CHAPTER 4 HUMAN HEALTH 健康

Infectious 传染性 and Non-infectious 非传染性 Diseases 疾病

1 Diseases are divided into infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases.
Table 4.1
Infectious diseases Non-infecdous diseases

Diseases that can spread 传染 from a patient Diseases that cannot spread from a patient to
病人 to another. another.
Diseases that are due to infection 感 染 by Diseases that are caused by lifestyles 生活习
microorganisms 微 生 物 that cause diseases 惯, genetic 基因 factors 因素 or both
(pathogen 病菌) or brought by vectors 带菌
者 or through 通过 a medium 媒介
Example: Influenza 流感, tuberculosis 肺结 Example: Cancer, hypertension 高血压,
核, ringworm 藓, Tinea 藓 versicolor, diabetes 糖尿病, cardiovascular 心肌病
Leptospirosis 细螺旋体病, malaria 疟疾,
zika fever 兹卡热,dengue fever 登热病,
cholera 霍乱症

2 Infectious diseases arc spread by pathogens from the victim 受害者 (host 寄主) to another host through
four ways. 方法

Methods of disease transmission 散播

Water Air Contact 碰触 Vector

Causes and Transmission of Infectious Diseases

Table 4.2 Spread through water
Disease Pathogens Areas of infectious Methods of Ways to prevent the
disease transmission disease
Cholera Bacteria 细菌 • In areas where • Accidentally 不小 • Boil 煮沸 water and
Typhoid fever Bacteria there is no proper 适 心 drink water that is cook food properly to
伤寒症 当的 sanitation 卫生 untreated and avoid 避免 infectious
Dysentery 痢疾 Parasite 寄生物 system contaminated 受污染 diseases via 通过
or bacteria • In areas that do 的 with pathogens water and food
not have treated 处理 • Eat contaminated • Wash hands after
water supply 水供 food going to toilet
• In flooded 水灾 • Through unwashed • Build a proper and
areas 没有洗 clean sanitation
hands system

Table 4.3 Spread through air 空气

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Disease Pathogens Areas of infectious Methods of Ways to prevent
disease transmission the disease
Tuberculosis Bacteria • In a crowded 群 • Pathogens are • Close mouth and
肺结核 集 transmitted through nose when sneezing
Influenza A Virus 病毒 and packed 拥挤 droplets 微滴 and coughing
(H1N1)禽流感 area transmission that are •After sneezing or
SARS Virus • In an enclosed 密 sprayed 喷射 from the coughing, wash
Flu 流感 Virus or bacteria 封, patient to a healthy hands with soap 肥
air- conditioned person when the patient 皂 and water
and less ventilated speaks, sneezes 打喷嚏, • Do not spit 吐痰
空气流通 area or coughs 咳嗽 everywhere
• In a room that • Through dust 灰尘
gets Transmission pathogens
Less 少 ultraviolet from dry sputum 痰
rays 紫外线 which contains 具有
bacterial spores 孢子 are
spread together with the
dust in the air

Table 4.4 Spread through contact

Disease Pathogens Methods of transmission Ways to prevent the disease

Tinea Fungi 真菌类 • Through skin 皮肤 contact • Take care of self-cleanliness
versicolor that has been infected 被感 • Do not share personal item such as
and 染 or share 共用 personal towel and toothbrush to prevent the
ringworm 藓 私人 items 东西 such as disease from spreading through touch
patient’s towel 毛巾 • Clean floor and table surfaces using
disinfectants

Syphilis 梅毒 Bacteria • Through unprotected 不安 • Do not have random 随便 sexual

And gonorrhea 全 sexual intercourse 性交 intercourse
淋病 • Pathogen spreads via • Stay away 远离 from drugs
semen 精液 and vaginal
fluids 阴道液体

AIDS 艾滋病 HIV virus • Through sex, blood

transfusion and sharing of
injection needles in
drug addicts and patients

Table 4.3 Spread through air

Vectors Examples of Pathogens Methods of transmission Ways to prevent the disease

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 disease
Aedes Dengue Dengue • Through mosquito bites
• Destroy the vector of
Mosquito virus 叮咬 dengue fever which is the
黑斑蚊 • Mosquito carries 带 Aedes mosquitoes by
Zika Zika virus pathogen in its salivary
spraying 喷射 insecticides 杀
gland 唾液腺 虫剂
Anopheles Malaria Plasmodium • When a mosquito bites
• Use mosquito repellents 驱
Mosquito Malariae someone, the pathogen in
赶 to prevent mosquito bites
疟蚊 Virus the saliva 唾液 enters the
• Clean the surrounding
person's blood areas to destroy breeding
Rat 老鼠 Leptospirosis Leptospira Food and water grounds 繁殖温床 for the
(rat urinary sp. Contaminated with rat's
vectors
disease) bacteria urine 鼠尿 • Hygienic 卫生的
preparation 准备 of food
Fly 苍蝇 , Typhoid Salmonella Contaminated 污染的 food and drinks
cockroach 伤寒症 typhi and water • Only eat cooked 煮过的
蟑螂 bacteria foods and drink boiled water

Fly Cholera 霍乱 Vibrio 弧菌 Contaminated food and

cholerac water
bacteria

Body Defence 抵御
1. Pathogens can only cause diseases if they are successful in infecting 感染 the body cells.
2. Pathogens 病菌 are disease causing microorganisms such as bacteria, virus and parasites.
3. Human have three lines of defence 三道防线 mechanisms 机制 to fight against an infection.

First line of • Skin 皮肤 is the physical protections 保护 that prevent the entry 进入 of
defence pathogens into the body.
第一道防线 • Sebum 皮脂 and sweats 汗水 prevent 阻止 growth of microorganisms.
• Mucous 粘液 membrane that line the respiratory tract 呼吸道 traps 捕住
microorganisms, dusts and spores in the air.
• Tears 泪水 contain enzyme 酶 that can kill some types of bacteria.

Second line • White blood cells 白 血 球 undergo phagocytosis 吞 噬 作 用 , which is a

of defence process of engulfing 吞噬, ingesting 咽下 and digesting 消化 pathogens.

Third line • Immunity 免 疫 力 is the ability 能 力 of the body to fight against an

of defence infection.
• When a pathogen enters the body, our body defence system recognises 认得
the organism as a foreign 外来 organism known as antigen.抗原
• Antigen stimulates 刺激 the body defence system to produce antibodies 抗
体 in the bloodstream 血液 to destroy 毁灭 it.

Active Immunity 自动免疫 and Passive Immunity 被动免疫

Immunisation 免疫
1 Immunity 免疫力 is the ability 能力 of the body to destroy pathogens 病菌 by producing antibodies 抗体
before they cause 导致 diseases.

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2 The process of acquiring 获得 immunity towards a specific disease is called immunisation.免疫
3 Antibodies are specific 特效的 in their actions which is one type of antibody only fights against one type
of pathogen.
4 There are two types of immunity, active immunity 自动免疫 and passive immunity.被动免疫

Active immunity
1 Active immunity refers to the immunity obtained 获得 when the body produces its own 自己 antibodies.
2 Active immunity is classified into two; natural active immunity and artificial active immunity.
3 Sometimes, more than one injection 注射 of vaccine 疫苗 is required to stimulate the body to produce
antibodies at an effective level of immunity. For example, to prevent hepatitis B, a person needs three doses
剂量. The second and the third vaccinations are called booster 提升 doses.
4 Table 9.6 shows the immunisation period for various vaccines.

Active Immunity
Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity
• Antibodies are produced after a person has • Antibodies are produced after getting an
recovered 复原 from an infection.感染 injection of a vaccine 疫苗 or immunisation.注
• These antibodies will fight 对 抗 the 射疫苗
infection again if the pathogens return.归来 • Vaccine is a substance that contains dead 死
• Sometimes, the antibodies produced give 的 or weakened 变弱的 pathogens.病菌
life-long 终身的 immunity. • The vaccine is intentionally 蓄 意 injected
• Disease such as chicken pox 水痘 give long into a healthy person that stimulate body to
immunisation to the sufferer 受苦者 produce antibodies (Figure 9.20).

Figure 9.19 Active immunity

Figure 9.20 Level of antibodies in the blood after the first and second injection of a vaccine

Table 9.6 The immunisation period for various vaccines spm 2003 obj
Diseases Immunisation period
Poliomyelitis 小儿麻痹症 6 months
Tuberculosis 4 years
Rabies 疯狗症 1 year
Cholera 6 years
Measles 麻疹 life-long 终身
Diphtheria 白喉 3 years
Hepatitis B 5 years
Rubella 风疹 life-long

Passive immunity

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1 Passive immunity occurs when the antibodies that fight a pathogen come from another source.来源
2 There are two types of passive immunity; natural passive immunity and artificial passive immunity.

Passive Immunity

Natural passive immunity Artificial passive immunity

• This is acquired by two methods: • This immunity is acquired through the injection of
(a) Antibodies are obtained by an embryo an antiserum 抗血清 into the patient's body (Figure
胚胎 or foetus 胎儿 from its mother in the 9.22).
uterus.子宫 • Antiserum is blood plasma 血浆 that contains
(b) Babies also obtain antibodies through antibodies for a particular disease.
their mother's milk (breastfeeding 喂人奶). • Antiserum is usually extracted 取自 from animals
• This type of immunity does not last long (usually horses) that have been previously 事先
不持久 infected by the disease.
• This immunity is short lived 短暂 and only gives
temporary 暂时 protection.保护
• Antiserum is used to treat diseases such as tetanus
破伤风, diphtheria and rabies.狂犬病
Figure 9.21 Passive immunity

Figure 9.22 The level of antibody in the body after the injection of an antiserum

Comparison between artificial active and passive immunity

Similarities
• Both fight diseases
• Both involve antibodies

Differences
Natural passive immunity Aspects Artificial passive immunity

Injection 注射 of vaccine 疫苗 Ways 方法 of acquiring 获取 Injection of antiserum

immunity
Dead or weakened pathogens Substances that are injected Antibodies 抗体

Prevention 预防 before infection Strategy 策略 of defence Defense 防卫 after infection by a

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by a pathogen pathogen

Takes a long time Effectiveness 有效性 Immediate 立即

Several months or years Period of protection Short period 短期