SQL

What is SQL?

SQL stands for Structured Query Language

SQL lets you access and manipulate databases

SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

standard
 What Can SQL do?
SQL can execute queries against a database
SQL can retrieve data from a database
SQL can insert records in a database
SQL can update records in a database
SQL can delete records from a database
SQL can create new databases
SQL can create new tables in a database
SQL can create stored procedures in a database
SQL can create views in a database
SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views
 SQL is a Standard - BUT....

Although SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard,

there are many different versions of the SQL language.

However, to be compliant with the ANSI standard, they all support at least the
major commands (such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE) in
a similar manner.

Most of the SQL database programs also have their own proprietary extensions in addition to the SQL
 Using SQL in Your Web
Site
To build a web site that shows some data from a database, you will need the
following:

v
An RDBMS database program (i.e. MS Access, SQL
Server, MySQL)
v
A server-side scripting language, like PHP or ASP
v
SQL
v
HTML / CSS
 RDBMS
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.

RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database
systems like MS
SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access.

The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables.

A table is a collections of related data entries and it consists of

columns and rows.
 Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is
identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain
records (rows) with data.

Below is an example of a table called "Persons":

The table above contains three records (one for each person)
and five columns (P_Id, LastName, FirstName, Address, and
City).
 SQL Statements
Most of the actions you need to perform on a database are done with
SQL statements.

The following SQL statement will select all the records in the "Persons" table:
SELECT * FROM Persons

Keep in Mind That...

SQL is not case sensitive
 SQL DML and DDL
SQL can be divided into two parts

The Data Manipulation Language (DML) and the Data Definition

Language (DDL).

The query and update commands form the DML part of SQL:

* SELECT - extracts data from a database

* UPDATE - updates data in a database

* DELETE - deletes data from a database

* INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database

d. It also define indexes (keys), specify links between tables, and impose constrai

* CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database

* ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database

* CREATE TABLE - creates a new table

* ALTER TABLE - modifies a table

* DROP TABLE - deletes a table

* CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)

* DROP INDEX - deletes an index

 The SQL SELECT Statement
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.
The result is stored in a result table, called the result-set.

SQL SELECT Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
and
SELECT * FROM table_name

Note: SQL is not case sensitive. SELECT is the same as select.

 SELECT Example
The "Persons" table:

to select the content of the columns named "LastName" and "FirstName" from the

SELECT LastName,FirstName FROM Persons

The result-set will look like this:

 SELECT * Example
Now we want to select all the columns from the "Persons" table.
SELECT * FROM Persons

The result-set will look like this:

Tip: The asterisk (*) is a quick way of selecting all columns!

 SELECT DISTINCT Statement
ate values. This is not a problem, however, sometimes you will want

distinct (different) values.

SQL SELECT DISTINCT Syntax

SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s)

FROM table_name
 DISTINCT Example
The "Persons" table:

want to select only the distinct values from the column named "City" from the table

SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Persons

The result-set will look like this:

 The WHERE Clause

HERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified cri

SQL WHERE Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
 WHERE Clause Example
The "Persons" table:

Now we want to select only the persons living in the city "Sandnes" from the table above.

We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE City='Sandnes'

The result-set will look like this:

 Quotes Around Text Fields
uses single quotes around text values (most database systems will also accept double quot

ough, numeric values should not be enclosed in quotes.

For text values: For numeric values:

This is correct: This is correct:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove'
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year=1965
This is wrong:
This is wrong:
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName=Tove
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year='1965'
Operators Allowed in
the WHERE Clause
With the WHERE clause, the following operators can be used:

Note: In some versions of SQL the <> operator may be written as !=

 AND & OR Operators

r displays a record if both the first condition and the second

displays a record if either the first condition or the second

 AND Operator Example
The "Persons" table:

ant to select only the persons with the first name equal to "Tove" AND the last name equal to

SELECT * FROM Persons

WHERE FirstName='Tove'
AND LastName='Svendson'

The result-set will look like this:

 OR Operator Example
e want to select only the persons with the first name equal to "Tove" OR the first name equa

We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM Persons
WHERE FirstName='Tove'
OR FirstName='Ola'

The result-set will look like this:

 Combining AND & OR
mbine AND and OR (use parenthesis to form complex expressions).

elect only the persons with the last name equal to "Svendson" AND the first name equal to

We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE
LastName='Svendson'
AND (FirstName='Tove' OR FirstName='Ola')

The result-set will look like this:

 The ORDER BY Keyword
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by a specified column.

The ORDER BY keyword sort the records in ascending order by default.

If you want to sort the records in a descending order, you can use the DESC keyword.

SQL ORDER BY Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC
 ORDER BY Example

The "Persons" table:

to select all the persons from the table above, however, we want to sort the persons by the

We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM Persons
ORDER BY LastName

he result-set will look like this:

 ORDER BY DESC Example
elect all the persons from the table above, however, we want to sort the persons descending

We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT * FROM Persons
ORDER BY LastName DESC

The result-set will look like this:

INSERT INTO Statement
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert a new row in a table.

SQL INSERT INTO Syntax

It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two forms.

The first form doesn't specify the column names where the data will be inserted, only their values:
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
 INSERT INTO Example
We have the following "Persons" table:

Now we want to insert a new row in the "Persons" table.

We use the following SQL statement:

INSERT INTO Persons
VALUES (4,'Nilsen', 'Johan', 'Bakken 2', 'Stavanger')

The "Persons" table will now look like this:

 UPDATE Statement

The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table.

UPDATE Syntax
UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value

se in the UPDATE syntax. The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be updated. If you omit
 SQL UPDATE Example
The "Persons" table:

Now we want to update the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table.
We use the following SQL statement:
UPDATE Persons
SET Address='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes'
WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'

The "Persons" table will now look like this:

 UPDATE Warning
eful when updating records. If we had omitted the WHERE clause in the example above, lik

TE Persons
ddress='Nissestien 67', City='Sandnes'

The "Persons" table would have looked like this:

 DELETE Statement
The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.

DELETE Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column=some_value

syntax. The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be deleted. If you omit the W
 DELETE Example

The "Persons" table:

Now we want to delete the person "Tjessem, Jakob" in the "Persons" table.

We use the following SQL statement:

DELETE FROM Persons
WHERE LastName='Tjessem' AND FirstName='Jakob'

ersons" table will now look like this:

 Delete All Rows

s in a table without deleting the table. This means that the table structure, attribute

DELETE FROM table_name

or
DELETE * FROM table_name

Note: Be very careful when deleting records. You cannot undo this statement!