MTH101A (2016), Tentative Marking Scheme - End sem.

exam

1. (a) Let f (x, y, z) = xyz and S be x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6. Using Lagrange multipliers

method, find the maximum and minimum values of f on S. [7]
Solution:
Lag. Eqns.: yz = 2λx, xz = 2λy, xy = 2λz, x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6 [1]
√ √ √
Case I: λ = 0 ⇒ the candidates (± 6, 0, 0), (0, ± 6, 0), (0, 0, ± 6) [2]
Case II: λ ̸= 0 ⇒ 3xyz = 12λ [1]
√
Hence 2λx2 = 4λ which implies x = ± 2 [1]
√ √
Similarly y = ± 2 and z = ± 2.
√ √ √
The candidates are (± 2, ± 2, ± 2). [1]
√ √
The max value is 2 2 and min value is −2 2 [1]
(This one mark is not to be released if Case I is NOT considered)

(b) Evaluate the volume of the solid which is common to the cylinders x2 + y 2 = 4
and y 2 + z 2 = 4 using the method of double integrals. [5]
Solution:
√
∫2 ∫4−y √
2

V = 2 4 − y 2 dxdy [3]
−2
√
− 4−y 2

∫2
= 4(4 − y 2 )dy [1]
−2
= 128
3
[1]
(c) Let f : [ 12 , 32 ] → R be differentiable. Show that there exist c1 , c2 ∈ [ 12 , 32 ] such
that f ′ (c2 ) = c2 f ′ (c1 ). [5]
Solution:
f ( 32 )−f ( 12 ) f ′ (c1 )
By CMVT 3
− 12
= 1
, c1 ∈ [ 12 , 32 ] [2]
2
f ( 32 )−f ( 12 ) f ′ (c2 )
and ( 32 )2 −( 12 )2
= 2c2
, c2 ∈ [ 12 , 32 ] [2]
f ′ (c1 ) f ′ (c2 )
Therefore 2
= 2c2
[1]

2. (a) Let the surface S be part of 2x+3y −z = 0 which lies inside the region bounded
∫∫
by x = 1, x = 2, y = 0 and y = x. Evaluate S √ dσ 2 2
. [6]
x +y
Solution:
Let R be the projection of the given region and f (x, y) = 2x + 3y.
∫∫ dσ ∫∫ √1+fx2 +fy2 dxdy ∫∫ √14dxdy
Then √ = √ = √ [2]
x2 +y 2 x2 +y 2 x2 +y 2
S R R
∫ 2 sec
π/4 ∫ θ √14
= r
rdrdθ (See Figure 2(a)) [3]
√
0 sec θ
√
= 14 log(1 + 2) [1]
 (b) Let X0 , U ∈ R2 where ∥U ∥ = 1 and f : R2 → R be differentiable at X0 . Prove
that the directional derivative DX0 f (U ) of f at X0 in the direction U exists
and DX0 f (U ) = ∇f (x0 ) · U . [5]
Solution:
Since f is differentiable at X0 , f (X0 +H)−f (X0 )−∇f (X0 )·H
∥H∥
→ 0 as H → 0 [1]
For H = tU, t ∈ R, ∥U ∥ = 1 [1]
and t → 0, f (X0 +tU )−f (X0 )−∇f (X0 )·tU
|t|
→ 0. [1]
As t → 0, f (X0 +tU )−f (X0 )−∇f (X0 )·tU
t
→ 0. [1]
As t → 0, f (X0 +tU )−f (X0 )
t
→ ∇f (X0 ) · U. [1]
∑∞ ∑∞
(c) Let an ≥ 0 and n=1 (n an − 1)
3 2
converge. Verify whether n=1
an
√
n
converges.
[6]
Solution:
Observe that n3 a2n → 1 [2]
∑ 1
LCT with n2
: [1]
√ 3
an / n
1/n2
= n an → 1
2 [2]
The series converges. [1]

3. (a) Let the curve C be described by R(t) = ((sin 3t) cos t, (sin 3t) sin t), 0 ≤ t ≤ π3 .
H H
Sketch C. Evaluate C ydx + xdy and C −ydx + xdy where C is oriented
counterclockwise. [8]
Solution:
Note that C is r = sin 3θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π3 . [1]
For the curve (see Figure 3(a)). [1]
H H
Observe that C ydx + xdy = C ∇(xy) · dR = 0 by FTC of line integrals [2]
H
Observe that C −ydx + xdy = 2(Area enclosed by C). [2]
π
∫3
Area = 12 sin2 (3θ)dθ [1]
0
π
= 12
. [1]

(b) Let D be the region that lies below the surface x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4z and above z =
√ ∫∫∫ √
3(x2 + y 2 ). Using the spherical coordinates express D
x2 + y 2 + z 2 dV
as three iterated single integrals. [4]
Solution:
The sphere is ρ2 = 4ρ cos ϕ, i.e., ρ = 4 cos ϕ. [1]
√ √
The cone is ρ cos ϕ = 3r = 3ρ sin ϕ, i.e., ϕ = π6 . [1]
∫∫∫ √
π
∫2π ∫
6 ∫ ϕ
4 cos
Therefore D
x2 + y 2 + z 2 dV = ρρ2 sin ϕdρdϕdθ. [2]
0 0 0
 (c) Let (an ) be in (0, 1) and 4an (1 − an+1 ) > 1 for all n ≥ 1. Discuss the conver-
∑
gence/divergence of the series ∞ n=1 (an − 1).
2
[5]
Solution:
If an → a0 for some a0 , then 4a0 (1 − a0 ) ≥ 1. [2]
Since (2a0 − 1)2 ≤ 0, a0 = 21 . [2]
∑
Since a2n 9 1, (a2n − 1) does NOT converge. [1]

4. (a) Consider the arc (x − 2)2 + y 2 = 4, y ≥ 0. Using a theorem of Pappus, find

the surface area of the surface generated by revolving the arc about the line
y + 2x = 0. [6]
Solution:
Let the coordinate of the centroid of the arc be (2, y0 ). [1]
By Pappus theorem, 4π22 = 2πy0 2π [2]
Hence y0 = π4 . [1]
2×2+y
√
Distance of the line from the centroid is ρ = 1+22
0
[1]
By Pappus theorem, the required area is 2πρπ2. [1]

(b) Find the equation of the surface generated by the normals to the surface y +
2xz + xyz 2 = 0 at all points on the z-axis. [5]
Solution:
Normal is (2z + yz 2 , 1 + xz 2 , 2x + 2xyz). [1]
Normal at (0, 0, z0 ) is (2z0 , 1, 0). [1]
x y
If (x, y, z) lies on the surface then, 2z0
= 1
,z = z0 . [2]
The equation of the surfaces is x = 2zy. [1]
∫∞
(c) Let f : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) be such that f ′′ (x) > 0 for every x ≥ 0 and f (x)dx
∫n 0
converges. Show that 0 f (x)dx ≥ nf ( n2 ) and f ( n2 ) → 0. [6]
Solution:
By Taylor’s theorem, for x ∈ [0, n], f (x) ≥ f ( n2 ) + f ′ ( n2 )(x − n2 ). [2]
∫n
Hence f (x)dx ≥ nf ( n2 ) + f ′ ( n2 ) n2 − f ′ ( n2 ) n2 .
2 2
[2]
0
∫∞
Since f (x)dx converges, there exists M > 0 such that f ( n2 ) ≤ M
n
∀ n. [2]
0

5. (a) For p > 1, consider the curve C : |x|p + |y|p = 1. Evaluate

H
( −y + ex (sinx))dx + ( x2 +y
C x2 +y 2
x
2 + y(siny))dy where C is oriented counter-

clockwise. [6]
Solution:
H −y x
H
Given integral is C x2 +y 2
dx + x2 +y 2
dy + C
(ex (sinx))dx + (y(siny))dy. [1]
 H
By Green’s theorem, C
(ex (sinx))dx + (y(siny))dy = 0. [1]
Observe that ∂
( x )
∂x x2 +y 2
= ∂y∂
( x2−y
+y 2
). [1]
H −y x
H −y x
By Green’s theorem, C x2 +y 2
dx + x2 +y
= 2 dy +
Cr x2 +y 2
dx [2] x2 +y 2
dy,
where Cr is a circle of radius r and Cr lies inside the region enclosed by C.
∫2π
Hence the required value is −r sin td(r cos t)+r
r2
cos td(r sin t)
= 2π. [1]
0

(b) Consider the surface S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 8, −1 ≤ z ≤ 2. [10]

√
i. Find a vector field F such that curlF = (0, 0, 2 8).

ii. Find the unit (outward) normal to S.

H
iii. If C1 is x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 2 then evaluate | C1
F · dR|.
∫∫
iv. Evaluate S 2zdσ.
Solution:
√ √
(i) F (x, y, z) = (−y 8, x 8, 0). [1]
(ii) The normal n̂ = √1 (x, y, z). [1]
8
(iii) Parametrization of C1 is (2 cos θ, 2 sin θ, 2), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π [1]
∫2π √ √
The value of the line integral is −2 8 sin θd(2 cos θ)+2 8 cos θd(2 sin θ)
√ 0
= 8 8π [2]
∫∫ ∫∫
(iv) Observe that S 2zdσ = S curlF · n bdσ. [1]
∫∫ H H
By Stoke’s theorem, S curlF · n bdσ = ( − )F · dR. [2]
C C1
where C : x + y = 7, z = −1.
2 2
H √
F · dR = 14 8π. [1]
C
∫∫ √
Hence S 2zdσ = 6 8π [1]
−2 2
6. (a) Sketch the graph of f (x) = 3x x2 −1
after finding the intervals of decreas-
ing/increasing, intervals of concavity/convexity, points of local maximum and
asymptotes. [5]
Solution:
f (x) = 3 + 1
x2 −1
⇒ x = 1, x = −1 and y = 3 are the asymptotes. [1]
′ −2x
f (x) = (x2 −1)2
⇒ f is ↑ on (−∞, −1), (−1, 0) and ↓ on (0, 1), (1, ∞). [1]
2(3x2 +1)
f ′′ (x) = (x2 −1)3
⇒ convex on (−∞, −1), (1, ∞) and concave on (−1, 1) [1]
x = 0 is a point of local maximum. [1]
For the graph (see Figure 6(a)). [1]
(b) Consider the surfaces [11]

S1 = {(x, y, x + 100) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 19 } and

S2 = {(x, y, −100) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 19 }.

Let the surface S3 be the part of the cylinder

x2 + y 2 = 19 that lies between the surfaces S1 and S2 . Let D denote the region
enclosed by S1 , S2 and S3 . Let F (x, y, z) = ρ−3 (x, y, z) for (x, y, z) ̸= 0 where
√
ρ = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .

i. Find the unit normals to the surfaces S1 , S2 and S3 .

ii. Find DivF .

iii. Evaluate
∫∫ (z−x)dσ ∫∫ −zdσ
∫∫ 3(x2 +y 2 )dσ
√ + + .
( 2)ρ3 ρ3 ρ3
S1 S2 S3

Solution:
(i) Unit normal on S1 : nb1 = √1 (−1, 0, 1)
2
or (−nb1 ). [1]
Unit normal on S2 : nb2 = (0, 0, −1) or (−nb2 ). [1]
Unit normal on S3 : nb3 = (3x, 3y, 0) or (−nb3 ). [1]
∂
(ii) ∂x
(ρ) = xρ
3x2
∂ x
( ) = ρ13
∂x ρ3
− ρ5
[2]
3ρ2
divF = 3
ρ3
− ρ5
= 0
∫∫∫∫ ∫∫
(iii) The given integral I = F · nb1 dσ + F · nb2 dσ + F · nb3 dσ. [2]
S1
∫∫ S2 S3
By divergence theorem I = F · n bdσ [1]
S
where S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r2 , r < 1
3
b = 1r (x, y, z).
and n [1]
I = 4π. [2]