Switched Mode Power Conversion

Indian Institute of Science

Appendix Q
Sample Questions on SMPS 1 The most dominant characteristics of SMPC is A Discrete control B High bandwidth C High efficiency D High reliability The major power components in ideal SMPC are A R, L & C B R, L & Switches C R, C & Switches D L, C & Switches An example of an uncontrolled electronic switch is A Diode B Thyristor C MOSFET D IGBT An example of a semi-controlled electronic switch is A Diode B Thyristor C MOSFET D IGBT An example of a fully controlled electronic switch is A Diode B Thyristor C MOSFET D IGBT The most dominant static nonideality of a diode when used as switch is A Forward voltage drop B Reverse leakage current C Static resistance D Thermal resistance The most dominant dynamic nonideality of a diode when used as a switch is A Dynamic junction resistance B Forward recovery time C Dynamic thermal impedance D Reverse recovery time The temperature coefficient of the conduction drop of a silicon diode is A Zero B Positive C Negative Q1 V. Ramanarayanan

EE

The temperature coefficient of the voltage drop across a conducting MOSFET is A Zero B Positive C Negative The temperature coefficient of the voltage drop across a conducting IGBT (present generation) is A Zero B Positive C Negative Typical maximum junction temperature of a silicon power semiconductor device is A 75C - 100C B 100C - 125C C 125C - 150C D 150C - 175C The safe average power that a power device can dissipate is limited by A The voltage rating of the device B The current rating of the device C The thermal resistance of the device D The di/dt rating of the device A diode is rated for an average current of 50A for a flat topped pulsed current with a duty ratio 50%. When the duty ratio is 75%, the average current rating A is more than 50A B is less than 50A C is 50A D cannot be asserted A device operates with a junction temperature of 150C at an ambient of 60C. The junction to case and case to ambient thermal resistances are in the ratio of 1:2. What is the case temperature under this condition? A Two identical heatsinks A & B throw off same heat to the ambient. The heat source in A is a single device mounted centrally. The heat sources in B are two devices mounted symmetrically at the centre. Which of the heatsinks will be operating with a lower average temperature rise? A The most suitable power device for high frequency (>100 kHz) switching application is A Power MOS field effect transistor B Bipolar junction transistor C Schottky diode D Microwave transistor

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Switched Mode Power Conversion 17 A silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) is a A voltage controlled device B current controlled device C charge controlled device A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a A voltage controlled device B current controlled device C charge controlled device A field effect transistor (MOSFET) is A voltage controlled device B current controlled device C charge controlled device An integrated gate controlled thyristor (IGCT) is A voltage controlled device B current controlled device C charge controlled device An insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is A voltage controlled device B current controlled device C charge controlled device

Indian Institute of Science

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A field effect transistor with an antiparallel body diode A Blocks bi-directional voltage and passes unidirectional current B Blocks bi-directional voltage and passes bi-directional current C Blocks unidirectional voltage and passes unidirectional current D Blocks unidirectional voltage and passes bi-directional current The most dominant nonideality of an FET switch is A ON state resistance B Forward voltage drop C OFF state resistance D Leakage current A transistor with a common emitter current gain of can be used as a satisfactory ON switch when A B C D IB < Vcc/R IB > Vcc/R IB < Vcc/R IB > Vcc/R

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When a transistor is used as a switch in a circuit, the ON and OFF operating points are chosen respectively in A Hard saturation & cut-off regions B Soft saturation & cut-off regions C Active & hard saturated regions D Active & cut-off regions Q3 V. Ramanarayanan

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26

When a transistor is used at high switching frequency, the most dominant dynamic nonideality is A ON delay time B Rise time C Storage delay time D Fall time In order to minimise storage delay time in a transistor, the ON operating point is chosen in A Active region B Soft saturation region C Hard saturation region D Cut-off region According to the simplified switching model of a transistor, the switch off energy losses in the transistor take place during A Storage delay time B Fall time C Blocking time D Turn-off time Switching energy losses in a transistor switch are reduced by A Large heat sinks B Snubber circuits C Strong base drive D Low frequency of operation The most undesirable non-ideality in a turn-off snubber capacitor is A ESR B ESL C non-linearity D tan losses The most undesirable nonideality in a turn-on snubber inductor is A ESR B Low Q C inter-winding capacitance D saturation In a an RCD turn-off snubber operating at a switching frequency of Fs, the turn-off snubber loss is In an RLD turn-on snubber operating at a switching frequency of Fs, the turn-on snubber loss is The stored energy in an inductor is concentrated in its RELUCTANCE (Window, Core, Conductor, Reluctance) Q4

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Switched Mode Power Conversion 35 36

Indian Institute of Science

Inductors STORE energy and transformers TRANSMIT energy (step-up, step-down, dissipate, generate, consume, store, transmit) Two similar inductors are capable of storing energy in the ration of 1:10. Their linear dimensions are in the ratio of A 1:(10)1/4 B 1:(10)1/3 C 1:10 D 1:(10)1/2 The peak flux density of typical grain oriented silicon steel is A 1T B 0.2 T C 2T D 0.4 T The peak flux density of typical ferrite material is A 1T B 0.2 T C 2T D 0.4 T Primary Secondary Primary Secondary

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A two winding transformer is wound in two different ways as in Fig. 39. For identical electrical and magnetic circuit design (wire size, number of turns and magnetic core), which of the two designs will result in lower leakage flux? A

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Fig. 40

An inductor is wound in two different ways as in Fig. 40. For identical electrical and magnetic circuit design (inductance, current rating, and Areaproduct), which of the two designs will result in higher leakage inductance? A

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Q5

V. Ramanarayanan

41

Transformers with bifilar windings will have A Low interwinding capacitance, low leakage inductance & high insulation level between windings B High interwinding capacitance, low leakage inductance & low insulation level between windings C High interwinding capacitance, high leakage inductance & low insulation level between windings D Low interwinding capacitance, low leakage inductance & low insulation level between windings Low magnetising current is achieved in a transformer whose core has a A Low loss material B High permeability material C Low permeability material D Large area of cross-section |Z| dB 10 -60 dB Fig. 43
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The graph in Fig. 43 shows the impedance of a capacitor as a function of frequency. Determine the ESR and ESL of the capacitor. A The current overshoot during turn-on in a typical hard switched power semiconductor switch is on account of A parasitic inductance B parasitic capacitance C reverse recovery of free-wheeling diode D hard turn-on drive The voltage overshoot during turn-off in a typical hard switched power semiconductor switch is on account of A parasitic inductance B parasitic capacitance C reverse recovery of the free-wheeling diode D reverse current turn-off drive In which of the following dc to dc converters is the efficiency of conversion highest? A Low input voltage to low output voltage converter B Low input voltage to high output voltage converter C High input voltage to low output voltage converter D High input voltage to high output voltage converter Q6

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Switched Mode Power Conversion Indian Institute of Science 47 In which of the following dc to dc converters is the efficiency of conversion poorest? A Low input voltage to low output voltage converter B Low input voltage to high output voltage converter C High input voltage to low output voltage converter D High input voltage to high output voltage converter 48 49 In problems (46) and (47), how will you define "low" and "high"? A In ideal and nonideal dc to dc converters, how are the voltage conversion ratio (Vo/Vg), and current conversion ratio (Io/Ig) related to each other? A 50 Good switching converters operate at a switching frequency much higher than the circuit time constants of the converter. Two buck converters A and B operating at identical switching frequency and duty ratio were measured for their ripple voltage. In converter A, the output ripple reduced by a factor of 3 when the switching frequency was doubled. In converter B, the output ripple reduced by a factor of 2.5 when the switching frequency was doubled. Which of the two designs is closer to the ideal? A Now the operating frequency of the converters A & B of Problem (26) was changed to a new value. From this new operating frequency, a doubling of the switching frequency resulted in the output ripple to drop by a factor of 2 in both the converters. What is the source of the output ripple under this operating condition? A The output ripple voltage of a switching dc to dc converter was found to be independent of the switching frequency. What conclusion can draw about the circuit topology of the converter and the nonidealities present in the converter? A As a practical joke, a vendor has supplied inductors wound with insulated alloy wire (resistance four times that of copper). What test on the inductor will detect this fault? A The above inductors were not detected and got assembled into the converters. What test will you do on the converter to detect the faulty converters? A Converters operating under dcm, when compared to their ccm counterparts will have A B C D EE Higher gain (Vo/Vg) Lower gain (Vo/Vg) Higher or lower gain depending on operating duty ratio D Same gain Q7

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56

The current ripple (I/I) on the inductor current in case of dcm is A <1 B >1 C >2 D <2 Converters operating in dcm, when compared to their ccm counterparts will have A Smaller inductor, larger capacitor & larger devices B Smaller inductor, smaller capacitor & smaller devices C Larger inductor, smaller capacitor & larger devices D Smaller inductor, smaller capacitor & larger devices Irrespective of the type of converter used, the dcm operation will never occur if the conduction parameter K (= 2L/RTs) is A B C D < 0.5 >1 < 0.1 <2

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Irrespective of the type of converter used, the converter will always have some region of dcm operation, if the conduction parameter K (= 2L/RTs) is A B C D < 0.5 >1 < 0.1 <2

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The most dominant nonideality of the inductors in nonisolated converters is A Interwinding capacitance B Winding resistance C Leakage inductance D Iron losses The most dominant nonideality of transformers in isolated converters is A Interwinding capacitance B Winding resistance C Leakage inductance D Iron losses Converters operating in ccm A Do not need switch ON snubber B Do not need switch OFF snubber C Do not need snubbers D Do need snubbers Converters operating in dcm A Do not need switch ON snubber B Do not need switch OFF snubber C Do not need EMI suppression D Do need snubbers Q8

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Switched Mode Power Conversion 64 Converters operating in ccm A Require fast recovery diodes B Require schottky diodes C Require hard turn-on drive D Require snubbers Converters operating in dcm A Require fast recovery diodes B Require schottky diodes C Tolerate slow recovery diodes D Require hard turn-on drive

Indian Institute of Science

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An off-line dc to dc converter (230 V ac input) provides a 5V dc output. The output diodes have a voltage drop of 1V. The maximum efficiency obtainable is near about A 90% B 75% C 83% D 60% In the above converter, if the output diodes are changed to schottky diodes (0.4V drop), the maximum efficiency obtainable is near about A 95% B 92% C 85% D 80% Is it possible to operate a forward converter at a duty ratio of 75%? A Is the peak efficiency of a switched mode dc to dc converter a strong or a weak function of output power? A The model of a nonisolated buck dc to dc converter operating in ccm with one inductor, one capacitor and an input LC filter is A A first order system B A second order system C A third order system D A fourth order system When the nonidealities of the switches, leakage inductances and ESR of the capacitor are included in the above model, the order of the system is A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6

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Q9

V. Ramanarayanan

72

The forward converter with the transformer primary & secondary leakages, magnetising inductance and output LC filter is of order A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 The gain of a system at a frequency corresponding to a pole frequency of the system is A The gain of a system at a frequency corresponding to a zero frequency of the system is A Is it possible for a physical system to have number of zeros more than the number of poles? A When a first order system is approximated graphically by its asymptotic bode plots, what are the limits on maximum phase error and gain error? A What is the peak amplitude gain of the system G = 1/ [1 + s/10 + s2/25] A What is the ideal gain of a stable unity feedback system? A 36 dB |G| dB 10 Fig. 79
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The bode plots on Fig. 79 show the amplitude and phase gain of a system. Write down the bandwidth, and steady state accuracy of the system when it is made into a closed loop system with one half feedback. A The transient overshoot of a closed loop system was observed to be about 10%. The phase margin of the system may be inferred to be around A 30 B 40 C 50 D 60 Q10

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Switched Mode Power Conversion 81

Indian Institute of Science

The dc steady state error of a closed loop system is required to be less than 5%. The dc loopgain then has to be designed to be above A 0.95 B 19 C 20 D 50 A dc to dc converter is designed for a closed loop bandwidth of 1000Hz and adequate phase margin. The transient settling time is then about A 4 mSec B 0.6 mSec C 1 mSec D 0.25 mSec A dc to dc converter input has 5V ripple at 100Hz. If the ripple at the output is to be limited to 5mV at 100Hz, what is the required audio susceptibility of the converter? A If in the above converter, the openloop audio susceptibility of the converter is -30dB, what must be the loopgain at 100Hz to meet the specification in the above problem? A If in the above converter, the steady state error desired is < 2%, what will be the desired dc loopgain? A If in the above converter, the desired settling time is 0.3mSec, what is the desired loopgain bandwidth? A If in the above converter, the switching frequency is 100kHz, and the desired attenuation at switching frequency is 1/1000, what is the desired loopgain at 100kHz? A With the above results, fill the following specifications A T(0) B T(100) C c D Under closed loop operation of a converter, the tendency of the ESR of the output capacitor is to A Increase phase margin B Reduce phase margin C Increase gain margin D Reduce gain margin Q11 V. Ramanarayanan

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Converters operating under dcm, compared to their ccm counterparts are A Easier to stabilise under closed loop B Free from right half plane zeroes C More difficult to stabilise under closed loop D Free from EMI Current programmed control of switching converters is superior to duty ratio programmed control for the following reasons. A B C Subharmonic instability is inherent in current programmed control when the duty ratio A Approaches unity B Exceeds 0.5 C Falls below 0.5 D Approaches zero Ramp compensation is used in current programmed converters to A Achieve single pole response B Protect the devices C Prevent subharmonic instability D Extend the range of operation free from subharmonic instability Feedforward compensation of ramp amplitude in duty ratio converters result in A Performance insensitive to component variations B Performance insensitive to input (vg) variations C Guaranteed phase margin of 90 D Guaranteed stability When the switching frequency of a given dc to dc converter is increased, we expect the losses to increase and the efficiency to drop. Under such a case, which of the following statements are true? A The device temperature increases B The transformer winding temperature increases C The transformer core temperature increases D The capacitor temperature increases In practical converters even with T(0) = , the regulation claimed is around 1%. What is the most dominant source of nonideality limiting this claim? A Which of the following faults is most severe in an SMPS? A Excessive temperature rise of components B Lack of overload protection C Loss of feedback in control loop D Device short circuit

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Switched Mode Power Conversion 98

Indian Institute of Science

The input impedance of a closed loop dc to dc converter for dc is A inductive B capacitive C negative resistive D positive resistive A negative temperature coefficient thermistor is used in off-line SMPS in order to A Provide temperature compensation B Match line impedance to converter impedance C Limit capacitor charging current D Limit EMI

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100 In future digital ICs will be designed to operate from 1.3V dc supply. What is the most important consequence of this on SMPC design? A 101 Which of the following circuits will you use for a 50W SMPS? A Forward converter B Flyback converter C Half-bridge converter D Full-bridge converter 102 Which control method will you use for a push-pull converter? A Duty ratio control B Current programmed control C Sliding mode control D Multiple state control 103 In which of the following features do resonant SMPS compare favourably with PWM type SMPS A Device voltage ratings B Device current ratings C Constancy of operating frequency D Capability of operate at higher frequencies 104 An inverter drives a resonant LC circuit. If the operating frequency of the inverter is 1.5 times the resonant frequency, the inverter will see A A lagging power factor load B A leading power factor load C A unity power factor load D A zero power factor load 105 An inverter is driving a resonant LC circuit at a frequency greater than the resonant frequency. The switches in the inverter A Do not need any snubber B Need only turn-on snubber C Need only turn-off snubber D Need both turn-on and turn-off snubber

EE

Q13

V. Ramanarayanan

106 Resonant SMPS generate less interference compared to PWM SMPS because A They do not have snubbers B The transformer in the resonant SMPS has no leakage reactance C They use MOSFETs D The current and voltage waveforms are approximately sinusoidal 107 In a resonant SMPS it is preferable to place the resonant capacitor on the secondary side of the transformer because A Low voltage capacitors are easily available B The circuit will generate less interference C The transformer leakage inductance will be turned out D The resonant frequency will be higher 108 When the load on a resonant SMPS operating above resonance is increased, the regulator will A Increase the operating frequency B Decrease the operating frequency, keeping it above resonance C Keep the frequency constant D Decrease the operating frequency to a value below the resonant frequency 109 The output filter of a resonant SMPS is smaller than that of a PWM type operating at the same frequency because A The snubbers are smaller B The controller can be faster C The filter input waveforms are sinusoidal and not pulsed D The circuit operating frequency of the resonant SMPS is variable 110 When there is an output short circuit in a resonant SMPS A There is inherent current limiting B The inverter pulses should be shut off C The operating frequency should be made equal to the resonant frequency D The fault must be cleared by a circuit breaker 111 In a ZCS buck converter A The operating frequency is constant B The ON time of the switch is constant C The OFF time of the switch is constant D Both ON time and OFF time are varied 112 In a ZVS buck converter A The device voltage rating is greater than the dc bus voltage B The device current rating is greater than the load current C The device voltage rating is less than the dc bus voltage D The device current rating is less than the load current 113 The ZVS buck converters operate at higher frequencies than the ZCS version because A The switching device operates in constant ON-time mode B Parasitic circuit elements can be included in the circuit operation C The fall di/dt of current in the freewheeling diode is greater Q14

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Indian Institute of Science

D The ZVS buck converter can be made to operate with discontinuous load current 114 A series RLC circuit is excited by a step input voltage. If the circuit response is to be oscillatory (i.e. underdamped) A R should be infinite B R should be greater than L/C /2 C R should be less than L/C /2 D R should be less than C/L /2 115 In resonant transition PWM converters, the typical ratio of peak switch current peak load current is A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 116 The purpose of the series capacitor on the primary of the resonant transition converter is A impedance matching B dc blocking C resonant transition D energy recovery 117 The ZVS property of a resonant transition converter is predominantly A load dependent B load independent C source voltage dependent D source voltage independent 118 The purpose of the capacitor across the power switch in the resonant transition converter is for A impedance matching B dc blocking C low-loss turn-off D energy recovery 119 Input filter to an SMPS A reduces the source impedance B improves regulation C is a potential source of instability D makes EMI performance worse 120 Schottky diodes are useful in SMPS with A very low output voltage B very high input voltage C very high switching frequency D very low switching frequency EE Q15 V. Ramanarayanan

121 Synchronous rectifiers are employed in SMPS in order to A reduce switching noise B improve efficiency C obtain lossless switching D synchronise the switching frequency with the line frequency 122 Traditional off-line SMPS draw A sinusoidal input current B purely reactive input current C purely active input current D peaky input current 123 Modern off-line SMPS draw A sinusoidal input current B purely reactive input current C purely active input current D peaky input current 124 The best suited circuit topology for off-line UPF front-end converters is A Buck circuit B Boost circuit C Buck-Boost circuit D Cuk circuit 125 Single phase UPF front-end converter results in a dc link voltage which is A Smaller than the rms of the ac input voltage B Higher than the rms of the ac input voltage C Smaller that the peak of the ac input voltage D Higher than the peak of the ac input voltage 126 Single phase off-line UPF front-end converters feature A input current crest factor which is less than 1 B non-isolated dc link voltage C resonant switching transitions D discontinuous conduction mode of operation 127 UPF front-end converters (Single phase or three phase) are A ac voltage stiff and dc voltage stiff B ac voltage stiff and dc current stiff C ac current stiff and dc current stiff D ac current stiff and dc voltage stiff 128 The two types (not brands) of software to simulate power electronic circuits are A B 129 The most important criterion in the numerical simulation of dynamic systems as encountered in power electronic circuits is A Order of the system B Method of integration employed Q16

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Indian Institute of Science

C Step size chosen for numerical integration D Number system used for representation of variables in the system Ii Vi Fig. 130 130 Considering the system shown in Fig. 130, A Ii & Vi are inputs; Vo & Io are outputs B Ii & Vo are inputs and Vi & Vo are outputs C Io & Vi are inputs and Ii & Vo are outputs D Io & Vo are input and Ii & Vi are outputs 131 The E field strength of a 100 kW, 1 MHz radio station at 1 Km distance is A 132 Voltage induced in a 1 m long rod due to the electromagnetic wave of field strength 10 V/m at 1 MHz frequency is A 133 In free space E/H = 377 is true A At the antenna B Near the antenna but within /6 distance C Beyond /6 from antenna D After seven wave length distance from antenna 134 The induced voltage due to H = 1 A/m of 1 MHz frequency in 1 m2 loop is A 135 In a three wire 230V power line system the common mode noise current of the line is IL, of the neutral is IN and of the ground line is IG. If so A I N = IL + IG B IG = IL/2 + IN/2 C I G = IL + IN D I G = IL = IN E IG/2 = IL = IN 136 The conducted emission of the linear power supply is mostly due to A Input transformer B Input rectifier and filter section C Error amplifier D Ground loops 137 In a rectifier system with input capacitor filter the ripple across the capacitor is 5%. The conduction angle of the rectifier is approximately A 2o B 20o EE Q17 V. Ramanarayanan Io Vo

C 50o D 180o 138 If the 50 Hz AC mains current of an SMPS is 5A symmetrical triangular pulse of 2mS width, then the 100 kHz harmonic current component is A 139 The impedance of the LISN connected power system between the line and neutral is A 100 B 50 C 25 D 200 140 In SMPS the two main sources of differential mode conducted EMI are A B 141 In SMPS the two main sources of common mode conducted EMI are A B 142 In usual line filters the value of 'Y' capacitor is A 4700 pF B 100,000 pF C No limit D 5000 pF 143 The value of differential mode inductance of the line filter in comparison with the common mode inductance is normally A High B Low C Equal 144 To increase the susceptibility level of the SMPS for the line conducted noise A Increase the leakage inductance between the primary and secondary of the main transformer B Decrease the leakage inductance between the primary and C Secondary of the main transformer D Increase the capacitance between the primary and secondary 145 In EMI receiver the output detector stage is normally a A Peak detector B Quasi peak detector C Average value detector D RMS value detector 146 In line filter to get high attenuation at high frequencies A Reduce the winding capacitance of the inductor B Increase the winding capacitance of the inductor Q18

Switched Mode Power Conversion

Indian Institute of Science

C The mutual inductance between inductance must be unity D Increase the capacitance between the two inductors 147 To reduce the low frequency radiated EMI from SMPS A Couple all the power carrying wires with their return lines B Cover the SMPS with metallic sheets C Reduce the switching frequency 148 The allowed conducted EMI of the equipment at 1 MHz as per VDE specification is A 60 dB V B 120 dB V C 30 dB V D 60 dB V 149 The four main tests that are to be conducted normally to any equipment under EMI are A _____________ B _____________ C _____________ D _____________ 150 Electrostatic pick up depends upon A The impedance level of the line that carries the interfering voltage B Depends upon frequency alone and not the impedance level of the line carrying the interfering voltage C Depends only upon the capacitance between the line and the affected system D Depends upon the impedance level of the affected system

EE

Q19

V. Ramanarayanan