Resource Allocation with Frequency Reuse using

MATLAB

by

Ahmed Abdelhadi

Review Article with MATLAB Instructions

2017

Virginia Tech
 Table of Contents

List of Tables iii

List of Figures iv

Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation, Background, and Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Sample of Users’ Applications Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Chapter 2. Resource Allocation with Frequency Reuse 7

2.1 System Model of Frequency Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 Algorithm of Frequency Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Bibliography 15

ii
 List of Tables

1.1 Users and their utilities [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

iii
 List of Figures

1.1 A sample of Applications’ Utilities [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1 System Model of Frequency Reuse [3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.2 UE Algorithm of Frequency Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Sector Algorithm of Frequency Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 MME Algorithm of Frequency Reuse [4] . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5 Transmission of Frequency Reuse Algorithm [1] . . . . . . . . 14

iv
 Chapter 1

Introduction

This review article provides steps for plotting the figures provided in the pub-
lished paper [3]. This article starts with a brief background on the problem
of resource allocation. A literature review is included for readers interested
in further reading on the topic. The utilities used in the MATLAB code for
our resource allocation with frequency reuse algorithm is mentioned. Finally,
a step by step MATLAB guide for implementing the algorithm in [1] is pre-
sented.

1.1 Motivation, Background, and Related Work

With the increase in usage of wireless applications [5–8], quality of service
(QoS) [9–11] and quality of experience (QoE) [12, 13] enhancement are be-
coming critically important for end user experience. Research done on QoS
and QoE usually focus on one of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
Model layers [14]). For instance, in [15–18] authors focus on network layer
QoS while [19, 20] focus on physical layer and [21, 22] focus on application
layer. Other directions for addressing this research topic use game theory
methods [23, 24] and microeconomics utilization [25, 26]. Energy efficiency
for network layer QoS is presented in [27–29] for 3GPP, LTE third genera-
tion partnership project [30–32]. Other authors conducted studies on QoS for
WiMAX [33–35], Universal Mobile Terrestrial System (UMTS) [36,37] in [38],
and for Mobile Broadband [39] in [40].
For additional improvement to service quality, cross-layer design of OSI model
was utilized in [41,42]. Shaping and scheduling of routers for QoS improvement
were studied in [43, 44] for Integrated Services, in [45–47] for Differentiated
Services and in [48, 49] for Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). In [50–54],

1
 battery life and embedded-based QoS improvement were discussed.
Elastic traffic, i.e. delay tolerant traffic, [24, 55] was the focus of resource
allocation optimization problem, e.g. proportional fairness [56–58], and max-
min fairness [59–62]. Optimal solution for resource allocation with elastic
traffic was presented in [63–66] and approximate solutions were presented in
[67–69]. Optimal solution using convex optimization [70] for inelastic traffic,
i.e. real-time applications, was introduced in [71]. This work was extended
with many applications per user in [72–78].
Non-convex optimization methods for carrier aggregation scenarios were pre-
sented in [79–83]. The resource allocation optimal solution with carrier aggre-
gation was introduced for this problem in [84–88]. Per the President Council
of Advisers on Science and Technology (PCAST) recommendations [89], car-
rier aggregation between underutilized spectrum and over crowded spectrum is
crucial for future spectrum sharing [90–92]. The sharing of radar band [93,94]
with cellular band [95,96] was suggested by the Federal Communications Com-
mission (FCC). In [97–99], the interference effects of radar and communications
coexistence was studied by the National Telecommunications and Information
Administration (NTIA). A particular study on radar/comm coexistence prob-
lem [100–103] with optimal allocation was presented in [104–106].
The simulation tools provided in this article can be extended to the prob-
lem in [107–109] for machine to machine communications (M2M), in [110] for
multi-cast network, in [111–114] for ad-hoc network, and in [115–118] for other
wireless networks.

1.2 Sample of Users’ Applications Utilities

In the simulation in [3], we use sigmoid utility functions [69, 119, 120] to rep-
resent real-time applications. The mathematical representation is as follows:
( 1 )
U (r) = c − d (1.1)
1 + e−a(r−b)
1+eab 1
where c = eab
and d = 1+eab
with MATLAB code [2]:
1 c = (1+exp(a.*b))./(exp(a.*b));

2
 Figure 1.1: A sample of Applications’ Utilities [2]

2 d = 1./(1+exp(a.*b));
3 y(i) = c(i).*(1./(1+exp(-a(i).*(x-b(i))))-d(i));

We use logarithmic utility functions [58, 121, 122] to represent delay-tolerant

applications. The mathematical representation is as follows:
log(1 + kr)
U (r) = (1.2)
log(1 + krmax )
where rmax and k are 100% user satisfaction rate and rate increase, respectively,
with MATLAB code [2]:
1 y2(i) = log(k(i).*x+1)./(log(k(i).*100+1));.

In Figure 1.1 [123–125], a sample of sigmoid and logarithmic functions is pre-

sented. In [2, 126, 127], we present realistic parameters values of youtube and
FTP applications. In [3], the parameters in Table 1.1 are used. The parame-
ters used in the MATLAB code are:
1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
2 %%%%% Sector 1 eNodeB 1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

3
 Table 1.1: Users and their utilities [1]

Sector 1 eNodeB A
A1 Sig a = 3, b = 10.0 A4 Log k = 1.1, rmax = 100
A2 Sig a = 3, b = 10.3 A5 Log k = 1.2, rmax = 100
A3 Sig a = 1, b = 10.6 A6 Log k = 1.3, rmax = 100
Sector 2 eNodeB A
A7 Sig a = 3, b = 10 A10 Log k = 1, rmax = 100
A8 Sig a = 3, b = 11 A11 Log k = 2, rmax = 100
A9 Sig a = 1, b = 12 A12 Log k = 3, rmax = 100
Sector 3 eNodeB A
A13 Sig a = 3, b = 15.1 A16 Log k = 10, rmax = 100
A14 Sig a = 3, b = 15.3 A17 Log k = 11, rmax = 100
A15 Sig a = 3, b = 15.5 A18 Log k = 12, rmax = 100
Sector 1 eNodeB B
B1 Sig a = 3, b = 10.9 B4 Log k = 1.4, rmax = 100
B2 Sig a = 3, b = 11.2 B5 Log k = 1.5, rmax = 100
B3 Sig a = 1, b = 11.5 B6 Log k = 1.6, rmax = 100
Sector 2 eNodeB B
B7 Sig a = 3, b = 13 B10 Log k = 4, rmax = 100
B8 Sig a = 3, b = 14 B11 Log k = 5, rmax = 100
B9 Sig a = 1, b = 15 B12 Log k = 6, rmax = 100
Sector 3 eNodeB B
B13 Sig a = 3, b = 15.7 B16 Log k = 13, rmax = 100
B14 Sig a = 3, b = 15.9 B17 Log k = 14, rmax = 100
B15 Sig a = 3, b = 17.3 B18 Log k = 15, rmax = 100
Sector 1 eNodeB C
C1 Sig a = 3, b = 11.8 C4 Log k = 1.7, rmax = 100
C2 Sig a = 3, b = 12.1 C5 Log k = 1.8, rmax = 100
C3 Sig a = 1, b = 12.4 C6 Log k = 1.9, rmax = 100
Sector 2 eNodeB C
C7 Sig a = 3, b = 16 C10 Log k = 7, rmax = 100
C8 Sig a = 3, b = 17 C11 Log k = 8, rmax = 100
C9 Sig a = 1, b = 18 C12 Log k = 9, rmax = 100
Sector 3 eNodeB C
C13 Sig a = 3, b = 17.5 C16 Log k = 16, rmax = 100
C14 Sig a = 3, b = 17.7 C17 Log k = 17, rmax = 100
C15 Sig a = 3, b = 17.9 C18 Log k = 18, rmax = 100
4
3 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
4 k11 = [ 1.1 1.2 1.3]’;
5 a11 = [ 3 3 1 ]’;
6 b11 = [ 10.0 10.3 10.6 ]’;
7 %%%%% Sector 1 eNodeB 2 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
8 k21 = [ 1.4 1.5 1.6]’;
9 a21 = [ 3 3 1 ]’;
10 b21 = [ 10.9 11.2 11.5 ]’;
11 %%%%% Sector 1 eNodeB 3 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
12 k31 = [ 1.7 1.8 1.9]’;
13 a31 = [ 3 3 1 ]’;
14 b31 = [ 11.8 12.1 12.4 ]’;
15 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
16 %%%%% Sector 2 eNodeB 1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
17 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
18 k12 = [ 1 2 3 ]’;
19 a12 = [ 3 3 1 ]’;
20 b12 = [ 10 11 12 ]’;
21 %%%%% Sector 2 eNodeB 2 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
22 k22 = [ 4 5 6 ]’;
23 a22 = [ 3 3 1 ]’;
24 b22 = [ 13 14 15 ]’;
25 %%%%% Sector 2 eNodeB 3 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
26 k32 = [ 7 8 9 ]’;
27 a32 = [ 3 3 1 ]’;
28 b32 = [ 16 17 18 ]’;
29 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
30 %%%%% Sector 3 eNodeB 1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
31 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
32 k13 = [ 10 11 12 ]’;
33 a13 = [ 3 3 3 ]’;
34 b13 = [ 15.1 15.3 15.5 ]’;
35 %%%%% Sector 3 eNodeB 2 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
36 k23 = [ 13 14 15 ]’;
37 a23 = [ 3 3 3 ]’;
38 b23 = [ 15.7 15.9 17.3 ]’;
39 %%%%% Sector 3 eNodeB 3 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

5
40 k33 = [ 16 17 18 ]’;
41 a33 = [ 3 3 3 ]’;
42 b33 = [ 17.5 17.7 17.9 ]’;
43 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
44 k = [ k11 k12 k13;
45 k21 k22 k23;
46 k31 k32 k33]
47 a = [ a11 a12 a13;
48 a21 a22 a23;
49 a31 a32 a33]
50 b = [ b11 b12 b13;
51 b21 b22 b23;
52 b31 b32 b33]
53 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

6
 Chapter 2

Resource Allocation with Frequency Reuse

2.1 System Model of Frequency Reuse

A cellular network model [3] consisting of cells with sectors is considered. The
model used in the simulation consists of k = 3 eNodeBs in k = 3 cells. Each
cell is divided into L = 3 sector and M = 54 UEs distributed among these
cells. This simulation setup is shown in Figure 2.1.

2.1.1 Algorithm of Frequency Reuse

The resource allocation with frequency reuse algorithm in [3] allocates re-
sources from Mobility Management Entity (MME) to eNodeBs’ sectors based
on UEs’ applications. The algorithm is divided into a ith UE algorithm shown
in the flow chart in Figure 2.2), a lth eNodeB sector algorithm shown in the
flow chart in Figure 2.3 and MME algorithm in the flow chart in Figure 2.4.
In the allocation process shown in Figures 2.2), 2.3 and 2.4 is as follows [86]:

• The ith UE with a cell starts with an initial bid wli (1) which is sent to
the lth carrier eNodeB.
In MATLAB:
1 % Initial Bids w[sector1; sector2; sector3]
2 w = [10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10; 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10; 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10]’;

• The lth eNodeB sector evaluates the difference between the received bid
wli (n) and the previously received bid wli (n − 1) and exits if and only if
it is less than a provided threshold δ.

7
 Figure 2.1: System Model of Frequency Reuse [3]

In MATLAB:
1 while (delta > 0.001)
2 :
3 :
4 :
5 :
6 delta = max(max(abs(w-w_old)))
7 end % (while) end of the time iteration

8
• The lth sector sends the aggregated bids from all UEs under its coverage
∑
W l (n) = M l
i=1 wi (n) to MME.

In MATLAB:
1 function [p, R_sector] = sector(w)
2 L = 3; % number of sectors
3 W = sum(w); % sum of columns
4 [R_sector] = MME(W); % calculate the sector rate
5 for isector = 1:L
6 p(isector) = W(isector)./R_sector(isector); %
calculate the shadow price
7 end

W l (n)
• MME calculates the sector rates Rl (n) = ∑L l
R and sends it to the
l=1 W (n)
corresponding sectors.
In MATLAB:
1 function [R_sector] = MME(W)
2 R_MME = 450; % the total MME
rate
3 for iMME = 1:length(W)
4 R_sector(iMME) = W(iMME)./sum(W).*R_MME; %
allocated sector rate
5 end

• Each user receives from sector the value of Rl and pl .

In MATLAB
1 [p(time,:), R_sector(time,:)] = sector(w); % sent
from sector

• Each user receives the shadow price to solve for the rate ri that maximizes
objective function.
In MATLAB
1 dy(i,j) = diff(y(i,j),x); % diff of utility
function

9
 2 :
3 :
4 S(i,j) = dy(i,j)-p(time,j);
5

6 soln(i,j,:) = double(solve(S(i,j)));
7

8 r_opt(i,j) = soln(i,j,2);
9 :
10 :

• That rate is used to calculate the new bid.

In MATLAB
1 w(i,j) = r_opt(i,j) * p(time);

• Each user sends the value of its new bid wi (n) to corresponding sector.
This process is repeated until |wi (n) − wi (n − 1)| is less than the pre-
specified threshold δ.
In MATLAB
1 while (delta > 0.001)
2 :
3 :
4 :
5 :
6 delta = max(max(abs(w-w_old)))
7 end % (while) end of the time iteration

The transmission digram is shown in Figure 2.5.

10
Figure 2.2: UE Algorithm of Frequency Reuse

11
Figure 2.3: Sector Algorithm
12 of Frequency Reuse
Figure 2.4: MME Algorithm of Frequency Reuse [4]

13
Figure 2.5: Transmission of Frequency Reuse Algorithm [1]

14
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