BIOLOGY NOTES

Chapter 3 Biodiversity

SHORT QUESTIONS

2. Compare two kingdom and five kingdom classification

system.

Two Kingdom Classification Five Kingdom Classification

System System
1. It includes five kingdoms:
- Monera
1. It includes two kingdoms:
- Protista
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Animalia
- Plantae
- Animalia
2. Bacteria and Cyanobacteria 2. Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
are placed in kingdom Plantae. are placed in kingdom Monera.
3. Unicellular or simple
3. Unicellular or simple
multicellular eukaryotes are
multicellular eukaryotes are
placed in kingdom Plantae and
placed in kingdom Protista.
Animalia.
4. Fungi are placed in kingdom 4. Fungi are placed in kingdom
Plantae. Fungi.

1|Page
3. (a) Differentiate between Bacteria and Protists.

Bacteria (Monera) Protists

1. It includes all prokaryotic 1. It includes eukaryotic

organisms. organisms.
2. Structure: 2. Structure:
- Unicellular - Unicellular
- Filamentous - Simple Multicellular
- Colonial
3. Includes:
- Protozoa e.g., Amoeba
3. Includes: (Animal like Protist)
- Bacteria - Algae e.g., Euglena
- Cyanobacteria (Plant like Protist)
- Fungi like Protist
(e.g., slime molds)
4. They can be asexual and
4. They are asexual.
sexual.
5. Absorptive, Ingestive and
5. Photosynthetic, absorptive
photosynthetic mode of
mode of nutrition.
nutrition.

2|Page
3. (b) Differentiate between Fungi and Plants.

Fungi Plants

1. It includes Eukaryotic 1. It includes Eukaryotic

organisms. organisms.
2. Structure:
- Unicellular 2. Structure:
(less number) - Multicellular
- Multicellular
(more number)
3. Autotrophic (with
3. Saprotrophic Decomposers chloroplast containing
chlorophyll)
4. Absorptive mode of 4. Photosynthetic mode of
nutrition. nutrition.

5. Cell wall made of chitin. 5. Cell wall made of cellulose.

6. Example: Yeast, Mushroom 6. Example: Moss, Mustard

3|Page
3. (c) Differentiate between Plants and Animals.

Animals Plants

1. It includes Eukaryotic 1. It includes Eukaryotic

organisms. organisms.
2. Structure: 2. Structure:
- Multicellular - Multicellular
3. Autotrophic (with
3. Heterotrophic chloroplast containing
chlorophyll)
4. Ingestive mode of 4. Photosynthetic mode of
nutrition. nutrition.

5. Lack cell wall. 5. Cell wall made of cellulose.

6. They are motile. 6. They are non-motile.

6. Example: Fish, Frog 6. Example: Moss, Mustard

4|Page
4. Draw and Label a virus.

6. Why viruses are considered at the borderline of living

and non-living organisms?

Viruses are considered at the borderline of living and non-

living because of the following reasons:

1. They do not have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell organelles, or

cell membrane.

2. They do not feed, respire, excrete, or grow.

3. They do reproduce, but only inside the cells of living

organisms; usually the host cell provides materials.

5. Why are viruses regarded as acellular?

Viruses are regarded as acellular because of the following

reasons:

1. They lack structural characteristics.

2. They cannot carry out metabolic activities independently.

5|Page
3. They are not included in the five kingdom classification
system.

7. Write the importance of Binomial Nomenclature.

Following are the points regarding the importance of Binomial

Nomenclature:

1. They have scientific basis.

2. They are universally accepted.

3. They stand for a single kind of animal, plant, or

microorganism all over the world.

8. Why should we be concerned with preserving

biodiversity?

The preservation of biodiversity is important because it

directly and indirectly affects life on earth. Protecting all the
things that are essential for life should be a concern in order
to prevent the extinction of species and the destruction of
ecosystem. Conservation of Biodiversity is important as it
brings together people and helps in understanding the effects
of human activities on the ecosystem.

6|Page
1. What are the following scientists famous for?

(a) Aristotle:

Aristotle is famous for proposing the two kingdom

classification system. The two kingdom classification system
states that there are two kingdoms, Kingdom Plantae and
Kingdom Animalia.

(b) Abu Usman Umer Aljahiz:

Abu Usman Umer Aljahiz was a famous Muslim zoologist. He

wrote books on theories of evolution, adaptation, animal
psychology, migration of fishes and ants.

COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS

1. What is Biodiversity? Write the importance of

biodiversity in the natural ecosystem.

(The answer is on page 25, 3.1. It is in perfect formal there so

there is no point in wasting time writing that again.)

7|Page
2. Describe Classification. How can you classify organisms?

Classification is the grouping of organisms. The science of

classification is called Taxonomy. It is the branch of biology
that is concerned with the identification and the naming of
organisms. Following are the objectives of classification:

i. To determine similarities and differences between

organism.
ii. To arrange organism on the basis of similarities and
differences.
iii. To identify the organism to study them systematically.
iv. To find out evolutionary relationships among organism.

The classification of living organisms is based on the

similarities in them. Similarities and differences are studied
in the internal and external features.

3. Give an account of history of classification system.

Living organisms have been classified into two and five

kingdoms.

Two kingdom classification system:

Two kingdom classification system was proposed by Aristotle.

It divided organisms into two kingdoms, i.e. Kingdom Plantae
(plants) and Kingdom Animalia (animals). It is based on the

8|Page
study that Plants have cell wall and can make their own food,
while animals cannot make food in their body.

Three kingdom classification system:

Three kingdom classification system was proposed by Ernest

Haeckel. He added a third kingdom i.e. Protista, in order to
separate unicellular microscopic organisms from multicellular
ones.

Five kingdom classification system:

Five kingdom classification system divides organisms into five

groups. i.e., Monera, Protista, Fungi, Planate, and Animalia.

Five kingdom classification system explains Diversity of Living

Organisms. Kingdom Monera are distinguished by their
prokaryotic structure. Kingdom Protista contains a group of
unicellular organism. Fungi are placed in a separate group i.e.
Kingdom Fungi.

4. Describe the diagnostic characteristics of the five

kingdoms.

The five kingdom classification system includes: Monera,

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

9|Page
Kingdom Monera:

i. It includes prokaryotic organism.

ii. It includes bacteria and cyanobacteria
iii. Their modes of nutrition are photosynthetic and
absorptive.
iv. They are non-motile or motile.
v. They are unicellular, colonial or filamentous.

Kingdom Protista:

i. It includes eukaryotic organism.

ii. They are unicellular and multicellular.
iii. Their modes of nutrition are Ingestive, photosynthetic
and absorptive.
iv. They are mostly aquatic.
v. They include Protozoa e.g., Amoeba (Animal like Protists).
vi. They include Algae e.g., Euglena (Plant like Protists).
vii. They include Fungi like Protists e.g., slime molds.

Kingdom Fungi:

i. It includes eukaryotic organism.

ii. They are mostly multicellular. Some are unicellular.
iii. Their mode of nutrition is absorptive.
iv. They are non-motile.
v. They are saprotrophic decomposers.

10 | P a g e
 vi. They have chitin in their cell wall.
vii. Example, Yeast and Mushrooms.

Kingdom Plantae:

i. It includes eukaryotic organism.

ii. They are multicellular.
iii. Their mode of nutrition is photosynthetic.
iv. They are non-motile.
v. They are autotrophic with chloroplasts containing
chlorophyll.
vi. Their cell wall is made of cellulose.
vii. Example, Moss and Mustard.

Kingdom Animalia:

i. It includes eukaryotic organism.

ii. They are multicellular.
iii. Their mode of nutrition is Ingestive.
iv. They are motile.
v. They lack cell wall and chlorophyll.
vi. They can generally move from place to place.
vii. In includes invertebrates and vertebrates.
viii. Example, Insects and Frog.

11 | P a g e
5. What is Binomial Nomenclature? Describe aims,
principles and importance of Binomial nomenclature using
local examples.

Binomial Nomenclature is the system of giving names to

organisms. It was introduced by Linnaeus. It consists of two
Latin names. The first name is genus and the second name
represents the particular species. The genus name begins with
a capital letter and the species name begins with a small
letter. Since the name has two parts, it is called Binomial
Nomenclature.

Importance of Binomial Nomenclature:

Following are the points regarding the importance of Binomial

Nomenclature:

i. They have scientific basis.

ii. They are universally accepted.

iii. They stand for a single kind of animal, plant, or

microorganism all over the world.

Examples:

- Homo sapiens (humans)

- Rana Tigrina (Frog)
- Oryza sativa (Rice)

12 | P a g e
 6. What is the conservation of biodiversity? Explain
impact of human beings on biodiversity.

The protection and preservation of all the natural

resources needed for the existence and maintenance of life
on earth is called conservation. Conservation of Biodiversity
means to protect the variety of living organisms present in
the ecosystem.

Impact of Human beings on Biodiversity:

Hunting:-

Hunting has increased the rate of extinction. People

threaten wild life by destroying their habitat. Forests and
grasslands are being cleared for roads, farms and other
human activities. This requires the destruction of habitats
which affects the extinction of organism.

Pollution:-

The release of harmful gases in the air from industries and

factories contaminates the forests, rivers and other
habitats. Due to the sudden change in global climate, many
species because unable to adjust their range and may
become extinct. Pesticides also have caused a huge
abundance of predatory birds to decrease. Acid deposition
has caused a worldwide decline in amphibian population.

13 | P a g e
 Deforestation:-

The cutting down of trees and forests leaves the soil

barren which causes deforestation. Human are destroying
forests for timber, agriculture, making of roads and houses,
for land grazing and for the settlement of ever-increasing
human population. This badly affects the habitats of
organisms and increases the rate of extinction.

7. Identify causes of deforestation and its effects on

biodiversity with examples.

Deforestation is caused due to the following reasons:

i. Collecting Timber
ii. Land for agriculture
iii. Making of roads, airports, etc.
iv. Settlement
v. Urban development
vi. Land required for grazing

Effects of Deforestation on Biodiversity:

 Removal of forests causes soil erosion, silting up of lakes,

rivers, flood and the loss of thousands of species of
animals and plants.
 When threes are cut down and the soil is ploughed, there
is less protection from the wind and rain.

14 | P a g e
  Heavy rainfall washes the soil off the hillside into rivers.
The hillsides are left bare and useless and the rivers
become choked up with mud and silt, which causes floods.
 Causes Sedimentation, which has halved the lives of
reservoirs. Etc., Tarbella Dam, Hydroelectric schemes
and irrigation program.
 About half the rain comes from the transpiration of
trees themselves. The clouds formed from this
transpired water helps to reflect sunlight and keeps the
regions cool and humid.
 Due to the shortage of rain achieved from transpired
water, temperature range from day to night is more
extreme and rainfall reduces.
 Many of our present-day drugs quinine, aspirin etc., are
deprived from plants

It is important that we take notice of such problems and

decrease the amount of trees and forests being cut off.
Deforestation effects biodiversity and natural resources
badly. We are likely to deprive a world of these valuable
resources.

15 | P a g e
8. Discuss issues of conservation of biodiversity in Pakistan
with reference to deforestation and hunting.

Issues of conservation of biodiversity in Pakistan are

deforestation and hunting;

Deforestation: Pakistan is facing a real deforestation crisis

as a very large area of forests are being used either of fuel
purpose or for wood furnishing in the country.

Hunting: Hunting is a threat to animals in Pakistan. Hence,

hunting of some animals and birds is completely banned. E.g.,
black dear, spotted deer etc. Although hunting is allowed of
some animals in particular seasons, there is still a threat of
wildlife in Pakistan.

9. What is the possible connection between cutting down

trees on hillsides and flooding in the valleys?

When trees are cut down from the hillside, the soil is left
barren and ploughed. Heavy rainfall washes this soil into the
valleys and rivers. The valleys and rivers become choked up
with mud and silt, which causes floods.

:)

16 | P a g e
17 | P a g e