Structured

Query
Language
[SQL]
What is SQL?
￮ SQL stands for Structured Query Language

￮ SQL lets you access and manipulate databases

￮ SQL became a standard of the ANSI in 1986, and

of the ISO in 1987
￮ It is very popular language used to manipulate
the data bases.
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What Can SQL do?
￮ SQL can retrieve data from a database
￮ SQL can insert, update, delete records in a
database
￮ SQL can create, delete new databases and
Tables
￮ SQL can create stored procedures in a database
￮ SQL can create views in a database
￮ SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures,
and views 3
SQL is a Standard.
￮ Although SQL is an ANSI/ISO standard, there are
different versions of the SQL language.
￮ However,
￮ In order to be compliant with the ANSI standard,
they all support at least the major commands
￮ Such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE in a
similar manner.

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RDBMS & SQL
￮ RDBMS stands for Relational Database
Management System.

￮ RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern

database systems such as MS SQL Server, IBM
DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access.

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Database Tables

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SQL Statements
￮ Using SQL statements you can do many things in
a data base.
￮ The following SQL statement selects all the
records in the "Contacts" table that we saw
earlier.

￮ SELECT * FROM Contacts;

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Things to Remember
￮ SQL keywords are NOT case sensitive:

select is the same as SELECT

￮ Some database systems require a semicolon at

the end of each SQL statement. But in access, you
can write SQL commands without semi colon.

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Frequently used SQL Commands
￮ SELECT - extracts data from a database

￮ UPDATE - updates data in a database

￮ DELETE - deletes data from a database

￮ INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database

￮ CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database

￮ ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database 9

Frequently used SQL Commands
￮ CREATE TABLE - creates a new table

￮ ALTER TABLE - modifies a table

￮ DROP TABLE - deletes a table

￮ CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)

￮ DROP INDEX - deletes an index

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SQL SELECT Statement
￮ The WHERE clause is used to filter records.

￮ It is used to extract only those records that fulfill a

specified condition.

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SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;

OR

SELECT * FROM table_name;

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SELECT Column Example (10 Mins)
￮ Write SQL statement to select the “Index_No" and
“Full_Name" columns from the "Contacts" table.

SELECT Index_No,Full_Name FROM Contacts;

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14
SELECT All Columns(05 Mins)
￮ Write SQL statement to select the all columns
from the "Contacts" table.

SELECT * FROM Contacts;

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SQL WHERE Clause
￮ Write SQL statement to select the “Index_No" and
“Full_Name" columns from the "Contacts" table.

SELECT Index_No,Full_Name FROM Contacts;

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SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

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Where Clause (10 Mins)
￮ Write SQL statement to select the “Index_No" and
“Full_Name" columns of male students from the
"Contacts" table.

SELECT Index_No, Full_Name FROM Contacts

WHERE Gender = “M”;

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Text vs Numeric
￮ SQL requires single quotes around text values
(most database systems will also allow double
quotes).

￮ However, numeric fields should not be enclosed in

quotes:

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Where Clause Number (05 Mins)
￮ Write SQL statement to select the “Index_No" and
“Full_Name" columns of whose grade is 12 from
the "Contacts" table.

SELECT Index_No, Full_Name FROM Contacts

WHERE Grade = 12;

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Operators in The WHERE Clause

= Equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal

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Operators in The WHERE Clause

<> Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL

this operator may be written as !=
BETWEEN Between a certain range
LIKE Search for a pattern
IN To specify multiple possible values for a
column

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Where Clause Number (10 Mins)
￮ Write SQL statement to select the “Index_No" and
“Full_Name" columns of whose grade between 8
and 12 from the "Contacts" table.

SELECT Index_No, Full_Name FROM Contacts

WHERE Grade BETWEEN 12 AND 8;

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The SQL INSERT INTO Statement
￮ The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new
records in a table.

￮ INSERT INTO statement can be used in two ways.

￮ 01. Specify both the column names and the values to be inserted:
￮ 02. Adding values for all the columns of the table, without
specifying the column names.

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1st Method

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,

column3, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

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2nd Method

INSERT INTO table_name

VALUES(value1, value2, value3, ...);

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INSERTING Data (10 Minutes)
￮ Write SQL statement to Enter data to Subjects
table.

INSERT INTO Subjects

VALUES(“Access”, “ICT121”, 1, 1,001);

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INSERTING Data to Specific
Columns (10 Minutes)
￮ Write SQL statement to Enter data to Sub_code
and Teacher_ID in subjects table.

INSERT INTO Subjects(Sub_Code,Teacher_ID)

VALUES “ICT121”,001);

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SQL Null Values
￮ A field with a NULL value is a field with no value.

￮ If a field in a table is optional, it is possible to

insert a new record or update a record without
adding a value to this field. Then, the field will be
saved with a NULL value.

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How to Find Null Values
￮ It is not possible to test for NULL values with
comparison operators, such as =, <, or <>.

￮ We will have to use the IS NULL and IS NOT NULL

operators instead.

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Finding Data with NULL Values
(10 Minutes)

￮ Write SQL statement to Find Subject_ID and

Sub_Code where Sub_Name is null in subjects
table.

SELECT Subject_ID, Sub_Code FROM Subjects

WHERE Sub_Name IS NULL;

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33
Finding Data with NULL Values
(10 Minutes)

￮ Write SQL statement to Find Subject_ID and

Sub_Code where Sub_Name is null in subjects
table.

SELECT Subject_ID, Sub_Code FROM Subjects

WHERE Sub_Name IS NULL;

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The SQL UPDATE Statement
￮ The UPDATE statement is used to modify the
existing records in a table.

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

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Updating Data (10 Minutes)

￮ Write SQL statement to update Subject_ID = 03

Sub_Name and Sub_Code values in subjects table.

UPDATE Subjects
SET Sub_Name = “English”,Sub_Code = “ENG111”
WHERE Subject_ID = 3;
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SQL UPDATE – Be Careful
(10 Minutes)
￮ Be careful when updating records. If you omit the
WHERE clause, ALL records will be updated!

Make a copy of subject table with structure and

data and try this.

UPDATE Subjects
SET Sub_Name =“English”; 37
The SQL DELETE Statement
￮ The DELETE statement is used to delete existing
records in a table.

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE condition;

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Deleting Data (10 Minutes)

￮ Write SQL statement to delete Subject_ID = 03

Sub_Name and Sub_Code values in subjects
table.

DELETE FROM Subjects

WHERE Subject_ID = 2;
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Deleting All Data without table
(10 Minutes)

It is possible to delete all rows in a table without

deleting the table. This means that the table
structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact:

DELETE FROM Subjects;

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Cont’d

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