8

Two-port Parameters and Ideal

Two-port Devices

INTRODUCTION

With the concepts of driving-point and transfer immittances (imna

and admittances) already introduced, one perceives the evolutionne
work with more than one port. A two-port network is of particula ae net
ficance. Many devices (tubes and transistors) and circuits are operat
an input-output basis where the signal is fed at the input
erated on
port anon
response is observed at the output port. The system is considered a
box with accessibility only at the two ports. The behaviour of the black
in terms of measurements at the two ports is defined in terms of wh
t are
called two-port parameters. With the assumption of
linearity, such n
meters can be wel-defined. Some of these are the Z, Y, h, para
g and 4RC
parameters. The appropriateness of any one set of parameters depends
the input impedance level at the input and output
ports. With the advent
of the transistor the need for h and 8 parameters was seen.
the port presents a low
Specifically,
impedance, it is easier to open circuit the port
rather than short-circuit it. When the input
to short-circuit it. The
impedance is high, it is easier
h-parameters for instance require open-circuit at the
input and short-circuit at
output.
A number of
two-ports can be interconnected in series or in parallel at
the ports. For
determining the overall parameters, a
proper choice of
individual two-port
parameters depends on the nature of interconnection.

8.1 ONE-PORT AND TWO-PORT ELEMENTS

Figure 8. 1(a) shows
resistor R with current
a The
current leaving at point B will also be i(t) entering R at
continuity, is the basis for i(t). This requirement,
irement, arising
afthe
Kirchhoff's
the

entering and leaving currents is valid current law. The lity

equaiy
for any element.
 Two port Parameters and Ideal Two-port Devices 241
In Fig.
8.1(b) we consider the s-domain quantities I(s), V(s), and Z(s).
Recall the assumptions behind thedefinition of Z(s). Here again, the
entering and leaving currents are equal to (s). Also Z(s)= V(s)/I(s).

t 1(s).
I(s)
O
R v(t)
-C|
Vs) V(s)
N

B B
(a (6) (c)

I(s) I2s)

V(s) N
v,s

(s) )
(d)

Fig. 8.1 (a), (b) single element, (c) one-port, (d) two-port.

of elements.
In Fig. the network N consists of interconnection
8.1(c)
1l'. We assume that the network
is in the steady state
Consider the port is also s)
port 1. The current leaving 1'
with the current (s) entering at
port 1l is V(s). The driving point impedance
The voltage across the
the port is Zals) V(s)/s).
=
element in N is V(s)
measured across some
in Fig. 8.1(c) if the voltage
we define the
transfer impedance
Z(S) = Va(0)/{(6)
the
to a two-port
network. In Fig. 8.1(d)
We extend the concepts 1 is I1(s) and
The current into port
now
11' and 22'.
network N has two ports
current into port
2 is 1(s) and voltage
it. The ofa
reached. The concept
across
ls) is the voltage state is
We a s s u m e that
steady like the
across it is Vz(s). There are devices
and sysuems

1s useful in practice. as two-ports. Signals

port which can be viewed (voltage or
etc.
t o r , amplifier, one port and
the response

oltage or current) are applied at

h or
at the other port. sets 2, Y,
Current) is observed of the parameter
be c h a r a c t e r i s e d by
one
two-port paraiicc
determine the
can
W Ot and also
e deine these narameters

of certaia devices
242 Circuit Theory

8.2 PARAMETERS OF TWO-PORTS

Z-parameters
Figure 8.2 shows a two-port with the standard
convention for.
and port currents. For convenience of
writing, the
fot port voap
functional rela

Fig. 8.2 Defining Z parameters

is dropped.For defining
V and V2 the responses. InZ-parameters, I and 12 are the excitations a
addition to the assumption of
network is assumed to be linear and steady state, the
time invariamt
are
linearly dependent on I1 and I2, and the (LTI). Then V and v.
of impedance. dependence has the dimension
Using superposition, Vi and V2 are
expressed as
V1 Zul+ Zn
Va= Zzul + 8.)
Equation (8.1) enables us to define the Z2l
excitation to be I, Z-parámeters. Taking h =0
Z= Vi/l with Ia= 0
Z= Val with Ih =0
For I=0
and excitation I2 (8.2

Zi= V1/lh with I= 0

Since the
excitations are
Zn=Vall, with =0 currents is at
open-circuit, currents, and the condition of zero
Z-parameters are open-circuit parameters. cu
 Y-Parameters of Two Ports
With V1
V. andand V2 as excitations and I and I2 as
parameters as responses, we define the Y.
=Y11V+ Y2V)
(8.3)
Y1 =
I/V with V2=
0
Y2112/Vi with V2 =0
Y12 1/V2 with V1 ==0j (8.4)
Y22 l2/V2 with Vj =
0
As voltage excitations and short-circuits used
are
Y-parameters are short
circuit parameters.

Example 8.3
Obtain the Y-parameters of the net-
work shown in Fig. E8.3.

Solution
With a
voltageexcitation V across
port (1) and port (2) short-circuited,
There is a short across Y. Current O-
Y-parameters of a network
entering port (1) is given by Fig. E8.3

=(Y + YJVI. Hence

,+ Ye
 246 Circuit Theory

-Y12

, Y112 (21V
Fig.8.4 Y-Parameter equivalent circuit

Relation between Z and Y-parameters

Z- and Y-parameters are related, since they refer to the same ne
Starting with the Z-parameter relations given in Eq. (8.1) work
VZnl+ Z12/2
V=Zaul+Znl 8.5
Consider Vi and V2 as known and solve for 7 and l2 (by Cramer',

4DetzY+Det2 a
L V Zi
hDet Z Det z2
+
Z Z1a
where Det Z=
Z Z22
Comparing with the Y-parameter relations

= YuVi+ Y2V2
(8.7
YzV + YaV
Thus
[Y Y2 Za/Det Z -Z1a/Det Z1 (8
L Y l-Za/Det Z Zu/Det Z
ters a
A reciprocalrelation for the Z-parameters in terms of Y-parametc
be similarly obtained by interchanging the letters Y and z.

[Z Z12]1 Yz2/Det Y -Y12/Det Y1 (89

lz Zal-Y/Det Y Yn/Det Y.
 1S as

h122

Fig. 8.5 h-parameter equivalent circuit

8 parameters

parameters are defined for excitations Vi and l2 as

I=811t812/2\ (8.11)
V2 =821V+82l
The individual parameters are given by
811 1/V with I2 = 0 or gi1 =
1/Zu an admittance
forward voltage ratio
821= V2/Vi with l2
= 0 =
open circuit
current ratio
812=/2 with V= 0 = reverse

82= V2/lh with Vi= 0; g22

=
1/Ya an impedance.
248 Cireuit 74
shown
of a two-port is as shown in
The
g-parameter
equivalent
circuit
Fig 86.
922

V,911 921

Fig. 8.6 8-parameter equivalent circuit

Some of theh- and &-parameters have already been shown to be relau

to the Z- and Y-parameters. A systematic approach to relate two sete. related
parameters should make use of the definitions. we now obtain the h-pas
meters in terms of Z-parameters: para
V=Zl+ Z12/a
V2 Zal + Znlh
Since h= Vill, with Va =0 and hzu =
hll with V =0, Va =0 gives
Z2n+Z22l2=0
or

all=-Zu/Z2=ha1
Using the value of 2,

Vi Zul+Zia-Za/Z)
or

Vl= ZI1 -

Zi2xZa1/Z= Det Z/Z22 h =

Thus h Det Z/Z2., and hai -Za/Z2 =

For determining hi2 and hn put 1 =0 in q. (8.1) giving

V1=Z12lh
V2= Z2al2
h2=Vi/V2(with l1 =
0) =Zi2/Z2
h2a= h/V2 (with /1 =
0) =
1/Z22
Thus

hu hal [Det 2/2n

A
Lha L-Za1/Zn ZalZ2a
1/Z22
Table 8.1 gives the
where 4 stands for
relations between the Z, Y, h and 8
the P
Note that when Zi2 determinant.
Z, hi2=-hy and
=

gi2=-
BCDParameters

ABCD
parameters were introduced to
study transmission lines.
CD
The
ABC

for analysing
Cascade
two-ports. Vj and at They
seful
sedin terms of V2and -h at port (2) throug ABCD port (1) are
parameters.
expressed
t
are in
Curre Out
going out at port (2), 1.e. -lh was the variable used
originally.
V= AV2 +B(-1)
I= CV2 + D(-1)) (8.12)

These can be
be related to other parameter sets. Using Z-parameters, we
and /.
e s p r e s
and
s
I1 in terms of V2
V=Zul+Z122
V2= Zaul+ Znl
V-Z2als
SinceZzul
=

Zah/Zal+Z
V-Zul + Zulh= [ZV%-
=(Z1/Z2)V2 + 2{Z12 - Z1Z/Z)
= (Z11/Z21)V2-(Det Z/Zau)/a
C=1/Z and
and B= Det Z/Z1. Similarly,
Hence, A= Zu/Za
D Z/Z21
Also AD -
BC = Z/Z1= 1, if Z12=Z1

Controlled Sources sets 2, Y, h or g, we

parameter
In the quivalent circuits representing the 1)
excitation.
(port
had a ontrolled source depending on the input voltage
(CVS)
controlled
source

source
current current

Figure 8.7(a) shows the ideal

ideal voltage
controlled
controlled

with V2= shows current

rml. Figure8 (6)

gives the ideal

CS) with hg m V . Figure 8.7(c)

8.3 sOME Two-PORT DEVICESs

Ideal Transformer
We obtain the two-port parameters of an ideal transformer starting forom
 port
Parameters and ldeal
shown
inducton
inductance M. M=KV*Fig. 8.11. L
oled in Two-port Devices 255
and L
is couplino are the
the

At the
pefficient inductors
nductors with
with
K < . two-ports,
from Fig. 8.11
relations arefrom

Ls + Msl
(8.24)
MslMsl + Lasi,
The ideal transtormer is a special
Cain
which (i) = = 1, (ii) Li.
and (i) L,/L2 =n, a cons-
nK=I
t
a0t.
or unit coupling means Fl&.11 1deal transformer
linking of fux between L, and
avmplete
La. Multiplying the first of Eq. (8.24)
ty L
and the second by M
LV= L,Lsl + MLslh
MV2 Msl + MLslh (8.24)
Srnce, when
K= 1, M2
1,. =
LL2, the right hand sides of these
equal equations are

LV =
MV or Vi/V= M/L2 =VLJL =n
Thus for an ideal transformer,
Vi=nVa (8.25a)
Also, from Eq. (8.24)
VilL= sl+ (M/L,)s/= sl + (l/n)s
With Li>o,
0 sl1 + (1/n)sl2
of
Ilh=-1/n (8.25b)
Taus the defining relations for an ideal transformer are
V=n2 and --(#}
giving the ABCD parameters as
Also from
Eq. (8.25), (8.26)
Vi +Pla =0
Equation (8.26) shows that the transformer conserves power.

Gyrator conservation of
Consider again aa two-port-device that
satisfies the
law of condi-
The passivity
power,
OWer,i i.c.
tion Can 2
= 0. Such a device is
passive.
also be expressed as (8.27a)
K

which can be taken a defining

relation for a gyrator.
 256 Circuit Theory

Hence
V= - Klh and V2 =
KI
Thus the Z-parameters of a
gyrator are given by

- -K1[]
o Jlh
We notice that Z2=-K and Z21=K or Z21 # Z12. 1ncrefore
gyrator, though ideaily passive, is not 1uerefore, t
a
reciprocal network. Actual gyrators
have been realized K
only by using
active elements. The
tor is as shown in
The
symbol for gyra
Fig. 8.12. V T
impedance matrix for a gyra-
tor is

(Z]= Fig. 8.12 Symbol for gyrator

LK
 NTERCONNECTION OF Two-PORTs
8 . 4 I N T E

Two o r m
two-ports can be interconnected resulting in an overall two
port whose a rameters can be determined in terms of those of the individual
parame.

The nature of interconnection determines the choice of para-

rwo-ports.
o r g to be used. Table 8.2 shows the interconnection, choice
Z, Y, h
m e t

arameters and he overall parameters matrix which is the sum of the

e r

Th
matrices. e tw
The two-ports can beconnected in series, parallel, series-paraliel

p a
.
r
Before such interconnections are made, it is important
a l l e l - s e

that for the overall two-port, the entering and leaving port
or

to verify
are equal.
We recall that this is the basis for the definition of a
currents
There are for this purpose. Whenever the inter
validity tests
two port. currents
connection
resuits in circulating currents, entering and leaving
some elements of the network
wili become ineffective.
will not be equal or

interconnected
Table 8.2 Overall parameters for various
two-ports
Individual Overaill
Interconnection parameters parameters

Z, Z Z Z
Series
Parallel Y, Y Y- Y
+
h, h'
Series parallel
Parallel series 8,8

the set up for validity test.

connection, and
8.14 shows the series c u r r e n t s are
re added up, but port
individual port voltages get
that
ame.
 o

(a)
Fia 8.14 Validity test for seres cnnected
two-or
The validity test for series connection is, referfing to Fig 1.14
Overall E,=0,E, -
0

Parallel interconnections and

shown in Fig. 8.15.
validity tests for such
interoonnezin
Figure 8.1{a) gives the
paraliel-paraliel inter
tion. This interconnection is valid
Fig. 8.15(c).
if E, =0 in Fig 3.1S6) and E,

(a)
(b)

Ey0

Fig. 8.15 Validity test for

(c)
parallel connected two-ports: (a) Parallel
(b), (c) validity tests ection;
con
Similar tests can be made for
nections. series-parallel and parallel-serie interco