Exercise 5.

1
1). A heart = ¼
A black = ¼
A 4 or 8 = 1/13
Red queen = 1/26
2). a. possible outcomes = Here it is being tossed 4 times it means it will
give 2^4 = 16 outcomes. So, the total number of outcomes is 16.
b. The probability of no tails would be (1–0.5)^4 =1/16, with the 0.5
being the probability of a tail (and 0.05 being the probability of a head).
c. A coin is tossed 4 times. The probability that at least one head turns up
is 15/16
d. A coin is tossed 4 times. The probability that at least 3 TAILS turns up is
1/16

3). a. .Find the probability that the selected day is in December =31/365
b. We only have one birthday a year so surely the probability is as simple as
1/365 meaning one day in 365 days.

4). ) a. a red ball - So there are 5 red and there are 10 in total so the probability
of selecting a red ball is 0.5 or 50%
b) a green ball - so there are 3 green and 10 in total so the probability of selecting
a green ball is 0.3 or 30%
c) a ball that is not red - so 10 - 5 (which is the total minus the number of red
balls) = 5 green/white so the probability is 0.5 or 50%
d) there are no black balls so it is impossible to select a black ball
e) a white ball - 2 white balls so 20% or 0.2 chance
5). a.) for the elements of the sample space surely they are 1 2 3 4 5 for the
tickets and 1 2 3 4 5 6 for the dice
b) Ok for you to get an even number it is either even + even or odd + odd so
First part - Tickets
Chance of drawing even is 2/5
Chance of drawing odd is 3/5
Second part - dice
Chance of throwing even 3/6
Chance of throwing odd 3/6
So 2/5 x 3/6 and 3/5 x 3/6
2/5 x 3/6 = 1/5
3/5 x 3/6 = 3/10
1/5 + 3/10 = 1/2
So there is a 50% chance - However you could have just said if it isn't even then
it is odd which would have been a lot more simple!!
c) Right ok for this one
You have a choice of 5 in the first part - 1 2 3 4 5
You have a choice of 6 in the second part - 1 2 3 4 5 6
If you pick 1 for example you have a 1/5 chance of selecting 1 the first time and a
1/6 chance in the second part so multiply 1/5 x 1/6 = 1/30
That is the probability for selecting two of the same.
6). if there are 50 tickets sold for a raffle and a person buys eight tickets,
the probability of that person winning the prize is 8/50 0r 16%

7. a) All girls:: (1/2)^3 = 1/8

b)exactly two boys or two girls ::(3/8)+(3/8) = 3/4
c)all boys or all girls:: 1/8+1/8 = 1/4
d)at least one child of each gender. 1-2(1/8) = ¾
8. a) (26/52) * (25/51) * (24/50) * (23/49) * (26/48) = 0.0299
approximately 0.03
b) (13/52) * (12/51) * (11/50) * (13/49) * (12/48) = 0.00085 approximately
0.0009
c) (4/52) * (3/51) * (4/50) * (3/49) * (4/48) = 0.000001847 approximately 0

11. n a group of 8 persons the probability that at least 2 person have the
same birthday is 0.074335

12. let
n=number of prizes (5)
p=probability of winning (10/150)
r=number of prizes won
P(r)=probability of winning r prizes

then
P(r)=nCr pr(1−p)n−r
and
nCr=n!r!(n−r)!
the P(r) for the following cases:
a) r=0
b) r=3
c) r=5
d) 1-P(0)
13. a. A person is equally likely to be born on any day of the year, which
means the probability of being born on a specific day is 1/365.
b. the probabilty that the birthday of a person choosen at random will fall in
between september 18 and november 8 is 51/365
14. .
Number of ways seven people can sit on chair = 7! = 5040
Let us group all three women as one. Then we have 1 group + 4 men = 5 to
be arranged in 5 positions.
a. Number of ways women will sit together = Number of ways three women
sit on 3 chairs in the group * Number of ways to arrange in 5 positions = 3!
* 5! = 6 * 120 = 720
Probability that women will sit together = 720 / 5040 = 0.1429
b.Number of ways men and women will sit alternately = Number of ways
four men sit on alternate 4 chairs * Number of ways three women sit on 3
chairs = 4! * 3! = 24 * 6 = 144
Probability that men and women will sit alternately = 144 / 5040 = 0.0286
c.If a man will sit in the first seat, then there are 6 people to be arranged in
6 chairs = 6! = 720
Probability that man will sit in the first seat = 720 / 5040 = 0.1429
d. Let us group all four men as one. Then we have 1 group + 3 women = 4
to be arranged in 4 positions.
Number of ways men will sit together = Number of ways four men sit on 4
chairs in the group * Number of ways to arrange in 4 positions = 4! * 4! = 24
* 24 = 576
Probability that women will sit together = 576 / 5040 = 0.1143

15. Eight of the 40 newly built cars are selected at random to be checked
for steering defects. Suppose 10 0f the cars have such defects. Find the
probability that all 8 of the selected cars have steering defect.

Solution:
This is a problem that can be solved using the hypergeometric distribution.
Let
A=number of defective cars in the population
B=number of non-defective cars in the population
a=number of defective cars in the sample
b=number of non-defective cars in the sample.

Then
Probability of picking a defective out of a sample size (a+b) is
P(a;a+b)
=P(8;8)
=C(A,a)*C(B,b)/C(A+B,a+b)
=C(10,8)*C(30,0)/C(40,8)

This can also obtained by reasoning the long way:

Fist defective: 10/40,
second defective: 9/39
...
eighth defective: 3/33
Multiplying together gives

P(8,8)=10*9*8.../(40*39...33)=

17. a) 
b) The complement of owning exactly one or exactly 2 is owning exactly 0
or more than 2. So,

18. a. if the sum of the numbers is odd, then one of the numbers has to be
even and one of the numbers has to be odd.

the probability of getting an odd first and then an even is 4/8 * 4/7 = 16/56.
the probability of getting an even first and then an odd is 4/8 * 4/7 = 16/56.

the probability of getting one or the other is 16/56 + 16/56 = 32/56 = 4/7.

b. if the product of 2 numbers is even, they either both have to be even or

one of them has to be even and one of them has to be odd.
they cannot both be odd.

the probability of getting an odd first and then an even is 4/8 * 4/7 = 16/56.
the probability of getting an even first and then an odd is 4/8 * 4/7 = 16/56.
the probability of getting an even first and then an even is 4/8 * 3/7 = 12/56.

the total probability is 16/56 + 16/56 + 12/56 = 44/56 = 11/14.

he probability on the second draw is different from the probability on the
first draw because you are not replacing the first number when you draw
again for the second number.

example:

you start with 4 even and 4 odd for a total of 8.

you remove one even on the first draw.

you are left with 3 even and 4 odd for a total of 7.

if you try to draw an even on the second draw, you will have a choice of 3
out of 7.
if you try to draw an odd on the second draw, you will have a choice of 4
out of 7.
19. three letters are chosen at random from the word DRAWING . the
probabilty of choosing at least one vowel = 2/7
20. a. two cards are selected from a standard deck. the probability of
choosing no hearts is ¼
b. two cards are selected from a standard deck. the probability of choosing
1 hearts is ¼

exercises 5.2

1. A. P(A') = 1 - P(A) = 1 - 0.67 = 0.33.

B. P(B') = 1 - P(B) = 1 - 0.23 = 0.77.

C. P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A intersection B) = 0.67 + 0.23 - 0.12

= 0.78. <<<---=== it is VERY important formula,

and those who know it, have a huge

advantage comparing with those who do not know (!)

D. P(A U B)' = 1 - P(A U B) = 1 - 0.78 = 0.22.

2. let the events A:having a cellphone
B:having a MP3
P (A)= 0.43

P (B)= 0.38
P (A and B) = 0.28
P (A OR B) = P(A) + P (B) - P (A and B) = 0.43+0.38-0.28= 0.53

3. a. Let A represent black cards and B represent face cards

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
The P(A) = 26/52 (there are 26 total black cards)
The P(B) = 12/52 (there are 12 total face cards - a K, Q. J in each of 4
suits)
The P(A and B) = 6/52 (There are 6 black face cards)
So P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B) = 26/52 + 12/52 - 6/52 = 32/52 =
9/13
b.  6 or a clubs: (1/52)

4. a number is selected from 1 to 12 find the probability each event

a. the number is drawn is even = ½
b. divisible by 3 = 4/12 or 1/3
c. divixible by 6 = 2/12 or 1/6
d. even or divisible by three 4/12 or 1/3

5. a. The probability that the first card is a face card is 12/52.

the probability that the second card is a face card is 11/51.

then 10/50, then 9/49, then 8/48.

the probability that all are face cards is therefore:
12/52 * 11/51 * 10/50 * 9/49 * 8/48 = 3.047372795 * 10 ^ -4.
that is equal to .0003047372795 * 100 = .03047372795%.

7. Find the probability of getting the following.

a sum of 6 or 7 or 8

I'll color those red:

(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)

(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)

(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)

(4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)

(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)

(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)

Count the red ones. I count 16. So the probability

of rolling one on those 16, is 16 times out of 36,
or 16/36 which reduces to 4/9.

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b) doubles or a sum of 4 or 6
I'll color those red:

(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)

(2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)

(3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)

(4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)

(5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)

(6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)

Count the red ones. I count 12. So the probability

of rolling one on those 12, is 12 times out of 36,
or 12/36 which reduces to 1/3.

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c) a sum greater than 9 or less than 4,

11. one card is drawn from an ordinary decks of cards.

a. the probability of getting of the following a king or queen or jack is 12/52
or 3/13
b. the probability of getting of the following a club or a heart or a spades is
¾
c. the probability of getting of the following king quen or a diamond is 19/52
d. an ace or a diamond is 4/13
e. a 9 0r a 10 0r a spades or a club is 15/26

15. one card from a deck. the probability of each event

a. an ace a king or a queen is 3/13
b. a heart or a 10 is 4/13
c a red card is ½
d. an ace a king a queen or red card is 11/26