UIVERSITY OF HARIPUR

Name:
Sayam khan
Roll No:
F18-0992
Program:
BS Acc & Fin
Semister:
6th
Section:
A
Submitted to:
Sir Abdul Haseeb
Agencies That Facilitate International Flow
List of agencies that facilitate international flow are given below

 IMF
 World bank
 International Financial Corporation
 IDA
 BIS
 OECD
 Regional Development Agencies

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that promotes
global economic growth and financial stability, encourages international trade, and
reduces poverty

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is based in Washington, D.C. The organization
is currently composed of 189 member countries, each of which has representation on
the IMF's executive board in proportion to its financial importance.

Quotas are a key determinant of the voting power in IMF decisions. Votes comprise
one vote per SDR100,000 of quota plus basic votes (same for all members)

Purpose Of IFM
 The IMF's mission is to promote global economic growth and financial
stability, encourage international trade, and reduce poverty around the world.
 The IMF was originally created in 1945 as part of the Bretton Woods
agreement, which attempted to encourage international financial cooperation
by introducing a system of convertible currencies at fixed exchange rates.

Role & Responsibilities of IFM

The IMF functions in three main areas:

 Overseeing the economies of member countries

  Lending to countries with balance of payments issues
 Helping member countries modernize their economies

Monitoring Member Country Economies

The International Monetary Fund's primary job is to promote stability in the global
monetary system. So, its first function is to monitor the economies of its 189 member
countries. This activity, known as economic surveillance, happens at both the national
and global levels. Through economic surveillance, the IMF monitors developments that
affect member economies as well as the global economy as a whole.

Member nations must agree to pursue economic policies that coincide with the IMF's
objectives. By monitoring the macroeconomic and financial policies of its member
countries, the IMF sees stability risks and advises on possible adjustments.

Lending
The IMF lends money to nurture the economies of member countries with balance of
payments problems instead of lending to fund individual projects. This assistance can
replenish international reserves, stabilize currencies, and strengthen conditions for
economic growth. The IMF expects the countries to pay back the loans, and the
countries must embark on structural adjustment policies monitored by the IMF.

Lending through the IMF takes two forms. The first is at nonconcessional interest rates,
while the other comes with concessional terms. The latter is advanced to countries with
low income, and bears very low or no interest rates at all.

Technical Assistance
The third main function of the IMF is through what it calls capacity development by
providing assistance, policy advice, and training through its various programs. The
group provides member nations with technical assistance in the following areas:

 Fiscal policy
 Monetary and exchange rate policies
 Banking and financial system supervision and regulation
 Statistics

The organization aims to strengthen human and institutional capacity. This is very
important for countries with previous policy failures, weak institutions, or scarce
resources. Through capacity development, member nations can help strengthen and
improve growth in their economies and create jobs.

Name of countries
 Pakistan
  India
 Iraq
 Norway

World bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to
the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing
capital projects. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD), and the International Development Association (IDA). The
World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group

The World Bank Group (WBG) was established in 1944 to rebuild post-World War II
Europe under the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). It is
one of a variety of organizations seeking to shape the world economy.

Today, the World Bank functions as an international organization that fights poverty by
offering developmental assistance to middle-income and low-income countries. By
giving loans and offering advice and training in both the private and public sectors, the
World Bank aims to eliminate poverty by helping people help themselves. Under the
World Bank Group (WBG), there are complementary institutions that aid in its goals to
provide assistance

World Bank Purpose and Function

The World Bank provides low-interest loans, interest-free credit, and grants. It focuses
on improving education, health, and infrastructure. It also uses funds to modernize a
country's financial sector, agriculture, and natural resources management.

The Bank's stated purpose is to "bridge the economic divide between poor and rich
countries." It does this by turning "rich country resources into poor country growth." It
has a long-term vision to "achieve sustainable poverty reduction."

To achieve this goal, the Bank focuses on several areas:

 Overcome poverty by spurring growth, especially in Africa.

 Help reconstruct countries emerging from war, the biggest cause of extreme
poverty.
 Provide a customized solution to help middle-income countries remain out of
poverty.
 Spur governments to prevent climate change.
 Work with partners to bring an end to AIDS.
 Manage international financial crises and promote open trade.
  Work with the Arab League on three goals: improve education, build
infrastructure, and provide microloans to small businesses.
 Share its expertise with developing countries via reports and its interactive online
database

Member of the world bank

 Afghanistan.
 Albania –
 shqip.
 Algeria –
 Français –
 ‫عرب ي‬
 Angola –
 Português.
 Antigua and
 Barbuda.
 Argentina
 - Español.
 Armenia.
 Austria

International Finance Corporation

IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, is the largest global development institution
focused exclusively on the private sector in developing countries. We utilize and
leverage our products and services—as well as products and services of other
institutions in the World Bank Group—to provide development solutions customized to
meet clients’ needs. We apply our financial resources, technical expertise, global
experience, and innovative thinking to help our partners overcome financial, operational,
and political challenges. Clients view IFC as a provider and mobilizer of scarce capital,
knowledge, and long-term partnerships that can help address critical constraints in
areas such as finance, infrastructure, employee skills, and the regulatory environment.
IFC is also a leading mobilizer of third-party resources for its projects. Our willingness to
engage in difficult environments and our leadership in crowding-in private finance
enable us to extend our footprint and have a development impact well beyond our direct
resources
 Member of International Finance
Corporation
 Afghanistan.
 Albania –
 shqip.
 Algeria –
 Français –
 ‫عرب ي‬
 Angola –
 Português.
 Antigua and
 Barbuda.
 Argentina
 - Español.
 Armenia.
 Austria

International Development Association

The International Development Association (IDA) is the part of the World Bank that
helps the world’s poorest countries. Overseen by 173 shareholder nations, IDA aims to
reduce poverty by providing zero to low-interest loans (called ―credits‖) and grants for
programs that boost economic growth, reduce inequalities, and improve people’s living
conditions.
IDA complements the World Bank’s original lending arm—the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). IBRD was established to function as a self-
sustaining business and provides loans and advice to middle-income and credit-worthy
poor countries. IBRD and IDA share the same staff and headquarters and evaluate
projects with the same rigorous standards.
IDA is one of the largest sources of assistance for the world’s 74 poorest countries and
is the single largest source of donor funds for basic social services in these countries.
IDA lends money on concessional terms. This means that IDA credits have a zero or
very low interest charge and repayments are stretched over 30 to 40 years, including a
5- to 10-year grace period. IDA also provides grants to countries at risk of debt distress.
In addition to concessional loans and grants, IDA provides significant levels of debt
relief through the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and the Multilateral
Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI).
In the fiscal year ending June 30, 2020, IDA commitments totaled $30.48 billion, of
which 26 percent was provided on grant terms. This includes 305 new projects.
Furthermore, IDA’s support is part of the broader $160 billion World Bank Group
response to the COVID-19 pandemic over a 15-month period ending June 2021. It
includes $50-55 billion in low-interest credits and grants focused on saving lives,
protecting the poor and vulnerable, creating jobs, saving businesses, and building a
more resilient recovery. Since 1960, IDA has provided $422 billion for investments in
114 countries. Annual commitments have increased steadily and averaged about
$25 billion over the last three years.
IDA is a multi-issue institution, supporting a range of development activities that pave
the way toward equality, economic growth, job creation, higher incomes, and better
living conditions. IDA's work covers primary education, basic health services, clean
water and sanitation, agriculture, business climate improvements, infrastructure, and
institutional reforms

Bank for International Settlements

Headquartered in Basel, Switzerland, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is a
bank for central banks. Founded in 1930, the Bank for International Settlements is the
oldest global financial institution and operates under the auspices of international law.
But from its inception to the present day, the role of the BIS has been ever-changing as
it adapts to the dynamic global financial community and its needs

How the Bank Operates

The BIS competes directly with other private financial institutions for global banking
activities. However, it does not hold current accounts for individuals or governments. At
one time, private shareholders, as well as central banks, held shares in the BIS. But in
2001 it was decided that the private shareholders should be compensated and that
ownership of the BIS should be restricted to the central banks (or equivalent monetary
authorities).

The BIS unit of account is the IMF's special drawing rights, which are a
basket of convertible currencies. The reserves held account for approximately 7% of the
world's total currency.

Like any other bank, the BIS strives to offer premium services to attract central banks as
clients. To provide security, it maintains abundant equity capital and reserves that are
diversely invested following risk analysis. The BIS ensures liquidity for central banks by
offering to buy back tradable instruments from them; many of these instruments have
been specifically designed for the central bank's needs. To compete with private
financial institutions, the BIS offers a top return on funds invested by central banks.

The statutes of the BIS are presided over by three bodies: the general meeting of
member central banks, the board of directors, and the management of the BIS.
Decisions on the functions of the BIS are made at each level and are based on a
weighted voting arrangement.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and Development (OECD)
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an
international organisation that works to build better policies for better lives. Our goal is
to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-being for all. We
draw on 60 years of experience and insights to better prepare the world of tomorrow.

Together with governments, policy makers and citizens, we work on establishing

evidence-based international standards and finding solutions to a range of social,
economic and environmental challenges. From improving economic performance and
creating jobs to fostering strong education and fighting international tax evasion, we
provide a unique forum and knowledge hub for data and analysis, exchange of
experiences, best-practice sharing, and advice on public policies and international
standard-setting.

Member countries
37 Member countries span the globe, from North and South America to Europe and
Asia-Pacific. They are represented by ambassadors at the OECD Council, which
defines and oversees our work, as set out in the OECD Convention. Member countries
engage with our experts, use our data and analysis to inform policy decisions, and play
a key role in our country reviews, which are designed to encourage better
performances. The European Commission participates in our work, but it does not have
the right to vote

Regional development agencies

Eight RDAs were created on 25 November 1998 following the Regional Development
Agencies Act 1998.[3] In subsequent years their scope and powers were enhanced, and
a ninth agency, for London, was established in July 2000. The statutory objectives of
the RDAs were:

1. to further economic development and regeneration;

2. to promote business efficiency and competitiveness;
3. to promote employment;
4. to enhance the development and application of skills relevant to employment,
and
5. to contribute to sustainable development.
They took over responsibility from Government Offices for administering European
Union regional development funds.

List of The Regional Development Agencies were:

 East of England Development Agency (EEDA), based in Cambridge
 East Midlands Development Agency (EMDA), based in Nottingham
 London Development Agency (LDA)
 One NorthEast (ONE), based in Newcastle
 Northwest Regional Development Agency, based in Warrington
 South West of England Regional Development Agency, based in Exeter
 South East England Development Agency (SEEDA), based in Guildford
 Advantage West Midlands, based in Birmingham
 Yorkshire Forward, based in Leeds