Class 9th - Civics - Working of Institution - One Shot Revision

Class 9th - Civics - Working of Institution - One Shot Revision

What we are going to study in this chapter?

➢ Major Institution -
Executive Legislature Judiciary

➢ Their Working.
➢ Detailed explanation of each Institution.
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How is a major Policy Decision taken?

● Story of Office Memorandum

➔ An order issued by Government of India on What?

August 13, 1990.

By whom? This order announced 27 per cent

reservation for Socially and
Educationally backward classes [SEBC]
● Department of personnel and Training in the in government jobs.
ministry of personnel, Public Grievances and
pension.

➢ Was this so simple to do?

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Mandal Commission
● It was the second backward class Commission. What was there in that Report?

● Appointed in 1979, under the chairmanship of ● Many points were discussed in the
B.P. Mandal. report about backward classes.
● One of the recommendation was to
∴ Mandal Commission give 27 percent reservation to
socially and educationally backward
Why it is appointed? classes in Government Jobs.

➔ Dose recommendation means law?

➢ To identify the socially and educationally ➔ Then how did the recommendation
backward classes in India, and to recommend become a law.
steps for their advancement.
➢ Commission gave its report in 1980.
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Lok Sabha Election of 1989

● Election manifesto of Janata Dal.

● Promise to implement the Mandal Commission

report if they came in power.

● Eventually Janta Dal came on power, V.P. Singh B.P. Mandal

became the Prime Minister and an Office

Memorandum regarding reservation was brought.

How?

V.P. Singh
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Some were in its favour.

Conflicts
Some opposed it.

➔ Then who resolved the conflicts?

■ Judiciary [Supreme court and High court]

● In ‘India Sawhney and other vs Union of India Case’ supreme court declared that this
order of the government of India was valid and government was asked to modify the
original order.

➔ Accordingly, the department of personnel and training issued another Office

Memorandum on september 8, 1993.
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Need for Political Institution

● Governing a country involves various activities These activities are performed

E.g. Security, Education, Health, etc. by various institutions.
● Democratic Government rests on different institution to run the Country.
➔ Some institution are required to make laws. [Parliament]
➔ Some institution take decisions and implement them. [Prime Minister and Civil Servant]
➔ Some institution work to resolve the dispute. [Supreme Court]

Then is it good to have

This often leads to delay and complications.
political Institution.

➔ You may think that one person should take all the decision, but it is against the spirit of democracy.
➔ Institution provide an opportunity for consultation and discussion.

Improve the quality of decision.

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Parliament

Role of parliament as a political institution?

● Recall the case with Office Memorandum.

● Parliament played a very important role in

making law over the mandal commission’s
recommendation.

How?

● Debate, Discussion and shape the decision

of the Government.
 Class 9th - Civics - Working of Institution - One Shot Revision

Why do we need a Parliament?

● Elected representative exercises Supreme Political Authority. Democracy = People

➔ The National Assembly of elected representatives is called Parliament. At state level this is
called State Legislative Assembly.
➔ Recall the Parliament of different countries.

Parliament of Russia Parliament of Japan Parliament of Germany

(Duma) (National Diet) (Reichstag)
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➔ Need/ Function/ Power of the Parliament ?

● Parliament is the Final authority for making laws in any country.

■ Parliament can make laws, change existing laws or abolish them and can make new
laws in their place.

● Parliament exercise some control over those who run the Government.
■ Those who run the Government can take decision only so long as they enjoy support of
the parliament. How Majority Support.

● Parliament Control all the money that Government have.

■ Parliamentary sanctions are required to spent the public money.
[Budget is needed to be approved in parliament]

● Parliament: Highest forum of discussion and debate.

■ Public issues and national policy are discussed in the parliament.
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Two House of Parliament

● Mainly parliaments are divided in two parts. Chamber or Houses

India Parliament

Lok sabha Rajya sabha

● House of the people. President ● Council of states.

● Directly elected by the ● Elected indirectly.
people. ● Performs special
● Exercise real power on functions such as looks
behalf of people. She is not the part of any houses. after the interest of
various states, regions
But Her assent is required in law or federal units.
making process.
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Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha

Total no. of members? 543 233 + 12

Who elects the member? Directly elected by people Indirectly by the MLAs

What is the length of term 5 years 6 years

(in years)?

Can the house be dissolved or is It is dissolved after every 5 Permanent

it permanent? years.
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Which of the House [Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha] is more Powerful?

● Rajya Sabha is called ‘Upper Chamber’ and Lok Sabha is called ‘Lower Chamber’.

Does it mean that Rajya This is just an old style of speaking.

Sabha is more powerful?

● Our constitution does give the Rajya sabha some special powers over the state. But on most
matters the Lok sabha exercise supreme power.

How?
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● Lok Sabha exercises more power than Rajya Sabha. How?

1. During joint session, the view of the Lok Sabha is likely to prevail.
■ In case of difference between two houses Members of both the houses sit
together in joint session.

The view is Lok Sabha is likely to prevail due to large no. of members.
2. Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters.
■ Budget on any money related laws passed by lok Sabha cannot be rejected by Rajya
Sabha. It can only delay it by 14 days or suggest any change. Whereas Lok Sabha is not
bound follow it.
3. Lok Sabha control the council of Ministers and Prime minister.
■ Only the person who enjoy the majority support in Lok Sabha can be appoint as the
Prime Minister.
■ With “No confidence” All ministers including prime Minister can be forced to quit.
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Political Executive

● What does the term executive mean?

■ They executes the decision. They are incharge of

the execution of the policies of the government.

● Relate it with the story of office memorandum?

● Are executives always political?

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Political and Permanent Executive

Political Executive Permanent Executive

➔ Elected by the people for a specific ➔ Elected on the basis of merit and
period of time. appointed on a long term basis.
➔ Vacate the position with the change in ➔ They remain in office even when the
government. ruling party changes.
➔ E.g. Political leaders ➔ E.g. Civil servant
[P.M., C.M.] [I.A.S., I.P.S. etc]
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● Why does the political executive have more power than non political executive?

➢ Civil servant are usually more educated.

➢ They have more expert knowledge.
➢ Sometimes the ministers may know very little about the issues.

● Then why did the ministers have the final say in decision making?
■ The reason is that in a democracy the will of the people is supreme.

Ministers are elected by the people.

∴ He/She is empowered to exercise the supreme power by the support of people.

Expert can tell the route, but someone with a larger view decides the destination.
 Class 9th - Civics - Working of Institution - One Shot Revision

Prime Minister

➔ Prime Minister is not only a person, He/She is also the most important Political
Institution in the country.

◆ Yet there is no direct election to the post of Prime Minister.

◆ President appoints the Prime Minister.

◆ Leader of majority party or coalition parties is appointed as Prime Minister.

◆ He/She continues to be in power so long as he remain the leader of the majority

party or coalition.
Class 9th - Civics - Working of Institution - One Shot Revision
 Class 9th - Civics - Working of Institution - One Shot Revision

Powers of the Prime Minister

● Prime Minister chairs the cabinet meetings [Coordinator, Takes final decision]

● All ministers work under his leadership.

[Distribute and redistributes work, can dismiss ministers]

● Parliamentary democracies = Prime Ministerial Form of Government.

➢ Role of political parties and media in influencing the power of P.M.

● The extent of power of P.M. depends on the personality of the person holding that position.

● Power of the P.M. in coalition politics

➢ Coalition Government = Accommodation of different group and people = Power.

∴ He/She is required to heed to the views and position of coalition partners because their
support is essential for survival of government.
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Council of Ministers

● President appoints council of minister on the advice of the Prime Minister.

From where?

From his own party or from the coalition partner.

Appointed council of minister may be a

But He/She has to get elected

Or a person who is not a in parliament within six
Member of parliament
member of parliament. months of appointment as
minister.
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● It is a body of 60 to 80 minister at different ranks.

Ministers of state with
Cabinet ministers Ministers of state
independent charge

● Top level leaders of the ● In-charge of smaller ● They are attached with
ruling party. ministry. the portfolio to assist
● Incharge of major ● Participate in the the cabinet ministers.
ministry. cabinet meetings only
● Inner ring of council of when specially invited.
ministers, Comprises
about 20 ministers.

➔ Parliamentary democracy = Cabinet form of government Why?

◆ Because cabinet ministers takes major decisions in their ministry.
◆ Ministry Departments Secretaries [Civil Servants]
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The President

❖ He/She is the head of the state.

➢ He/She has the nominal power like Queen of
Britain.
➢ His/Her functions are mostly ceremonial.
Then how is
➢ President is not elected directly by the people. he elected?

● Elected MPs and MLAs elects President.

● The one who gets the majority of votes is elected as

President.

● He represent the entire nation but can never claim the

direct popular mandate.
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Powers of President

If we go by the constitution, President has the power to do everything.

➢ All Government activities take place in the name of the

President.
➢ Major appointment such as Chief Justice of India, Judges,
Governors, Election Commissioners, Ambassadors to other President exercise all
countries are done by President. this power only on
➢ All international treaties and agreement are made in the the advice of the
council of Ministers.
name of the President.
➢ President is the Supreme Commander of the defence forces
of India.

❖ What if the president does not agree on the advice given to him?
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What if the president does not agree on the advice given to him?

● If president is not satisfied with advice given by council of minister.

● He/She can ask the council of minister to reconsider its advice.

● But he/she is bound to act according to the advice rendered after reconsideration.

● You may wonder what does the President really do?

➢ President appoint the Prime Minister [Leader of majority] but in case no party or
coalition get majority in Lok Sabha then President exercises her discretionary power.
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The Judiciary

❖ Connect it with Office Memorandum.

● What would have happen in the absence of Judiciary?

● All the court at different level in country put together.

Supreme court
[Entire Nation]

High Courts
[For State]

District Courts
[For District and local level]
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❖ Judiciary resolve the disputes such as -

➢ Disputes between citizens of the country.

➢ Disputes between citizen and government.

➢ Disputes between two or more state government.

➢ Disputes between government and state government.

❖ Supreme court is the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases.

It can hear appeals against the decision of High courts.

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Independent and Powerful Judiciary

❖ Why Independent Judiciary is required?

➢ So that the Judiciary can work impartially, free from the pressure of executive
and legislature.

❖ How this independence is ensured?

➢ Through appointment of Judges.
■ Appointed by President on the advice of Prime Minister and in
consultation with the chief justice of the Supreme Court.

➢ It is nearly impossible to remove a Judge.

■ He/She can be removed only by an impeachment motion passed
separately by two-third member of the two houses of the parliament.

❖ Office of CJI (Chief justice of India)

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Indian Judiciary is one of the most powerful Judiciary of the world. How?

● Supreme Court and High Courts have the power to interpret the constitution of the
country. [Determines the constitutional validity of any law]

● Power of Judicial Review.

● Judiciary acts as the Guardian of the Fundamental rights.

● Through public interest Litigation Judiciary work for the protection of Public Interest.

● Judiciary enjoys a high level of confidence among the people.

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