material inducements, and how often do they steal, embezzle,
or misappropriate public funds or other state resources for personal or family use?
Clarification: The directionality of the V-Dem corruption index runs from less corrupt to more cor-
rupt (unlike the other V-Dem variables that generally run from less democratic to more democratic
situation). Aggregation: The index is formed by taking the average of the point estimates from a
Bayesian factor analysis model of the indicators for public sector bribery and embezzlement.
N: 173 N: 184 n: 10383 N : 138 T : 56
624
4.109 Institute for Economics & Peace
Institute for Economics and Peace. (2020). Global terrorism index 2020: Measuring the impact of
terrorism [Accessed 11-11-2021]. http://www.visionofhumanity.org/#/page/indexes/terrorism-
index
http://www.visionofhumanity.org/#/page/indexes/terrorism-index
Global Terrorism Index
The Global Terrorism Index (GTI) is a comprehensive study which accounts for the direct and indirect
impact of terrorism in 162 countries in terms of its effect on lives lost, injuries, property damage and
the psychological after-effects of terrorism. This study covers 99.6 per cent of the world’s population.
It aggregates the most authoritative data source on terrorism today, the Global Terrorism Database
(GTD) collated by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism
(START) into a composite score in order to provide an ordinal ranking of nations on the negative
impact of terrorism. The GTD is unique in that it consists of systematically and comprehensively
coded data on domestic as well as international terrorist incidents and now includes more than 140,000
cases.
4.109.1 Global Terrorism Index (voh_gti)
Global Terrorism Index.
N: 161 N: 162 n: 2723 N : 151 T : 17
625
4.110 The World Bank Group
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The worldwide governance indicators: A
summary of methodology, data and analytical issues. World Bank Policy Research Working Pa-
per, 5430
https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/
The Worldwide Governance Indicators
Governance consists of the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised.
This includes the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced; the capacity
of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies; and the respect of citizens
and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them.
The Worldwide Governance Indicators report on six broad dimensions of governance for over 200
countries and territories over the period 1996-2020:
- Voice and Accountability
- Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism
- Government Effectiveness
- Regulatory Quality
- Rule of Law
- Control of Corruption
The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) are a research dataset summarizing the views on the
quality of governance provided by a large number of enterprise, citizen and expert survey respondents
in industrial and developing countries. These data are gathered from a number of survey institutes,
think tanks, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and private sector firms.
The WGI do not reflect the official views of the Natural Resource Governance Institute, the Brookings
Institutions, the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. The WGI are
not used by the World Bank Group to allocate resources.
4.110.1 Control of Corruption, Estimate (wbgi_cce)
Control of Corruption - Estimate: “Control of Corruption” measures perceptions of corruption, con-

ventionally defined as the exercise of public power for private gain. The particular aspect of corruption
measured by the various sources differs somewhat, ranging from the frequency of “additional pay-
ments to get things done”, to the effects of corruption on the business environment, to measuring
“grand corruption” in the political arena or in the tendency of elite forms to engage in “state capture”.
N: 192 N: 193 n: 4169 N : 167 T : 22
626
4.110.2 Control of Corruption, Number of Sources (wbgi_ccn)
Control of Corruption - Number of Sources.
N: 192 N: 193 n: 4169 N : 167 T : 22
4.110.3 Control of Corruption, Standard Error (wbgi_ccs)
Control of Corruption - Standard Errors.
N: 192 N: 193 n: 4169 N : 167 T : 22
4.110.4 Government Effectiveness, Estimate (wbgi_gee)
Government Effectiveness - Estimate: “Government Effectiveness” combines into a single grouping

responses on the quality of public service provision, the quality of the bureaucracy, the competence
of civil servants, the independence of the civil service from political pressures, and the credibility of
the government’s commitment to policies. The main focus of this index is on “inputs” required for
the government to be able to produce and implement good policies and deliver public goods.
N: 192 N: 193 n: 4166 N : 167 T : 22
4.110.5 Government Effectiveness, Number of Sources (wbgi_gen)
Government Effectiveness - Number of Sources.
N: 192 N: 193 n: 4166 N : 167 T : 22
627
4.110.6 Government Effectiveness, Standard Error (wbgi_ges)
Government Effectiveness - Standard Errors.
N: 192 N: 193 n: 4166 N : 167 T : 22
4.110.7 Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Estimate (wbgi_pve)
Political Stability and Absence of Violence- Estimate: “Political Stability and Absence of Vio-
lence/Terrorism” measures perceptions of the likelihood of political instability and/or politically-
motivated violence, including terrorism.
N: 194 N: 195 n: 4199 N : 168 T : 22
4.110.8 Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Number of Sources

(wbgi_pvn)
Political Stability and Absence of Violence - Number of Sources.
N: 194 N: 195 n: 4199 N : 168 T : 22
4.110.9 Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Standard Error (wbgi_-

pvs)
Political Stability and Absence of Violence - Standard Errors.
N: 194 N: 195 n: 4199 N : 168 T : 22
628
4.110.10 Rule of Law, Estimate (wbgi_rle)
Rule of Law - Estimate: “Rule of Law” includes several indicators which measure the extent to
which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society. These include perceptions of
the incidence of crime, the effectiveness and predictability of the judiciary, and the enforceability of
contracts. Together, these indicators measure the success of a society in developing an environment
in which fair and predictable rules form the basis for economic and social interactions and the extent
to which property rights are protected.
N: 192 N: 195 n: 4225 N : 169 T : 22
4.110.11 Rule of Law, Number of Sources (wbgi_rln)
Rule of Law - Number of Sources.
N: 192 N: 195 n: 4225 N : 169 T : 22
4.110.12 Rule of Law, Standard Error (wbgi_rls)
Rule of Law - Standard Errors.
N: 192 N: 195 n: 4225 N : 169 T : 22
4.110.13 Regulatory Quality, Estimate (wbgi_rqe)
Regulatory Quality - Estimate: “Regulatory Quality” includes measures of the incidence of market-
unfriendly policies such as price controls or inadequate bank supervision, as well as perceptions of the
burdens imposed by excessive regulation in areas such as foreign trade and business development.
N: 192 N: 193 n: 4167 N : 167 T : 22
629
4.110.14 Regulatory Quality, Number of Sources (wbgi_rqn)
Regulatory Quality - Number of Sources.
N: 192 N: 193 n: 4167 N : 167 T : 22
4.110.15 Regulatory Quality, Standard Error (wbgi_rqs)
Regulatory Quality - Standard Errors.
N: 192 N: 193 n: 4167 N : 167 T : 22
4.110.16 Voice and Accountability, Estimate (wbgi_vae)
Voice and Accountability - Estimate: “Voice and Accountability” includes a number of indicators
measuring various aspects of the political process, civil liberties and political rights. These indicators
measure the extent to which citizens of a country are able to participate in the selection of govern-
ments. This category also includes indicators measuring the independence of the media, which serves
an important role in monitoring those in authority and holding them accountable for their actions.
N: 194 N: 195 n: 4239 N : 170 T : 22
4.110.17 Voice and Accountability, Number of Sources (wbgi_van)
Voice and Accountability - Number of Sources.
N: 194 N: 195 n: 4239 N : 170 T : 22
630
4.110.18 Voice and Accountability, Standard Error (wbgi_vas)
Voice and Accountability - Standard Errors.
N: 194 N: 195 n: 4239 N : 170 T : 22
631
World Bank. (2021). World development indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/

world-development-indicators
http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators
World Development Indicators
The primary World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially-recognized
international sources.
This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in
the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not
endorsed by The World Bank.
4.111.1 Access to electricity (% of population) (wdi_acel)
Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are
collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.
N: 193 N: 195 n: 4849 N : 162 T : 25
4.111.2 Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) (wdi_acelr)
Access to electricity, rural is the percentage of rural population with access to electricity.
N: 188 N: 194 n: 4595 N : 153 T : 24
4.111.3 Access to electricity, urban (% of urban population) (wdi_acelu)
Access to electricity, urban is the percentage of urban population with access to electricity.
632
N: 191 N: 193 n: 4811 N : 160 T : 25
4.111.4 Armed forces personnel (% of total labor force) (wdi_afp)
Armed forces personnel are active duty military personnel, including paramilitary forces if the train-
ing, organization, equipment, and control suggest they may be used to support or replace regular
military forces. Labor force comprises all people who meet the International Labour Organization’s
definition of the economically active population.
N: 166 N: 174 n: 4661 N : 161 T : 27
4.111.5 Armed forces personnel, total (wdi_afpt)
Armed forces personnel are active duty military personnel, including paramilitary forces if the train-
ing, organization, equipment, and control suggest they may be used to support or replace regular
military forces.
N: 168 N: 176 n: 4987 N : 147 T : 28
4.111.6 Age dependency ratio (% of working-age pop.) (wdi_agedr)
Age dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents–people younger than 15 or older than 64–to the
working-age population–those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100
working-age population.
N: 182 N: 190 n: 9597 N : 157 T : 51
633
4.111.7 Agricultural irrigated land (% of total agricultural land) (wdi_agrland)
Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under
permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops
(double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under
market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting
cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the
land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber.
This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes
land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for
forage, including natural and cultivated crops.
N: 64 N: 121 n: 943 N : 52 T : 8
4.111.8 Alternative and nuclear energy (% of total energy use) (wdi_ane)
Clean energy is noncarbohydrate energy that does not produce carbon dioxide when generated. It
includes hydropower and nuclear, geothermal, and solar power, among others.
N: 34 N: 143 n: 5629 N : 101 T : 39
4.111.9 Arable land (% of land area) (wdi_araland)
Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas
are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen
gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.
N: 189 N: 196 n: 9355 N : 161 T : 48
4.111.10 Land area (sq. km) (wdi_area)
Land area is a country’s total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to
continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies
includes major rivers and lakes.
634
N: 193 N: 200 n: 9949 N : 166 T : 50
4.111.11 Land area where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total land area) (wdi_-
areabelow)
Land area below 5m is the percentage of total land where the elevation is 5 meters or less.

N: 162 n: 464 N : 22 T : 3
4.111.12 Arms exports (SIPRI trend indicator values) (wdi_armexp)
Exports - Arms transfers cover the supply of military weapons through sales, aid, gifts, and those
made through manufacturing licenses. Data cover major conventional weapons such as aircraft,
armored vehicles, artillery, radar systems, missiles, and ships designed for military use. Excluded are
transfers of other military equipment such as small arms and light weapons, trucks, small artillery,
ammunition, support equipment, technology transfers, and other services.
N: 65 N: 124 n: 2144 N : 35 T : 17
4.111.13 Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values) (wdi_armimp)
Imports - Arms transfers cover the supply of military weapons through sales, aid, gifts, and those
made through manufacturing licenses. Data cover major conventional weapons such as aircraft,
armored vehicles, artillery, radar systems, missiles, and ships designed for military use. Excluded are
transfers of other military equipment such as small arms and light weapons, trucks, small artillery,
ammunition, support equipment, technology transfers, and other services.
N: 161 N: 190 n: 6268 N : 103 T : 33
635
4.111.14 Proportion of people living below 50 percent of median income (%) (wdi_-
belmedinc)
The percentage of people in the population who live in households whose per capita income or
consumption is below half of the median income or consumption per capita. The median is measured
at 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet).
For some countries, medians are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The reference
year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which
the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is
reported.
N: 109 N: 161 n: 1673 N : 32 T : 10
4.111.15 CPIA building human resources rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_bhr)
The CPIA measures the extent to which a country’s policy and institutional framework supports sus-
tainable growth and poverty reduction and, consequently, the effective use of development assistance.
More specifically, this indicator assesses the national policies and public and private sector service
delivery that affect the access to and quality of health and education services, including prevention
and treatment of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
N: 77 N: 87 n: 1204 N : 75 T : 14
4.111.16 Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (wdi_birth)
Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 population
estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate
of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.
N: 189 N: 198 n: 9598 N : 160 T : 48
4.111.17 Completeness of birth registration (%) (wdi_birthreg)
Completeness of birth registration is the percentage of children under age 5 whose births were regis-
tered at the time of the survey. The numerator of completeness of birth registration includes children
636
whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker says the birth has
been registered.
N: 112 N: 172 n: 496 N : 25 T : 3
4.111.18 Completeness of birth registration, rural (%) (wdi_birthregr)
tered at the time of the survey in the rural areas. The numerator of completeness of birth registration
includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker
says the birth has been registered.
N: 63 N: 118 n: 323 N : 16 T : 3
4.111.19 Completeness of birth registration, urban (%) (wdi_birthregu)
tered at the time of the survey in the urban areas. The numerator of completeness of birth registration
includes children whose birth certificate was seen by the interviewer or whose mother or caretaker
says the birth has been registered.
N: 63 N: 118 n: 323 N : 16 T : 3
4.111.20 Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total) (wdi_birthskill)
Births attended by skilled health staff are the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained
to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the post-
partum period; to conduct deliveries on their own; and to care for newborns.
N: 144 N: 190 n: 2617 N : 64 T : 14
637
4.111.21 Battle-related deaths (number of people) (wdi_brdeath)
Battle-related deaths are deaths in battle-related conflicts between warring parties in the conflict
dyad (two conflict units that are parties to a conflict). Typically, battle-related deaths occur in war-
fare involving the armed forces of the warring parties. This includes traditional battlefield fighting,
guerrilla activities, and all kinds of bombardments of military units, cities, and villages, etc. The tar-
gets are usually the military itself and its installations or state institutions and state representatives,
but there is often substantial collateral damage in the form of civilians being killed in crossfire, in
indiscriminate bombings, etc. All deaths–military as well as civilian–incurred in such situations, are
counted as battle-related deaths.
N: 55 N: 105 n: 1036 N : 32 T : 10
4.111.22 Bribery incidence (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe request) (wdi_-
bribfirm)
Bribery incidence is the percentage of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request across
six public transactions dealing with utilities access, permits, licenses, and taxes.

N: 86
4.111.23 Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people) (wdi_broadb)
Fixed broadband subscriptions refers to fixed subscriptions to high-speed access to the public Internet
(a TCP/IP connection), at downstream speeds equal to, or greater than, 256 kbit/s. This includes
cable modem, DSL, fiber-to-the-home/building, other fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions, satel-
lite broadband and terrestrial fixed wireless broadband. This total is measured irrespective of the
method of payment. It excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the
Internet) via mobile-cellular networks. It should include fixed WiMAX and any other fixed wireless
technologies. It includes both residential subscriptions and subscriptions for organizations.
N: 189 N: 192 n: 3276 N : 142 T : 17
638
4.111.24 New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64) (wdi_-
busden)
New businesses registered are the number of new limited liability corporations registered in the
calendar year.
N: 146 N: 151 n: 1599 N : 123 T : 11
4.111.25 Current health expenditure (% of GDP) (wdi_chexppgdp)
Current health expenditure (% of GDP). Level of current health expenditure expressed as a percentage
of GDP. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed
during each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings,
machinery, IT and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks.
N: 188 N: 191 n: 3535 N : 186 T : 19
4.111.26 CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) (wdi_co2)
Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture
of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels
and gas flaring.
N: 191 N: 198 n: 9425 N : 160 T : 48
4.111.27 Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) (wdi_death)
Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 population
estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate
of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.
639
N: 189 N: 198 n: 9577 N : 160 T : 48
4.111.28 Completeness of death registration with cause-of-death information (%) (wdi_-

deathreg)
Completeness of death registration is the estimated percentage of deaths that are registered with
their cause of death information in the vital registration system of a country.
N: 83 N: 122 n: 599 N : 23 T : 5
4.111.29 Central government debt, total (% of GDP) (wdi_debt)
Debt is the entire stock of direct government fixed-term contractual obligations to others outstanding
on a particular date. It includes domestic and foreign liabilities such as currency and money deposits,
securities other than shares, and loans. It is the gross amount of government liabilities reduced by
the amount of equity and financial derivatives held by the government. Because debt is a stock rather
than a flow, it is measured as of a given date, usually the last day of the fiscal year.
N: 49 N: 99 n: 1270 N : 26 T : 13
4.111.30 Domestic general government health expenditure (% of GDP) (wdi_dgovh-

exp)
Domestic general government health expenditure (% of GDP). Public expenditure on health from
domestic sources as a share of the economy as measured by GDP.
N: 188 N: 191 n: 3535 N : 186 T : 19
640
4.111.31 Domestic private health expenditure (% of current health expenditure) (wdi_-
dprivhexp)
Domestic private health expenditure (% of current health expenditure). Share of current health
expenditures funded from domestic private sources. Domestic private sources include funds from
households, corporations and non-profit organizations. Such expenditures can be either prepaid to
voluntary health insurance or paid directly to healthcare providers.
N: 188 N: 191 n: 3535 N : 186 T : 19
4.111.32 School enrollment, primary, private (% of total primary) (wdi_eduprp)
Percentage of enrollment in primary education in private institutions (%).
N: 171 N: 193 n: 5166 N : 101 T : 27
4.111.33 School enrollment, secondary, private (% of total secondary) (wdi_eduprs)
Percentage of enrollment in secondary education in private institutions (%).
N: 154 N: 181 n: 2339 N : 102 T : 13
4.111.34 CPIA efficiency of revenue mobilization rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_-

effrevmob)
Efficiency of revenue mobilization assesses the overall pattern of revenue mobilization–not only the
de facto tax structure, but also revenue from all sources as actually collected.
N: 77 N: 87 n: 1204 N : 75 T : 14
641
4.111.35 External health expenditure (% of current health expenditure) (wdi_ehexpp)
External health expenditure (% of current health expenditure). Share of current health expenditures
funded from external sources. External sources compose of direct foreign transfers and foreign trans-
fers distributed by government encompassing all financial inflows into the national health system from
outside the country. External sources either flow through the government scheme or are channeled
through non-governmental organizations or other schemes.
N: 188 N: 191 n: 3535 N : 186 T : 19
4.111.36 Renewable electricity output (% of total electricity output) (wdi_elerenew)
Renewable electricity is the share of electrity generated by renewable power plants in total electricity
generated by all types of plants.
N: 193 N: 196 n: 4905 N : 164 T : 25
4.111.37 Electricity production from coal sources (% of total) (wdi_elprodcoal)
Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Coal refers to all coal and brown
coal, both primary (including hard coal and lignite-brown coal) and derived fuels (including patent
fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coke oven gas, and blast furnace gas). Peat is also included in this
category.
N: 138 N: 143 n: 5737 N : 102 T : 40
4.111.38 Electricity production from natural gas sources (% of total) (wdi_elprodgas)
Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Gas refers to natural gas but
excludes natural gas liquids.
642
N: 138 N: 143 n: 5737 N : 102 T : 40
4.111.39 Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total) (wdi_elprod-

hyd)
Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Hydropower refers to electricity
produced by hydroelectric power plants.
N: 138 N: 143 n: 5737 N : 102 T : 40
4.111.40 Electricity production from nuclear sources (% of total) (wdi_elprodnuc)
Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Nuclear power refers to electricity
produced by nuclear power plants.
N: 34 N: 143 n: 5633 N : 101 T : 39
4.111.41 Electricity production from oil sources (% of total) (wdi_elprodoil)
Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Oil refers to crude oil and
petroleum products.
N: 138 N: 143 n: 5737 N : 102 T : 40
4.111.42 Employers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_emp)
Employers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners, hold
the type of jobs defined as a “self-employment jobs” i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly
dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services produced, and, in this capacity, have
643
engaged, on a continuous basis, one or more persons to work for them as employee(s). Modeled ILO
estimate.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.43 Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_-

empagr)
Employment in agriculture as a percentage of all employment. Employment is defined as persons of

working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit,
whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job,
or to working-time arrangement. The agriculture sector consists of activities in agriculture, hunting,
forestry and fishing, in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or category A
(ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.44 Employment in agriculture, female (% female employment) (modeled ILO)

(wdi_empagrf)
Female employment in agriculture as a percentage of all female employment. Employment is defined

as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services
for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary
absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The agriculture sector consists of activities in
agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B
(ISIC 3) or category A (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.45 Employment in agriculture, male (% male employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_-

empagrm)
Male employment in agriculture as a percentage of all male employment. Employment is defined as

persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay
or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from
a job, or to working-time arrangement. The agriculture sector consists of activities in agriculture,
644
hunting, forestry and fishing, in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or
category A (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.46 Children in employment, total (% of children ages 7-14) (wdi_empch)
Children in employment refer to children involved in economic activity for at least one hour in the
reference week of the survey.

N: 100 n: 278 N : 12 T : 3
4.111.47 Children in employment, female (% of female children ages 7-14) (wdi_-

empchf)
reference week of the survey. Female.

N: 100 n: 278 N : 12 T : 3
4.111.48 Children in employment, male (% of male children ages 7-14) (wdi_empchm)
reference week of the survey. Male.

N: 100 n: 278 N : 12 T : 3
645
4.111.49 Employers, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empf)
Employers refers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners,
hold the type of jobs defined as a “self-employment jobs” i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly
estimate.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.50 Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_-

empind)
Employment in industry as a percentage of all employment. Employment is defined as persons of

whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or
to working-time arrangement. The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying, manufacturing,
construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water), in accordance with divisions 2-5 (ISIC
2) or categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.51 Employment in industry, female (% female employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_-

empindf)
Female employment in industry as a percentage of all female employment. Employment is defined

as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for
pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence
from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying,
manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water), in accordance with
divisions 2-5 (ISIC 2) or categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
646
4.111.52 Employment in industry, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_-
empindm)
Male employment in industry as a percentage of all male employment. Employment is defined as

persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for
pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence
from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The industry sector consists of mining and quarrying,
manufacturing, construction, and public utilities (electricity, gas, and water), in accordance with
divisions 2-5 (ISIC 2) or categories C-F (ISIC 3) or categories B-F (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.53 Employers, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_empm)
Employers refers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners,
hold the type of jobs defined as a “self-employment jobs” i.e. jobs where the remuneration is directly
estimate.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.54 Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%) (modeled ILO) (wdi_-
empprfilo)
Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%) (ILO estimation). Employment to population
ratio is the proportion of a country’s population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally
considered the working-age population.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.55 Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%) (national est.) (wdi_-
empprfne)
Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%) (National estimation). Employment to population
647
N: 155 N: 183 n: 3245 N : 53 T : 18
4.111.56 Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO) (wdi_emp-
prilo)
Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (ILO estimation). Employment to population ratio is
the proportion of a country’s population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered
the working-age population.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5254 N : 175 T : 29
4.111.57 Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (modeled ILO) (wdi_emp-
prmilo)
Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (ILO estimation). Employment to population ratio is
the proportion of a country’s population that is employed. Ages 15 and older are generally considered
the working-age population.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.58 Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (national est.) (wdi_emp-
prmne)
Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (National estimation). Employment to population
N: 154 N: 183 n: 3240 N : 53 T : 18
648
4.111.59 Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national est.) (wdi_emp-
prne)
Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (National estimation). Employment to population
N: 157 N: 186 n: 3394 N : 56 T : 18
4.111.60 Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, female % (modeled ILO) (wdi_-
emppryfilo)
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, female (%) (ILO estimation). Employment to population
ratio is the proportion of a country’s population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally considered
the youth population.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.61 Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, female % (national est.) (wdi_-
emppryfne)
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, female (%) (National estimation). Employment to
population ratio is the proportion of a country’s population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally
considered the youth population.
N: 150 N: 175 n: 2359 N : 39 T : 13
4.111.62 Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total % (modeled ILO) (wdi_-
emppryilo)
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) (ILO estimation). Employment to population
649
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.63 Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male % (modeled ILO) (wdi_-
empprymilo)
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male (%) (ILO estimation). Employment to population
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.64 Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male % (national est.) (wdi_-
empprymne)
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male (%) (National estimation). Employment to pop-
ulation ratio is the proportion of a country’s population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally
N: 150 N: 175 n: 2359 N : 39 T : 13
4.111.65 Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total % (national est.) (wdi_-
emppryne)
Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) (National estimation). Employment to pop-
ulation ratio is the proportion of a country’s population that is employed. Ages 15-24 are generally
N: 150 N: 175 n: 2367 N : 39 T : 14
650
4.111.66 Employment in services (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_-
empser)
Total employment in services as percentage of total employment. Employment is defined as persons

of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or
profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from
a job, or to working-time arrangement. The services sector consists of wholesale and retail trade
and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate,
and business services; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance with divisions 6-9
(ISIC 2) or categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.67 Employment in services, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO)

(wdi_empserf)
Female employment in services (% of female employment). Employment is defined as persons of

whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to
working-time arrangement. The services sector consists of wholesale and retail trade and restaurants
and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business
services; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance with divisions 6-9 (ISIC 2) or
categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.68 Employment in services, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_-

empserm)
Male employment in services (% of male employment). Employment is defined as persons of working

age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether
at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to
working-time arrangement. The services sector consists of wholesale and retail trade and restaurants
and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business
services; and community, social, and personal services, in accordance with divisions 6-9 (ISIC 2) or
categories G-Q (ISIC 3) or categories G-U (ISIC 4). Modeled ILO estimate.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
651
4.111.69 Energy imports, net (% of energy use) (wdi_eneimp)
Net energy imports are estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A
negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy
before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports
and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international
transport.
N: 34 N: 143 n: 5629 N : 101 T : 39
4.111.70 Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption) (wdi_-

enerenew)
Renewable energy consumption is the share of renewables energy in total final energy consumption.
N: 191 N: 194 n: 5382 N : 186 T : 28
4.111.71 Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita) (wdi_eneuse)
Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is
equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to
ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.
N: 34 N: 173 n: 5772 N : 103 T : 33
4.111.72 Ease of doing business index (1=most business-friendly regulations) (wdi_-

eodb)
Ease of doing business ranks economies from 1 to 189, with first place being the best. A high ranking
(a low numerical rank) means that the regulatory environment is conducive to business operation.
The index averages the country’s percentile rankings on 10 topics covered in the World Bank’s Doing
Business. The ranking on each topic is the simple average of the percentile rankings on its component
indicators.
652
N: 185
4.111.73 CPIA equity of public resource use rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_eqpubres)
Equity of public resource use assesses the extent to which the pattern of public expenditures and
revenue collection affects the poor and is consistent with national poverty reduction priorities.
N: 77 N: 87 n: 1204 N : 75 T : 14
4.111.74 Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) (wdi_expedu)
General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a per-
centage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government.
General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.
Note: The value for Tuvalu in 1997 has been recoded to missing due to an extreme and very unlikely
value.
N: 137 N: 188 n: 3733 N : 75 T : 20
4.111.75 Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure)

(wdi_expeduge)
Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and
transfers), expressed as a percentage of total general government expenditure on all sectors (including
health, education, social services, etc.). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international
sources to government. Public education expenditure includes spending by local/municipal, regional
and national governments (excluding household contributions) on educational institutions (both pub-
lic and private), education administration, and subsidies for private entities (students/households
and other privates entities). In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers
only to the ministry of education and can exclude other ministries that spend a part of their bud-
get on educational activities. The indicator is calculated by dividing total public expenditure on
education incurred by all government agencies/departments by the total government expenditure
and multiplying by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website:
http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/
653
N: 138 N: 178 n: 2693 N : 67 T : 15
4.111.76 Expenditure on primary education (% of government expenditure on edu.)

(wdi_expedup)
Expenditure on Primary education, expressed as a percentage of total general government expen-

diture on education. Divide government expenditure on a given level of education (ex. primary,
secondary) by total government expenditure on education (all levels combined), and multiply by
100. A high percentage of government expenditure on education spent on a given level denotes a
high priority given to that level compared to others. When interpreting this indicator, one should
take into account enrollment at that level, and the relative costs per student between different
levels of education. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website:
N: 100 N: 175 n: 2726 N : 55 T : 16
4.111.77 Expenditure on secondary education (% of government expenditure on edu.)

(wdi_expedus)
Expenditure on Secondary education, expressed as a percentage of total general government expen-

N: 103 N: 175 n: 2728 N : 55 T : 16
4.111.78 Expenditure on tertiary education (% of government expenditure on edu.)

(wdi_expedut)
Expenditure on Tertiary education, expressed as a percentage of total general government expen-

654
N: 105 N: 183 n: 3113 N : 62 T : 17
4.111.79 Military expenditure (% of GDP) (wdi_expmil)
Military expenditure (% of GDP). Military expenditures data from SIPRI are derived from the
NATO definition, which includes all current and capital expenditures on the armed forces, including
peacekeeping forces; defense ministries and other government agencies engaged in defense projects;
paramilitary forces, if these are judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and mil-
itary space activities. Such expenditures include military and civil personnel, including retirement
pensions of military personnel and social services for personnel; operation and maintenance; procure-
ment; military research and development; and military aid (in the military expenditures of the donor
country). Excluded are civil defense and current expenditures for previous military activities, such as
for veterans’ benefits, demobilization, conversion, and destruction of weapons. This definition cannot
be applied for all countries, however, since that would require much more detailed information than is
available about what is included in military budgets and off-budget military expenditure items. (For
example, military budgets might or might not cover civil defense, reserves and auxiliary forces, police
and paramilitary forces, dual-purpose forces such as military and civilian police, military grants in
kind, pensions for military personnel, and social security contributions paid by one part of government
to another).
N: 154 N: 170 n: 7306 N : 120 T : 43
4.111.80 Military expenditure (% of general government expenditure) (wdi_expmilge)
Military expenditure (% of central government expenditure). Military expenditures data from SIPRI
are derived from the NATO definition, which includes all current and capital expenditures on the
armed forces, including peacekeeping forces; defense ministries and other government agencies en-
gaged in defense projects; paramilitary forces, if these are judged to be trained and equipped for
military operations; and military space activities. Such expenditures include military and civil per-
sonnel, including retirement pensions of military personnel and social services for personnel; operation
and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid (in the military
expenditures of the donor country). Excluded are civil defense and current expenditures for pre-
vious military activities, such as for veterans’ benefits, demobilization, conversion, and destruction
of weapons. This definition cannot be applied for all countries, however, since that would require
much more detailed information than is available about what is included in military budgets and
off-budget military expenditure items. (For example, military budgets might or might not cover civil
defense, reserves and auxiliary forces, police and paramilitary forces, dual-purpose forces such as mil-
655
itary and civilian police, military grants in kind, pensions for military personnel, and social security
contributions paid by one part of government to another.)
N: 152 N: 164 n: 4151 N : 126 T : 25
4.111.81 Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) (wdi_export)
Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to
the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel,
royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information,
business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment
income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments.
N: 175 N: 187 n: 7935 N : 130 T : 42
4.111.82 Government expenditure per student, primary (% of GDP per capita) (wdi_-
expstup)
Government expenditure per student is the average general government expenditure (current, capital,
and transfers) per student in the primary level of education, expressed as a percentage of GDP per
capita.
N: 108 N: 163 n: 1546 N : 64 T : 9
4.111.83 Government expenditure per student, secondary (% of GDP per capita)

(wdi_expstus)
and transfers) per student in the secondary level of education, expressed as a percentage of GDP per
capita.
656
N: 103 N: 158 n: 1393 N : 58 T : 9
4.111.84 Government expenditure per student, tertiary (% of GDP per capita) (wdi_-
expstut)
and transfers) per student in the given tertiary of education, expressed as a percentage of GDP per
capita.
N: 97 N: 160 n: 1403 N : 40 T : 9
4.111.85 Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP) (wdi_fdiin)
Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest
(10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the
investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-
term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net inflows (new investment
inflows less disinvestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors, and is divided by GDP.
N: 184 N: 192 n: 7653 N : 153 T : 40
4.111.86 Foreign direct investment, net outflows (% of GDP) (wdi_fdiout)
Foreign direct investment are the net outflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest
(10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of
the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and
short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net outflows of investment
from the reporting economy to the rest of the world and is divided by GDP.
N: 169 N: 187 n: 6546 N : 128 T : 35
657
4.111.87 Fertility rate, total (births per woman) (wdi_fertility)
Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to
live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility
rates of the specified year.
N: 185 N: 197 n: 9454 N : 158 T : 48
4.111.88 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms) (wdi_firfown)
Firms with female participation in ownership are the percentage of firms with a woman among the
principal owners.

N: 86
4.111.89 Firms with female top manager (% of firms) (wdi_firftopm)
Firms with female top manager refers to the percentage of firms in the private sector who have females
as top managers. Top manager refers to the highest ranking manager or CEO of the establishment.
This person may be the owner if he/she works as the manager of the firm. The results are based on
surveys of more than 100,000 private firms.

N: 86
4.111.90 Firms expected to give gifts in meetings w. tax officials (% of firms) (wdi_-
firgifttax)
Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials is the percentage of firms that answered
positively to the question “Was a gift or informal payment expected or requested during a meeting
with tax officials?”.
658
N: 86
4.111.91 Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%) (wdi_foodins)
The percentage of people in the population who live in households classified as severely food insecure.
A household is classified as severely food insecure when at least one adult in the household has
reported to have been exposed, at times during the year, to several of the most severe experiences
described in the FIES questions, such as to have been forced to reduce the quantity of the food, to
have skipped meals, having gone hungry, or having to go for a whole day without eating because of
a lack of money or other resources.
N: 120 N: 120 n: 524 N : 105 T : 4
4.111.92 Forest area (% of land area) (wdi_forest)
Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether
productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit
plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.
N: 193 N: 196 n: 5831 N : 188 T : 30
4.111.93 Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) (wdi_fossil)
Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.
N: 34 N: 172 n: 5629 N : 101 T : 33
659
4.111.94 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) (wdi_gdpagr)
Agriculture corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as
cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding
up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for
depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of
value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3
or 4.
N: 183 N: 195 n: 7484 N : 123 T : 38
4.111.95 GDP per capita (constant 2010 US dollar) (wdi_gdpcapcon2010)
GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross
value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies
not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation
of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant 2010
U.S. dollars.
N: 186 N: 196 n: 8698 N : 143 T : 44
4.111.96 GDP per capita (current US dollar) (wdi_gdpcapcur)
GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross
value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies
not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation
of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S.
dollars.
N: 189 N: 198 n: 9064 N : 149 T : 46
4.111.97 GDP per capita growth (annual %) (wdi_gdpcapgr)
Annual percentage growth rate of GDP per capita based on constant local currency. Aggregates are
based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars. GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear
population. GDP at purchaser’s prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the
660
economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products.
It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and
degradation of natural resources.
N: 188 N: 198 n: 8727 N : 145 T : 44
4.111.98 GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2017 international dollar) (wdi_gdpcapppp-
con2017)
GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GDP is gross domestic product
converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has
the same purchasing power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the United States. GDP at purchaser’s
prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes
and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making
deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.
Data are in constant 2017 international dollars.
N: 183 N: 186 n: 5393 N : 174 T : 29
4.111.99 GDP per capita, PPP (current international dollar) (wdi_gdpcappppcur)
GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GDP is gross domestic product
the same purchasing power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the United States. GDP at purchaser’s
prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes
and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making
deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.
Data are in current international dollars based on the 2011 ICP round.
N: 184 N: 190 n: 5461 N : 176 T : 29
4.111.100 GDP growth (annual %) (wdi_gdpgr)
Annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates
are based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers
in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the
661
products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for
depletion and degradation of natural resources.
N: 188 N: 198 n: 8730 N : 146 T : 44
4.111.101 Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP) (wdi_gdpind)
Industry corresponds to ISIC divisions 10-45 and includes manufacturing (ISIC divisions 15-37). It
comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction,
electricity, water, and gas. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs
and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of
fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is
determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB
countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.
N: 183 N: 194 n: 7418 N : 122 T : 38
4.111.102 GDP, PPP (constant 2017 international dollar) (wdi_gdppppcon2017)
PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity
rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the
United States. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus
any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated
without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of
natural resources. Data are in constant 2017 international dollars.
N: 183 N: 186 n: 5396 N : 174 T : 29
4.111.103 GDP, PPP (current international dollar) (wdi_gdppppcur)
PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity
rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the
United States. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus
any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated
without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of
natural resources. Data are in current international dollars. For most economies PPP figures are ex-
trapolated from the 2011 International Comparison Program (ICP) benchmark estimates or imputed
662
using a statistical model based on the 2011 ICP. For 47 high- and upper middle-income economies
conversion factors are provided by Eurostat and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD).
N: 184 N: 190 n: 5464 N : 176 T : 29
4.111.104 CPIA gender equality rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_gendeqr)
Gender equality assesses the extent to which the country has installed institutions and programs to
enforce laws and policies that promote equal access for men and women in education, health, the
economy, and protection under law.
N: 77 N: 87 n: 1204 N : 75 T : 14
4.111.105 School enrollment, primary (% gross) (wdi_gerp)
Total enrollment in primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population
of official primary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-aged and
under-aged students because of early or late school entrance and grade repetition.
N: 172 N: 193 n: 6988 N : 137 T : 36
4.111.106 School enrollment, primary, female (% gross) (wdi_gerpf)
Total female enrollment in primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the
total female population of official primary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion
of over-aged and under-aged students because of early or late school entrance and grade repetition.
N: 172 N: 193 n: 6659 N : 131 T : 35
663
4.111.107 School enrollment, primary, male (% gross) (wdi_gerpm)
Total male enrollment in primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total
male population of official primary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of
over-aged and under-aged students because of early or late school entrance and grade repetition.
N: 172 N: 193 n: 6659 N : 131 T : 35
4.111.108 School enrollment, preprimary (% gross) (wdi_gerpp)
Total enrollment in pre-primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the total
population of official pre-primary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of
N: 162 N: 191 n: 5243 N : 103 T : 27
4.111.109 School enrollment, preprimary, female (% gross) (wdi_gerppf)
Total female enrollment in pre-primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of

the total female population of official pre-primary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the
inclusion of over-aged and under-aged students because of early or late school entrance and grade
repetition.
N: 162 N: 188 n: 4658 N : 91 T : 25
4.111.110 School enrollment, preprimary, male (% gross) (wdi_gerppm)
Total male enrollment in pre-primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the
total male population of official pre-primary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion
of over-aged and under-aged students because of early or late school entrance and grade repetition.
664
N: 162 N: 188 n: 4658 N : 91 T : 25
4.111.111 School enrollment, secondary (% gross) (wdi_gers)
Total enrollment in secondary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population
of official secondary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of over-aged and
under-aged students because of early or late school entrance and grade repetition.
N: 153 N: 193 n: 5940 N : 116 T : 31
4.111.112 School enrollment, secondary, female (% gross) (wdi_gersf)
Total female enrollment in secondary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the
female population of official secondary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of
N: 153 N: 192 n: 5404 N : 106 T : 28
4.111.113 School enrollment, secondary, male (% gross) (wdi_gersm)
Total male enrollment in secondary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the
male population of official secondary education age. GER can exceed 100% due to the inclusion of
N: 153 N: 192 n: 5404 N : 106 T : 28
4.111.114 School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) (wdi_gert)
Total enrollment in tertiary education (ISCED 5 to 8), regardless of age, expressed as a percentage
of the total population of the five-year age group following on from secondary school leaving.
665
N: 142 N: 186 n: 5222 N : 102 T : 28
4.111.115 School enrollment, tertiary, female (% gross) (wdi_gertf)
Total female enrollment in tertiary education (ISCED 5 to 8), regardless of age, expressed as a
percentage of the total female population of the five-year age group following on from secondary
school leaving.
N: 141 N: 185 n: 4478 N : 88 T : 24
4.111.116 School enrollment, tertiary, male (% gross) (wdi_gertm)
Total male enrollment in tertiary education (ISCED 5 to 8), regardless of age, expressed as a per-
centage of the total male population of the five-year age group following on from secondary school
leaving.
N: 141 N: 185 n: 4478 N : 88 T : 24
4.111.117 Gini index (World Bank estimate) (wdi_gini)
Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption
expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal
distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the
cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index
measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as
a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality,
while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.
N: 113 N: 166 n: 1722 N : 32 T : 10
666
4.111.118 GNI, Atlas method (current US dollar) (wdi_gniatlcur)
GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less
subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation
of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars. GNI, calculated in
national currency, is usually converted to U.S. dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across
economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by
an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions. To smooth
fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas method of conversion is used by the World
Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two
preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflation between the country, and through 2000,
the G-5 countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). From
2001, these countries include the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
N: 185 N: 195 n: 8048 N : 136 T : 41
4.111.119 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US dollar) (wdi_gnicapatlcur)
GNI per capita (formerly GNP per capita) is the gross national income, converted to U.S. dollars
using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the midyear population. GNI is the sum of value
added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation
of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income)
from abroad. GNI, calculated in national currency, is usually converted to U.S. dollars at official
exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an alternative rate is used when the
official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually
applied in international transactions. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special
Atlas method of conversion is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages
the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of
inflation between the country, and through 2000, the G-5 countries (France, Germany, Japan, the
United Kingdom, and the United States). From 2001, these countries include the Euro area, Japan,
the United Kingdom, and the United States.
N: 185 N: 195 n: 8047 N : 136 T : 41
4.111.120 GNI per capita (constant 2010 US dollar) (wdi_gnicapcon2010)
GNI per capita is gross national income divided by midyear population. GNI (formerly GNP) is the
sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in
the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property
income) from abroad. Data are in constant 2010 U.S. dollars.
667
N: 147 N: 189 n: 5336 N : 87 T : 28
4.111.121 GNI per capita growth (annual %) (wdi_gnicapgr)
Annual percentage growth rate of GNI per capita based on constant local currency. Aggregates are
based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars. GNI per capita is gross national income divided by midyear
population. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any
product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary
income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.
N: 152 N: 163 n: 5375 N : 90 T : 33
4.111.122 GNI per capita, PPP (constant 2017 international dollar) (wdi_gnicapppp-
con2017)
GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI)
the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum
of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the
valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property
income) from abroad. Data are in constant 2017 international dollars.
N: 182 N: 184 n: 3791 N : 122 T : 21
4.111.123 GNI per capita, PPP (current international dollar) (wdi_gnicappppcur)
GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI)
the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum
of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the
valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property
income) from abroad. Data are in current international dollars based on the 2011 ICP round.
668
N: 183 N: 189 n: 5317 N : 172 T : 28
4.111.124 GNI (constant 2010 US dollar) (wdi_gnicon2010)
of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant 2010 U.S. dollars.
N: 147 N: 189 n: 5336 N : 87 T : 28
4.111.125 GNI (current US dollar) (wdi_gnicur)
of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
N: 186 N: 195 n: 8573 N : 141 T : 44
4.111.126 GNI growth (annual %) (wdi_gnigr)
of employees and property income) from abroad.
N: 152 N: 163 n: 5375 N : 90 T : 33
669
4.111.127 GNI, PPP (constant 2017 international dollar) (wdi_gnipppcon2017)
PPP GNI (formerly PPP GNP) is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars
using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over
GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. Gross national income is the sum of value added by
all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output
plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.
Data are in constant 2017 international dollars.
N: 182 N: 184 n: 3791 N : 122 T : 21
4.111.128 GNI, PPP (current international dollar) (wdi_gnipppcur)
PPP GNI (formerly PPP GNP) is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars
using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over
GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. Gross national income is the sum of value added by
all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output
plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.
Data are in current international dollars. For most economies PPP figures are extrapolated from the
2011 International Comparison Program (ICP) benchmark estimates or imputed using a statistical
model based on the 2011 ICP. For 47 high- and upper middle-income economies conversion factors are
provided by Eurostat and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
N: 183 N: 189 n: 5320 N : 172 T : 28
4.111.129 Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) (wdi_homicides)
Intentional homicides are estimates of unlawful homicides purposely inflicted as a result of domestic
disputes, interpersonal violence, violent conflicts over land resources, intergang violence over turf or
control, and predatory violence and killing by armed groups. Intentional homicide does not include
all intentional killing; the difference is usually in the organization of the killing. Individuals or small
groups usually commit homicide, whereas killing in armed conflict is usually committed by fairly
cohesive groups of up to several hundred members and is thus usually excluded.
N: 133 N: 172 n: 3331 N : 115 T : 19
670
4.111.130 Intentional homicides, female (per 100,000 female) (wdi_homicidesf)
Intentional homicides, female (per 100,000 female). Intentional homicides, female are estimates of
unlawful female homicides purposely inflicted as a result of domestic disputes, interpersonal violence,
violent conflicts over land resources, intergang violence over turf or control, and predatory violence and
killing by armed groups. Intentional homicide does not include all intentional killing; the difference
is usually in the organization of the killing. Individuals or small groups usually commit homicide,
whereas killing in armed conflict is usually committed by fairly cohesive groups of up to several
hundred members and is thus usually excluded.
N: 103 N: 126 n: 1904 N : 66 T : 15
4.111.131 Intentional homicides, male (per 100,000 male) (wdi_homicidesm)
Intentional homicides, male (per 100,000 male). Intentional homicides, male are estimates of unlawful
male homicides purposely inflicted as a result of domestic disputes, interpersonal violence, violent
conflicts over land resources, intergang violence over turf or control, and predatory violence and
killing by armed groups. Intentional homicide does not include all intentional killing; the difference
is usually in the organization of the killing. Individuals or small groups usually commit homicide,
whereas killing in armed conflict is usually committed by fairly cohesive groups of up to several
hundred members and is thus usually excluded.
N: 103 N: 125 n: 1901 N : 66 T : 15
4.111.132 People with basic handwashing facilities (% of population) (wdi_hwf)
People with basic handwashing facilities including soap and water (% of population). The percentage
of people living in households that have a handwashing facility with soap and water available on the
premises. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap water, buckets
with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid
soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other handwashing
agents.
N: 101 N: 103 n: 1230 N : 59 T : 12
671
4.111.133 People with basic handwashing facilities, rural (% of rural population) (wdi_-
hwfr)
People with basic handwashing facilities including soap and water, rural (% of rural population).
The percentage of people living in households that have a handwashing facility with soap and water
available on the premises. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap
water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes
bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other
handwashing agents.
N: 97 N: 98 n: 1205 N : 57 T : 12
4.111.134 People with basic handwashing facilities, urban (% of urban population)

(wdi_hwfu)
People with basic handwashing facilities including soap and water, urban (% of urban population).
The percentage of people living in households that have a handwashing facility with soap and water
available on the premises. Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap
water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for handwashing. Soap includes
bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water but does not include ash, soil, sand or other
handwashing agents.
N: 96 N: 97 n: 1186 N : 56 T : 12
4.111.135 Internally displaced persons, new displacement-disasters (number) (wdi_-

idpdis)
Internally displaced persons, new displacement associated with disasters (number of people). Inter-
nally displaced persons are defined according to the 1998 Guiding Principles (http://www.internal-
displacement.org/publications/1998/ocha-guiding-principles-on-internal-displacement) as people or groups
of people who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual resi-
dence, in particular as a result of armed conflict, or to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations
of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural or human-made disasters and who
have not crossed an international border. “New Displacement” refers to the number of new cases or
incidents of displacement recorded, rather than the number of people displaced. This is done because
people may have been displaced more than once.
N: 172 N: 176 n: 1306 N : 100 T : 7
672
4.111.136 Internally displaced persons, new displacement-conflict and violence (num-
ber) (wdi_idpvc)
Internally displaced persons, new displacement associated with conflict and violence (number of cases).
Internally displaced persons are defined according to the 1998 Guiding Principles (http://www.internal-
have not crossed an international border. “New Displacement” refers to the number of new cases or
incidents of displacement recorded, rather than the number of people displaced. This is done because
people may have been displaced more than once.
N: 59 N: 66 n: 369 N : 31 T : 6
4.111.137 Internally displaced persons, total displaced by conflict-violence (number)

(wdi_idpvp)
Internally displaced persons, new displacement associated with conflict and violence (number of peo-
ple). Internally displaced persons are defined according to the 1998 Guiding Principles (http://www.internal-
have not crossed an international border. “People displaced” refers to the number of people living in
displacement as of the end of each year.
N: 62 N: 70 n: 607 N : 51 T : 9
4.111.138 International migrant stock (% of population) (wdi_imig)
International migrant stock is the number of people born in a country other than that in which
they live. It also includes refugees. The data used to estimate the international migrant stock at a
particular time are obtained mainly from population censuses. The estimates are derived from the
data on foreign-born population–people who have residence in one country but were born in another
country. When data on the foreign-born population are not available, data on foreign population–
that is, people who are citizens of a country other than the country in which they reside–are used as
estimates. After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 people living in one of the newly independent
countries who were born in another were classified as international migrants. Estimates of migrant
stock in the newly independent states from 1990 on are based on the 1989 census of the Soviet Union.
For countries with information on the international migrant stock for at least two points in time,
interpolation or extrapolation was used to estimate the international migrant stock on July 1 of the
reference years. For countries with only one observation, estimates for the reference years were derived
673
using rates of change in the migrant stock in the years preceding or following the single observation
available. A model was used to estimate migrants for countries that had no data.
N: 192 N: 196 n: 1114 N : 43 T : 6
4.111.139 Imports of goods and services (% of GDP) (wdi_import)
Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services received from
the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel,
royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information,
business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment
income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments.
N: 175 N: 187 n: 7935 N : 130 T : 42
4.111.140 Income share held by highest 10% (wdi_incsh10h)
Income share held by highest 10%. Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that
accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles.
N: 111 N: 164 n: 1719 N : 32 T : 10
4.111.141 Income share held by lowest 10% (wdi_incsh10l)
Income share held by lowest 10%. Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that
accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles.
N: 111 N: 163 n: 1718 N : 32 T : 11
674
4.111.142 Income share held by second 20% (wdi_incsh202)
Income share held by second 20%. Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that
accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile
may not sum to 100 because of rounding.
N: 111 N: 164 n: 1719 N : 32 T : 10
4.111.143 Income share held by third 20% (wdi_incsh203)
Income share held by third 20%. Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues
to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not
sum to 100 because of rounding.
N: 111 N: 164 n: 1719 N : 32 T : 10
4.111.144 Income share held by fourth 20% (wdi_incsh204)
Income share held by fourth 20%. Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that
N: 111 N: 164 n: 1719 N : 32 T : 10
4.111.145 Income share held by highest 20% (wdi_incsh20h)
Income share held by highest 20%. Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that
N: 111 N: 164 n: 1719 N : 32 T : 10
675
4.111.146 Income share held by lowest 20% (wdi_incsh20l)
Income share held by lowest 20%. Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that
N: 111 N: 163 n: 1718 N : 32 T : 11
4.111.147 Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) (wdi_inflation)
Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost
to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at
specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.
N: 175 N: 188 n: 7795 N : 128 T : 41
4.111.148 Informal payments to public officials (% of firms) (wdi_infpay)
Informal payments to public officials are the percentage of firms expected to make informal payments
to public officials to “get things done” with regard to customs, taxes, licenses, regulations, services,
and the like.

N: 86
4.111.149 Interest payments (% of expense) (wdi_interexp)
Interest payments as percentage of expense include interest payments on government debt–including

long-term bonds, long-term loans, and other debt instruments–to domestic and foreign residents.
N: 139 N: 156 n: 3750 N : 77 T : 24
676
4.111.150 Individuals using the Internet (% of population) (wdi_internet)
Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months.
The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine,
digital TV etc.
N: 188 N: 196 n: 5514 N : 90 T : 28
4.111.151 Interest payments (% of revenue) (wdi_interrev)
Interest payments as percentage of revenue include interest payments on government debt–including

long-term bonds, long-term loans, and other debt instruments–to domestic and foreign residents.
N: 140 N: 158 n: 3824 N : 78 T : 24
4.111.152 Real interest rate (%) (wdi_intrate)
Real interest rate is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as measured by the GDP defla-
tor. The terms and conditions attached to lending rates differ by country, however, limiting their
comparability.
N: 131 N: 144 n: 4056 N : 68 T : 28
4.111.153 Labor force with advanced education % of total working-age pop. (wdi_-
lfpedua)
The percentage of the working age population with an advanced level of education who are in the
labor force. Advanced education comprises short-cycle tertiary education, a bachelor’s degree or
equivalent education level, a master’s degree or equivalent education level, or doctoral degree or
equivalent education level according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011
(ISCED 2011).
677
N: 129 N: 158 n: 1618 N : 52 T : 10
4.111.154 Labor force with advanced education % of female working-age pop. (wdi_-
lfpeduaf)
The percentage of the working age female population with an advanced level of education who are
in the labor force. Advanced education comprises short-cycle tertiary education, a bachelor’s degree
or equivalent education level, a master’s degree or equivalent education level, or doctoral degree or
(ISCED 2011).
N: 128 N: 158 n: 1615 N : 52 T : 10
4.111.155 Labor force with advanced education % of male working-age pop. (wdi_-
lfpeduam)
The percentage of the working age male population with an advanced level of education who are in
the labor force. Advanced education comprises short-cycle tertiary education, a bachelor’s degree
or equivalent education level, a master’s degree or equivalent education level, or doctoral degree or
(ISCED 2011).
N: 128 N: 158 n: 1617 N : 52 T : 10
4.111.156 Labor force with basic education % of total working-age pop. basic edu.
(wdi_lfpedub)
The percentage of the working age population with a basic level of education who are in the labor
force. Basic education comprises primary education or lower secondary education according to the
International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).
678
N: 128 N: 158 n: 1614 N : 52 T : 10
4.111.157 Labor force with basic education % of female working-age pop. basic edu.
(wdi_lfpedubf)
The percentage of the working age female population with a basic level of education who are in the
labor force. Basic education comprises primary education or lower secondary education according to
the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).
N: 127 N: 157 n: 1612 N : 52 T : 10
4.111.158 Labor force with basic education % of male working-age pop. w. basic edu.
(wdi_lfpedubm)
The percentage of the working age male population with a basic level of education who are in the
labor force. Basic education comprises primary education or lower secondary education according to
the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).
N: 126 N: 156 n: 1610 N : 52 T : 10
4.111.159 Labor force with intermediate education % of total working-age pop. (wdi_-
lfpedui)
The percentage of the working age population with an intermediate level of education who are in
the labor force. Intermediate education comprises upper secondary or post-secondary non tertiary
education according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).
N: 129 N: 160 n: 1613 N : 52 T : 10
679
4.111.160 Labor force with intermediate education % of female working-age pop. (wdi_-
lfpeduif)
The percentage of the working age female population with an intermediate level of education who are
in the labor force. Intermediate education comprises upper secondary or post-secondary non tertiary
N: 128 N: 160 n: 1611 N : 52 T : 10
4.111.161 Labor force with intermediate education % of male working-age pop. (wdi_-
lfpeduim)
The percentage of the working age male population with an intermediate level of education who are
in the labor force. Intermediate education comprises upper secondary or post-secondary non tertiary
N: 128 N: 160 n: 1612 N : 52 T : 10
4.111.162 Labor force, female (% of total labor force) (wdi_lfpf)
Female labor force as a percentage of the total show the extent to which women are active in the
labor force. Labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who meet the International Labour
Organization’s definition of the economically active population.
N: 178 N: 181 n: 5225 N : 174 T : 29
4.111.163 Labor force participation rate (% female ages 15+) (modeled ILO) (wdi_-
lfpfilo15)
Labor force participation rate (% of female ages 15+) (modeled ILO est.). Labor force participation
rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who
supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
680
N: 178 N: 181 n: 5228 N : 174 T : 29
4.111.164 Labor force participation rate (% of female ages 15+) (national est.) (wdi_-
lfpfne15)
Labor force participation rate (% of female ages 15+) (national est.). Labor force participation rate
is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who
N: 155 N: 191 n: 3841 N : 63 T : 20
4.111.165 Labor force participation rate (% of total ages 15+) (modeled ILO) (wdi_-
lfpilo15)
Labor force participation rate (% of total ages 15+) (modeled ILO est.). Labor force participation
N: 178 N: 181 n: 5406 N : 174 T : 30
4.111.166 Labor force participation rate (% of male ages 15+) (modeled ILO) (wdi_-
lfpmilo15)
Labor force participation rate (% of male ages 15+) (modeled ILO est.). Labor force participation
N: 178 N: 181 n: 5228 N : 174 T : 29
681
4.111.167 Labor force participation rate (% of male ages 15+) (national est.) (wdi_-
lfpmne15)
Labor force participation rate (% of male ages 15+) (national est.). Labor force participation rate is
the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply
labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
N: 155 N: 191 n: 3841 N : 63 T : 20
4.111.168 Labor force participation rate (% of total ages 15+) (national est.) (wdi_-
lfpne15)
Labor force participation rate (% of total ages 15+) (national est.). Labor force participation rate is
the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply
labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
N: 156 N: 193 n: 3962 N : 65 T : 21
4.111.169 Labor force participation rate, total (% of total pop. ages 15-64) (ILO)
(wdi_lfpr)
Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate).
Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15-64 that is economically
active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
N: 178 N: 181 n: 5228 N : 174 T : 29
4.111.170 Labor force participation rate, female (% of female pop. ages 15-64) (ILO)
(wdi_lfprf)
Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate).
682
N: 178 N: 181 n: 5228 N : 174 T : 29
4.111.171 Labor force participation rate, male (% of male pop. ages 15-64) (ILO)
(wdi_lfprm)
Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate).
N: 178 N: 181 n: 5228 N : 174 T : 29
4.111.172 Labor force participation rate 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO) (wdi_lfpy-
filo)
Labor force participation rate 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate). Labor force participation
rate for ages 15-24 is the proportion of the population ages 15-24 that is economically active: all
people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
N: 178 N: 181 n: 5228 N : 174 T : 29
4.111.173 Labor force participation rate 15-24, female (%) (national est.) (wdi_lf-
pyfne)
Labor force participation rate 15-24, female (%) (national estimate). Labor force participation rate
for ages 15-24 is the proportion of the population ages 15-24 that is economically active: all people
who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
N: 149 N: 187 n: 3363 N : 55 T : 18
683
4.111.174 Labor force participation rate 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO) (wdi_lfpyilo)
Labor force participation rate 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate). Labor force participation
N: 178 N: 181 n: 5228 N : 174 T : 29
4.111.175 Labor force participation rate 15-24, male (%) (modeled ILO) (wdi_lfpymilo)
Labor force participation rate 15-24, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate). Labor force participation
N: 178 N: 181 n: 5228 N : 174 T : 29
4.111.176 Labor force participation rate 15-24, male (%) (national est.) (wdi_lfpymne)
Labor force participation rate 15-24, male (%) (national estimate). Labor force participation rate for
ages 15-24 is the proportion of the population ages 15-24 that is economically active: all people who
N: 149 N: 187 n: 3363 N : 55 T : 18
4.111.177 Labor force participation rate 15-24, total (%) (national est.) (wdi_lfpyne)
Labor force participation rate 15-24, total (%) (national estimate). Labor force participation rate for
ages 15-24 is the proportion of the population ages 15-24 that is economically active: all people who
N: 149 N: 188 n: 3381 N : 55 T : 18
684
4.111.178 Life expectancy at birth, total (years) (wdi_lifexp)
Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing
patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
N: 184 N: 196 n: 9460 N : 158 T : 48
4.111.179 Life expectancy at birth, female (years) (wdi_lifexpf)
Life expectancy at birth for females indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if
prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
N: 184 N: 196 n: 9460 N : 158 T : 48
4.111.180 Life expectancy at birth, male (years) (wdi_lifexpm)
Life expectancy at birth for males indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if
prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
N: 184 N: 196 n: 9460 N : 158 T : 48
4.111.181 Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) (wdi_litrad)
Percentage of the population age 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a short,
simple statement on their everyday life. Generally, ‘literacy’ also encompasses ‘numeracy’, the ability
to make simple arithmetic calculations. This indicator is calculated by dividing the number of literates
aged 15 years and over by the corresponding age group population and multiplying the result by 100.
N: 120 N: 161 n: 881 N : 18 T : 5
685
4.111.182 Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above) (wdi_litradf)
Percentage of the female population age 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a
short, simple statement on their everyday life. Generally, ‘literacy’ also encompasses ‘numeracy’, the
ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. This indicator is calculated by dividing the number
of literates aged 15 years and over by the corresponding age group population and multiplying the
result by 100.
N: 120 N: 161 n: 878 N : 18 T : 5
4.111.183 Literacy rate, adult male (% of males ages 15 and above) (wdi_litradm)
Percentage of the male population age 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a
short, simple statement on their everyday life. Generally, ‘literacy’ also encompasses ‘numeracy’, the
ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. This indicator is calculated by dividing the number
of literates aged 15 years and over by the corresponding age group population and multiplying the
result by 100.
N: 120 N: 161 n: 878 N : 18 T : 5
4.111.184 Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24) (wdi_litry)
Number of people age 15 to 24 years who can both read and write with understanding a short simple
statement on their everyday life, divided by the population in that age group. Generally, ‘literacy’
also encompasses ‘numeracy’, the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. Divide the number
of people aged 15 to 24 years who are literate by the total population in the same age group and
multiply the result by 100.
N: 119 N: 159 n: 868 N : 17 T : 5
4.111.185 Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15-24) (wdi_litryf)
Number of women age 15 to 24 years who can both read and write with understanding a short simple
statement on their everyday life, divided by the population in that age group. Generally, ‘literacy’
also encompasses ‘numeracy’, the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. Divide the number
686
of people aged 15 to 24 years who are literate by the total population in the same age group and
multiply the result by 100.
N: 119 N: 159 n: 866 N : 17 T : 5
4.111.186 Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15-24) (wdi_litrym)
Number of men people age 15 to 24 years who can both read and write with understanding a short
simple statement on their everyday life, divided by the population in that age group. Generally,
‘literacy’ also encompasses ‘numeracy’, the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. Divide the
number of people aged 15 to 24 years who are literate by the total population in the same age group
and multiply the result by 100.
N: 119 N: 159 n: 866 N : 17 T : 5
4.111.187 Lifetime risk of maternal death (%) (wdi_lrmd)
Life time risk of maternal death is the probability that a 15-year-old female will die eventually from a
maternal cause assuming that current levels of fertility and mortality (including maternal mortality)
do not change in the future, taking into account competing causes of death.
N: 183 N: 184 n: 3269 N : 182 T : 18
4.111.188 Net migration (wdi_migration)
Net migration is the net total of migrants during the period, that is, the total number of immigrants
less the annual number of emigrants, including both citizens and noncitizens. Data are five-year
estimates.
N: 183 N: 189 n: 1897 N : 34 T : 10
687
4.111.189 Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) (wdi_mobile)
Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service that
provide access to the PSTN using cellular technology. The indicator includes (and is split into) the
number of postpaid subscriptions, and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e. that have been
used during the last three months). The indicator applies to all mobile cellular subscriptions that
offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions
to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging and telemetry
services.
N: 193 N: 200 n: 8297 N : 136 T : 41
4.111.190 Mortality rate, adult, female (per 1,000 female adults) (wdi_mortf)
Adult mortality rate is the probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 60 – that is, the probability
of a 15-year-old dying before reaching age 60, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified
year between those ages.
N: 180 N: 193 n: 9326 N : 155 T : 48
4.111.191 Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortinf)
Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1,000 live
births in a given year.
N: 192 N: 199 n: 9420 N : 157 T : 47
4.111.192 Mortality rate, infant, female (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortinff)
Infant mortality rate, female is the number of female infants dying before reaching one year of age,
per 1,000 female live births in a given year.
688
N: 192 N: 199 n: 9420 N : 157 T : 47
4.111.193 Mortality rate, infant, male (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortinfm)
Infant mortality rate, male is the number of male infants dying before reaching one year of age, per
1,000 male live births in a given year.
N: 192 N: 199 n: 9420 N : 157 T : 47
4.111.194 Mortality rate, adult, male (per 1,000 male adults) (wdi_mortm)
Adult mortality rate is the probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 60–that is, the probability
of a 15-year-old dying before reaching age 60, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified
year between those ages.
N: 180 N: 193 n: 9326 N : 155 T : 48
4.111.195 Mortality rate, neonatal (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortnn)
Neonatal mortality rate is the number of neonates dying before reaching 28 days of age, per 1,000
live births in a given year.
N: 192 N: 198 n: 8484 N : 141 T : 43
4.111.196 Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortu5)
Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching
age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.
689
N: 192 N: 199 n: 9420 N : 157 T : 47
4.111.197 Mortality rate, under-5, female (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortu5f)
Under-five mortality rate, female is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn female baby will die
before reaching age five, if subject to female age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.
N: 192 N: 199 n: 9420 N : 157 T : 47
4.111.198 Mortality rate, under-5, male (per 1,000 live births) (wdi_mortu5m)
Under-five mortality rate, male is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn male baby will die before
reaching age five, if subject to male age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.
N: 192 N: 199 n: 9420 N : 157 T : 47
4.111.199 School enrollment, primary (% net) (wdi_nerp)
Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the
population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education provides children with basic
reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as
history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
N: 155 N: 191 n: 4191 N : 84 T : 22
4.111.200 School enrollment, primary, female (% net) (wdi_nerpf)
Net enrollment rate is the ratio of girls of official school age who are enrolled in school to the population
of the corresponding official school age. Primary education provides children with basic reading,
690
writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history,
geography, natural science, social science, art, and music. Female.
N: 110 N: 186 n: 3092 N : 62 T : 17
4.111.201 School enrollment, primary, male (% net) (wdi_nerpm)
Net enrollment rate is the ratio of boys of official school age who are enrolled in school to the
population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education provides children with basic
reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as
history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music. Male.
N: 110 N: 186 n: 3091 N : 62 T : 17
4.111.202 Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary (% of primary school children) (wdi_-
nerpr)
Adjusted net enrollment is the number of pupils of the school-age group for primary education,
enrolled either in primary or secondary education, expressed as a percentage of the total population
in that age group.
N: 155 N: 191 n: 4071 N : 81 T : 21
4.111.203 Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary female (% of primary school children)
(wdi_nerprf)
Adjusted net enrollment is the number of female pupils of the school-age group for primary education,
in that age group. Female.
N: 110 N: 186 n: 3025 N : 61 T : 16
691
4.111.204 Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary male (% of primary school children)
(wdi_nerprm)
Adjusted net enrollment is the number of male pupils of the school-age group for primary education,
in that age group. Male.
N: 110 N: 186 n: 3025 N : 61 T : 16
4.111.205 School enrollment, secondary (% net) (wdi_ners)
Net enrollment rate is the ratio of children of official school age who are enrolled in school to the
population of the corresponding official school age. Secondary education completes the provision
of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong
learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more
specialized teachers.
N: 143 N: 180 n: 2656 N : 53 T : 15
4.111.206 School enrollment, secondary, female (% net) (wdi_nersf)
Net enrollment rate is the ratio of girls of official school age who are enrolled in school to the popu-
lation of the corresponding official school age. Secondary education completes the provision of basic
education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning
and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized
teachers. Female.
N: 141 N: 179 n: 2517 N : 50 T : 14
4.111.207 School enrollment, secondary, male (% net) (wdi_nersm)
Net enrollment rate is the ratio of boys of official school age who are enrolled in school to the
population of the corresponding official school age. Secondary education completes the provision
of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong
learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more
specialized teachers. Male.
692
N: 141 N: 179 n: 2517 N : 50 T : 14
4.111.208 Oil rents (% of GDP) (wdi_oilrent)
Oil rents are the difference between the value of crude oil production at world prices and total costs
of production.
N: 182 N: 189 n: 7522 N : 150 T : 40
4.111.209 Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure) (wdi_ophexp)
Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure). Share of out-of-pocket payments of

total current health expenditures. Out-of-pocket payments are spending on health directly out-of-
pocket by households.
N: 188 N: 191 n: 3535 N : 186 T : 19
4.111.210 CPIA policy and institutions for envir. sustainability (1=low to 6=high)
(wdi_piesr)
Policy and institutions for environmental sustainability assess the extent to which environmental poli-
cies foster the protection and sustainable use of natural resources and the management of pollution.
N: 77 N: 87 n: 1204 N : 75 T : 14
4.111.211 Population, total (wdi_pop)
Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless
of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.
693
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10075 N : 165 T : 50
4.111.212 Population ages 0-14 (% of total population) (wdi_pop14)
Total population between the ages 0 to 14 as a percentage of the total population. Population is
based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or
citizenship.
N: 182 N: 190 n: 9600 N : 157 T : 51
4.111.213 Population ages 15-64 (% of total population) (wdi_pop1564)
Total population between the ages 15 to 64 as a percentage of the total population. Population is
citizenship.
N: 182 N: 190 n: 9600 N : 157 T : 51
4.111.214 Population ages 65 and above (% of total population) (wdi_pop65)
Population ages 65 and above as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on the de
facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.
N: 182 N: 190 n: 9600 N : 157 T : 51
4.111.215 Population living in areas where elevation below 5 mts (% of total pop.)
(wdi_popbelow)
Population below 5 mts is the percentage of the total population living in areas where the elevation
is 5 meters or less.
694
N: 162 n: 464 N : 22 T : 3
4.111.216 Population density (people per sq. km of land area) (wdi_popden)
Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population is
citizenship–except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally
considered part of the population of their country of origin. Land area is a country’s total area,
excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic
zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.
N: 193 N: 200 n: 9946 N : 166 T : 50
4.111.217 Population, female (% of total population) (wdi_popf)
Female population is the percentage of the population that is female. Population is based on the de
facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.
N: 182 N: 190 n: 9600 N : 157 T : 51
4.111.218 Population growth (annual %) (wdi_popgr)
Annual population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of midyear population from
year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage. Population is based on the de facto definition of population,
which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.
N: 192 N: 200 n: 9982 N : 166 T : 50
695
4.111.219 Rural population (% of total population) (wdi_poprul)
Rural population refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is
calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10078 N : 165 T : 50
4.111.220 Rural population growth (annual %) (wdi_poprulgr)
Rural population growth. Rural population refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national
statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.
N: 188 N: 197 n: 9796 N : 163 T : 50
4.111.221 Urban population (% of total population) (wdi_popurb)
Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. The
data are collected and smoothed by United Nations Population Division.
N: 192 N: 200 n: 10078 N : 165 T : 50
4.111.222 Urban population growth (annual %) (wdi_popurbagr)
Urban population growth. Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by
national statistical offices. It is calculated using World Bank population estimates and urban ratios
from the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects.
N: 192 N: 200 n: 9983 N : 166 T : 50
696
4.111.223 Poverty gap at USD 1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (%) (wdi_povgap190)
Poverty gap at 1.90 dollars a day (2011 PPP) is the mean shortfall in income or consumption from
the poverty line 1.90 dollars a day (counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall), expressed as a
percentage of the poverty line. This measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidence.
As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be
compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions. Note: five countries – Bangladesh, Cabo
Verde, Cambodia, Jordan, and Lao PDR – use the 2005 PPP conversion factors and corresponding
1.25 dollars a day and 2 dollars a day poverty lines. This is due to the large deviations in the rate
of change in PPP factors relative to the rate of change in domestic consumer price indexes. See Box
1.1 in the Global Monitoring Report 2015/2016 (http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-
monitoring-report) for a detailed explanation.
N: 113 N: 166 n: 1729 N : 33 T : 10
4.111.224 Poverty gap at USD 3.20 a day (2011 PPP) (%) (wdi_povgap320)
Poverty gap at 3.20 dollars a day (2011 PPP) is the mean shortfall in income or consumption from
the poverty line 3.20 dollars a day (counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall), expressed as a
percentage of the poverty line. This measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidence (%
of population).
N: 113 N: 166 n: 1729 N : 33 T : 10
4.111.225 Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) (wdi_powcon)
Electric power consumption measures the production of power plants and combined heat and power
plants less transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power
plants.

N: 143 n: 5603 N : 93 T : 39
4.111.226 Average precipitation in depth (mm per year) (wdi_precip)
Average precipitation is the long-term average in depth (over space and time) of annual precipitation
in the country. Precipitation is defined as any kind of water that falls from clouds as a liquid or a
697
solid.
N: 179 N: 184 n: 1864 N : 33 T : 10
4.111.227 CPIA property rights and rule-based governance rating (1=low to 6=high)
(wdi_prrbgr)
Property rights and rule-based governance assess the extent to which private economic activity is
facilitated by an effective legal system and rule-based governance structure in which property and
contract rights are reliably respected and enforced.
N: 77 N: 87 n: 1204 N : 75 T : 14
4.111.228 CPIA public sector management and institution cluster average (1=low to
6=high) (wdi_psm)
The public sector management and institutions cluster includes property rights and rule-based gov-
ernance, quality of budgetary and financial management, efficiency of revenue mobilization, quality
of public administration, and transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector.
N: 77 N: 87 n: 1204 N : 75 T : 14
4.111.229 Part time employment, total (% of total employment) (wdi_pte)
Part time employment, total (% of total employment). Part time employment refers to regular em-
ployment in which working time is substantially less than normal. Definitions of part time employment
differ by country.
N: 123 N: 148 n: 1666 N : 37 T : 11
698
4.111.230 Part time employment, female (% of total female employment) (wdi_ptef)
Part time employment, female (% of total female employment). Part time employment refers to
regular employment in which working time is substantially less than normal. Definitions of part time
employment differ by country.
N: 123 N: 148 n: 1665 N : 37 T : 11
4.111.231 Part time employment, male (% of total male employment) (wdi_ptem)
Part time employment, male (% of total male employment). Part time employment refers to reg-
ular employment in which working time is substantially less than normal. Definitions of part time
employment differ by country.
N: 123 N: 148 n: 1666 N : 37 T : 11
4.111.232 CPIA quality of public administration rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_-

qpubadm)
Quality of public administration assesses the extent to which civilian central government staff is
structured to design and implement government policy and deliver services effectively.
N: 77 N: 87 n: 1204 N : 75 T : 14
4.111.233 Refugee population by country or territory of asylum (wdi_refasy)
Refugees are people who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status
of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the
Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, people recognized as refugees in accordance with the
UNHCR statute, people granted refugee-like humanitarian status, and people provided temporary
protection. Asylum seekers–people who have applied for asylum or refugee status and who have not
yet received a decision or who are registered as asylum seekers–are excluded. Palestinian refugees are
people (and their descendants) whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 and
who lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. Country
of asylum is the country where an asylum claim was filed and granted.
699
N: 170 N: 181 n: 6369 N : 104 T : 35
4.111.234 Refugee population by country or territory of origin (wdi_refori)
Refugees are people who are recognized as refugees under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status
of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the
Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, people recognized as refugees in accordance with the
UNHCR statute, people granted refugee-like humanitarian status, and people provided temporary
protection. Asylum seekers–people who have applied for asylum or refugee status and who have not
yet received a decision or who are registered as asylum seekers–are excluded. Palestinian refugees are
people (and their descendants) whose residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948 and
who lost their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. Country
of origin generally refers to the nationality or country of citizenship of a claimant.
N: 185 N: 191 n: 5964 N : 99 T : 31
4.111.235 Self-employed, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_semp)
Self-employed workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a few
partners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a “self-employment jobs”. i.e. jobs
where the remuneration is directly dependent upon the profits derived from the goods and services
produced. Self-employed workers include four sub-categories of employers, own-account workers,
members of producers’ cooperatives, and contributing family workers. Modeled ILO estimate.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.236 Self-employed, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_-

sempf)
Self-employed female workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a
few partners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a “self-employment jobs”. i.e. jobs
700
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.237 Self-employed, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO) (wdi_sempm)
Self-employed male workers are those workers who, working on their own account or with one or a
few partners or in cooperative, hold the type of jobs defined as a “self-employment jobs”. i.e. jobs
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.238 Smoking prevalence, females (% of adults) (wdi_smokf)
Prevalence of smoking, female is the percentage of women ages 15 and over who smoke any form of
tobacco, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes or any other smoked tobacco products. Data include daily
and non-daily or occasional smoking.
N: 148 N: 148 n: 888 N : 74 T : 6
4.111.239 Smoking prevalence, males (% of adults) (wdi_smokm)
Prevalence of smoking, male is the percentage of men ages 15 and over who smoke any form of
tobacco, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes or any other smoked tobacco products. Data include daily
and non-daily or occasional smoking.
N: 148 N: 148 n: 888 N : 74 T : 6
701
4.111.240 CPIA social protection rating (1=low to 6=high) (wdi_spr)
Social protection and labor assess government policies in social protection and labor market regula-
tions that reduce the risk of becoming poor, assist those who are poor to better manage further risks,
and ensure a minimal level of welfare to all people.
N: 77 N: 85 n: 1196 N : 75 T : 14
4.111.241 Statistical Capacity score (Overall average) (wdi_statcap)
The Statistical Capacity Indicator provides an overview of the capacity of a country’s national sta-
tistical system based on a diagnostic framework thereby assessing three dimensions: Methodology,
Source Data, and Periodicity and Timeliness.
N: 148 N: 149 n: 2398 N : 141 T : 16
4.111.242 Methodology assessment of statistical capacity (0 - 100) (wdi_statcapmet)
The Methodology score measures a country’s ability to adhere to internationally recommended stan-
dards and methods.
N: 148 N: 149 n: 2398 N : 141 T : 16
4.111.243 Periodicity and timeliness assessment of statistical capacity (0-100) (wdi_-

statcaptime)
The Periodicity score measures the availability and periodicity of key socioeconomic indicators.
N: 148 N: 149 n: 2398 N : 141 T : 16
702
4.111.244 Services, value added (constant 2010 US dollar) (wdi_sva2010)
Services, value added (constant 2010 US dollar). Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99. They
include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and
government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real
estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical
discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. Value added
is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is
calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degra-
dation of natural resources. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3 or 4. Data are in constant 2010 U.S. dollars.
N: 170 N: 181 n: 6344 N : 104 T : 35
4.111.245 Services, value added (annual % growth) (wdi_svapg)
Services, value added (annual % growth). Annual growth rate for value added in services based on
constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars. Services correspond to
ISIC divisions 50-99. They include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and
restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as educa-
tion, health care, and real estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import
duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising
from rescaling. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting
intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets
or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The industrial origin of value added is determined
by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3 or 4.
N: 176 N: 184 n: 6314 N : 105 T : 34
4.111.246 Services, value added (% of GDP) (wdi_svapgdp)
Services, value added (% of GDP). Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99 and they include value
added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government,
financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services.
Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies
noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. Value added is the net
output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated
without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of
natural resources. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard
Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3 or 4.
703
N: 181 N: 187 n: 6960 N : 114 T : 37
4.111.247 CPIA transparency-accountability-corruption in public sector rating (1-6)

(wdi_tacpsr)
Transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector assess the extent to which the
executive can be held accountable for its use of funds and for the results of its actions by the electorate
and by the legislature and judiciary, and the extent to which public employees within the executive
are required to account for administrative decisions, use of resources, and results obtained. The three
main dimensions assessed here are the accountability of the executive to oversight institutions and of
public employees for their performance, access of civil society to information on public affairs, and
state capture by narrow vested interests.
N: 77 N: 87 n: 1204 N : 75 T : 14
4.111.248 Tax revenue (% of GDP) (wdi_taxrev)
Tax revenue refers to compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes. Certain
compulsory transfers such as fines, penalties, and most social security contributions are excluded.
Refunds and corrections of erroneously collected tax revenue are treated as negative revenue.
Note: The value for San Marino for 1995 was extremely high (44326) and has been recoded to
missing.
N: 140 N: 158 n: 3939 N : 80 T : 25
4.111.249 Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people) (wdi_tele)
Fixed telephone subscriptions refers to the sum of active number of analogue fixed telephone lines,
voice-over-IP (VoIP) subscriptions, fixed wireless local loop (WLL) subscriptions, ISDN voice-channel
equivalents and fixed public payphones.
704
N: 191 N: 200 n: 9313 N : 153 T : 47
4.111.250 Trade (% of GDP) (wdi_trade)
Trade is the sum of exports and imports of goods and services measured as a share of gross domestic
product.
N: 175 N: 187 n: 7935 N : 130 T : 42
4.111.251 Trade in services (% of GDP) (wdi_tradeserv)
Trade in services is the sum of service exports and imports divided by the value of GDP, all in current
U.S. dollars.
N: 176 N: 187 n: 6437 N : 106 T : 34
4.111.252 Unemployment with advanced education (% of total labor force) (wdi_-

unempedua)
The percentage of the labor force with an advanced level of education who are unemployed. Advanced
education comprises short-cycle tertiary education, a bachelor’s degree or equivalent education level,
a master’s degree or equivalent education level, or doctoral degree or equivalent education level
according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).
N: 131 N: 166 n: 1705 N : 55 T : 10
705
4.111.253 Unemployment with advanced education (% of female labor force) (wdi_-
unempeduaf)
according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011). Female.
N: 128 N: 162 n: 1676 N : 54 T : 10
4.111.254 Unemployment with advanced education (% of male labor force) (wdi_-

unempeduam)
according to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011). Male.
N: 127 N: 162 n: 1679 N : 54 T : 10
4.111.255 Unemployment with basic education (% of total labor force) (wdi_unempe-

dub)
The percentage of the labor force with a basic level of education who are unemployed. Basic education
comprises primary education or lower secondary education according to the International Standard
Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).
N: 130 N: 166 n: 1701 N : 55 T : 10
4.111.256 Unemployment with basic education (% of female labor force) (wdi_un-

empedubf)
Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011). Female.
706
N: 129 N: 164 n: 1690 N : 55 T : 10
4.111.257 Unemployment with basic education (% of male labor force) (wdi_unempe-

dubm)
Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011). Male.
N: 129 N: 164 n: 1693 N : 55 T : 10
4.111.258 Unemployment with intermediate education (% of total labor force) (wdi_-

unempedui)
The percentage of the labor force with an intermediate level of education who are unemployed.
Intermediate education comprises upper secondary or post-secondary non tertiary education according
to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011).
N: 131 N: 166 n: 1682 N : 54 T : 10
4.111.259 Unemployment with intermediate education (% of female labor force) (wdi_-

unempeduif)
to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011). Female.
N: 129 N: 163 n: 1663 N : 54 T : 10
707
4.111.260 Unemployment with intermediate education (% of male labor force) (wdi_-
unempeduim)
to the International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED 2011). Male.
N: 129 N: 164 n: 1666 N : 54 T : 10
4.111.261 Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) (modeled ILO) (wdi_-

unempfilo)
Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking
employment. Female.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.262 Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) (national est.) (wdi_-

unempfne)
employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country. Female.
N: 155 N: 188 n: 3734 N : 61 T : 20
4.111.263 Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO) (wdi_unem-

pilo)
employment. Total.
708
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5254 N : 175 T : 29
4.111.264 Unemployment, male (% of male labor force) (modeled ILO) (wdi_unemp-

milo)
employment. Male.
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.265 Unemployment, male (% of male labor force) (national est.) (wdi_un-

empmne)
employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country. Male.
N: 155 N: 187 n: 3735 N : 61 T : 20
4.111.266 Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national est.) (wdi_unempne)
employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country. Total.
N: 157 N: 188 n: 4083 N : 67 T : 22
4.111.267 Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force 15-24) (modeled ILO)
(wdi_unempyfilo)
Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for
and seeking employment.
709
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.268 Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force 15-24) (nation est.)
(wdi_unempyfne)
and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by country.
N: 151 N: 180 n: 2712 N : 44 T : 15
4.111.269 Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force 15-24) (modeled ILO)
(wdi_unempyilo)
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
4.111.270 Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force 15-24) (modeled ILO)
(wdi_unempymilo)
N: 178 N: 180 n: 5076 N : 175 T : 28
710
4.111.271 Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force 15-24) (national est.)
(wdi_unempymne)
N: 151 N: 180 n: 2713 N : 44 T : 15
4.111.272 Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force 15-24) (national est.)
(wdi_unempyne)
N: 151 N: 181 n: 2740 N : 45 T : 15
4.111.273 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) (wdi_wip)
Women in parliaments are the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber held
by women.
N: 193 N: 194 n: 4330 N : 180 T : 22
4.111.274 Women who were first married by age 15 (% of women ages 20-24) (wdi_-
wofm15)
Women who were first married by age 15 (% of women ages 20-24). Women who were first married
by age 15 refers to the percentage of women ages 20-24 who were first married by age 15.
N: 84 N: 128 n: 432 N : 12 T : 3
711
4.111.275 Women Business and the Law Index Score (scale 1-100) (wdi_wombuslawi)
Women Business and the Law Index Score (1-100) measures how laws and regulations affect women’s
economic opportunity. Overall scores are calculated by taking the average score of each of the eight
areas (Going Places, Starting a Job, Getting Paid, Getting Married, Having Children, Running a
Business, Managing Assets and Getting a Pension), with 100 representing the highest possible score.
N: 185 N: 190 n: 8536 N : 167 T : 45
712
4.112 World Economic Forum
World Economic Forum. (2019). The global competetiveness report 2019 [Commercial use
of data produced by the World Economic Forum is forbidden]. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/
WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf
http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2019/downloads/
Global Competitiveness Report 2019
The Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 assesses the competitiveness landscape of 140 economies,
measuring national competitiveness - defined as the set of institutions, policies and factors that
determine the level of productivity. The Report presents information and data that were compiled
and/or collected by the World Economic Forum organized into 12 pillars: Institutions, Infrastructure,
ICT adoption, Macroeconomic Stability, Health, Skills, Product Market, Labor Market, Financial
System, Market Size, Business Dynamism, and Innovation Capabilities.
4.112.1 Active labour market policies. 1-7 (best) (wef_alp)
Active labour policies. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent do Labour market policies help
unemployed people to reskill and find new employment (including skills matching, retraining, etc.)?
[1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion
Survey

N: 140
4.112.2 Strength of auditing and reporting standards. 1-7 (best) (wef_audit)
Strength of auditing and reporting standards. 1-7 (best). In your country, how strong are financial
auditing and reporting standards? [1 = extremely weak; 7 = extremely strong] Original sources:
World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 140
713
4.112.3 Burden of government regulation. 1-7 (best) (wef_bgr)
Burden of government regulation. 1-7 (best). In your country, how burdensome is it for companies
to comply with public administration’s requirements (e.g., permits, regulations, reporting)? [1 = ex-
tremely burdensome; 7 = not burdensome at all] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive
Opinion Survey

N: 140
4.112.4 Budget transparency. 0-100 (best) (wef_bt)
Budget transparency. 0-100 (best). This indicator assesses on a scale of 0 to 100 [most transparent]
the extent to which governments publish data related to budget and spending. Original sources: The
World Bank Group

N: 100
4.112.5 Credit gap. percentage points (wef_cg)
Credit gap. percentage points. Difference between the most recent domestic credit to private sector,
as a percentage of GDP, and its 20-year trend. Original sources: The World Bank Group; World
Economic Forum

N: 137
4.112.6 Innovation capability. 0-100 (best) (wef_ci)
Innovation capability. 0-100 (best). Original sources: World Economic Forum, Global Competitive-
ness Report 2018
N: 140 N: 140 n: 409 N : 136 T : 3
714
4.112.7 Incidence of corruption. 0-100 (best) (wef_cor)
Incidence of corruption. 0-100 (best). The Corruption Perceptions Index aggregates data from a
number of different sources that provide perceptions of business people and country experts of the
level on corruption in the public sector. The scale ranges from 0 [highly corrupt] to 100 [very clean].
Original sources: Transparency International

N: 140
4.112.8 Debt dynamics. 0-100 (best) (wef_ddyn)
Debt dynamics. 0-100 (best). Index measuring the change in public debt, weighted by a coun-
try’s credit rating and debt level in relation to its GDP. Original sources: World Economic Forum;
calculations based on data from International Monetary Fund and rating agencies

N: 140
4.112.9 Digital skills among active population. 1-7 (best) (wef_dsap)
Digital skills among active population. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent does the active
population possess sufficient digital skills (e.g., computer skills, basic coding, digital reading)? [1 =
not all; 7 = to a great extent] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 140
4.112.10 Efficiency of air transport services. 1-7 (best) (wef_eair)
Efficiency of air transport services. 1-7 (best). In your country, how efficient (i.e., frequency, punc-
tuality, speed, price) are air transport services? [1 = extremely inefficient-among the worst in the
world; 7 = extremely efficient-among the best in the world] Original sources: World Economic Forum,
Executive Opinion Survey
715
N: 140
4.112.11 Ease of finding skilled employees. 1-7 (best) (wef_efs)
Ease of finding skilled employees. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent can companies find
people with the skills required to fill their vacancies? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Original
sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 140
4.112.12 Electricity. 0-100 (best) (wef_elec)
Electricity. 0-100 (best). This indicator is calculated by the World Economic Forum by aggregating
two indicators that measure the electrification rate and electric power transmission and distribution
losses. For more information, write to gcp@weforum.org.
N: 140 N: 140 n: 409 N : 136 T : 3
4.112.13 Percentage of population with access to electricity % pop. (wef_elr)
Electricity access entails a household having initial access to sufficient electricity to power a basic
bundle of energy services-at a minimum, several lightbulbs, task lighting (such as a flashlight), phone.
Sources: International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2018 (https://www.iea.org/weo2018/);

The World Bank Group, Sustainable Energy for All database
(https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/sustainable-energy-all, accessed 21 March 2019); national
sources.

N: 123
716
4.112.14 E-Participation Index . 0-1 (best) (wef_epi)
E-Participation Index . 0-1 (best). This indicator assesses the use of online services to facilitate
the provision of information by governments to citizens (e-information sharing), interaction with
stakeholders (e-consultation), and engagement in decision-making processes. Original sources: United
Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)

N: 139
4.112.15 Efficiency of seaport services. 1-7 (best) (wef_eport)
Efficiency of seaport services. 1-7 (best). In your country, how efficient (i.e., frequency, punctuality,
speed, price) are seaport services (ferries, boats) (for landlocked countries: assess access to seaport
services) [1 = extremely inefficient-among the worst in the world; 7 = extremely efficient-among the
best in the world] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 138
4.112.16 Efficiency of train services. 1-7 (best) (wef_erail)
Efficiency of train services. 1-7 (best). In your country, how efficient (i.e., frequency, punctuality,
speed, price) are train transport services? [1 = extremely inefficient-among the worst in the world; 7 =
extremely efficient-among the best in the world] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive
Opinion Survey

N: 102
4.112.17 Fixed-broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop. (wef_fis)
Fixed-broadband Internet subscriptions. Fixed-broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 population

Original sources: International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
717
N: 140
4.112.18 Global Competitiveness Index 4.0. 0-100 (best) (wef_gci)
Global Competitiveness Index 4.0. 0-100 (best). The Global Competitiveness Index 4.0 assesses the
microeconomic and macroeconomic foundations of national competitiveness, which is defined as the
set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of a country. Original
sources: World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report 2018
N: 140 N: 140 n: 409 N : 136 T : 3
4.112.19 Gross domestic product (billions, PPP) (wef_gdpp2)
Gross domestic product (GDP) PPP dollar valued at purchasing power parity in billions of interna-
tional dollars (constant 2011 prices). Original sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF)

N: 137
4.112.20 Growth of innovative companies. 1-7 (best) (wef_gic)
Growth of innovative companies. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent do new companies
with innovative ideas grow rapidly? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Original sources: World
Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 140
718
4.112.21 Ease of hiring foreign labour. 1-7 (best) (wef_hfl)
Ease of hiring foreign labour. 1-7 (best). To what extent does labour regulation in your country limit
the ability to hire foreign labour? (1 = very much limits hiring foreign labour, 7 = does not limit
hiring foreign labour at all) Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 140
4.112.22 Hiring and firing practices. 1-7 (best) (wef_hfp)
Hiring and firing practices. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent do regulations allow flexible
hiring and firing of workers? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Original sources: World Economic
Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 140
4.112.23 Homicide rate. /100,000 pop. (wef_hom)
Homicide rate. /100,000 pop.. Number of homicide cases per 100,000 population Original sources:
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

N: 140
4.112.24 Inflation. Annual % change (wef_infl)
Inflation. Annual % change. Annual percent change in consumer price index (year average). Original
sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF)

N: 140
719
4.112.25 Intellectual property protection. 1-7 (best) (wef_ipr)
Intellectual property protection. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent is intellectual property
protected? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive
Opinion Survey

N: 140
4.112.26 Internet users. % pop. (wef_iu)
Percentage of individuals using the Internet. Original sources: International Telecommunications

Union (ITU)

N: 140
4.112.27 Judicial independence. 1-7 (best) (wef_ji)
Judicial independence. 1-7 (best). In your country, how independent is the judicial system from
influences of the government, individuals, or companies? [1 = not independent at all; 7 = entirely
independent] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 140
4.112.28 Cooperation in labour-employer relations. 1-7 (best) (wef_ler)
Cooperation in Labour-employer relations. 1-7 (best). In your country, how do you character-
ize Labour-employer relations? [1 = generally confrontational; 7 = generally cooperative] Original
sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 140
720
4.112.29 School life expectancy. Years (wef_lse)
School life expectancy. Years. Total number of years of schooling (primary through tertiary) that a
child can expect to receive, assuming that the probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any
particular future age is equal to the current enrollment ratio at that age. Original sources: United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

N: 123
4.112.30 Extent of market dominance. 1-7 (best) (wef_md)
Extent of market dominance. 1-7 (best). In your country, how do you characterize corporate activity?
[1 = dominated by a few business groups; 7 = spread among many firms] Original sources: World

N: 140
4.112.31 Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions/100 pop. (wef_mobile)
Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions. Number of mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100

population. Original sources: International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

N: 140
4.112.32 Organized crime. 1-7 (best) (wef_oc)
Organized crime. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent does organized crime (mafia-oriented
racketeering, extortion) impose costs on businesses? [1 = to a great extent-imposes huge costs; 7 =
not at all-imposes no costs] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey
721
N: 140
4.112.33 Prevalence of non-tariff barriers. 1-7 (best) (wef_pntb)
Prevalence of non-tariff barriers. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent do non-tariff barriers
(e.g., health and product standards, technical and labeling requirements, etc.) limit the ability of
imported goods to compete in the domestic market? [1 = strongly limit; 7 = do not limit at all]
Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 140
4.112.34 Pay and productivity. 1-7 (best) (wef_pp)
Pay and productivity. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent is pay related to employee produc-
tivity? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive
Opinion Survey

N: 140
4.112.35 Property rights. 1-7 (best) (wef_pr)
Property rights. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent are property rights, including financial
assets, protected? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Original sources: World Economic Forum,
Executive Opinion Survey
N: 140 N: 140 n: 409 N : 136 T : 3
722
4.112.36 Transport infrastructure. 0-100 (best) (wef_qoi)
Transport infrastructure. 0-100 (best). This indicator is calculated by the World Economic Forum
by aggregating eight indicators that measure roads, railroads, air transport and water transport
infrastructure. For more information, write to gcp@weforum.org. Original sources: World Economic
Forum, Global Competitiveness Report 2018
N: 140 N: 140 n: 409 N : 136 T : 3
4.112.37 Quality of road infrastructure. 1-7 (best) (wef_qroad)
Quality of roads. 1-7 (best). In your country, how is the quality (extensiveness and condition) of road
infrastructure [1 = extremely poor-among the worst in the world; 7 = extremly good-among the best
in the world]. Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 140
4.112.38 Quality of vocational training. 1-7 (best) (wef_qvt)
Quality of vocational training. 1-7 (best). In your country, how do you assess the quality of vocational
training? [1 = extremely poor-among the worst in the world; 7 = excellent-among the best in the
world] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 140
4.112.39 Reliability of police services. 1-7 (best) (wef_rps)
Reliability of police services. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent can police services be relied
upon to enforce law and order? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Original sources: World
723
N: 140
4.112.40 Skillset of secondary-education graduates. 1-7 (best) (wef_shg)
Skillset of secondary-education graduates. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent do graduating
students possess the skills needed by businesses at the following levels: Secondary education” [1 =
Not at all; 7 = To a great extent]. Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion
Survey

N: 140
4.112.41 Financing of SMEs. 1-7 (best) (wef_smec)
Financing of SMEs. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent can small- and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) access finance they need for their business operations through the financial sector?
[1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion
Survey

N: 140
4.112.42 Scientific publications. H Index (wef_sp)
Scientific publications. H Index. Score on an index measuring the number of publications and their
citations, expressed at the country level. Original sources: SCImago

N: 140
724
4.112.43 Skillset of university graduates. 1-7 (best) (wef_sug)
Skillset of university graduates. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent do graduating students
possess the skills needed by businesses at the following levels: b. University-level (1 = Not at all; 7
= To a great extent). Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 140
4.112.44 Terrorism incidence. 1 (very high) - 100 (no incidence) (wef_ti)
Terrorism incidence. 1 (very high) - 100 (no incidence). This custom-built index is the weighted
average of the number of terrorism-related casualties (injuries and fatalities) and the number of
terrorist attacks, discounted by time. Each component is normalized separately and then averaged.
Values range from 1 [highest incidence] to 100 [no incidence]. Original sources: National Consortium
for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START)

N: 140
4.112.45 University-industry collaboration in R&D (1-7) (wef_uic)
University-industry collaboration in R&D. 1-7 (best). In your country, to what extent do business
and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D)? [1 = do not collaborate at all; 7 =
collaborate extensively] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 137
4.112.46 Venture capital availability. 1-7 (best) (wef_vca)
Venture capital availability. 1-7 (best). In your country, how easy is it for start-up entrepreneurs
with innovative but risky projects to obtain equity funding? [1 = extremely difficult; 7 = extremely
easy] Original sources: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey
725
N: 140
4.112.47 Flexibility of wage determination. 1-7 (best) (wef_wbp)
Flexibility of wage determination. 1-7 (best). In your country, how are wages generally set? [1 = by
a centralized bargaining process; 7 = by each individual company] Original sources: World Economic
Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

N: 140
4.112.48 Water. 0-100 (best) (wef_wi)
Water infrastructure. 0-100 (best). Original sources: World Economic Forum, Global Competitive-
ness Report 2018
N: 140 N: 140 n: 409 N : 136 T : 3
4.112.49 Ratio of wage and salaried female workers to male workers (wef_wlf)
Ratio of wage and salaried female workers to male workers. Ratio. The ratio of the percentage of
women aged 15-64 participating in the labour force as wage and salaried workers to the percentage
of men aged 15-64 participating in the labour force as wage and salaried workers. Original sources:
International Labour Organization (ILO), World Economic Forum.

N: 139
726
4.112.50 Workers’ rights. 1-100 (best) (wef_wr)
Workers’ rights. 1-100 (best). This index is adapted from the ITUC Global Rights Index, which
measures the level of protection of internationally recognized core Labour standards including civil
rights, the right to bargain collectively, the right to strike, the right to associate freely, and access
to due process rights. It does not take into account any element of firing regulations. The scale
ranges from 1 [no protection] to 100 [high protection]. Original sources: International Trade Union
Confederation (ITUC), World Economic Forum

N: 123
727
4.113 Christian Welzel
Welzel, C. (2013). Freedom rising: Human empowerment and the quest for emancipation (1st ed.).
Cambridge University Press
http://www.cambridge.org/welzel
Data from Freedom Rising by Christian Welzel
The World Values Survey measures of secular values and emancipative values are theoretically ex-
plained and empirically tested for their cross-cultural reliability and validity in Freedom Rising , pp.
57-105. The backward estimates of emancipative values for decades before available survey data are
explained in Freedom Rising, pp. 157-161.
4.113.1 Citizen Rights (wel_citrig)
Meaning: Conditional index that measures the prevalence of citizen rights as the presence of respect
of political participation rights on the condition of the presence of respect of personal autonomy
rights, using multiplication to combine the two [CitRig = PAR * PPR].
Source: Welzel’s (2013: 254-263) “citizen rights index”, available annually for most countries in the
world from 1981 to 2010.
Scaling: Index scores range from 0 for the complete absence of citizen rights in law and practice to 1
for their full presence in law and practice, with proper fractions for intermediate positions.
Links: Data sources, rescaling procedures and replication data are meticulously documented in the
Online Appendix to Welzel’s (2013) Freedom Rising at www.cambridge.com/welzel (p. 72). Test
statistics documenting this index’s superior validity in comparison to alternative democracy measures
are reported in Welzel (2013: 267-271).
Note: the missing code (-99) has been recoded to missing (.).

N: 192 n: 4534 N : 151 T : 24
4.113.2 Control of Corruption (wel_coc)
Meaning: Factor scale from the World Bank’s “global governance indicators” measuring the degree
of corruption control in a country.
Source: Alexander and Welzel (2011); Alexander, Inglehart and Welzel (2012). Categorization is
available in annual measures for most countries of the world from 1996 to 2006.
Scaling: The factor scores are standardized into a range from minimum 0 (for the lowest ever observed
corruption control) to maximum 1.0 (for the highest ever observed corruption control), with fractions
for intermediate positions. Note: In the original data there exists two different observations for
Dominica, the value has been recoded to missing for this country.
728
N: 189 n: 2545 N : 150 T : 13
4.113.3 Culture Zone (wel_culture)
Meaning: Culture zone scheme, attributing each country to one of ten distinct culture zones created on
the basis of religious traditions, imperial/colonial legacies and ethno-linguistic composition. Source:
Classification invented and developed in Welzel, Freedom Rising (2013: 23-34), www.cambridge.org/welzel
(Online Appendix, p. 8-11).
Coding:
1. Reformed West (Western European societies strongly affected by the Reformation)

2. New West (overseas offshoots of Western Europe)
3. Old West (mostly Catholic parts of Western Europe being core parts of the Roman Empire)
4. Returned West (Catholic and Protestant parts of post-communist Europe returning to the EU)
5. Orthodox East (Christian Orthodox or Islamic parts of the post-communist world, mostly parts
of the former USSR)
6. Indic East (parts of South and South East Asia under the historic influence of Indian culture)
7. Islamic East (regions of the Islamic world that have been parts of the Arab/Caliphate, Persian
and Ottoman empires)
8. Sinic East (parts of East Asia under the historic influence of Chinese culture)
9. Latin America (Central and South America and the Caribbean)
10. Sub-Saharan Africa (African countries South of the Sahara).
Remarks: A cluster analysis asking to place countries into ten different clusters on the basis of
religious traditions, imperial legacies and ethno-linguistic composition variables produces a ninety
percent overlapping classification of countries.

N: 104 n: 286 N : 8 T : 3
4.113.4 Cool Water Index (wel_cwi)
Meaning: The indicator measures the prevalence of relatively cool temperatures in each season com-
bined with abundant fresh water resources throughout the year, on a country’s historically most
populated areas.
Source: Index construction based on geo-climate data from the Harvard Geography Project, as docu-
mented in the appendix to Welzel’s (2013) Freedom Rising, online at www.cambirdge.org/welzel, pp.
105-112.
Scaling: Scores range from 0 for the hottest and driest countries to 1 for countries combining highly
consistent precipitation with cold temperatures.
729
N: 103 n: 285 N : 8 T : 3
4.113.5 Democratic Rights (wel_dr)
Meaning: 14-point index measuring the prevalence of democratic rights based on Freedom House’s
“civil liberties” and “political rights” ratings.
Scaling: The two Freedom House scales are inverted, averaged and standardized into a range from
minimum 0 (no democratic rights) to 100 (maximum democratic rights), with percentages of the
maximum rights for intermediate positions. Note: In the original data there exists two different
observations for Dominica, the value has been recoded to missing for this country.

N: 190 n: 2621 N : 154 T : 14
4.113.6 Effective Democracy Index (wel_edi)
Meaning: Conditional multi-point index measuring the extent of effective democracy, understood as
the presence of democratic rights on the condition that honest governance puts them into real practice
[EDI = DemRig * HonGov].
Scaling: Scores are weighted percentages ranging from a theoretical minimum of 0 for the least
effective or absent democracy to 100 for the most effective democracy. Note: In the original data
there exists two different observations for Dominica, the value has been recoded to missing for this
country.

N: 190 n: 2558 N : 150 T : 13
4.113.7 Emancipative Values: Autonomy Component (wel_evau)
Meaning: 3-item index measuring a national culture’s emphasis on universal freedoms in the domain
of personal autonomy (independence, imagination and non-obedience as desired child qualities).
Source: Index invented and documented in Welzel, Freedom Rising (2013: 66-69), www.cambridge.org/welzel
(Online Appendix, p. 20-29), based on data from the World Values Surveys, all countries and time
points.
730
Scaling: Four-point scale, ranging from a theoretical minimum of 0 when the least secular position is
taken on all 3 items, to a maximum of 1.0 when the most secular position is taken on all 3 items. In-
termediate positions are given in fractions of 1.0. Country scores are population averages (arithmetic
mean) on the 0-1 index.

N: 104 n: 284 N : 8 T : 3
4.113.8 Emancipative Values: Choice Component (wel_evch)
of reproductive choices (acceptance of divorce, abortion, homosexuality). Source: Index invented and
documented in Welzel, Freedom Rising (2013: 66-69), www.cambridge.org/welzel (Online Appendix,
p. 20-29), based on data from the World Values Surveys, all countries and time points. Scaling:
Multi-point scale, ranging from a theoretical minimum of 0 when the least emancipative position is
taken on all 3 items, to a maximum of 1.0 when the most emancipative position is taken on all 3
items. Intermediate positions are given in fractions of 1.0. Country scores are population averages
(arithmetic mean) on the 0-1 index.

N: 104 n: 280 N : 8 T : 3
4.113.9 Emancipative Values Index (wel_evi)
Meaning: “Protective-vs.-Emancipative Values” - 12-item index measuring a national culture’s em-

phasis on universal freedoms in the domains of (1) reproductive choice (acceptance of divorce, abor-
tion, homosexuality), (2) gender equality (support of women’s equal access to education, jobs and
power), (3) people’s voice (priorities for freedom of speech and people’s say in national, local and
job affairs), and (4) personal autonomy (independence, imagination and non-obedience as desired
child qualities). Source: Index invented and documented in Welzel, Freedom Rising (2013: 66-69),
www.cambridge.org/welzel (Online Appendix, p. 20-29), based on data from the World Values Sur-
veys, all countries and time points.
Scaling: Continuous scale, ranging from a theoretical minimum of 0 when the least emancipative
position is taken on all 12 items, to a maximum of 1.0 when the most emancipative position is taken
on all 12 items. Intermediate positions are given in fractions of 1.0. Country scores are population
averages (arithmetic mean) on the 0-1 index.
Remarks: The EVI is a conceptual refinement of Inglehart and Welzel’s (2005) “Survival-vs.-Self-
expression Values”. Individual-level scores are normally distributed around the mean in each national
sample. In the context of Freedom Rising’s human empowerment framework, emancipative values
are interpreted as motivational empowerment.
731
N: 104 n: 281 N : 8 T : 3
4.113.10 Emancipative Values: Voice Component (wel_evvo)
of people’s voice (priorities for freedom of speech and people’s say in national and local affairs).
points.
Scaling: Multi-point scale, ranging from a theoretical minimum of 0 when the least emancipative
position is taken on all 3 items, to a maximum of 1.0 when the most emancipative position is taken
on all 3 items. Intermediate positions are given in fractions of 1.0. Country scores are population
averages (arithmetic mean) on the 0-1 index.
Remarks: This index partly overlaps with Inglehart’s (1977; 1997) measure of postmaterialist values.

N: 103 n: 282 N : 8 T : 3
4.113.11 Personal Autonomy Rights (wel_par)
Meaning: The indicator measures to what extent a country enacts personal autonomy rights by law
and respects them in practice.
Source: Welzel’s (2013: 254-263) “personal autonomy rights index” based on Freedom House’s “civil
liberties” as well as Cingranelli/Richards’ “integrity rights”. Freedom House civil liberties are inverted
and then standardized into a range from minimum 0 to maximum 1.0. CIRI integrity rights are also
standardized into a range from minimum 0 to maximum 1.0. Then the average of the two is taken
to measure personal autonomy rights. Measures exist on an annual basis from 1981 to 2010 for most
countries in the world.
Scaling: Index scores range from 0 for the completely absent or disrespected personal autonomy rights
to 1.0 for their full presence and respect, with proper fractions for intermediate positions.

N: 192 n: 4582 N : 153 T : 24
732
4.113.12 Political Participation Rights (wel_ppr)
Meaning: The indicator measures to what extent a country enacts political participation rights by
law and respects them in practice.
Source: Welzel’s (2013: 254-263) “political participation rights index” based on Freedom House’s
“political rights” as well as Cingranelli/Richards’ “empowerment rights”. Freedom House political
rights are inverted and then standardized into a range from minimum 0 to maximum 1.0. CIRI
empowerment rights are also standardized into a range from minimum 0 to maximum 1.0. Then the
average of the two is taken to measure political participation rights. Measures exist on an annual
basis from 1981 to 2010 for most countries in the world.
Scaling: Index scores range from 0 for completely absent or disrespected political participation rights
to 1.0 for their full presence and respect, with proper fractions for intermediate positions.

N: 192 n: 4570 N : 152 T : 24
4.113.13 Regime Type (wel_regtype)
Meaning: Regime types measure the 4-fold combination of personal autonomy rights and political
participation rights, resulting in four combinations.
Source: Welzel, Freedom Rising (2013: 257-258). Typology is available in annual measures for most
countries of the world from 1981 to 2010.
Scaling: 1 “Pure Autocracy”: both personal autonomy rights and political participation rights be-
low the scale midpoint (0.50); 2 “Inclusive Autocracy”: personal autonomy rights below the scale
midpoint, political participation rights above the scale midpoint; 3 “Liberal Autocracy”: personal
autonomy rights above the scale midpoint, political participation rights below; 4 “Minimal Democ-
racy”: both personal autonomy rights and political participation rights above the scale midpoint.
statistics documenting this index’s superior validity in comparison to alternative democracy mea-
sures are reported in Welzel (2013: 267-271).

N: 192 n: 4534 N : 151 T : 24
4.113.14 Rule of Law Index (wel_rli)
(Rule of Law + Control of Corruption) / 2
733
N: 189 n: 2557 N : 150 T : 14
4.113.15 Rule of Law (wel_rol)
Meaning: Factor scale from the World Bank’s “global governance indicators” measuring the degree
of law enforcement in a country.
Scaling: The factor scores are standardized into a range from minimum 0 (for the lowest ever observed
rule of law score) to maximum 1.0 (for the highest ever observed rule of law score), with fractions for
intermediate positions. Note: In the original data there exists two different observations for Dominica,
the value has been recoded to missing for this country.

N: 190 n: 2587 N : 152 T : 14
4.113.16 Scalezone on Citizen Rights (wel_scalezone)
Meaning: Categorical scale zones on the citizen rights index, distinguishing four categories from
more completely to less completely autocratic, and then from less completely to more completely
democratic.
Source: Welzel, Freedom Rising (2013: 255-256). Categorization is available in annual measures for
most countries of the world from 1981 to 2010.
Scaling: 1 “Complete Autocracy”: citizen rights score less equal 0.25; 2 “Incomplete Autocracy”:
citizen rights score above 0.25 and less equal 0.50; 3 “Incomplete Democracy”: citizen rights score
above 0.50 and less equal 0.75; 4 “Complete Democracy”: citizen rights score above 0.75.

N: 192 n: 4534 N : 151 T : 24
4.113.17 Social Movement Activity (wel_sma)
Meaning: 3-item index measuring to what extent three types of peaceful social movement activities
(petitions, demonstrations, boycotts) are part of a national culture’s action repertoire.
734
(Online Appendix, p. 66-70), based on data from the World Values Surveys.
Scaling: Multi-point index from a theoretical minimum 0 when none of the three activities is part of
the action repertoire to 1.0 when all three of them are. On each activity, non-execution is coded 0,
anticipated execution .33 and actual execution 1. Then for each individual the average over the three
activities is calculated. Country scores are population averages (arithmetic mean) on the 0-1 index.
Remarks: Individual-level scores are normally distributed around the mean in each national sam-
ple. In the context of Freedom Rising’s human empowerment framework, social movement activity is
interpreted as behavioural empowerment.

N: 100 n: 272 N : 8 T : 3
4.113.18 Secular Values: Defiance Component (wel_svde)
Meaning: 3-item index measuring a national culture’s distance to “sacred” sources of authority in the
domain of patrimonial authority (the nation, the state, the parents).
points.
Scaling: Multi-point scale, ranging from a theoretical minimum of 0 when the least secular position is

N: 104 n: 282 N : 8 T : 3
4.113.19 Secular Values: Disbelief Component (wel_svdi)
domain of religious authority (faith, commitment, practice).
points.
735
N: 103 n: 280 N : 8 T : 3
4.113.20 Secular Values Index (wel_svi)
Meaning: “Sacred-vs.-Secular Values” - 12-item index measuring a national culture’s secular distance
to “sacred” sources of authority, including (1) religious authority (faith, commitment, practice), (2)
patrimonial authority (the nation, the state, the parents), (3) order institutions (army, police, courts),
and (4) normative authority (anti-bribery, anti-cheating and anti-evasion norms).
points.
Scaling: Continuous scale, ranging from a theoretical minimum of 0 when the least secular position
is taken on all 12 items, to a maximum of 1.0 when the most secular position is taken on all 12
items. Intermediate positions are given in fractions of 1.0. Country scores are population averages
(arithmetic mean) on the 0-1 index.
Remarks: The SVI is a conceptual refinement of Inglehart and Welzel’s (2005) “Traditional-vs.-
Secular-rational Values”. Individual-level scores are normally distributed around the mean in each
national sample.

N: 103 n: 280 N : 8 T : 3
4.113.21 Secular Values: Relativism Component (wel_svre)
domain of normative authority (anti-bribery, anti-cheating and anti-evasion norms).
points.
Scaling: Multi-point scale, ranging from a theoretical minimum of 0 when the least secular position
is taken on all 3 items, to a maximum of 1.0 when the most secular position is taken on all 3 items.
Intermediate positions are given in fractions of 1.0. Country scores are population averages (arith-
metic mean) on the 0-1 index.
Note: The value for Slovenia in 2005 is considerably higher than the values for Slovenia in other
years.

N: 103 n: 279 N : 8 T : 3
736
4.113.22 Secular Values: Skepticism Component (wel_svsk)
domain of order institutions (army, police, courts).
points.

N: 102 n: 275 N : 8 T : 3
4.113.23 Political System Type (wel_sys)
Meaning: 4-fold system typology derived from cross-tabulating democratic rights and honest gover-
nance.
1. “Unbound Autocracy”: both democratic rights and honest governance below their scale mid-
points
2. “Bounded Autocracy”: democratic rights below, honest governance above the scale midpoint
3. “Ineffective Democracy”: democratic rights above, honest governance below the scale midpoint
4. “Effective Democracy”: both democratic rights and honest governance above the scale midpoint.
Note: In the original data there exists two different observations for Dominica, the value has been
recoded to missing for this country.

N: 189 n: 2569 N : 151 T : 14
4.113.24 Trust (Standard) (wel_trstd)
Meaning: Dummy coded standard trust question indicating to what extent people believe that they
can trust unspecified other people.
Source: World Values Surveys, all countries and time points from rounds 1 to 6.
Scaling: Dummy index standardized into 0 for non-trust and 1.0 for trust in unspecified others.
Country-level scores are the average of each national sample, thus transforming the individual-level
dummy codes into a continuous 0-to-1.0 scale.
737
N: 104 n: 286 N : 8 T : 3
738
4.114 Nyrup and Bramwell
Nyrup, J., & Bramwell, S. (2020). Who governs? a new global dataset on members of cabi-
nets. American Political Science Review, 114 (4), 1366–1374
https://politicscentre.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/whogov-dataset/
The WhoGov Dataset
The WhoGov dataset provides bibliographic information, such as gender and party affiliation, on
cabinet members in July of every year in the period 1966-2016 in all countries with a population
of more than 400,000 citizens. The dataset is highly flexible and can be used to calculate countless
variables of interest, including the number of female ministers, ministerial experience, cabinet turnover
and cabinet size at the country-year level. The data is based on cabinet compositions in July for all
years apart from 1966, where data was only available for September and 1970, where they are using
January instead of July. The original source also has disaggregated information at the individual
cabinet member level (with more than 50,000 entries) that may be of interest for our users and it
is available at https://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/our-research/research-centres/nuffield-politics-research-
centre/whogov/download-dataset/.
4.114.1 Number of years the leader in office continuously (wgov_leadexp)
The number of years the person has been leader of the country in a row, continuous. Thus, it starts
over if the leader is removed. The count starts at 1, when the leader first appear as leader in the
dataset. Therefore, the measure is imprecise for leaders, who came to power before 1966.
N: 171 N: 184 n: 8013 N : 138 T : 44
4.114.2 Number of cabinet ministers (wgov_min)
Number of cabinet ministers. This number only include cabinet ministers.
N: 171 N: 184 n: 8013 N : 138 T : 44
739
4.114.3 Average age of cabinet members (wgov_minage)
Average age of cabinet ministers.
N: 95 N: 110 n: 4172 N : 72 T : 38
4.114.4 Number of women among cabinet ministers (wgov_minfem)
The number of women among cabinet ministers.
N: 171 N: 184 n: 8013 N : 138 T : 44
4.114.5 Number of cabinet ministers with a military title (wgov_minmil)
The number of cabinet ministers with a military title. It should be noted that the authors have not
done any extra checks on this variable, and solely have relied on the information provided in the
”Chief of State And Cabinet Members Of Foreign Governments” directory. The information is based
on national customs. Thus, in some countries military titles are consistently used, while this is not
the case in other countries, and the authors therefore encourage researchers to be cautious when using
this variable.
N: 171 N: 184 n: 8013 N : 138 T : 44
4.114.6 Average tenure of cabinet members (wgov_minten)
The average tenure of cabinet ministers.
N: 171 N: 184 n: 7989 N : 138 T : 43
740
4.114.7 Adjusted retention rate of cabinet members (wgov_mret)
The share of cabinet ministers, who where in the list of cabinet ministers for the previous year.
This measure is adjusted for an expansion of number of cabinet members, so the number of cabinet
ministers stays constant and the retention rate is therefore not influenced by an expansion of the
cabinet.
N: 171 N: 184 n: 7989 N : 138 T : 43
4.114.8 Total number of government positions (inc. unoccupied and multiple positions
hel (wgov_tot)
Number of entries for the country in the dataset. This number includes unoccupied positions and
multiple positions held by the same persons.
N: 171 N: 184 n: 8013 N : 138 T : 44
4.114.9 Average age for all entries for the country in the dataset (wgov_totage)
Average age for people, based on all entries for the country in the dataset. This includes unoccupied
positions and multiple positions held by the same persons.
N: 98 N: 110 n: 4462 N : 77 T : 41
4.114.10 Number of women in the total number of entries for the country in the dataset
(wgov_totfem)
The number of women in the total number of entries for the country in the dataset. This includes
unoccupied positions and multiple positions held by the same persons.
N: 171 N: 184 n: 8013 N : 138 T : 44
741
4.114.11 Number of people with a military title, based on all entries for the country
in (wgov_totmil)
The number of people with a military title, based on all entries for the country in the dataset. It
should be noted that the authors have not done any extra checks on this variable, and solely have relied
on the information provided in the ”Chief of State And Cabinet Members Of Foreign Governments”
directory. The information is based on national customs. Thus, in some countries military titles are
consistently used, while this is not the case in other countries, and the authors therefore encourage
researchers to be cautious when using this variable.
N: 171 N: 184 n: 8013 N : 138 T : 44
4.114.12 Average tenure for all entries for the country in the dataset (wgov_totten)
The average tenure for people, based on all entries for the country in the dataset. This includes
unoccupied positions and multiple positions held by the same persons.
N: 171 N: 184 n: 8010 N : 138 T : 44
4.114.13 Adjusted retention rate for all entries for the country in the dataset (wgov_-
tret)
The share of people in total number of entries for the country, who were also listed in the previous
year. This measure is adjusted for an expansion of the size of total number of entries, so the number
of entries for the country stays constant and the retention rate is therefore not influenced by an
expansion of the total number of entries.
N: 171 N: 184 n: 7845 N : 138 T : 43
742
4.115 World Health Organization
World Health Organization. (2021). Global health observatory data repository [Accessed on
2021-11-29]. http://www.who.int/gho/en/
https://www.who.int/data/gho/
Global Health Observatory data repository
The GHO data repository is WHO’s gateway to health-related statistics for its 194 Member States.
It provides access to over 1000 indicators on priority health topics including mortality and burden of
diseases, the Millennium Development Goals (child nutrition, child health, maternal and reproductive
health, immunization, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected diseases, water and sanitation),
non communicable diseases and risk factors, epidemic-prone diseases, health systems, environmental
health, violence and injuries, equity among others.
4.115.1 Alcohol consumption per capita (in litres) (who_alcohol10)
Alcohol, recorded per capita (15+) consumption (in litres of pure alcohol).
N: 186 N: 195 n: 9320 N : 155 T : 48
4.115.2 Population using at least basic drinking water services (%), Rural (who_-
dwrur)
Population using at least basic drinking water services (%), Rural.
N: 63 N: 64 n: 1325 N : 63 T : 21
4.115.3 Population using at least basic drinking water services (%), Total (who_dwtot)
Population using at least basic drinking water services (%), Total.
743
N: 114 N: 115 n: 2375 N : 113 T : 21
4.115.4 Population using at least basic drinking water services (%), Urban (who_-
dwurb)
Population using at least basic drinking water services (%), Urban.
N: 81 N: 81 n: 1688 N : 80 T : 21
4.115.5 Healthy Life Expectancy, Female (Years) (who_halef)
Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years), Female.
N: 183 N: 184 n: 727 N : 36 T : 4
4.115.6 Healthy Life Expectancy, Male (Years) (who_halem)
Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years), Male.
N: 183 N: 184 n: 727 N : 36 T : 4
4.115.7 Healthy Life Expectancy, Total (Years) (who_halet)
Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years), Total.
744
N: 183 N: 184 n: 727 N : 36 T : 4
4.115.8 Homicide Rate, Female (who_homf)
Homicide Rate, Estimates of rates of homicides per 100 000 population, Female.
N: 183 N: 184 n: 3635 N : 182 T : 20
4.115.9 Homicide Rate, Male (who_homm)
Homicide Rate, Estimates of rates of homicides per 100 000 population, Male.
N: 183 N: 184 n: 3635 N : 182 T : 20
4.115.10 Homicide Rate, Total (who_homt)
Homicide Rate, Estimates of rates of homicides per 100 000 population, Total.
N: 183 N: 184 n: 3635 N : 182 T : 20
4.115.11 Infant mortality rate, Female (who_infmortf)
Infant mortality rate - Female (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1000 live births).
745
N: 192 N: 201 n: 9948 N : 142 T : 49
4.115.12 Infant mortality rate, Male (who_infmortm)
Infant mortality rate - Male (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1000 live births).
N: 192 N: 201 n: 9948 N : 142 T : 49
4.115.13 Infant mortality rate, Total (who_infmortt)
Infant mortality rate - Total (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1000 live births).
N: 192 N: 201 n: 9948 N : 142 T : 49
4.115.14 Life Expectancy, Female (Years) (who_lef)
Life Expectancy at birth in years, Female

Note: The data for Rwanda for the years 2000-2015 has been dropped due to having several values
for the same observations.
N: 182 N: 183 n: 723 N : 36 T : 4
4.115.15 Life Expectancy, Male (Years) (who_lem)
Life Expectancy at birth in years, Male

for the same observations.
746
N: 182 N: 183 n: 723 N : 36 T : 4
4.115.16 Life Expectancy, Total (Years) (who_let)
Life Expectancy at birth in years, Total

for the same observations..
N: 182 N: 183 n: 723 N : 36 T : 4
4.115.17 Maternal Mortality Rate (per 100 000 live births) (who_matmort)
Maternal Mortality Rate (per 100 000 live births).
N: 183 N: 184 n: 3269 N : 182 T : 18
4.115.18 Adult Mortality Rate (per 1000 population), Female (who_mrf)
Adult Mortality Rate (per 1000 population), Female.
N: 183 N: 184 n: 3086 N : 182 T : 17
4.115.19 Adult Mortality Rate (per 1000 population), Male (who_mrm)
Adult Mortality Rate (per 1000 population), Male.
747
N: 183 N: 184 n: 3086 N : 182 T : 17
4.115.20 Adult Mortality Rate (per 1000 population), Total (who_mrt)
Adult Mortality Rate (per 1000 population), Total.
N: 183 N: 184 n: 3086 N : 182 T : 17
4.115.21 Estimated road traffic death rate (100,000 population) (who_roadtrd)
Estimated road traffic death rate (per 100 000 population).
N: 183 N: 184 n: 3635 N : 182 T : 20
4.115.22 Rural population using basic sanitation services (%) (who_sanitrur)
Rural population using basic sanitation services (%).
N: 77 N: 77 n: 1600 N : 76 T : 21
4.115.23 Total population using basic sanitation services (%) (who_sanittot)
Total population using basic sanitation services (%).
748
N: 119 N: 119 n: 2467 N : 117 T : 21
4.115.24 Urban population using basic sanitation services (%) (who_saniturb)
Urban population using basic sanitation services (%).
N: 96 N: 96 n: 2001 N : 95 T : 21
4.115.25 Suicide Rate (per 100,000 population), Female (who_suif)
Age-standardized suicide rates (per 100,000 population), Female.
N: 183 N: 184 n: 3635 N : 182 T : 20
4.115.26 Suicide Rate (per 100,000 population), Male (who_suim)
Age-standardized suicide rates (per 100,000 population), Male.
N: 183 N: 184 n: 3635 N : 182 T : 20
4.115.27 Suicide Rate (per 100,000 population), Total (who_suit)
Age-standardized suicide rates (per 100,000 population), Total.
749
N: 183 N: 184 n: 3635 N : 182 T : 20
750
4.116 World Happiness Report
Helliwell, J., Layard, R., Sachs, J., & Neve, J. D. (2020). World happiness report 2020
https://worldhappiness.report/
World Happiness Index
The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey of the state of global happiness that ranks 156
countries by how happy their citizens perceive themselves to be.
4.116.1 National-level average scores for subjective well-being (whr_hap)
National-level average scores for subjective well-being, as measured by answers to the Cantril ladder
question asking people to evaluate the quality of their current lives on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0
represents the worst possible life for them, and 10 the best.
N: 153 N: 162 n: 1899 N : 119 T : 12
751
4.117 Geddes, Wright and Frantz
Geddes, B., Wright, J., & Frantz, E. (2014). Autocratic breakdown and regime transitions:
A new data set. Perspectives on Politics, 12 (2), 313–331
http://sites.psu.edu/dictators/
Autocratic Regime Data: All Political Regimes
Data to identify and analyze autocracy-to-autocracy transitions. Version 1.2. When the leader of
an autocratic regime loses power, one of three things happens. The incumbent leadership group is
replaced by democratically elected leaders. Someone from the incumbent leadership group replaces
him, and the regime persists. Or the incumbent leadership group loses control to a different group
that replaces it with a new autocracy. Much scholarship exists on the first kind of transition, but
little on transitions from one autocracy to another, though they make up about half of all regime
changes.
4.117.1 Non-Autocracy (wr_nonautocracy)
Variable on what substituted the autocracy. Classes are:
1. Democracy
2. Foreign-Occupied
3. Not-Independent
4. Provisional
5. Warlord
6. Warlord/Foreign-occupied

N: 114 n: 3341 N : 51 T : 29
4.117.2 Regime Type (wr_regtype)
Variable on regime type. Classes are:
1. Indirect military
2. Military
3. Military-Personal
4. Monarchy
5. Oligarchy
6. Party
7. Party-Military
752
8. Party-Military-Personal
9. Party-Personal
10. Personal

N: 123 n: 4554 N : 70 T : 37
753
4.118 World Values Survey / European Values Survey
Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano, J., Lagos,
M., Norris, P., Ponarin, E., & et al., B. P. (2021). World Values Survey Time-Series (1981-2020)
Cross-National Data-Set: Data File Version 2.0.0. https://doi.org/10.14281/18241.15
Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., J., D.-M., M. Lagos, P. N.,
Ponarin, E., & B. Puranen, e. a. (2020). World Values Survey: Round Seven Country-Pooled
Datafile. http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV7.jsp
EVS. (2021). EVS Trend File 1981-2017. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13736
EVS. (2020). European Values Study 2017: Integrated Dataset (EVS 2017). https : / / doi .
org/10.4232/1.13560
http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/
World Values Survey dataset and European Values Studies dataset
The World Values Survey is a global network of social scientists studying changing values and their
impact on social and political life, led by an international team of scholars, with the WVS association
and secretariat headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The European Values Study started in 1981
when a thousand citizens in the European Member States of that time were interviewed using stan-
dardized questionnaires. Every nine years, the survey is repeated in a variable number of countries.
The fourth wave in 2008 covers no less than 47 European countries/regions, from Iceland to Georgia
and from Portugal to Norway. EVS is cooperating with WVS for the data collection in Europe and
both datasets can be integrated.
The variables are country averages calculated using the population weight provided by WVS/EVS.
4.118.1 Autonomy Index (wvs_auton)
Autonomy Index
N: 49 N: 98 n: 266 N : 7 T : 3
4.118.2 Confidence: Armed Forces (wvs_confaf)
I am going to name a number of organizations. For each one, could you tell me how much confidence
you have in them: Armed Forces
754
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 75 N: 105 n: 396 N : 10 T : 4
4.118.3 Confidence: Churches (wvs_confch)
you have in them: Churches
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 78 N: 107 n: 405 N : 10 T : 4
4.118.4 Confidence: The Civil Services (wvs_confcs)
you have in them: The Civil Services
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 78 N: 105 n: 403 N : 10 T : 4
4.118.5 Confidence: Education System (wvs_confedu)
you have in them: Education System
755
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 34 N: 57 n: 156 N : 4 T : 3
4.118.6 Confidence: The Environmental Protection Movement (wvs_confenv)
you have in them: The Environmental Protection Movement
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 78 N: 106 n: 318 N : 12 T : 3
4.118.7 Confidence: The Government (wvs_confgov)
you have in them: The Government
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 77 N: 105 n: 321 N : 10 T : 3
4.118.8 Confidence: Health Care System (wvs_confhcs)
you have in them: Health Care System
756
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal

N: 34
4.118.9 Confidence: Justice System/Courts (wvs_confjs)
you have in them: Justice System/Courts
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 77 N: 104 n: 369 N : 9 T : 4
4.118.10 Confidence: Labour Unions (wvs_conflu)
you have in them: Labour Unions
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 78 N: 104 n: 401 N : 10 T : 4
4.118.11 Confidence: Parliament (wvs_confpar)
you have in them: Parliament
757
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 78 N: 106 n: 401 N : 10 T : 4
4.118.12 Confidence: The Police (wvs_confpol)
you have in them: The Police
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 77 N: 106 n: 401 N : 10 T : 4
4.118.13 Confidence: The Political Parties (wvs_confpp)
you have in them: The Political Parties
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 78 N: 103 n: 322 N : 10 T : 3
4.118.14 Confidence: The Press (wvs_confpr)
you have in them: The Press
758
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 78 N: 107 n: 405 N : 10 T : 4
4.118.15 Confidence: Social Security System (wvs_confsss)
you have in them: Social Security System
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 34 N: 56 n: 140 N : 4 T : 3
4.118.16 Confidence: Television (wvs_conftv)
you have in them: Television
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 49 N: 97 n: 252 N : 8 T : 3
4.118.17 Confidence: The United Nations (wvs_confun)
you have in them: The United Nations
759
1. None at all
2. Not very much
3. Quite a lot
4. A great deal
N: 77 N: 106 n: 348 N : 13 T : 3
4.118.18 Importance of democracy (wvs_demimp)
How important is it for you to live in a country that is governed democratically?
1. Not at all important

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Absolutely important

N: 78
4.118.19 Democraticness in own country (wvs_democ)
How democratically is this country being governed today?
1. Not at all democratic

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Completely democratic
760
N: 78
4.118.20 Willingness to fight for country (wvs_fight)
Of course, we all hope that there will not be another war, but if it were to come to that, would you
be willing to fight for your country?
0. No
1. Yes
N: 78 N: 107 n: 339 N : 8 T : 3
4.118.21 Believe in God (wvs_godbel)
Do you believe in God?
0. No
1. Yes
N: 76 N: 101 n: 333 N : 8 T : 3
4.118.22 How important is God in your life (wvs_godimp)
How important is God in your life?

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Very important
761
N: 77 N: 107 n: 401 N : 10 T : 4
4.118.23 Feeling of happiness (wvs_hap)
Taking all things together, would you say you are:
1. Not at all happy

2. Not very happy
3. Rather happy
4. Very happy
N: 78 N: 108 n: 409 N : 10 T : 4
4.118.24 Important in life: Politics (wvs_imppol)
For each of the following, indicate how important it is in your life. Would you say it is: Politics

2. Not very important
3. Rather important
4. Very important
N: 78 N: 107 n: 387 N : 12 T : 4
4.118.25 Important in life: Religion (wvs_imprel)
For each of the following, indicate how important it is in your life. Would you say it is: Religion

2. Not very important
3. Rather important
4. Very important
762
N: 78 N: 107 n: 387 N : 12 T : 4
4.118.26 Justifiable: someone accepting a bribe (wvs_jabribe)
Please tell me for each of the following actions whether you think it can always be justified, never be
justified, or something in between: Someone accepting a bribe in the course of their duties
1. Never justifiable
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Always justifiable
N: 78 N: 108 n: 408 N : 10 T : 4
4.118.27 Justifiable: cheating on taxes (wvs_jacot)
Please tell me for each of the following actions whether you think it can always be justified, never be
justified, or something in between: Cheating on taxes if you have a chance
1. Never justifiable
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Always justifiable
N: 78 N: 105 n: 401 N : 10 T : 4
763
4.118.28 Men make better political leaders than women do (wvs_menpol)
Men make better political leaders than women do
N: 78 N: 102 n: 280 N : 11 T : 3
4.118.29 Post-Materialist index 12-item (wvs_pmi12)
Post-Materialist index 12-item
N: 49 N: 104 n: 279 N : 9 T : 3
4.118.30 Post-Materialist index 4-item (wvs_pmi4)
Post-Materialist index 4-item
N: 78 N: 106 n: 407 N : 10 T : 4
4.118.31 Interest in politics (wvs_polint)
How interested would you say you are in politics?
1. Not at all interested

2. Not very interested
3. Somewhat interested
4. Very interested
N: 78 N: 108 n: 385 N : 10 T : 4
764
4.118.32 Political system: Having the army rule (wvs_psarmy)
I’m going to describe various types of political systems and ask what you think about each as a way
of governing this country: Having the army rule
1. Very bad
2. Fairly bad
3. Fairly good
4. Very good
N: 76 N: 104 n: 342 N : 13 T : 3
4.118.33 Political system: Having a democratic political system (wvs_psdem)
of governing this country: Having a democratic political system
1. Very bad
2. Fairly bad
3. Fairly good
4. Very good
N: 78 N: 104 n: 348 N : 13 T : 3
4.118.34 Political system: Having experts make decisions (wvs_psexp)
of governing this country: Having experts, not government, make decisions according to what they
think is best for the country
1. Very bad
2. Fairly bad
3. Fairly good
4. Very good
N: 78 N: 104 n: 347 N : 13 T : 3
765
4.118.35 Political system: Having a strong leader (wvs_pssl)
of governing this country: Having a strong leader who does not have to bother with parliament and
elections
1. Very bad
2. Fairly bad
3. Fairly good
4. Very good
N: 78 N: 104 n: 348 N : 13 T : 3
4.118.36 The only acceptable religion is my religion (wvs_relacc)
Please tell us if you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statements:
The only acceptable religion is my religion
1. Strongly disagree
2. Disagree
3. Agree
4. Strongly agree

N: 48
4.118.37 Whenever science and religion conflict, religion is always right (wvs_relsci)
Please tell us if you strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statements:
Whenever science and religion conflict, religion is always right
1. Strongly disagree
2. Disagree
3. Agree
4. Strongly agree

N: 49
766
4.118.38 Satisfaction with financial situation of household (wvs_satfin)
How satisfied are you with the financial situation of your household?
1. Completely dissatisfied
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Completely satisfied
N: 49 N: 105 n: 305 N : 8 T : 3
4.118.39 Satisfaction with your life (wvs_satlif)
All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?
1. Completely dissatisfied
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Completely satisfied
N: 78 N: 108 n: 409 N : 10 T : 4
4.118.40 We depend too much on science and not enough on faith (wvs_screl)
We depend too much on science and not enough on faith
1. Completely disagree
2.
3.
4.
5.
767
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Completely agree

N: 49
4.118.41 State of health (subjective) (wvs_subh)
All in all, how would you describe your state of health these days? Would you say it is:
1. Poor
2. Fair
3. Good
4. Very good
N: 78 N: 107 n: 375 N : 9 T : 4
4.118.42 Most people can be trusted (wvs_trust)
Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you need to be very careful
in dealing with people?
0. Need to be very careful

1. Most people can be trusted
N: 78 N: 108 n: 410 N : 10 T : 4
4.118.43 Work is a duty towards society (wvs_wduty)
Work is a duty towards society
768
N: 77
4.118.44 People who don’t work turn lazy (wvs_wlazy)
People who don’t work turn lazy

N: 77
769
The World Bank. (2021b). Worldwide bureacracy indicators version 2.0. https : / / www .
worldbank.org/en/topic/migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data
https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0038132
Worldwide Bureacracy Indicators
The Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators (WWBI) is a dataset on public sector employment and wages
that can help researchers and development practitioners gain a better understanding of the personnel
dimensions of state capability, the footprint of the public sector on the overall labor market, and the
fiscal implications of the government wage bill. The WWBI aim to fill the gap in information on
the personnel of the state by providing more objective measures drawing on administrative data and
household surveys, thereby complementing existing, expert perception-based approaches.
4.119.1 Female to male wage ratio in the private sector (using mean) (wwbi_fmwr-
prmean)
Female to male wage ratio in the private sector (using mean)
N: 52 N: 101 n: 727 N : 38 T : 7
4.119.2 Female to male wage ratio in the private sector (using median) (wwbi_fmwr-
prmedian)
Female to male wage ratio in the private sector (using median)
N: 51 N: 102 n: 725 N : 38 T : 7
4.119.3 Female to male wage ratio in the public sector (using mean) (wwbi_fmwr-
pumean)
Female to male wage ratio in the public sector (using mean)

770
N: 52 N: 105 n: 731 N : 38 T : 7
4.119.4 Female to male wage ratio in the public sector (using median) (wwbi_fmwr-
pumedian)
Female to male wage ratio in the public sector (using median)
N: 52 N: 106 n: 732 N : 39 T : 7
4.119.5 Females, as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_fsprpemp)
Females as a share of private paid employees
N: 57 N: 126 n: 824 N : 43 T : 7
4.119.6 Females, as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_fspuemp)
Females, as a share of public paid employees
N: 58 N: 128 n: 828 N : 44 T : 6
4.119.7 Mean age of private paid employees (wwbi_meanageprpe)
Mean age of private paid employees
771
N: 58 N: 130 n: 830 N : 44 T : 6
4.119.8 Mean age of public paid employees (wwbi_meanagepupe)
Mean age of public paid employees
N: 58 N: 128 n: 828 N : 44 T : 6
4.119.9 Median age of private paid employees (wwbi_medianageprpe)
Median age of private paid employees
N: 58 N: 128 n: 828 N : 44 T : 6
4.119.10 Median age of public paid employees (wwbi_medianagepupe)
Median age of public paid employees
N: 58 N: 128 n: 826 N : 43 T : 6
4.119.11 Pay compression ratio in private sector (90th/10th percentile earners) (wwbi_-
paycomppr)
Pay compression ratio in private sector (ratio of 90th/10th percentile earners)
772
N: 51 N: 99 n: 721 N : 38 T : 7
4.119.12 Pay compression ratio in public sector (90th/10th percentile earners) (wwbi_-
paycomppu)
Pay compression ratio in public sector (ratio of 90th/10th percentile earners)
N: 51 N: 101 n: 727 N : 38 T : 7
4.119.13 Share of private paid employees with health insurance (wwbi_prpemphi)
Share of private paid employees with health insurance
N: 59 N: 125 n: 836 N : 44 T : 7
4.119.14 Share of private paid employees with social security (wwbi_prpempss)
Share of private paid employees with social security
N: 54 N: 121 n: 715 N : 38 T : 6
4.119.15 Share of private paid employees with union membership (wwbi_prpempum)
Share of private paid employees with union membership
773
N: 59 N: 122 n: 871 N : 46 T : 7
4.119.16 Public sector employment as % of formal employment (wwbi_psefemp)
Public sector employment as a share of formal employment
N: 57 N: 93 n: 693 N : 36 T : 7
4.119.17 Public sector employment as % of total employment (wwbi_psemptot)
Public sector employment as a share of total employment
N: 61 N: 128 n: 878 N : 46 T : 7
4.119.18 Public sector employment as % of total employment by gender (Female)

(wwbi_psemptotf)
Public sector employment as a share of total employment by gender (Female)
N: 57 N: 127 n: 842 N : 44 T : 7
4.119.19 Public sector employment as % of total employment by gender (Male) (wwbi_-

psemptotm)
Public sector employment as a share of total employment by gender (Male)
774
N: 57 N: 126 n: 837 N : 44 T : 7
4.119.20 Public sector employment as % of total employment by location (Rural)

(wwbi_psemptotr)
Public sector employment as a share of total employment by location (Rural)
N: 54 N: 121 n: 784 N : 41 T : 6
4.119.21 Public sector employment as % of total employment by location (Urban)

(wwbi_psemptotu)
Public sector employment as a share of total employment by location (Urban)
N: 56 N: 124 n: 824 N : 43 T : 7
4.119.22 Public sector employment as % of paid employment (wwbi_psepemp)
Public sector employment as a share of paid employment
N: 62 N: 130 n: 870 N : 46 T : 7
4.119.23 Public sector employment as % of paid employment by gender (Female)

(wwbi_psepempf)
Public sector employment as a share of paid employment by gender (Female)
775
N: 57 N: 129 n: 834 N : 44 T : 6
4.119.24 Public sector employment as % of paid employment by gender (Male) (wwbi_-

psepempm)
Public sector employment as a share of paid employment by gender (Male)
N: 57 N: 127 n: 828 N : 44 T : 7
4.119.25 Public sector employment as % of paid employment by location (Rural)

(wwbi_psepempr)
Public sector employment as a share of paid employment by location (Rural)
N: 53 N: 120 n: 770 N : 41 T : 6
4.119.26 Public sector employment as % of paid employment by location (Urban)

(wwbi_psepempu)
Public sector employment as a share of paid employment by location (Urban)
N: 57 N: 125 n: 826 N : 43 T : 7
4.119.27 Share of public paid employees with health insurance (wwbi_pupemphi)
Share of public paid employees with health insurance
776
N: 52 N: 118 n: 767 N : 40 T : 7
4.119.28 Share of public paid employees with social security (wwbi_pupempss)
Share of public paid employees with social security
N: 51 N: 111 n: 671 N : 35 T : 6
4.119.29 Share of public paid employees with union membership (wwbi_pupempum)
Share of public paid employees with union membership
N: 57 N: 119 n: 838 N : 44 T : 7
4.119.30 Rural residents as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_rrespripemp)
Rural residents, as a share of private paid employees
N: 56 N: 122 n: 806 N : 42 T : 7
4.119.31 Rural residents as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_rrespubpemp)
Rural residents, as a share of public paid employees
777
N: 57 N: 124 n: 807 N : 42 T : 7
4.119.32 Individuals with no education as a share of private paid employees (wwbi_-

sprpempn)
Individuals with no education as a share of private paid employees
N: 58 N: 124 n: 811 N : 43 T : 7
4.119.33 Individuals with primary education as a share of private paid employees

(wwbi_sprpempp)
Individuals with primary education as a share of private paid employees
N: 58 N: 125 n: 814 N : 43 T : 7
4.119.34 Individuals with secondary education as a share of private paid employees

(wwbi_sprpemps)
Individuals with secondary education as a share of private paid employees
N: 57 N: 123 n: 796 N : 42 T : 6
4.119.35 Individuals with tertiary education as a share of private paid employees

(wwbi_sprpempt)
Individuals with tertiary education as a share of private paid employees
778
N: 57 N: 124 n: 803 N : 42 T : 6
4.119.36 Individuals with no education as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_-

spupempn)
Individuals with no education as a share of public paid employees
N: 55 N: 119 n: 802 N : 42 T : 7
4.119.37 Individuals with primary education as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_-
spupempp)
Individuals with primary education as a share of public paid employees
N: 58 N: 123 n: 816 N : 43 T : 7
4.119.38 Individuals with secondary education as a share of public paid employees

(wwbi_spupemps)
Individuals with secondary education as a share of public paid employees
N: 57 N: 123 n: 792 N : 42 T : 6
4.119.39 Individuals with tertiary education as a share of public paid employees (wwbi_-
spupempt)
Individuals with tertiary education as a share of public paid employees
779
N: 55 N: 119 n: 766 N : 40 T : 6
4.119.40 Share of total employees with tertiary edu. working in public sector (wwbi_-
tertiarypubsec)
Proportion of total employees with tertiary education working in public sector
N: 59 N: 125 n: 832 N : 44 T : 7
780
4.120 Sundström and Stockemer
Sundström, A., & Stockemer, D. (2020). Conceptualizing, measuring, and explaining youths’
relative absence in legislatures. PS: Political Science and Politics, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/
S1049096520000906
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/conceptualizing-measuring-
and-explaining-youths-relative-absence-in-legislatures/A50A3BC3EEB6983FABBCEF0CBEC69E76
Youth Representation Index
The Youth Representation Index assesses the magnitude of youths’ under-representation across coun-
tries using the last year of election available for 91 countries. Rather than calculating youths’ repre-
sentation by the percentage of Members of Parliament 35 or 40 years old and younger or legislatures’
median age, the authors argue that scholars should assess youths’ parliamentary presence relative to
their proportion of the voting-age population.
4.120.1 Year of election (yri_yoe)
Year of election

N: 91
4.120.2 Youth Representation Index (35 years or younger) (yri_yri35)
The YRI 35 is a measure in which the percentage of youth in parliament - MPs ages 18 to 35 years
- is divided by the proportion of youth (ages 18 to 35) within the eligible voting-age population and
then multiplying by 100. A higher score on this measure indicates a larger correspondence between
youth in the population and their presence in parliaments. A score of 100 suggest that the share of
young MPs is on par with the share of young people in voting-age youth in the population. A score
of zero indicates that not a single individual Member of Parliament (MP) is considered to be young.

N: 91
781
4.120.3 Youth Representation Index (40 years or younger) (yri_yri40)
The YRI 40 is a measure in which the percentage of youth in parliament - MPs ages 18 to 40 years
- is divided by the proportion of youth (ages 18 to 40) within the eligible voting-age population and
then multiplying by 100. A higher score on this measure indicates a larger correspondence between
youth in the population and their presence in parliaments. A score of 100 suggest that the share of
young MPs is on par with the share of young people in voting-age youth in the population. A score
of zero indicates that not a single individual Member of Parliament (MP) is considered to be young.

N: 90
782
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6 Appendix
QoG country QoG ccodealp Data Data Comment

name ccode from to
Afghanistan 4 AFG 1946 2021 Independence from the UK 1919
Albania 8 ALB 1946 2021 Independence recognized by the Great Powers 1913
Algeria 12 DZA 1963 2021 Independence from France 1962
Andorra 20 AND 1946 2021 Independence from the Crown of Aragon 1278
Angola 24 AGO 1976 2021 Independence from Portugal 1975
Antigua and Bar- 28 ATG 1982 2021 Independence from the UK 1981
buda
Argentina 32 ARG 1946 2021 Independence from Spain 1816
Armenia 51 ARM 1992 2021 Independence from the Soviet Union recognized 1991
Australia 36 AUS 1946 2021 Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942
Austria 40 AUT 1955 2021 The State Treaty signed in Vienna 1955
Azerbaijan 31 AZE 1992 2021 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Bahamas 44 BHS 1974 2021 Independence from the UK 1973
Bahrain 48 BHR 1972 2021 End of treaties with the UK 1971
Bangladesh 50 BGD 1971 2021 Independence from Pakistan 1971
Barbados 52 BRB 1967 2021 Independence from the UK 1966
Belarus 112 BLR 1992 2021 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Belgium 56 BEL 1946 2021 Independence from the Netherlands recognized 1839
Belize 84 BLZ 1982 2021 Independence from the UK 1981
Benin 204 BEN 1961 2021 Independence from France 1960
Bhutan 64 BTN 1946 2021 Monarchy established 1907
Bolivia 68 BOL 1946 2021 Independence from Spain recognized 1847
Bosnia and Herze- 70 BIH 1992 2021 Independence from Yugoslavia 1992
govina
Botswana 72 BWA 1967 2021 Independence from the UK 1966
Brazil 76 BRA 1946 2021 Independence from the UK of Portugal, Brazil & the Al-
garve 1825
Brunei 96 BRN 1984 2021 Independence from the UK 1984
Bulgaria 100 BGR 1946 2021 Independence from Ottoman Empire 1909
Burkina Faso 854 BFA 1961 2021 Independence from France 1960
Burundi 108 BDI 1963 2021 UN Trust Territory ceased to exist 1962
Cambodia 116 KHM 1954 2021 Independence from France 1953
Cameroon 120 CMR 1960 2021 Independence from France 1960
Canada 124 CAN 1946 2021 Statute of Westminster 1931
Cape Verde 132 CPV 1976 2021 Independence from Portugal 1975
Central African Re- 140 CAF 1961 2021 Independence from France 1960
public
Chad 148 TCD 1961 2021 Independence from France 1960
Chile 152 CHL 1946 2021 Independence from Spain recognized 1844
China 156 CHN 1946 2021 Unification of China under the Qin Dynasty 221 BC
Colombia 170 COL 1946 2021 Independence from Spain recognized 1819
Comoros 174 COM 1976 2021 Independence from France 1975
Congo, Democratic 180 COD 1960 2021 Independence from Belgium 1960
Republic
Congo, Republic of 178 COG 1961 2021 Independence from France 1960
789
name ccode from to
Costa Rica 188 CRI 1946 2021 Independence from United Provinces of Central America
1847
Cote d’Ivoire 384 CIV 1961 2021 Independence from France 1960
Croatia 191 HRV 1992 2021 Independence 1991
Cuba 192 CUB 1946 2021 Independence from the United States 1902
Cyprus (-1974) 993 CYP 1961 1974 Independence from the UK 1960
Cyprus (1975-) 196 CYP 1975 2021 Division of the island 1974
Czech Republic 203 CZE 1993 2021 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 1993
Czechoslovakia 200 CSK 1946 1992 Independence 1918, Liberation 1945
Denmark 208 DNK 1946 2021 Consolidaton 8th century
Djibouti 262 DJI 1977 2021 Independence from France 1977
Dominica 212 DMA 1979 2021 Independence from the UK 1978
Dominican Republic 214 DOM 1946 2021 Independence from Spain 1865
Ecuador 218 ECU 1946 2021 Independence from Gran Colombia 1830
Egypt 818 EGY 1946 2021 Indepencence from the UK 1922
El Salvador 222 SLV 1946 2021 Independence from the Greater Republic of Central Amer-
ica 1898
Equatorial Guinea 226 GNQ 1969 2021 Independence from Spain 1968
Eritrea 232 ERI 1993 2021 Independence from Ethiopia 1993
Estonia 233 EST 1992 2021 Independence restored 1991
Eswatini (formerly 748 SWZ 1969 2021 Independence from British mandate 1968
Swaziland)
Ethiopia (-1992) 230 ETH 1946 1992 Empire of Ethiopia 1137
Ethiopia (1993-) 231 ETH 1993 2021 Eritrean Independence 1993
Fiji 242 FJI 1971 2021 Independence from the UK 1970
Finland 246 FIN 1946 2021 Independence from Soviet Russia recognized 1918
France (-1962) 991 FRA 1946 1962 French Republic 1792
France (1963-) 250 FRA 1963 2021 Algeria Independence from France 1962
Gabon 266 GAB 1961 2021 Independence from France 1960
Gambia 270 GMB 1965 2021 Independence from the UK 1965
Georgia 268 GEO 1992 2021 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Germany 276 DEU 1991 2021 Reunification 1990
Germany, East 278 DDR 1950 1990 Established 1949
Germany, West 280 DEU 1949 1990 Established 1949
Ghana 288 GHA 1957 2021 Independence from the British Empire 1957
Greece 300 GRC 1946 2021 Independence from the Ottoman Empire recognized 1830
Grenada 308 GRD 1974 2021 Independence from the UK 1974
Guatemala 320 GTM 1946 2021 Independence from the First Mexican Empire 1823
Guinea 324 GIN 1959 2021 Independence from France 1958
Guinea-Bissau 624 GNB 1975 2021 Independence from Portugal recognized 1974
Guyana 328 GUY 1966 2021 Independence from the UK 1966
Haiti 332 HTI 1946 2021 Independence recognized 1825
Honduras 340 HND 1946 2021 Independence declared as Honduras 1838
Hungary 348 HUN 1946 2021 Secession from Austria-Hungary 1918
Iceland 352 ISL 1946 2021 Kingdom of Iceland 1918
India 356 IND 1948 2021 Independence from the UK (Dominion) 1947
Indonesia 360 IDN 1950 2021 Independence from the Netherlands recognized 1949
790
name ccode from to
Iran 364 IRN 1946 2021 Safavid Empire 1501

Iraq 368 IRQ 1946 2021 Independence from the UK 1932
Ireland 372 IRL 1946 2021 The Anglo-lrish Treaty 1921
Israel 376 ISR 1948 2021 Independence from Mandatory Palestine 1948
Italy 380 ITA 1946 2021 Unification 1861
Jamaica 388 JAM 1963 2021 Independence from the UK 1962
Japan 392 JPN 1946 2021 National Foundation Day 660 BC
Jordan 400 JOR 1946 2021 League of Nation mandate ended 1946
Kazakhstan 398 KAZ 1992 2021 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Kenya 404 KEN 1964 2021 Independence from the UK 1963
Kiribati 296 KIR 1980 2021 Independence from the UK 1979
Korea, North 408 PRK 1949 2021 Division of Korea 1948
Korea, South 410 KOR 1948 2021 Division of Korea 1948
Kuwait 414 KWT 1961 2021 Independence from the UK 1961
Kyrgyzstan 417 KGZ 1992 2021 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Laos 418 LAO 1954 2021 Independence from France 1953
Latvia 428 LVA 1992 2021 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Lebanon 422 LBN 1946 2021 Independence from France 1943
Lesotho 426 LSO 1967 2021 Independence from the UK 1966
Liberia 430 LBR 1946 2021 Independence from the American Colonization Society 1847
Libya 434 LBY 1952 2021 Released from British and French oversight 1951
Liechtenstein 438 LIE 1946 2021 Independence from German Confederation 1866
Lithuania 440 LTU 1992 2021 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Luxembourg 442 LUX 1946 2021 End of Personal Union 1890
Madagascar 450 MDG 1960 2021 Independence from France 1960
Malawi 454 MWI 1965 2021 Independence from the UK 1964
Malaysia (-1965) 992 MYS 1964 1965 Federation of Malaya, N Bomeo, Sarawak, Singapore 1963
Malaysia (1966-) 458 MYS 1966 2021 Singapore separation from Malaysia 1965
Maldives 462 MDV 1966 2021 Independence from the UK 1965
Mali 466 MLI 1961 2021 Independence from France 1960
Malta 470 MLT 1965 2021 Independence from the UK 1964
Marshall Islands 584 MHL 1987 2021 Independence from Compact of Free Associaton 1986
Mauritania 478 MRT 1961 2021 Independence from France 1960
Mauritius 480 MUS 1968 2021 Independence from the UK 1968
Mexico 484 MEX 1946 2021 Independence from Spain recognized 1821
Micronesia 583 FSM 1987 2021 Independence from Compact of Free Associaton 1986
Moldova 498 MDA 1992 2021 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Monaco 492 MCO 1946 2021 Franco-Monegasque Treaty 1861
Mongolia 496 MNG 1946 2021 Independence from the Qin Dynasty 1911
Montenegro 499 MNE 2006 2021 Independence from Serbia and Montenegro 2006
Morocco 504 MAR 1956 2021 Independence from France and Spain 1956
Mozambique 508 MOZ 1975 2021 Independence from the Portuguese Republic 1975
Myanmar 104 MMR 1948 2021 Independence from the UK 1948
Namibia 516 NAM 1990 2021 Independence from South Africa 1990
Nauru 520 NRU 1968 2021 Independence from UN Trusteeship 1968
Nepal 524 NPL 1946 2021 Kingdom declared 1768
791
name ccode from to
Netherlands 528 NLD 1946 2021 Independence from the Spanish Empire 1815
New Zealand 554 NZL 1948 2021 Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947
Nicaragua 558 NIC 1946 2021 Independence from the Federal Republic of Central America
1838
Niger 562 NER 1961 2021 Independence from France 1960
Nigeria 566 NGA 1961 2021 Independence from the UK 1960
Norway 578 NOR 1946 2021 Dissolution of union with Sweden 1905
North Macedonia 807 MKD 1993 2021 Independence from Yugolsavia recognized 1993
Oman 512 OMN 1946 2021 Imamate established 751
Pakistan (-1970) 997 PAK 1948 1970 Independence from the UK 1947
Pakistan (1971-) 586 PAK 1971 2021 Bangladesh independence from Pakistan 1971
Palau 585 PLW 1995 2021 Independence from Compact of Free Association with the
US 1994
Panama 591 PAN 1946 2021 Independence from Colombia 1903
Papua New Guinea 598 PNG 1976 2021 Independence from Australia 1975
Paraguay 600 PRY 1946 2021 Independence from Spain 1811
Peru 604 PER 1946 2021 Independence from Span recognized 1824
Philippines 608 PHL 1947 2021 Independence from the United States 1946
Poland 616 POL 1946 2021 Reconstitution of Poland 1918
Portugal 620 PRT 1946 2021 Independence from Kingdom of Leon recognized 1143
Qatar 634 QAT 1972 2021 Independence from the UK 1971
Romania 642 ROU 1946 2021 Independence from the Ottoman Empire 1878
Russia 643 RUS 1992 2021 Russian Federation 1991
Rwanda 646 RWA 1963 2021 Independence from Belgium 1962
Samoa 882 WSM 1962 2021 Independence from New Zealand 1962
San Marino 674 SMR 1946 2021 Independence from the Roman Empire 301
Sao Tome and 678 STP 1976 2021 Independence from Portugal 1975
Principe
Saudi Arabia 682 SAU 1946 2021 Kingdom founded 1932
Senegal 686 SEN 1961 2021 Withdrawal from the Mali Federation 1960
Serbia 688 SRB 2006 2021 Independent republic 2006
Serbia and Montene- 891 SCG 1992 2005 Established 1992, Dissolution 2006
gro
Seychelles 690 SYC 1976 2021 Independence from the UK 1976
Sierra Leone 694 SLE 1961 2021 Independence from the UK 1961
Singapore 702 SGP 1966 2021 Separation from Malaysia 1965
Slovakia 703 SVK 1993 2021 Independence from Czechoslovakia 1993
Slovenia 705 SVN 1991 2021 Independence from Yugoslavia 1991
Solomon Islands 90 SLB 1979 2021 Independence from the UK 1978
Somalia 706 SOM 1961 2021 Union, Independence and Constitution 1960
South Africa 710 ZAF 1946 2021 The Union of South Africa came into being 1910
South Sudan 728 SSD 2011 2021 Separation from Sudan in 2011
Spain 724 ESP 1946 2021 Nation State 1812
Sri Lanka 144 LKA 1948 2021 Independence from the UK(Dominion) 1948
St Kitts and Nevis 659 KNA 1984 2021 Independence from the UK 1983
St Lucia 662 LCA 1979 2021 Independence from the UK 1979
792
name ccode from to
St. Vincent & the 670 VCT 1980 2021 Independence from the UK 1979
Grenadines
Sudan (-2011) 736 SDN 1956 2011 Independence from the UK and Egypt 1956
Sudan (2012-) 729 SDN 2012 2021 South Sudanese independence 2011
Suriname 740 SUR 1976 2021 Independence from the Netherlands 1975
Sweden 752 SWE 1946 2021 Consolidation Middle Ages
Switzerland 756 CHE 1946 2021 Peace of Westphalia 1648
Syria 760 SYR 1946 2021 Independence from France 1946
Taiwan 158 TWN 1950 2021 Kuomintang retreat to Taiwan 1949
Tajikistan 762 TJK 1992 2021 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Tanzania 834 TZA 1964 2021 Merger (Tanganyika, Zanzibar and Pemba) 1964
Thailand 764 THA 1946 2021 Rattanakosin Kingdom 1782
Tibet 994 XTI 1946 1950 Independence from Qing Dynasty 1913
Timor-Leste 626 TLS 2002 2021 Independence from Indonesia 2002
Togo 768 TGO 1960 2021 Independence from France 1960
Tonga 776 TON 1970 2021 Independence from British protection 1970
Trinidad and Tobago 780 TTO 1963 2021 Independence from the UK 1962
Tunisia 788 TUN 1956 2021 Independence from France 1956
Turkey 792 TUR 1946 2021 Secession from the Ottoman Empire 1923
Turkmenistan 795 TKM 1992 2021 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Tuvalu 798 TUV 1979 2021 Independence from the UK 1978
Uganda 800 UGA 1963 2021 Independence from the UK 1962
Ukraine 804 UKR 1992 2021 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
United Arab Emi- 784 ARE 1972 2021 UK treaties ended 1971
rates
United Kingdom 826 GBR 1946 2021 Acts of Union 1707
United States 840 USA 1946 2021 Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain recog-
nized 1783
Uruguay 858 URY 1946 2021 Independence from the Empire of Brazil recognized 1828
USSR 810 SUN 1946 1991 Treaty of Creation 1922, Union dissolved 1991
Uzbekistan 860 UZB 1992 2021 Independence from the Soviet Union 1991
Vanuatu 548 VUT 1981 2021 Independence from France and the UK 1980
Venezuela 862 VEN 1946 2021 Independence from Gran Colombia recognized 1845
Vietnam 704 VNM 1977 2021 Reunification 1976
Vietnam, North 998 VNM 1955 1976 Geneva Accords. Partition of the County, 1954
Vietnam, South 999 VDR 1955 1976 Geneva Accords. Partition of the County, 1954
Yemen 887 YEM 1990 2021 Unification 1990
Yemen, North 886 YEM 1946 1989 Independence from the Ottoman Empire 1918
Yemen, South 720 YMD 1968 1989 Independence from the UK 1967
Yugoslavia 890 YUG 1946 1991 The union of the State of Slovenes, Croats, Serbs & Serbia
est 1918
Zambia 894 ZMB 1965 2021 Independence from the UK 1964
Zimbabwe 716 ZWE 1966 2021 The Unilateral Declarator of Independence (UDI) of Rhode-
sia 1965
793

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THE QOG STANDARD DATASET 2022

Teorell, Jan, Aksel Sundström, Sören Holmberg, Bo Rothstein, Natalia Alvarado

2 List of Variables by Categories 16

4 Description of Variables by Original Data Sources 71

1.1 The Quality of Government Institute

1.2 The QoG Data

1.4.1 Cross-Sectional (CS)

1.4.2 Time-Series (TS)

1.4.3 Country and Time Coverage

1.4.4 Note for Stata/IC Users

use list of variables using "C:\Link\to\ﬁle\ﬁlename.dta"

list of variables can be any of the following:

1.4.5 A brief note on the QoG Standard 2022 update

1.5.1 Quality of Government

1.5.2 Civil Society/Population/Culture

1.5.5 Energy and Infrastructure

1.5.7 Gender Equality

1.5.11 Labour Market

1.5.14 Political Parties and Elections

1.5.15 Political System

1.5.16 Public Economy

For this edition of the dataset, we had the following changes:

Adoption of ISO-standard country names and codes:

2.1 Quality of Government

Accountability sub-index (aii_acc) 73

Ethnic Fractionalization in the year 2000 (al_ethnic2000) 106

Member of an Alliance (atop_ally) 118

Average Schooling Years, Female (bl_asyf) 132

Threatened Species: Amphibians (bi_amphibians) 123

Average Schooling Years, Female (bl_asyf) 132

Comparative Abortion Index 1 (0 to 7) (cai_cai1) 162

Log Settler Mortality (ajr_settmort) 105

Accountability sub-index (aii_acc) 73

Limits on Child Work in Constitution (ccp_childwrk) 172

Freedom of Domestic Movement (ciri_dommov) 181

Practice: signiﬁcant public expenditure receives legislative approval yearly (aii_q31) 90

Private Property (bti_prp) 156

Religion Fractionalization in the year 2000 (al_religion2000) 107

Is the country communist / socialist (br_com) 140

3.0.1 ccode Country Code

3.0.2 ccode_qog Country Code QoG

The country code using the QoG standard.

3.0.3 ccodealp 3-letter Country Code

3.0.4 ccodealp_year 3-letter Country Code and Year

A three-letter country code and year.

3.0.5 ccodecow Country Code COW

Country code from the Correlates of War.

3.0.6 ccodewb Country Code ISO

Country code from the World Bank.

3.0.7 cname Country Name

The name of the country based in the ISO standard.

3.0.8 cname_qog Country Name QoG

The name of the country using the QoG standard.

3.0.9 cname_year Country Name and Year

Country name and year.

3.0.10 version Version of the Dataset

Version of the QoG dataset.

AidData. (2017). Aiddatacore_researchrelease_level1_v3.1 research releases dataset [Accessed

N: N/A Min. Year: N/A Max. Year: N/A