Contents

1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of java
3. Java and C
4. Java and C++
5. Object Oriented Principles
6. Classes and Objects
7. Declaring class members
8. Java Architecture
9. Garbage Collection in JVM
10.Java Bytecode
11.JVM
12.Packages
12.1 API
12.2 User-Defined Packages
13. J2ME or JAVA ME
14. J2EE or JAVA EE
 Introduction

Java is a high-level, 3 rd generation computer programming language that is

concurrent, object-oriented, class based and portable across platforms. It is developed by
Sun Microsystems. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere"
(WORA), meaning that code that runs on one platform does not need to be recompiled to
run on another. The creator of Java is James Gosling, chief programmer of Sun
Microsystems. Java is most similar to C. The most special thing about Java in relation to
other programming languages is that it lets you write special programs called applets that
can be downloaded from the Internet and played safely within a web browser.
Java is used to write computer applications that play games, store data or do any
of the thousands of other things computer software can do. It is also used to implement
the web sites and web pages. Java is used to develop stand-alone and Internet –based
applications. The main region to use java is that it is more secure. Java software works
everywhere, from the smallest devices, such as microwave ovens and remote controls to
supercomputers.

Characteristics of Java:

1) Platform Independent

Java is a platform for application development. A platform is a loosely defined computer

industry buzzword that typically means some combination of hardware and system
software that will mostly run all the same software.

Java byte code is exactly the same on every platform.. Java programs that have been
compiled into byte code still need an interpreter to execute them on any given platform.
The interpreter reads the byte code and translates it into the native language of the host
machine on the fly. Since the byte code is completely platform independent, only the
interpreter and a few native libraries need to be ported to get Java to run on a new
computer or operating system.

All these pieces, the javac compiler, the java interpreter, the Java programming language,
and more are collectively referred to as Java.

2) Object oriented

In object-oriented programs data is represented by objects. Objects have two sections,

fields (instance variables) and methods. Fields tell you what an object is. Methods tell
you what an object does. These fields and methods are closely tied to the object's real
world characteristics and behavior. When a program is run messages are passed back and
forth between objects. When an object receives a message it responds accordingly as
defined by its methods.

3) Robust

Java implements a robust exception handling mechanism to deal with both expected and
unexpected errors. The worst that an applet can do to a host system is bringing down the
runtime environment. It cannot bring down the entire system.

Most importantly Java applets can be executed in an environment that prohibits them
from introducing viruses, deleting or modifying files, or otherwise destroying data and
crashing the host computer. A Java enabled web browser checks the byte codes of an
applet to verify that it doesn't do anything nasty before it will run the applet.

4) Multithreaded

Java is inherently multi-threaded. A single Java program can have many different threads
executing independently and continuously. Three Java applets on the same page can run
together with each getting equal time from the CPU with very little extra effort on the
part of the programmer.

5) High performance
Java byte codes can be compiled on the fly to code that rivals C++ in speed using a "just-
in-time compiler." Several companies are also working on native-machine-architecture
compilers for Java. These will produce executable code that does not require a separate
interpreter, and that is indistinguishable in speed from C++.

6) Dynamic

Java programs carry with them substantial amounts of run-time type information that is
used to verify and resolve accesses to objects at run-time. This makes it possible to
dynamically link code in a safe and expedite manner. The java programming language is
unusual than other programming languages it first compiles and then interprets the
program. Compile first translate the program into intermediate language called
intermediate language called java byte code. Java byte code is platform independent
code, which is further interpreted by the interpreter on the java platform. Interpreter
parses and run each java byte code instruction on the computer. Compilation occurs only
once, interpretation occurs each time when the program is executed.

Fig 1.1

Java byte code helps in making the program “write once, run anywhere”. The program
can be compiled into byte code by any platform that is having the java compiler; the
compiled java byte code program is ready to run on any machine having the java virtual
machine (JVM). JVM is an interpreter for byte code.

Need of Java
The main motive for developing java was to meet the need of portable and platform
independent language that could be used to produce code that would run on a variety of
systems.

Java and C

 Java does not include keywords like goto , sizeof and typedef.
 Java does not contain data types like struct, union and enum.
 Java does not define the type modifiers keywords like auto, register, signed.
 Java does not support an explicit pointer type.
 Java does not have preprocessor.
 Java does not support variables arguments to functions.
 Java adds many features required for Object-Oriented Programming.

Java and C++

 Java does not support operator overloading.

 Java does not support multiple inheritances.
 Java does not support global variables.
 Java has replaced the destructor function with a finalize() function.
 Java is a true object-oriented language while C++ is basically C with object-
oriented extension.
 Java does not provide the access to the pointers.

Object Oriented Principles

The object oriented programming languages provide mechanisms that help you
implement the object-oriented model.

1) Data Hiding and Encapsulation

One of the important object-oriented techniques is hiding the data within the class and
making it available only through the methods. This technique is known as encapsulation
because it seals the data (and internal methods) safely inside the "capsule" of the class,
where it can be accessed only by trusted users (i.e., by the methods of the class). The
most important reason is to hide the internal implementation details of your class. If you
prevent programmers from relying on those details, you can safely modify the
implementation without worrying that you will break existing code that uses the class.
Another reason for encapsulation is to protect your class against accidental or willful
stupidity. A class often contains a number of interdependent fields that must be in a
consistent state. If you allow a programmer (including yourself) to manipulate those
fields directly, he may change one field without changing important related fields, thus
leaving the class in an inconsistent state. If, instead, he has to call a method to change the
field, that method can be sure to do everything necessary to keep the state consistent.
Similarly, if a class defines certain methods for internal use only, hiding these methods
prevents users of the class from calling them. When all the data for a class is hidden, the
methods define the only possible operations that can be performed on objects of that
class. Once you have carefully tested and debugged your methods, you can be confident
that the class will work as expected. On the other hand, if all the fields of the class can be
directly manipulated, the number of possibilities you have to test becomes unmanageable.
There are other reasons to hide fields and methods of a class, as well:

 Internal fields and methods that are visible outside the class just clutter up the
API. Keeping visible fields to a minimum keeps your class tidy and therefore
easier to use and understand.
 If a field or method is visible to the users of your class, you have to document it.
Save yourself time and effort by hiding it instead.

2) Inheritance

Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object.
This is important because it supports the concept of hierarchical classification. Most
knowledge is made by hierarchical classification. Inheritance is a compile-time
mechanism in Java that allows you to extend a class (called the base class or super class)
with another class (called the derived class or subclass).

In Java, inheritance is used for two purposes:

  Class inheritance - create a new class as an extension of another class, primarily
for the purpose of code reuse. That is, the derived class inherits the methods of the
base class.
 Interface inheritance - create a new class to implement the methods defined as
part of an interface for the purpose of sub typing. That is a class that implements
an interface “conforms” to the interface.

In Java, unlike C++, these two types of inheritance are made distinct by using different
language syntax. For class inheritance, Java uses the keyword extends and for interface
inheritance Java uses the keyword implements.In Java, unlike C++, only single class
inheritance is supported. I.e., for a given class, there is only one super class.

3) Polymorphism

Polymorphism is the capability of an action or method to do different things based on the

object that it is acting upon. This is the third basic principle of object-oriented
programming.

Two types of polymorphism:

 Overloading and Overriding.

 Dynamic method binding

Classes and Objects

A class defines user defined objects and their characteristics. Any concept need to
implement in a java program is encapsulated within a class. A class defines the attributes
and methods of objects of the same type sharing common characteristics. The main
coponents of classes are:

 Data members (attributes)

 Methods

Classes contains statements that include the decleration of data members, which specify
the type of data to be stored. Methods of class contain a set of executable statements that
gives a desired output.
Creating Classes in Java

Code:

class ClassName

//Declaration of data members

//Decleration of methods

Creating Objects of Classes

An object is an instance of class and has a unique identity. The identity of an

object distinguishes it from other objects. While object has a unique identity, a class is an
abstraction of the common properties of various objects.

Declaration: Declares a variable that holds the reference to the object.

class_name object_name;

Instantiation or creation: creates an object of the specified class. When you declare an
object, memory is not allocated to it. Therefore you cannot store data in the data members
of the object. New operator is used to allocate memory to an object.

object_name= new_class_name();

Declaring Class Members

Java supports some basic programming elements, such as data types, keywords,
literals, variables and enums. Java is strictly typed language, which means java gives
importance to type checking. Various data types are:

Primitive Data Types:

The built-in data types in java are known as primitive or the simple data types.
 Group Data Type Size Range Default Value
Integer Byte One byte -27to27-1 0
(signed)
Short Two byte -215to215 -1 0
Int Four byte -231to231-1 0
63 63
Long Eight byte -2 to 2 -1 0
Floating point Float Four byte 3.4e-0.38to 0.0
3.4e+0.38
Double Eight byte 1.7e-308to 0.0
e+308
1.7
Boolean Boolean One bit True or false False
Character Char Two byte A single Null
character

Table 1.1 Data types and its size.

Reference Data Types:

A reference data type contains the reference or an address of dynamically created

objects. They are also known as non-primitive data types. Default value of reference data
type is null.

Examples:

o Objects
o Arrays
o Enums

Abstract Data Types:

Abstract data types include data types derived from primitive data types and have
more functions than primitive data types. For example, string is an abstract data type
which can store letters, digits and other characters like „$‟, „#‟, „;‟ etc.

Keywords in Java:
 Keywords are the reserved words for the java programming language, which
cannot be used as names for variables, classes or methods. They express the language
features. Some keywords are: abstract, case, const, double, finally, if, int, new, public,
boolean, catch, break, char, etc.

Variable:

A variable is used to store and manipulate data or values in programs. A variable

is a name that refers to the memory location where some data value is stored. Each
variable that is used in the program must be declared.

Naming Conventions for variables:

o The name of a variable needs to be meaningful, short and without any space or
symbol such as „?‟, „!‟, „#‟, „@‟, etc.
o A variable name must be unique.
o A variable name must begin with a letter, an underscore (_), or the dollar symbol
($), which can be followed by a sequence of letters or digits.
o A variable name should not start with a digit.
o A variable name should not contain embedded white spaces.
o A variable name should not contain a keyword.
o A variable name in Java is case-sensitive. There is a difference between uppercase
and lowercase names.

Literals in Java:

Literals are the values to be stored in variables and constants. A literal contains a
sequence of characters, such as digits, alphabets, or any other symbol that represents the
value to be stored. Various types of literals are:

o Integer literals
o Floating point literals
o Character literals
o String literals
o Boolean literal

Java Architecture
Various components of Java architecture are:

 Java programming language and class file

 JVM
 Java Application Programming Interface(API)

o Java Programming Language and Class File

Java programs are saved with an extension “.java”. A “.java” file is compiled to
generate the “.class” file, which contains the bytecode. The JVM converts the
bytecode contained in the .class file to machine object code. JVM needs to be
implemented for each platform running on a different operating system.

o JVM

JVM: Java Virtual Machine

JVM forms the base for the Java platform and is convenient to use on various
hardware- based platforms.

Components of JVM:

o Class Loader
o Execution engine
o Just in time(JIT) compiler
o Java Application Programming Interface(API)

The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many
useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface (GUI). The java API is grouped into
libraries of related classes and interfaces these libraries are known as packages.

JavaSo Java JavaObj

urce Compiler ect
Code Code
Java Virtual Machine

Java interpreter

Computer Operating System

 The program By the interpreter

Garbage Collection in JVM

Garbage collection is a mechanism using which a programmer need not explicitly

free the allocated memory. Java program creates and uses different objects. This
process is used to free the memory of the objects that are no longer in use.

When a program stops referencing an object, it is not required anymore and can be
deleted. The space that is used by the object is released for use by another object.

Java Bytecode

Java bytecode is the form of instructions that the Java virtual machine executes.
Each bytecode is one byte in length, although some require parameters, resulting in some
multi-byte instructions. A Java programmer does not need to be aware of or understand
Java bytecode. Understanding bytecode and what bytecode is likely to be generated by a
Java compiler helps the Java programmer in the same way that knowledge
of assembly helps the C or C++ programmer.

JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a virtual machine that can execute Java
bytecode. It is the code execution component of the Java platform. Sun Microsystems has
stated that there are over 5.5 billion JVM-enabled devices. Programs intended to run on a
JVM must be compiled into Java bytecode, a standardized portable binary format which
typically comes in the form of .class files (Java class files). A program may consist of
many classes in different files. For easier distribution of large programs, multiple class
files may be packaged together in a .jar file (short for Java archive).

The Java application launchers offer a standard way of executing Java code, with or
without a console window respectively.[2]
The JVM runtime executes .class or .jar files, emulating the JVM instruction
set by interpreting it or using a just-in-time compiler (JIT) such as Oracle's Hot Spot. JIT
compiling, not interpreting, is used in most JVMs today to achieve greater speed. There
are also ahead-of-time compilers that enable developers to pre-compile class files into
native code for particular platforms.

Like most virtual machines, the Java virtual machine has a stack-based architecture akin
to a microcontroller/microprocessor. However, the JVM also has low-level support for
Java-like classes and methods, which amounts to a highly idiosyncratic memory
model and capability-based architecture.

Packages

Java enables you to combine set of classes within a package. This enables you to
organize the classes and interfaces. A package is a set of classes that are stored in a
directory, which has the same name as the package name. Java packages are classified
into the following two categories:

o Java Application Programming interface (API) packages: The java API consists
of various packages, such as java.lang, java.util, java.io, java.awt, java.net and
java. applet.

o Java User defined Packages: The packages that a user creates are called user-
defined packages. The user-defined packages can be imported in any Java
program.

 Java API

The java API contains classes that are grouped in different packages in
accordance to their functions.

Java Package Name Description

java.lang It provides various fundamental classes and

interfaces of java such as Object, System
 and class. It contains various classes that
represent primitive data types, such as int,
char, long and double.

java.util It provides various utility classes and

interfaces that support date/calendar
operations, string manipulation, parsing
and basic event processing. This package
consists of various collection classes such
as Set, List, SortedSet, Dictionary and
stack and various utility classes such as
Date, Calendar and properties.

java.io Defines two streams, input stream and

output stream that determine the flow of
bytes from a source to destination.

java.awt Provides classes to implement graphical

user interface, such as creating buttons,
check boxes, text boxes, menus and list
boxes.

java.net Provides classes that support network

programming such as Socket, ServerSocket
and DatagramSocket.

java.applet Provides the applet class that provides

method to display images, play audio files
and obtain information about the applet
environment. Some of these methods are
play(), getImage(), getAppletinfo() and
getAudioclip().

Table 1.2 Java Packages

To use a package's class inside a Java source file, it is convenient to import the classes
from the package with an import declaration.

The following declaration

“import java.awt.event.*;”

imports all classes from the java.awt.event package.

The next declaration

“import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;”

imports only the ActionEvent class from the package.

If you do not use a package declaration, your class ends up in an unnamed package.
Classes in an unnamed package cannot be imported from classes in any other package.

Package Access Protection

Classes within a package can access classes and members declared with default
access and class members declared with the protected access modifier. Default access is
enforced when neither the public, protected nor private access modifier is specified in the
declaration. By contrast, classes in other packages cannot access classes and members
declared with default access. Class members declared as protected can be accessed from
the classes in the same package as well as classes in other packages that are subclasses of
the declaring class.

Package Naming Convention

Packages are usually defined using a hierarchical naming pattern, with levels in
the hierarchy separated by periods („.‟, pronounced "dot"). A package name begins with
the top level domain name of the organization and then the organization's domain and
then any sub domains, listed in reverse order. The Java Language Specification
establishes package naming conventions to avoid the possibility of two published
packages having the same name. The naming conventions describe how to create unique
package names, so that packages that are widely distributed will have unique
namespaces. This allows packages to be separately, easily and automatically installed and
catalogued.

 User-Defined Package
 A user-defined package contains one or more classes that can be imported in a
Java program. User may create many classes. These classes can be organized by creating
packages. The packages created by user are called user-defined packages.

One can create a user-defined package by using the keyword „package‟. The
package decleration must be at the beginning of the source file. Only one package
decleration can be made in one source file.

Code:

package <package_name>

// Class definition

public Class<classname1>

//Body of the class.

public Class<classname2>

//Body of the class.

The file containing the package is saved as .java file. After compiling the source code, the
.class file is created that is stored in the directory having the same name as the package
name.

Importing a User-Defined Package

A user defined package can be include using the import keyword.

Code:

import app.empDetails.Employee

In this we incuded user-defined package empDetails from app directory in a program.

J2ME or JAVA ME
 It provides a robust, flexible environment for applications running on mobile and
embedded devices: mobile phones, set-top boxes, Blu-ray Disc players, digital media
devices, M2M modules, printers and more. Java ME technology was originally created in
order to deal with the constraints associated with building applications for small devices.
For this purpose Oracle defined the basics for Java ME technology to fit such a limited
environment and make it possible to create Java applications running on small devices
with limited memory, display and power capacity.

Java EE or J2EE

Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) is the standard in community-driven

enterprise software. Java EE is developed using the Java Community Process, with
contributions from industry experts, commercial and open source organizations, Java
User Groups, and countless individuals. Each release integrates new features that align
with industry needs, improves application portability, and increases developer
productivity. Today, Java EE offers a rich enterprise software platform, and with 19
compliant Java EE 6 implementations to choose from, low risk and plenty of options.
Java EE 7 developers will write less boilerplate code, have better support for the latest
Web applications and frameworks, and gain access to enhanced scalability and richer,
simpler functionality.

EVENT HANDLING IN JAVA

INTRODUCTION:

You are leaving for work in the morning and someone rings the doorbell….
That is an event!

In life, you encounter events that force you to suspend other activities and respond to
them immediately. In Java, events represent all activity that goes on between the user and
the application. Java‟s Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) communicates these actions
to the programs using events. When the user interacts with a program let us say by
clicking a command button, the system creates an event representing the action and
delegates it to the event-handling code within the program. This code determines how to
handle the event so the user gets the appropriate response.

In today‟s tutorial we are going to learn event-driven programming, the event model of
Java, and the different ways in which you can handle events.

Components of an Event:

Can be put under the following categories.

1. Event Object: When the user interacts with the application by clicking a mouse button
or pressing a key an event is generated. The Operating System traps this event and the
data associated with it. For example, info about time at which the event occurred, the
event types (like keypress or mouse click). This data is then passed on to the application
to which the event belongs. In Java, events are represented by objects, which describe the
events themselves. And Java has a number of classes that describe and handle different
categories of events.
2. Event Source: An event source is the object that generated the event. Example if you
click a button an ActionEvent Object is generated. The object of the ActionEvent class
contains information about the event.
3. Event-Handler: Is a method that understands the event and processes it. The event-
handler method takes the Event object as a parameter. Java uses Event-Delegation Model
:with JDK1.1 onwards; you can specify the objects that are to be notified when a specific
event occurs. If the event is irrelevant, it is discarded. The four main components based
on this model are Event classes, Event Listeners, Explicit event handling and Adapters.
Let us take a closer look at them one by one.

Event Classes:

The EventObject class is at the top of the event class hierarchy. It belongs to the
java.util package. While most of the other event classes are present in java.awt.event
package. The getSource() method of the EventObject class returns the object that initiated
the event. The getId () method returns the nature of the event. For example, if a mouse
event occurs, you can find out whether the event was click, a press, a move or release
from the event object. AWT provides two conceptual types of events: Semantic and low-
level events.

Semantic events:

These are defined at a higher-level to encapsulate the semantics of user interface

component‟s model. Now let us see what are the various semantic event classes and what
they generate:

• An Action Event object is generated when a component is activated

• An Adjustment Event Object is generated when scrollbars and other adjustment
elements are used.
• A Text Event object is generated when text of a component is modified.
• An Item Event is generated when an item from a list, a choice or checkbox is selected.
Low-Level Events are the one that represents a low-level input or windows-system
occurrence on a visual component on the screen. The various low-level event classes and
what they generate are as follows:
• A Container Event Object is generated when component are added or removed from
container.
• A Component Event object is generated when a component is resized, moved etc.
• A Focus Event object is generated when component receives focus for input.
• A Key Event object is generated when key on keyboard is pressed, released etc.
• A Window Event object is generated when a window activity, like maximizing or close
occurs.
• A Mouse Event object is generated when a mouse is used.
• A Pain Event object is generated when component is painted.

Event Listeners:

An object delegates the task of handling an event to an event listener. when an

event occurs, an event object of the appropriate type (as illustrated below) is created. This
object is passed to a Listener. A listener must implement the interface that has the method
for event handling. A component can have multiple listeners, and a listener can be
removed using removeActionListener () method. Next question in your mind must be
what is an interface?. An Interface contains constant values and method declaration. The
difference between classes and interface is that the methods in an interface are only
declared and not implemented, that is, the methods do not have a body. What is the Need
for interface? Are interfaces used to define behavior protocols (standard behavior) that
can be implemented by any class anywhere in the class hierarchy. The java.awt.event
package contains definitions of all event classes and listener interface. The semantic
listener interfaces define by AWT for the above mentioned semantic events are:
• Action Listener
• Adjustment Listener
• Item Listener
• Text Listener
The low-level event listeners are as follows:
• Component Listener
• Container Listener
• Focus Listener
• Key Listener
• Mouse Listener
• Mouse Motion Listener
• Windows Listener.

Applets

An applet is a small Java program that is embedded and ran in some other Java
interpreter program such as a Java technology-enabled browser.Sun‟s applet viewer
program called appletviewer .A Java applet is a small application written in Java and
delivered to users in the form of bytecode. The user launches the Java applet from a web
page and it is then executed within a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) in a process separate
from the web browser itself.
How Applets Differ from Applications :-

 Although both the Applets and stand-alone applications are Java programs, there
are certain restrictions are imposed on Applets due to security concerns.
 Applets don‟t use the main() method, while they are loaded ,automatically call
certain methods (init, start, paint, stop, destroy).
 They are embedded inside a web page and executed in browsers.
 They cannot read from or write to the files on local computer.
 They cannot communicate with other servers on the network.
 They cannot run any programs from the local computer.
 They are restricted from using libraries from other languages.
 The above restrictions ensures that an Applet cannot do any damage to the local
system.

Applet Life Cycle

Every applet inherits a set of default behavior from the Applet class. As a result, when
an applet is loaded, it undergoes a series of changes in its state. The applet states include:

 Initialization – invokes init()

 Running – invokes start()
 Display – invokes paint()
 Idle – invokes stop()
 Dead/Destroyed State – invokes destroy()

Applet States

 Initialization – invokes init() – only once

 Invoked when applet is first loaded.
 Running – invokes start() – more than once
 For the first time, it is called automatically by the system after init() method
execution.
  It is also invoked when applet moves from idle/stop() state to active state. For
example, when we return back to the Web page after temporary visiting other
pages.
 Display – invokes paint() - more than once
 It happens immediately after the applet enters into the running state.It is responsible
for displaying output.
 Idle – invokes stop() - more than once
 It is invoked when the applet is stopped from running. For example, it occurs when
we leave a web page.
 Dead/Destroyed State – invokes destroy() - only once
 This occurs automatically by invoking destroy() method when we quite the
browser.

Applet Life Cycle Diagram

 Born
 Running Idle
 Dead
 Begin
 init()
 start()
 paint()
 stop()
 start()
 destroy()
 End

Viewing Applets

As you know, applets are displayed as a part of a Web page. A special HTML tag,
<APPLET>, is used to attach a Java applet to an HTML page. Running an applet requires
the use of a Web browser or other software that serves the function of a browser, such as
the applet viewer program that ships with the Java Developers Kit from Java Soft. The
browser acts as the operating system for applets-you cannot run an applet as a standalone
program in the same way you can run an executable file. At the time of this writing, there
are three widely available Web browsers that can run Java applets:

 Netscape Navigator version 2.02 or higher

 Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0
 Java Soft Hot Java 1.0 pre-beta 1

These programs load applets from a Web page and run them remotely on the Web user's
computer. This arrangement raises security issues that must be handled by the Java
language itself and by Java-enabled browsers

Applet method

o Public void init()

This is the first method to execute.It is the best place to define the GUI
Components.

o Public void start()

Start are used when the Applet is doing time-consuming calculations that
you don‟t want to continue when the page is not in front.

o Public void destroy()

Use to explicitly release system resources.System resources are usually
released automatically

o Public void stop()

If the applet is doing heavy computation that you don‟t want to continue
when the browser is on some other page.

Input stream class

The input stream class is an abstract superclass that provides a minimal

programming interface and a partial implementation of input streams.
The InputStream class defines methods for reading bytes or arrays of bytes, marking
locations in the stream, skipping bytes of input, finding out the number of bytes available
for reading, and resetting the current position within the stream. An input stream is
automatically opened when you create it. You can explicitly close a stream with
the close method, or let it be closed implicitly when the InputStream is garbage
collected. Remember that garbage collection occurs when the object is no longer
referenced.

Output stream class

The output stream class is an abstract superclass that provides a minimal programming
interface and a partial implementation of output streams. OutputStream defines methods
for writing bytes or arrays of bytes to the stream. An output stream is automatically
opened when you create it. You can explicitly close an output stream with
the close method, or let it be closed implicitly when the OutputStream is garbage
collected.
The java.io package contains several subclasses of InputStream and OutputStream that
implement specific input or output functions.

JDBC

JDBC is a Java-based data access technology from Oracle Corporation. This

technology is an API for the Java programming language that defines how a client may
access a database. It provides methods for querying and updating data in a database.
JDBC is oriented towards relational databases.The JDBC classes are contained in
the Java package.JDBC allows multiple implementations to exist and be used by the same
application. The API provides a mechanism for dynamically loading the correct Java
packages and registering them with the JDBC driver Manager. The driver Manager is
used as a connection factory for creating JDBC connections .

Servelts
 The servlet is a Java programming language class used to extend the capabilities
of a server. Although servlets can respond to any types of requests, they are commonly
used to extend the applications hosted by web servers, so they can be thought of as Java
Applets that run on servers instead of in web browsers.Servlets can be generated
automatically from Java Server Pages by the Java Server Pages compiler. The difference
between servlets and JSP is that servlets typically embed HTML inside Java code, while
JSPs embed Java code in HTML.

Life cycle of a servlet

o During initialization stage of the servlet life cycle, the web container
initializes the servlet instance by calling the init() method, passing an object
implementing the javax.servlet.ServletConfig interface. This configuration
object allows the servlet to access name-value initialization parameters
from the web application.
o After initialization, the servlet instance can service client requests.
Each request is serviced in its own separate thread. The web container calls
the service() method of the servlet for every request. The service() method
determines the kind of request being made and dispatches it to an
appropriate method to handle the request. The developer of the servlet must
provide an implementation for these methods. If a request is made for a
method that is not implemented by the servlet, the method of the parent
class is called, typically resulting in an error being returned to the requester.
o Finally, the web container calls the destroy() method that takes the servlet
out of service. The destroy() method, like init(), is called only once in the
lifecycle of a servlet.

Servlet API

The Servlet 2.3 API consists of two packages: javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http.
The base functionality is defined in the javax.servlet package whose classes and
interfaces outline a generic, protocol-independent implementation. This means you can
use it for non-Web applications, too. Of course, the exam targets the Web, so the HTTP
protocol is the only one discussed in this blog.

Java server page

Introduction

Java Server Pages (JSP) is a technology that helps software

developers create dynamically generated web pages based on HTML, XML or other
document types. Released in 1999 by Sun Microsystems, JSP is similar to PHP, but it
uses the Java programming language. JSP allows Java code and certain pre-defined
actions to be interleaved with static web markup content, with the resulting page being
compiled and executed on the server to deliver a document. The compiled pages, as well
as any dependent Java libraries, use Java bytecode rather than a native software
format. JSPs are usually used to deliver HTML and XML documents, but through the use
of OutputStream, they can deliver other types of data as well.

The Web container creates JSP implicit objects like pageContext, servletContext, session,
request & response.

JSP technology

JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology allows you to easily create web content that has both
static and dynamic components. JSP technology makes available all the dynamic
capabilities of Java Servlet technology but provides a more natural approach to creating
static content.

o A language for developing JSP pages, which are text-based documents that
describe how to process a request and construct a response.
o An expression language for accessing server-side objects.
 o Mechanisms for defining extensions to the JSP language.

Configuring java page server

o Registering back-end objects with the application so that all parts of the
application have access to them.
o Configuring backing beans and model beans so that they are instantiated with the
proper values when a page makes reference to them.
o Defining navigation rules for each of the pages in the application so that the
application has a smooth page flow.
o Packaging the application to include all the pages, objects, and other files so that
the application can be deployed on any compliant container.

Java interface

An interface in the Java programming language is an abstract type that is used to

specify an interface (in the generic sense of the term) that classes must implement. An
interface never contains method implementations . A Java class may implement, and an
interface may extend, any number of interfaces; however an interface may not implement
an interface. . A class that implements an interface must implement all of the methods
described in the interface, or be an abstract class. Object references in Java may be
specified to be of an interface type; in which case, they must either be null, or be bound
to an object that implements the interface.interface is a reference type, similar to a class,
that can contain only constants, method signatures, and nested types. There are no
method bodies.

Java Libraries

The Java class library is a set of dynamically loadable lib.. that Java applications can call
at run time. Because the Java Platform is not dependent on a specific operating system,
applications cannot rely on any of the platform-native libraries. Instead, the Java Platform
provides a comprehensive set of standard class libraries, containing the functions
common to modern operating systems.
 o They provide the programmer a well-known set of useful facilities, such
as container classes and regular expression processing.
o The library provides an abstract interface to tasks that would normally
depend heavily on the hardware and operating system, such
as network access and file access.
o Some underlying platforms may not support all of the features a Java
application expects.
o The library implementation can either emulate those features or provide a
consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature.

XML

XML is a “meta” markup language used to describe the structure of data.XML has taken
the computer industry by storm since its inception and isnow the markup language of
choice for configuration files, data interchange,B2B transactions, and Java 2 Enterprise
architectures. XML is even being used to represent calls to distributed objects through the
simple object access protocol(SOAP), an XML application.XML has numerous
advantages including being easy to read, easy to parse, extensible,and widely adopted. In
addition, you can define a grammar through a document type definition (DTD) to enforce
application-specific syntax. However,the greatest single advantage of XML is that the
data can be easily processed by otherapplications; XML data is not in a proprietary
format. In essence, XML has done for program.

XML schema

A newer schema language, described by the W3C as the successor of DTDs, is XML
Schema, often referred to by the initialism for XML Schema instances, XSD (XML
Schema Definition). XSDs are far more powerful than DTDs in describing XML
languages. They use a rich datatyping system and allow for more detailed constraints on
an XML document's logical structure. XSDs also use an XML-based format, which
makes it possible to use ordinary XML tools to help process them.

XML features
 Conclusion

This training focussed upon increasing our knowledge and interest in toward the
java.Because java is most interesting and most used language in these days. We learnt
how to create a web sites and web pages.It was a great experience.It increase our
practical skills that‟s the main yhing which we learnt in the training session.Thus, we
believe that our project will be beneficial for various purposes & hence our efforts will be
fruitful.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:

1. Programming with JAVA (E Balagurusamy)

2. Mastering Enterprise JAVA( ED Roman)
3. Thinking in Java (Bruce Eckel)
4. The Complete Reference PHP 5 (Tata McGraw-Hill)
5. PHP, HTML, JS,MySql (Evan Bayross)

Websites:

Wikipedia about Java

http://www.PHP.net

http://www.google.co.in/