Drafting Module 2

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PROGRAM COURSE : DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

AND PLANS
MODULE TITLE : Interpreting technical drawings

and plans
INTRODUCTION:
This module is designed to familiarize student in drawing

mechanically the orthographic and pictorial projection using compass,
triangle, T-square, pencils, erasers, and technical pens. It is important
to have basic knowledge and skills in orthographic projection because
this can be used or applied construction to be undertaken.
This is also designed to teach students how to interpret
simple working drawing.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of the module, you should be able to:
LO1 Analyze signs, symbols and data; and
LO2 Interpret technical drawings and plans.
1
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TECHNICAL TERMS
Alphabet of lines are set of conventional line symbols used in orthographic

drawings.
Assembly Drawing is an orthographic drawing of an object with its parts
assembled.
Auxiliary view is an extra or helping view of an orthographic drawing
perpendicularly projected from an inclined surface.
Detail Drawing is a large-scale drawing that shows of part of a machine,
device, or building.
Exploded Drawing is the showing of items in a diagram, but with their
relative maintained positions.
Frontal plane is a plane where the front view is projected
in a single viewing.
Ground plane is the edge view of the ground upon which the object usually
rests.
Hem is used to strengthen the lips of sheet metal objects, made in 4 mm,
6mm, 10 mm, etc standard sizes.
Horizon represents the eye level of the observer.
Horizontal plane is a plane where the top view is projected approximately
as appear to the observer.
Isometric drawing is one view drawing showing its three faces with equal
measure.
Oblique projection is a kind of pictorial drawing of an object which surface
is parallel to the front plane while the others are oblique or inclined to it.
Parallel Development refers to measuring lines parallel to one another.
Examples are cube, cylinder and prism.
Pattern is a part or model used a s a guide for making something.
Offset Section shows the zigzag direction of the cutting plane if the
principal interior features of an object are not located in a straight line.
Orthographic is a graphic presentation of an object showing the three space
dimensions of an object in its true shape and size.
Pictorial drawing shows several faces of an object at once.
Projection is a view conceived to be drawn or projected onto a plane.
Radial development refers to measuring lines that converge at a certain
points for example are the pyramid and cone.
2
Seams are used to strengthen sheet metal sections. They are usually joined
by soldering and/ or riveting process.
Section is an orthographic view showing the inside view or construction of
an object.
Sectional view is a method of drawing presentation showing the interior
parts of the building especially when the inner parts is
complicated.
Vanishing point represents the center of vision.
3
Program/Course : DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY
Unit of Competency : INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWING

AND PLANS
Module Title : Interpreting technical drawing and

Plans
Nominal Duration : 10 hours
Learning Outcome 1 : Analyze signs, symbols and data
Assessment Criteria:
1. Signs, symbols, and data are identified according to job

specifications.
2. Signs, symbols and data are determined according to
classification or as appropriate in drawing.
3. Signs and symbols in trade mathematics are identified
according to their applications.
References:
Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan
Company: 1949.
French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th

editon: 1960
German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983
Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

1977
Jun B. Principe, Corazon A. Garcia, Carlos S. Asuncion, Cresencio M.

Viernes and Trinidad S. Flores. Technology and Home Economics for
Secondary Schools: Revised Edition; FNB Educational, Inc.:1999
http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Drawing/ABREV.html
Microsoft® Encarta® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation.
4
LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcome # 1: Analyze signs, symbols and data.
Learning Activities Special Instruction
1. Read or view PowerPoint

presentation on Information
Sheet No.1.1 about Alphabet of
Lines
2. Answer Self Check No. 1.1  Try to answer Self Check No. 1.1
3. Check your answers using the

Answer Key

Sheet No.1.2 about Mensuration
5. Answer Self Check No. 1. 2  Try to answer Self Check No. 1.2
 Try to perform the said task

Be guided by your teacher on the
difficult tasks.
5
INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1
LO1. Analyze signs, symbols and data
Drafting is said to be the universal language of industry and

modern technology. It is through the application of special lines and
symbols that drafters use so that technical people can communicate.
Through drawings, ideas and designs are transferred between
draftsmen, architects and engineers. The uniformity of lines and
symbols makes it possible to be widely accepted, thus, making
graphic technical drawing understandable anywhere in the world.
In a fast-developing country like the Philippines, many investors

are coming in so they need technical people to supervise factories and
offices. New products are introduced, hence, there is a great demand
for designs. The production of goods always starts from a design.
Ideas are presented by pictorial sketches in the initial stages of
creative work. Detailing is done with lines to represent all the features
of an object, such as its edges, surfaces and contours. Lines also form
the sizes, dimensions, symbols and notes to complete a description.
To understand the fundamental principles of drawing, acquired

desirable values are necessary. A draftsman should possess the ability
and the skills in using different drawing instruments. In general, it
helps him construct output with accuracy and speed.
6
Below are signs and symbols used in Drawing:
ALPHABET OF LINES
Alphabet of lines are set of conventional line symbols

which have different weights, thickness, forms and uses.(Please
refer to CBLM in Technical Drawing I for the illustrations of
Alphabet of Lines)
Line Applications
Line widths and recommended pen sizes
Name of Line Dimension Approximate Recommended

Width Pen Size and
Number
Visible line Thick 0.032” (.7 mm) .50 mm 2
Hidden line Thin 0.016”(0.35 mm) .35 mm 0
7
Center line Thin 0.016”(0.35 mm) .35 mm 0
Section line Thin 0.016”(0.35 mm) .35 mm 0
Dimension line Thin 0.016”(0.35 mm) .35 mm 0
Extension line Thin 0.016”(0.35 mm) .35 mm 0
Leader line Thin 0.016”(0.35 mm) .35 mm 0
Cutting plane line Thick 0.032” (.7 mm) .50 mm 2
Long break line Thin 0.016”(0.35 mm) .35 mm 0
Phantom line Thin 0.016”(0.35 mm) .35 mm 0
8
SELF-CHECK #. 1.1
Directions: Identify the alphabet of lines used in the illustration

below. Use a separate sheet of paper.
10______________ 3________________
_____ _ 7________________
__
9___________________
_
2__________________
_
4_________________
_
8_________________
5_______________________
__
1____________________
________
6__________________
_
9
MENSURATION
Every nation in the world has different ways of measuring

quality, weight and volume. This is necessary to carry out trade,
business or any form of economic exchange.
In 1960, countries from all over the world had started to use the
standard Metric System International d’ Unites or SI to promote
international trade. This is also called International Organization of
Weights and Measures. The basic units of SI are shown below.
Units Same Symbol
Length Metre M
Mass Kilogram Kg
Time Second S
Electric current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Luminous intensity Candela Cd
Mensuration Formulas
A. Length of Lines or Edges

1. Perimeter of plane figures with straight sides=sum of all
sides
2. Length of arc = number of degrees in arc x circumference

360
3. Circumference of circle = πD or 2πR
Π = 3.1416
4. Diameter of a circle = circumference
Π
5. Diameter= 2 area of circle
Π
6. Radius = diameter or circumference

2 2π
7. Arc of sector = area of sector x360

10
area of circle
8. Height of prism or cylinder = volume
area of base
9. Major diameter of ellipse = area ; b is minor diameter

Πb
10. Minor diameter of ellipse = area ; a is major diameter
Πa
11. Height of frustum of cone or pyramid
= 3 x volume
B+b= Bxb
B = area of lower base
B = area of upper base
FRUSTUM OF A
CONE FRUSTUM OF A
PYRAMID
12. Altitude of triangle = area x 2

Base
13. Hypotenuse H of right triangle = A 2 + B2
A = H2 – B2
B = H2 – B2
H
A
14. Sum of three angles in a triangle = 1800
B. Area of Geometrical Figures

a. Square or rectangle, A = length x width
b. Parallelogram, A = average of bases x altitude (alt)
11
b
alt
alt
base
b
c. Circle, A = Π r2
d. Triangle, A = base x altitude
2
e. Ellipse, A = Π ab a = ½ major diameter
B = ½ minor diameter
f. Sector, A = number of degrees in sector

360
h. Trapezoid, A = average width x altitude
SECTOR W1
alt
W2
g. Area of base of prism or cylinder = volume

Height
12
h. Lateral surface of cylinder = circumference x height
i. Lateral surface of prism = perimeter of base x height
j. Lateral surface of pyramid = number of sides x area of a
side
k. Lateral surfaces of sphere = 4 Π R2
l. Lateral surface of frustum of a cone = average perimeter of
bases x slant height
C. Volume of Geometrical Solids

1. Prism, V = area of base x height
2. Upright cylinder, V = area of base x height
3. Upright cone or pyramid, V = area of base x height
3
4. Sphere, V = 4 Π R2
3
5. Frustum of cone or pyramid, V = 1/3h(B+b)+ Bxb
h= height
B = area of larger base
B = area of smaller base
D. Miscellaneous
1. Board feet = number of pieces x T” x W” x L’
12
2. Board meters = number of pieces = Tcm x Lcm x Lm
100
3. Stair tread T and riser R
2R” +T” = 24” (English)
2R cm + Tcm = 61 cm (metric)
4. Approximate number of steps = stair rise in inches or

7”
= stair rise in meters
0.175
T
H
H STAIR RISE
STAIR RUN
5. Height of step(riser)= stair rise in inches or stair rise in mts

Number of steps Number of steps
13
6. Conversion Formulas
a. Length in inches x 0.0254 = length in meters

b. Length in inches x 2.54 = length in centimeters
c. Length in feet / 3.28 = Length in meters
d. Length in meters x 39.37 = Length in inches
e. Length in inches /39.37 = Length in inches
f. Length in feet x 0.305 = Length in meters
g. Length in feet x 30.5 = Length in centimeters
7. Pitch of roof = rise
= span
RISE
SPAN
14
SELF-CHECK # 1.2
Directions: Write the letter that corresponds to your answer. Use a

separate sheet of paper.
A. Match the formula in Column A with the geometric figures in

Column B.
Column A Column B
1.
a. length x width
b. average width x altitude
c. Π r2
d. base x altitude
2. 2
2
e. average of base x altitude
f. Π ab
3. g. No. of deg. in sector
360
h. Volume
height
4. 360
5.
B. Find the correct formula of the length of lines or edges

of the geometric plane figures as illustrated below. Write only
the letter of the correct answer.
SECTOR
15
alt
base
H h
A
h
B
CONE
PYRAMID
1. Circumference of circle a. πD or 2πR

b. circumference
2. Altitude of triangle π
c. 3 x volume
3. Major diameter of an ellipse B+b+ Bxb
4. Hypotenuse H of right triangle d. A2 + B2

e. πD or 2πR
5. Height of frustum of a cone f. area x 2
base
g. area
πb
h. area
πa
360
16
Program/Course : DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY
Unit of Competency : INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWING

AND PLANS
Module Title : Interpreting technical drawing and

Plans
Nominal Duration : 330 hours
Learning Outcome 2 : Interpret technical drawings and

plans
Assessment Criteria
1. Necessary tools, materials and equipment are identified
according to the plan.
2. Components, assemblies or objects are recognized as per job
requirement.
3. Dimensions and specifications are identified according to job
requirements.
References:
Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan
Company: 1949.
French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th

editon: 1960
German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:
1977
Jun B. Principe, Corazon A. Garcia, Carlos S. Asuncion, Cresencio M.

Viernes and Trinidad S. Flores. Technology and Home Economics for
Secondary Schools: Revised Edition; FNB Educational, Inc.:1999
Microsoft® Encarta® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation.
17
LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcome # 1: Analyze signs, symbols and data.
Learning Activities Special Instruction

Sheet No. 2.1 regarding
Orthographic Projection
2. Answer Self Check No. 2.1.1  Try to answer Self Check No. 2.1.1
Answer Key
3. Perform Operation Sheet No. 2.1  Ask your teacher on the task which
are difficult to you
Answer Key
Sheet no. 2.2 about Pictorial
Drawing
6. Perform Operation Sheet No.  Ask your teacher how to
2.2.1 accomplish some difficult tasks.
Answer Key
8. Perform Operation Sheet No.  Try to perform the said task
2.2.2

Answer Key
10. Perform operation Sheet No.
 Try to perform the said task
2.2.3
18
Answer Key
Sheet no. 2.2.4 about
Perspective Drawing.
13. Perform Operation Sheet no.  Try to perform the said task
2.2.4  Ask your teacher how to
accomplish some difficult tasks.
14. Answer Self Check No. 2.2.4.1  Try to answer Self Check No.
and 2.2.4.2 2.2.4.1 and 2.2.4.2
Answer Key
15. Read or View PowerPoint
Presentation on Information
Sheet no. 2.3 about Auxiliary
View.
16. Perform Operation Sheet no. 2.3  Try to perform the said task
 Ask your teacher how to
Answer Key
Sheet no. 2.4 about Pattern
Development.
20. Perform Operation Sheet No. 2.4  Try to perform the said task
19
Answer Key
23. Please perform Activity Sheet  Please perform the said task
2.4.1 on Pattern Development.
Answer Key
Sheet no. 2.5 about Sectional
View

Answer Key
29. Perform Operation Sheet No.  Please perform the said task
2.5.1 
30. Perform Operation Sheet No.  Please perform the said task
2.5.2
Answer Key
 Try to answer Self Check No. 2.5.3
32. Answer Self Check No. 2.5.3
Sheet no. 2.6 about Detail
Drawing
Answer Key
Answer Key
Sheet no. 2.7 about Working
Drawing with Bill of Materials.
20
Answer Key
Sheet no. 2.8 about Exploded
Drawing.
40. Answer Self Check 2.8  Try to answer Self Check No. 2.8
Answer Key
Sheet no. 2.9 about other
symbols used in Drafting.
42. Answer Self Check No. 2.9  Try to answer Self Check No.2.9
Answer Key
43. Perform Activity Sheet No. 2.9  Perform the said task
 Ask your teacher how to
21
LO 2. Interpret technical drawings and plans
Early Technical Drawing
Perhaps the earliest known technical drawing in existence is a

plan view of a fortress designed and engraved on a stone tablet by the
Chaldean engineer named Gudea. It is remarkable how similar this
plan is to those made by modern architects, although it was “drawn”
thousand of years before paper was invented.
Modern Technical Drawing

The first printed form of technical drawing was the Geometrical
Drawing published in 1849 by William Minifie. In 1876 the blueprint
process was introduced at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. Up
to this time, the graphic language is considered more or less an art.
Some works were characterized by fine line drawings which were
made to resemble copper-plate engraved while others , by the use of
shade lines and water color “washes.” These technique become
unnecessary after the introduction of blueprinting. This was the
beginning of modern technical drawing . The graphic language now
became a relatively exact method of representation.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
An orthographic projection is a representation of separate views

of an object on a two-dimensional surface. It reveals the width, depth
and height of an object.
The projection is achieved by viewing the object from a point
assumed to be at infinity (an indefinitely great distance away). The line
of sight or projectors are parallel to each other and perpendicular to
the plane of projection.
22
VISUALIZING ONE VIEW OF AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Three plane of projection
One can develop the skill in visualizing the views of an object by

imagining that the object is enclosed in a “glass box”. Each face of the
object is viewed perpendicularly to the projection plane. The views are
obtained by projecting the lines of sight to each plane of the glass box.
Since the glass box have six sides, six views of the object can be seen.
 Frontal Plane. The projection shown in the frontal plane is

called front view or front elevation.
 Horizontal Plane. The projection shown in this plane is called
top view or plan view.
23
 Profile Plane. A projection at this plane is called the side view
or end view, or side or end elevation.
THE GLASS BOX

REPRESENTING THE
PLANES OF PROJECTION
Six principal views of an object
As we unfold the glass box, six views of the object are revealed:
top, front, right-side, left-side, rear, and bottom view. We assumed
that all of the pieces of the glass box are hinged to the front plane
except the rear plane being hinged to the left-side plane, as shown in
the illustration.
UNFOLDING THE GLASS BOX IN ONE PLANE SHOW
24
THE SIX PRINCIPAL VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
The object is to be presented in two or more separate views

showing the three space dimension, the width, height and depth of
length. This drawing will be the source of information on the true
shape of the object on its top, front and side view of the objects.
In this projection the position of the three main views will be in

L shape. The top and front view is vertically aligned together while the
front view and right side view are horizontally aligned.
Fig.1 Fig. 2 with hidden line
FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW
Fig 3- cylinder Fig. 4- with hole
Top view Top view
25
COMMON METHODS OF TRANSFERRING DEPTH DIMENSIONS
(Note: Projection lines are used to transfer height and width dimensions to other views,
but depth dimensions require other methods.)
45º miter line

A. 45º MITER LINE
B. DIVIDERS
C. SCALE
26
First and Third Angle Projection.
When an object is viewed through a plane of projection from a

point of infinity, an accurate outline of the visible face of the object is
obtained. However, the projection of one face usually will not provide
an overall description of the object so other planes of projection must
be used. Establishing an object’s true height, width, and depth
requires front, top, and side views, which are called the Principal
Planes Of Projection. These include the Vertical, Horizontal, and
Profile Planes, previously explained in Technical Drawing I. The angles
formed between the horizontal and the vertical planes are called the
FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, and FOURTH ANGLES. Currently, for
technical reasons, only the use of first- and third-angle projection is
practical to use.
In orthographic projection, drawings are referred to as “first-

angle” or “third-angle” projections. These two projections are derived
from a theoretical division of all space into four quadrants by a
vertical plane and a horizontal plane. The quadrants are numbered
from 1 to 4, starting from the upper front quadrants and continuing
clockwise when viewed from the right side. The viewer of the four
quadrants is considered to be in front of the vertical or frontal plane,
and above the horizontal plane.
VIEWS ARE PROJECTED FORWARD IN THIRD-ANGLE PROJECTION
27
The position of the profile plane is not affected by the quadrants. It is
considered to be either to the right or left of the object as desired.
Third-angle projection is used in the United States and Canada. Most

European countries use first-angle projection. The difference between the
two is how the object is projected and the position of the views on the
drawing.
In third-angle projection, the projection plane is considered to be
between the viewer and the object, and the views are projected forward to
that plane. The top view appears above the front view, the right-side view is
to the right of the front view, the left view to the left of the front view, and so
on.
VIEWS ARE PROJECTED BACKWARD IN FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION
In first-angle projection, the projection plane is on the far side of

the object. The views of the object are projected to the rear and onto
the projection plane instead of being projected forward.
The individual views are the same as those obtained in the

third-angle projection.
28
Carefully study the symbols shown below. Normally a symbol is
drawn underneath that clearly shows which angle of projection has
been used.
SYMBOL FOR FIRST-ANGLE AND THIRD-ANGLE PROJECTION
The final arrangements of the views are shown in the drawing

below. Notice how the symbol for first angle orthographic projection
has been added to the drawing.
SYMBOL FOR FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION HAS BEEN ADDED TO THE

DRAWING
29
SELF-CHECK # 2.1.1
Direction: Fill in the blanks with the correct answers and write it
on a separate sheet of paper.
__________ 1. It is a thick heavy line used to represent the visible edges

of an object.
__________ 2. It is a view vertically aligned with the top view in its
projection.
__________ 3. It is the terminating point of dimension line.
__________ 4. They are light penciled line used in blocking-in the
views.
__________ 5. It is the standard height of numerical figures in
dimensioning.
__________ 6. They are dashes of lines representing hidden edges or
contour of the object.
__________ 7. It is a view in the orthographic views which is
horizontally aligned with the front view.
__________ 8. It is the sum total of detailed dimensions.
__________ 9.
__________ 10. They are the symbols of first and third-angle projection
9. 10.
30
OPERATION SHEET # 2. 1
1. Prepare the following tools and materials.
- T-square
- Triangle (30x60 & 45x45)
- French curve
- Compass
- Pencil
- Technical pen
- Drawing paper
- Eraser
- Masking tape
2. Procedures in constructing orthographic projection.
To draw orthographic views of the given pictorial drawing, first
determine the number of views needed, then decide which surface will
become the front view. Establish the space needed between views for
dimensioning and calculate the center of the drawing. Then proceed to
the following steps.
10
40
20
20
10 40
10
20
10
20
30
10
PICTORIAL DRAWING
31
Step1. Draw the vertical and two horizontal axis with at least 2cm
or more apart
2 cm
Step 2. Indicate or supply marking lines according to the given

dimension of the width of the top view, height of the front and
depth of the top view.
2 cm
FRONT VIEW
Step 3. Construct the enclosing box of the top view and front view by
projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically
2 cm
FRONT VIEW
32
Step 4. Construct diagonal line at 450 angle using 450 x 450 triangle
from the upper right corner of the enclosing box of the front view
2 cm
FRONT VIEW
Step 5. Project down the two intersecting points to get the width of the
right side view and to form its enclosing box
2 cm
FRONT VIEW
33
Step 6. Divide proportioning distance of top view and front view by
indicating marking lines
2 cm
FRONT VIEW
Step7.Draw the details of top view, front view, and right side view by
projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically
2 cm
FRONT VIEW
34
Step8. Darken the final edges of the top view, front view, and right
side view
2 cm
Step9. Divide the space provided for dimensioning by indicating

marking lines
2 cm
35
Step10. Draw the line for dimension and extension lines by projecting
the marking lines horizontally and vertically, and supply
arrows on the tip end of dimension lines
Step11 Indicate both detail and overall numerical dimension.
10 10 30
40 0 10
20
40
10
36
Step12. Label the top, front and right side views, finally erase the
construction lines
TOP VIEW
10 10 30
40 10
20
40
10
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
37
SELF-CHECK # 2.1.2
Direction. Draw the orthographic views applying the First angle

and Third angle projection on the given pictorial view below. Use a
10
15
12
10
10
10
10 10
PICTORIAL DRAWING
38
INFORMATION SHEET NO. 2.2
PICTORIAL DRAWING
Pictorial drawings are important elements of working drawing

because they show the graphic representation of an object as it
appears on the observer’s eyes.
Even a person who has no technical knowledge in technical
drawing, can easily understand the object being presented in the
drawing.
Three types of pictorial Projection

Axonometric- projection
Kinds of axonometric projection
 isometric pictorial projection
 dimetric pictorial projection
 trimetric pictorial projection
Oblique pictorial drawing
Kinds of oblique pictorial drawing

Cavalier-refers to measurements of width,
height and depth/ length in full size
General- refers to measurements of width, and

height are full size while its depth or length
2
is two third  
3
39
Cabinet- refers to measurements of width and height
in full size while its depth or length is one half 1
 
2
Two common types of perspective pictorial drawing
Parallel or one point perspective
Angular or two point perspective
Note:
A perspective can be identifies as:
Worms eye view
Men’s eye view
Bird’s eye view
40
OPERATION SHEET # 2.2.1
Isometric pictorial drawing

1. Prepare the following tools and materials
- T-square
- Triangle (30x60 & 45x45)
- Compass
- Pencil
- Technical pen
- Drawing paper
- Eraser
- Masking tape
Steps in isometric drawing

1. Draw the three isometric axes using 30 x 60 triangle
300 300
2. From the given orthographic views indicate the measurements

of the width, height and length on the isometric axes.
41
3. Draw the isometric box and complete the construction lines.
4. Darken the edges/ contour of the object, and apply

shading if required
42
SELF-CHECK # 2.2.1
Isometric Pictorial Drawing
Direction: Draw the isometric pictorial drawing based on the

dimensions given below. Use a separate sheet of paper.
TOP VIEW
8 6 10 30
40 15
10
30
10
43
Constructing Isometric Circles
Circle or Ellipse in Isometric Drawing.
300 300
Orthographic Circle Isometric of Circles
1. Prepare the following tools and materials

- T-square
- Triangle (30x60 & 45x45)
- Compass
- Pencil
- Technical pen
- Drawing paper
- Eraser
- Masking tape
44
2. Procedure:
1. Draw an isometric box using a 30 x 60 triangle
2. Draw a 60 degree line from the upper and lower corner of the
Isometric box
3. Draw arcs using x and y as the centers.
45
4. Draw arcs using A and B as center
5. Draw a vertical lines connecting the two ellipse in order to

produce the outline of the cylinder
46
SELF-CHECK # 2.2.2
Isometric Pictorial Drawing with Circular Features
Direction: Draw the Isometric Pictorial drawing based on the given

dimensions in the Orthographic views with circular features below.
TOP VIEW
7 20 7 28
34 10 10
17 R
44
15
20 O 12
47
Constructing Oblique Pictorial Drawing
Given Orthographic Views

TOP VIEW
40
20
40
40
20
Procedure:
1. Draw oblique pictorial axes using either 30°, 60° or 45°
45°
2. Supply measuring marks on the axes base on the given

dimensions of the object
48
3. Form the oblique pictorial box by constructing lines projected
from the markings
4. Add or complete the construction lines.
5. Outline the object using construction line as group guide.

Darken the lines. Label the drawing. If required, erase
construction lines.
CAVALIER PICTORIAL DRAWING
49
SELF-CHECK # 2.2.3
OBLIQUE PICTORIAL DRAWING
Direction: Construct an Oblique pictorial drawing at 30° based

on the Orthographic views below.
A. TOP VIEW
30
42
10 12 10 10
10
30
10
B.
TOP VIEW
5 5
40
20 R 20
20 O
35
20
50
INFORMATION SHEET # 2.2.4
Perspective Drawing is the most natural presentation of an

object as it appear on the viewer’s eye.
Principles of Perspective Drawing.

1. All receding lines converge on a vanishing point.
2. The farther color, the lighter it appears.
3. The farther the object, lines, edges, the smaller they appears.
4. The object can be viewed in either birds eye view, men’s eye view
and worms eye view.
Bird’s Eye View Man’s Eye View or Eye level View Ant’s Eye View or Worm’s Eye View
5. The vanishing point and station point must be vertically aligned

together.
6. The two vanishing point must be located in the horizon.
7. The farther station point from the top plan, the bigger will the
perspective become.
Two Techniques of Perspective Presentation

1. Artist Method
2. Mechanical Method
51
Types of Perspective Drawing
1. Parallel or One Point Perspective – its receding lines will
converge on a single vanishing point.
2. Angular or Two Point Perspective – its receding lines will
converge on two vanishing point.
3. Three Point Perspective – its receding lines converges on three
vanishing point.
I. PARALLEL OR ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE
II. ANGULAR OR TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE
52
III. THREE POINT PERSPECTIVE
53
Construct Perspective Drawing
I. Procedure in constructing one point perspective

(Mechanical Method).
1. Draw three horizontal lines representing picture plane, ground

line and horizon. In the picture plane draw the top and front
view on the ground line.
TOP VIEW
Picture
Plane
Horizon
Ground
Line
2. Locate station point on the ground line and project lines of

vision from the corner of the top view to the station point.
TOP VIEW
Picture
Plane
Horizon
Ground
Line
54
3. Establish the vanishing point by projecting vertical lines from
the station point.
TOP PLAN
VP
SP
4. Draw projectors to the vanishing point and from the piercing

point project vertical lines downward.
TOP PLAN
PICTURE PLANE
HORIZON VP
SP
GROUND
LINE
FRONT VIEW PERSPECTIVE
55
II. Procedure in Constructing Angular or Two Point
Perspective
1. Draw the horizontal lines representing picture plane, ground
line and horizon. In the picture plane draw top plan using
30ox60o triangle and front view in the ground line.
o o
30 60
2. Locate the station point. The size of perspective drawing

depends on the distance of station point from the top plan.
o o
30 60 PP
GL
SP
56
3. From the station point, draw two lines, one at 30o and the
other at 600, then mark their meeting points with the picture
plane and from that mark draw vertical line up to horizon plane,
Their meeting point with the horizon will serve as left and right
vanishing points.
30o 60o PP
LVP RVP
GL
SP
4. Project corners of the top plan to form visual rays which will
converge at the station point, Then, mark the meeting point.
Project vertical line which will become the measuring lines.
Visual Rays PIERCING POINT

PP
LVP RVP
MEASURING LINES
GL
SP
57
5. From corners of the height of the object extend projectors to the
left and right of the vanishing point to form its construction
lines.
VISUAL RAYS PIERCING POINT

PP
MEASURING LINES H
LVP RVP
PROJECTORS
GL
SP
6. Since the construction line for the perspective is already

complete, darken now the object lines.
VISUAL RAYS PIERCING POINT

PP
MEASURING LINES H
LVP RVP
PROJECTORS
GL
SP
58
SELF-CHECK 2.2.4.1
One Point Perspective
Directions. Convert the following Oblique Pictorial Drawings into

One-Point Perspective Drawing. Follow the given dimensions.
Note: Measurements are in millimeter
A.
30
15
15
10 20 10 30
40
59
B.
13
10
20 0
38 0
2
6
5
14 8 14
36

(CIRCULAR OBJECT)
60
SELF-CHECK 2.2.4.2
Two Point Perspective or Angular Perspective
Directions. Convert the given Isometric Pictorial Drawings into One-

Point Perspective Drawing. Follow the given dimensions.
Note: Measurements are in millimeter
20 24 32
8 8
10
5
10 25
40 5
35
10 10
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
61
INFORMATION SHEET 2.3
AUXILIARY VIEWS
In the three main views or orthographic projection, the true
shape and size of an inclined surface is not clearly shown, so in order
to show it, an auxiliary view is needed to be presented.
Two Options in drawing auxiliary views
1. Partial Auxiliary – refers only to the inclined surface of the

object.
2. Complete Auxiliary – refers to the whole view that can be seen
in viewing inclined surface.
Six Types of Auxiliary Views
1 2
62
3 4
5 6
63
OPERATION SHEET # 2.3
AUXILIARY VIEWS
Procedure:
1. Study the given orthographic views. Identify the type of
auxiliary view used for the given problem.
2. From the inclined surface draw two straight lines at 90o
90o
90o
3. Transfer all dimensions of the object on the lines projected

from the inclined surface.
20
5 10 5
o
90
90o
4. Draw additional construction line projected from the marking of

the measurements.
64
5. Draw out the object lines from the construction lines to show
the auxiliary views.
FRONT R-SIDE
VIEW VIEW
65
SELF CHECK # 2.3
Auxiliary Views
A. Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer

and write it on a separate sheet of paper.
_____ 1. A type of a drawing used to represent the exact shape and

size of an inclined surface.
a. Orthographic drawing c. Auxiliary drawing
b. Vertical drawing d. Perspective drawing
_____ 2. A surface that needs an auxiliary view.

a. Circular features c. Horizontal surface
b. Vertical surface d. Inclined surface
_____ 3. A view which only the inclined surface can be drawn in an

auxiliary view.
a. Partial auxiliary view c. Complete auxiliary view
b. Exploded view d. Sectional view
_____ 4. It is not preferred option to draw an auxiliary view.

a. Complete auxiliary view c. Perspective view
b. Orthographic view d. Partial auxiliary view
_____ 5. It is the opposite of front elevation.

a. Left auxiliary view c. Right auxiliary elevation
b. Rear auxiliary view d. Right auxiliary view
B. From the given set or orthographic drawings, what type of

auxiliary drawing will be produced based on the position of the
inclined surface.
________________ 1. _________________ 3.
_________________ 2. _____________4.
66
PATTERN DEVELOPMENT
A pattern is a full size drawing of the various surfaces of an

object stretch-out on a flat surface.
Pattern development is used only for flexible materials such as

carton sheet material or anything that can be folded. Product
packages for stoves and refrigerators are produced by this pattern
development.
Sample development objects.
CUBE CONE PYRAMID CYLINDER PRISM

Two types of Pattern Development
1. Parallel development – refers to the object whose measuring
lines are parallel to one another. Examples are cube, cylinder
and prism.
3
4 2
1 PICTORIAL
COVER
1 2 3 4
4
LAP SEAM BASE GIRT LINE
SEAM
STRETCH-OUT PATTERN
PARALLELL DEVELOPMENT
67
1. Radial development – Their following or measuring lines will
converge at a certain points and example of this is pyramid and
cone.
TOP VIEW
6 5
1
4
2
3 TRANSFER
MEAUREMENTS
PICTORIAL
2 6
3 5
4
FRONT VIEW
BASE
STRETCH-OUT PATTERN - RADIAL DEVELOPMENT
Hem. Edges and Seams
Hem is used to strengthen the edges of sheet metal objects. It is

made in standard sizes, 4 mm, 6mm, 10 mm, etc.
SINGLE SEAM DOUBLE SEAM
68
Wired edge gives an extra strength and rigidity to sheet metal edges
WIRED EDGE
Seams are used to strengthen sheet metal sections. They are usually
joined by soldering and/ or riveting process.
GROOVED SEAM COUNTER SUNK LAP SEAM

LAP SEAM
69
OPERATION SHEET # 2.4
PATTERN DEVELOPMENT
Procedures In Constructing Parallel Development

1. Draw the top and front view of the prism. Divide the top view into
eight equal divisions and number each part.
TOP VIEW TOP VIEW
45
0
FRONT VIEW FRONT VIEW
2. From the front view, project its height horizontally for the stretch-
out pattern. Set the measurements of the numbered segments and
transfer them to draw the folding lines of the stretch-out pattern.
TOP VIEW
4 5
3 6 TRANFER
7 MEASUREMENTS
2
HERE
1 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
FRONT VIEW
70
3. Darken the girth line and folding lines of the pattern.
TOP PLAN
4 5
3 6
2 7
1 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
FRONT VIEW
4. Draw two circles of the same size with the top view to form the
cover and the base. Divide the circumference of the circle into
eight equal parts.
TOP PLAN
4 5
3 6
2 7
1 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
FRONT VIEW
71
5. Darken the lines for the cover and base of the stretch-out pattern
TOP PLAN
4 5
3 6
2 7
1 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
FRONT VIEW
6. Add seams and lap seam on the stretch-out pattern.

TOP PLAN
4 5
3 6 COVER
2 7
1 8
FOLDING
LINE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
FRONT VIEW
LAP SEAM
GIRTH LINE
BASE
STRETCH-OUT PATTERN
72
SELF-CHECK # 2.4.1
Pattern Development
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on a

____1. It is a full size drawing of the various surfaces of an object

stretch out on a flat surface.
a. Pattern b. Hem c. Fabrication d. Cylinder
____2. It is used to strengthen the edges of sheet metal object. It is
made in standard sizes, 4.8mm, 6.0mm, 10,0mm etc.
a. Seam b. hem c. edge d. Wedge
____3. A type of pattern development whose measuring or folding lines
are parallel to each other.
a. Isometric b. Parallel c. Orthographic d. Radial
____4. Pattern development of figure A
A B
D
C A
____5. Pattern development of figure B.
A C
B D
73
SELF-CHECK # 2.4.2
Pattern Development
Directions: Develop the correct pattern of the model or object below.

Use a separate sheet of paper.
10 10
40
30 30
74
Sectional View
Sectional view is a method of drawing presentation showing the
interior part part of the building especially when the inner parts are
complicated. The direction of the cutting plane line is the major
reference to consider in determining the form to be drawn. The parts
or portion of the object being imagined to be cut will be represented by
section lines.
Alphabet of lines needed in the construction of sectional views.

1. Visible-edge is a heavy line that can
be seen when viewing an object.
2. Cutting plane line is a thick short

dash line representing the imaginary
cut in the object.
3. Section line is a thin solid line at 450
representing solid parts of the object
that are being cut.
4. Short break line – thick solid lines
used for broken out section.
Principles of Sectioning
1. It shows the type of sectional view of the entire cut surface of
the view.
2. It shows more detailed illustrations particularly on the interval
parts of the object.
3. It describes the shape of the internal parts.
75
Types of Sectional Views

1. Full Section is obtained when the cutting-plane extends
entirely through the object in a straight line and the front half of
the object is totally.
TOP VIEW TOP VIEW

B B
A A
CROSS SECTION LONGITUDINAL SECTION
FULL SECTION VIEW
76
2. Half Section refers to one quart of the object to be cut or removed.
TOP VIEW
CUTTING PLANE LINE
SECTION LINES
HALF SECTION
HALF SECTION DRAWING
3. Broken – out Section refers to the portion of the object to be

taken out
77
4. Removed Section is generally used in furniture, machine , and
architectural drawing. The appearance of the sectional view depends
on the location of the cutting-plane lines.
B
A
SECTION A-A
SECTION B-B
5. Revolved Section is a type of section applied to a circular object.

The resulting view is similar to full section view.
6. Offset Section shows the zigzag direction of the cutting plane if

the principal interior features of an object are not located in a
straight line. It is necessary to offset the cutting-plane to allow
to pass through as many of the principal features of the object,
78
CUTTING
PLANE
LINE
In order to include features that are not in a straight line, the cutting-plane
may be offset or bent, so as to include several planes or curved surfaces.
OFFSET SECTION
79
7. Assembly Section is made up of a combination of all the parts
previously mentioned. This section may be used to increase the
clarity and readability of assembly drawings.
TYPES OF ASSEMBLY DRAWING
 General Assembly
GENERAL ASSEMBLY DRAWING OF A TABLE
 Layout Assembly
PRESENTS THE LAYOUT ASSEMBLY OF FM RADIO.
80
 Pictorial Exploded Assembly
PICTORIAL EXPLODED ASSEMBLY OF SHOCK SUPPORT

FOR SCREW MACHINE
SECTION LINING
Section lining, sometimes referred to as cross-hatching, can serve
a double purpose. It indicates the surface that has been theoretically cut
and make it stand out clearly, thus helping the observer to understand
the shape of the object. Section lining may also indicate the material
from which the object is to be made.
81
DIRECTION OF SECTION LINING
SYMBOLS FOR MATERIALS IN SECTION
82
SELF-CHECK # 2.5.1
Directions : Fill in the blanks. Write the correct answer on a separate

sheet of paper.
__________ 1. It is an imaginary line that shows the part of the object

that is being cut.
__________ 2. It is a kind of section whose cutting plane passes

through the different feature of the subject.
__________ 3.It is a portion of the object taken out so that part of its
inner part can shown.
__________ 4. It is the object to be cut in its full length.
__________ 5. These are solid lines at 45˚ indicating parts of the object
is being cut in the sectional views.
__________ 6. It is a portion of the object taken depending on the
location of the cutting plane.
__________ 7. It is the method of drawing presentation showing its
interior features.
__________ 8-10.Give at least three(3) kinds of alphabet of lines used in
sectional views.
83
Steps in Constructing Full Section:
1. Imagine the object is cut in a straight line along its full length
2. Imagine the half of the object nearest the viewer has been
removed then view the remaining half isometric.
84
3. The result is a full sectional view of the object that clearly
describes its interior feature.
85
Steps in Constructing Half-Section
1. Imagine the object is cut into a quarter or one fourth of its

portion.
2. Since one fourth or a quarter of the object is taken away, then

view the part in pictorial form.
86
3. The result is half-sectional view of the object that clearly shows

its interior features.
87
SELF-CHECK # 2.5.2
Direction: Given the pictorial drawing, draw the half section following
the instructions below. Use a separate sheet of paper.
20
5
20
10
20
20
30
5
Draw the following:
1. The plan or top view and indicate the cutting plane line.
2. The front view
3. The half-sectional view
4. The oblique pictorial drawing
88
SELF-CHECK # 2.5.3
Directions: Draw the cross and longitudinal section using scale 1:20
based on the orthographic views given.
TOP VIEW
1.00 .50
.02 .48 .48 .02 .02 .02

.02
.56
.72
.14
.23
FRONT VIEW RIGHT – SIDE VIEW
89
Detail Working Drawing is a technical drawing of a single part of

a machine or mechanism which is complete in dimension. It provides
sufficient technical foundation to allow the part to be made. This
drawing also show the details on how joints or fittings were executed
based on the drawings which were done in large scale.
Thing to be considered in making detailed drawings
 Identify the parts or joints to be drawn in detail.

 Encircle the parts to be drawn.
 Use leader line to pinpoint parts to be drawn in detail.
 Indicate notes that serve as reference of the part to be drawn in
detail.
Purposes of a Detailed Drawing
1. It describes the shapes of the object drawn.

2. It indicates the dimensions of the object drawn.
3. It provides any additional information that is required to make
the object drawn. Such additional information is usually shown
in the form of one or more notes.
Characteristics of a Detailed Working Drawing:
1. A detailed drawing can be drawn on a separate sheet.

2. Detailed drawing can usually be found beneath the assembly
drawing.
3. Detailed drawing should be drawn in larger scale to clearly show
the parts
4. Dimension in detailed drawing should be shown clearly.
90
TOP PLAN
TOP BOARD LEGS
SEE
DET. A
.25
1.20
.10 .05 .20 .20 .05 .10 .05 .10 .05 .10 .05
2” THK.
.30
.40
BRACE - B
SEE
.10
DET - C
BRACE-A SEE
2” X 2” LEGS 2” X 2” BRACE DET - B
FRONT VIEW RIGHT – SIDE VIEW
DETAIL OF JOINTS
DETAIL A DETAIL B
DETAIL C
91
DETAIL PARTS
.02
25
25
.02
.10 .05 1.20 ..05 .10
.02
1.50
.05
DETAIL OF TOP BOARD

SCALE 1 : 10
.05
.025
.05 .05 .05
.025 .05 .32
.05
DETAIL OF LOWER BASE

SCALE 1 : 05
.25
.40
.05
.30
.020
.05
.05
.05
DETAIL OF LEGS DETAIL OF DIAGONAL SUPPORT

SCALE 1 : 05 SCALE 1 : 05
92
Required illustrations to be prepared in Working Drawing.
1. Three main views of the object

2. Assembly pictorial drawing
3. Details of joints.
4. Other details of the different parts of the object if needed.
Note:
The detail drawing maybe drawn in a large scale in a form of sectional

views, exploded view or orthographic views.
93
SELF CHECK # 2.6.1
Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw the assembly

pictorial drawing. (Use scale 1:10)
TOP VIEW
1.00 .60
.02 .02 .56 .02
.02 .32 .32 .32
.02
.12
.74
.10
FRONTVIEW RIGHT-SIDEVIEW
94
SELF CHECK # 2.6.2
Direction: Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of

paper.
1. What are the three purposes of detailed working drawing?
a. _________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________
2. What are the four (4) characteristics of detailed working

drawing?
a. _________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________
d. _________________________________________________________
95
WORKING DRAWING WITH BILL OF MATERIALS
Bill of materials is a list of items needed in the construction of a

piece of work or project. It includes the amount of each material in the
production of the structure.
The following steps in computing bill of materials.
1. Determine the measurement of the width, depth, length and

height of the project.
2. Total the length of all parts having the same sizes but differ in
length.
3. Convert the total length into foot/feet, by dividing the total
number of centimeter by 30.5
Example:
500 cm
30.5 = 16.39 ft.
4. Each piece of lumber should be converted to board foot / feet in

order to determine its price/amount.
Example:
2”x4”x16”
12 = 10.67 board feet (1piece only)
5. Number of board foot/feet should be multiplied by the unit price

per board foot in order to get the amount.
Example:
Unit price per board foot – P 40.00

P40.00 x 16.39 = P 655.60
6. For the other materials, know the unit price according to the
description of the item.
7. After computing the amount of various materials add them all to

determine the total amount .
96
TOP VIEW
.30 .40 .30

DE DE
1.00 DE .40
VI VI
0VIE VI
.10 E .375 .05 .375 .10 DE .05
EW E
DE W DE VI DE
W W
VI VI E VI
E E W E
.20
W W W
.13
.22
2X2
2X2
.15
2X2
2X3
1X3 2X2
2X2 2X3
2X2
PICTORIAL VIEW
97
SELF-CHECK # 2.7
WORKING DRAWING WITH BILL OF MATERIALS
Directions: A pictorial drawing of a chalkboard with dimensions is

given. Draw the orthographic views ( Top view and Front View only)
and compute its bill of materials by completing the table below.
Show your computations on a separate sheet of paper.
2.30
m
1” X 3” FRAME 1.20 m
¼” THK MARINE PLYWOOD
BIII OF MATERIALS
Qty. Description of Materials No. of Unit Total

Bf. Price Price
1 pc ¼” thk. 4’x 8’ Marine Plywood ----- 490.00 _______
2 pcs 1”x3”x12’ Good lumber _______ 41.00 _______
¼ liter Slating Paint, green ----- 85.00 _______
¼ liter Quick drying enamel (QDE), ----- 80.00 _______
Chocolate brown
1/8kg #1” Common nail ----- 7.00 _______
1/8kg #1-1/2 ” Common nail ----- 7.00 _______
1foot # 100 Sandpaper pad ----- 35.00 _______
1 foot # 500 Sandpaper pad ----- 35.00 _______
1 bot Paint thinner ----- 35.00 _______
1 pc # 3” Paint brush ----- 35.00 _______
1 pc # 1” Paint brush ----- 25.00 _______
1 pc # 1” Paint brush ----- 25.00 _______
Total Estimated Cost ………………. __________
98
Exploded view are drawn in disassembled pictorial form

showing the sequence of assembly of parts of an object that fit
together. Even a person who has no knowledge in technical drawing
can easily understand the mechanics of its assembly.
Principles of Exploded Pictorial Drawing
1. The exploded drawing is pictorial drawn in is disassembled

pictorial form.
2. The disassembled parts are arranged in orderly manner.
3. It supplies information on how the assembly will be undertaken.
99
SELF CHECK # 2.8
Exploded Drawing
Direction: Given the three orthographic views, draw its exploded

pictorial drawing using scale 1:10. Use a separate sheet of paper.
TOP VIEW
4 mm THK METAL PLATE
10
50 10 15 29 7 2
15 O
70 55
7 mm THK BLADE 20 O
HARD WOOD HANDLE
METAL RING
100
OTHER SYMBOLS
STANDARD SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS. TO BS8888
Abbreviation Abbreviation
Term Term
or Symbol or Symbol
Maximum
Material
Across Flats AF MMC
Condition..In a
note
Maximum
Material
Assembly ASSY
Condition..(Geom.
tol)
Centers CRS Minimum MIN
Not to Scale (In a
Center Line ..On View note and NTS
underlined
Center line ..On Note CL Number NO.
Centre Of Gravity CG Pattern Number PATT NO.
Chamfer of Pitch Circle
CHAM PCD
Chamfered..In a Note Diameter
Countersunk/
CSK Radius..In a note RAD
Countersink
Radius..Preceding
Countersunk Head CSK HD R
a dimension
Counterbore CBORE Reference REF
Cylinder or
CYL Required REQD
Cylinderical
Diameter..in a note DIA Right hand RH
Diameter..preceding a
Round Head RD HD
dimension
Drawing DRG Screw of Screwed SCR
Equally Spaced EQUI SP Sheet (Drawing SH
101
Number)
Sketch (prefix to
External EXT SK
Drawing Number)
Figure FIG Specification SPEC
Hexagon HEX Spotface SFACE

Hexagon Head HEX HD Square ..In a note SQ
Insulated or Square
INSUL
Insulation ..Preceding dim
Internal INT Standard STD
Least Material Taper.. On Dia or
LMC
Condition..In a Note Width
Least Material
Thread THD
Condition..(Geom.Dim)
Left hand LH Thick THK
Long LG Tolerance TOL
Typically OR
Machine MC TYP
Typical
Material MAT Undercut UCUT
Maximum MAX Volume VOL
Electronic and Electrical Symbols
We use graphic symbols on electrical and electronic diagrams to

show the components and workings in a circuit. Graphic symbols for
electrical engineering are shorthand way to show through drawings
how a circuit works or how the parts of the circuit are connected. A
graphic symbol shows what part it does in the circuit. Drafters use
graphic symbols on single-line (one-line) diagrams, on schematic
diagrams, or on connection or wiring diagrams. You can relate graphic
symbols with part lists, descriptions, or instructions by marking the
symbols.
102
103
104
NAME ABBREV SYMBOL ELEVATION PICTORIAL
DOUBLE
SANITARY
BRANCH
DB FACILITIES SYMBOLS JOINT SYMBOLS
BR EL
ELBOW
STRAIGHT SFTY
CROSS X
SAFETY SFTY
VALVE V
GATE GV
VALVE
HANG
VALVE P
PIPE
OUTLET P
DOWN
COUPLING
CPLG
0
ELBOW 90
EL
0
TEE 90 T
LATERAL
0 LAT
45
REDUCER RED
PIPE INTERSECTION SYMBOLS
105
FLANGED
FITTING FL FT
ABBREV SYMBOL ELEVATION PICTORIAL
SCREWED
FITTING SC FT
WELDED WLD
FITTING FT
SOLDERED SLD
FITTING FT
EXP
EXPANSION JT
JOINT
MOTOR
M OP
OPERATE V
D VEHICLE
PIPE JOINT SYMBOLS
METER
M
FLOOR
DRAINED FD
DRY DW
WELL
SEPTIC
SEP
TANK
TNK
SEPTIC
SEP
TANK TNK
DISTRIBUTION
DIS
BOX
BX
SANITARY FACILITIES SYMBOLS

106
COMMON ELEVATION SYMBOLS
COMMON SECTION SYMBOLS
107
SELF-CHECK #. 2.9
Electrical and Electronic Symbols
Identify the name of the component that each symbol represents. Use
a separate sheet of paper.
1. 6.
____________________ ___________________
2. 7.
___________________ __________________
3. 8.
___________________ __________________
4. 9.
___________________ __________________
5. 10.
___________________ ___________________
108
ACTIVITY SHEET # 2.9
Other Drawing Symbols
Since topics A to F consist of numerous groups of symbols, the

activity for each category of symbols shall be done every meeting .
Directions: Draw the following symbols as specified below.

The subsequent resources needed are:
Tools and materials
- T-square
- Triangle (30x60 & 45x45)
- Compass
- Pencil
- Technical pen
- Drawing paper
- Eraser
- Masking tape
A. Electrical and Electrical Symbols

B. Pipe Joint Symbols
C. Sanitary Facilities Symbols
D. Pipe Intersection Symbols
E. Common Section Symbols
F. Common Elevation Symbols
109
Performance Assessment
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria Score
(Tick the corresponding pts.)
Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
Performance Criteria:
 Accuracy
50 pts - the output is accurately done.
45 pts - two to five errors are observed on the output.
40 pts. - six to ten errors are observed on the output.
 Speed
10 pts - the output is done 5 minutes before the time.
8 pts - the output is done on time.
6 pts. - the output is done after the allotted time.
 Neatness
25 pts. - has no error.
20 pts - has two to three erasures.
15 pts - has four or more erasures
110
Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - all pieces of information are completely indicated and
legibly
printed.
12 pts. - all pieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.
missing and misspelled.
8 pts. - pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are
misspelled.
111
ASSESSMENT RESOURCES
Performance Assessment
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria Score
(Tick the corresponding pts.)
Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
Performance Criteria:
 Accuracy
50 pts - the output is accurately done.
45 pts - two to five errors are observed on the output.
40 pts. - six to ten errors are observed on the output.
 Speed
10 pts - the output is done 5 minutes before the time.
8 pts - the output is done on time.
6 pts. - the output is done after the allotted time.
 Neatness
25 pts. - has no error
20 pts - has two to three erasures
15 pts - has four or more erasures
112
 Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - all pieces of information are completely indicated and
legibly printed.
12 pts - all pieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.
missing and misspelled.
8 pts - pieces of information are not legibly printed and words
are missing and misspelled.
113
ASSESSMENT PLAN
Evidence Checklist
Competency standard: Drafting Technology

Unit of competency: Performing Mensurations and Calculations
Title of Module Perform Mensurations and Calculations
Ways in which evidence will be collected:
Actual Demonstration
[tick the column]
Direct Observation
Written Test
Questioning
LO1- Select Measuring Instruments
 Signs, symbols, and data are identified according to job

specifications.
 Signs, symbols and data are determined according to

classification or as appropriate in drawing.
 Signs and symbols in trade mathematics are identified

according to their applications.
LO2. Carry out measurements and calculations
 Necessary tools, materials and equipment are identified

according to the plan.
 Components, assemblies or objects are recognized as per
job requirement.
 Dimensions and specifications are identified according to
job requirements.

Prepared by: Date:
Checked by: Date:
NOTE: *Critical aspects of competency
114
ANSWER KEY
SELF CHECK # 1.1

1. Section line
2. Cutting plane line
3. Dimension line
4. Visible line
5. Phantom line
6. Center line
7. Hidden line
8. Leader line
9. Short break line
10. Extension line
SELF CHECK # 1.2

A.
1. b
2. f
3. c
4. e
5. d
B.
1. a
2. f
3. g
4. d
5. c
SELF CHECK # 2.1.1
1. Visible line
2. Front
3. Extension line
4. Construction line or blocking lines
5. 3 mm
6. Invisible line
7. Side View
8. Over-all Dimension
9. First angle projection
10. Third angle projection
SELF CHECK # 2.1.2
Teacher’s Check
115
SELF CHECK # 2.2.1
ISOMETRIC PICTORIAL
DRAWING
SELF CHECK # 2.2.2
ISOMETRIC PICTORIAL DRAWING

(with circular features)
116
SELF CHECK # 2.2.3
A. OBLIQUE PICTORIAL DRAWING
B. OBLIQUE PICTORIAL DRAWING
117
SELF CHECK # 2.2.4.1
A. ONE-POINT OR PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
B. ONE-POINT OR PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

(CIRCULAR OBJECT)
118
SELF CHECK # 2.2.4.2
ANGULAR PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
SELF CHECK # 2.3
A.
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. a
5. b
B.
1. Right auxiliary view
2. Front auxiliary view
3. Left auxiliary view
4. Rear auxiliary view
119
SELF CHECK # 2.4.1
11. Pattern
12. Hem
13. Parallel line development
14. b
15. a
SELF CHECK # 2.4.2
TOP VIEW
1 2
10
a b
10
30
c d
10
3
4
10 10
30 1
a
VERTEX
b
a
a c b d c d
2
1
4
3
1 3 2 4
FRONT VIEW
1 2
STRETCHOUT PATTERN
SELF CHECK # 2.5.1

2. Offset section
3. Broken-out section
4. Full Section
5. Section line
120
6. Removed section
7. Sectional View / Section Drawing
9. Visible line
10. Section line in any order
Short break line
SELF CHECK # 2.5.2
TOP VIEW
A
B
OBLIQUE PICTORIAL
DRAWING
FRONT VIEW HALF SECTIONAL VIEW
SELF CHECK # 2.5.3
LONGITUDINAL SECTION CROSS SECTION
121
SELF CHECK # 2.6.1
ASSEMBLY PICTORIAL DRAWING

SELF CHECK # 2.6.2
1.
a. It describes the shape of the object
b. It indicates the dimension of the object
c. It provides additional information that is required to make
the object drawn.
2.
a. A detail drawing can be drawn on a separate sheet.
b. Detailed drawings can usually be found beneath the
assembly drawing.
c. Detailed drawing should be drawn in larger scale to clearly
show the parts.
d. Dimension in detailed drawing should be shown clearly.
SELF CHECK # 2.7

TOP VIEW
2.30
M
2.30 M
FRONT VIEW
122
BILL OF MATERIALS
Qty. Description of Materials No. of Unit Total

Bf. Price Price
1 pc ¼” thk. 4’x 8’ Marine ----- 490.00 490.00
Plywood
2 pcs 1”x3”x12’ Good lumber 6 bd.ft 41.00 246.00
¼ liter Slating Paint, green ----- 85.00 95.00
¼ liter Quick drying enamel (QDE), ----- 80.00 80.00
Chocolate brown
1/8kg #1” Common nail ----- 7.00 9.25
1/8kg #1-1/2 ” Common nail ----- 7.00 9.25
1foot # 100 Sandpaper pad ----- 35.00 35.00
1 foot # 500 Sandpaper pad ----- 35.00 35.00
1 bot Paint thinner ----- 35.00 35.00
1 pc # 3” Paint brush ----- 35.00 35.00
1 pc # 1” Paint brush ----- 25.00 25.00
Total Estimated Cost ……………….P 1,094.00
SELF CHECK # 2.8
EXPLODED DRAWING
OF A CHISEL
SELF CHECK # 2.9
1. Amplifier, general
2. Rectifier, bridge type
3. Transformer
4. Fuse, general
5. Capacitor, polarized
6. Switch, single throw,
single pole
123
7. Antenna, general
8. PNP type transistor
9. Speaker
10. Resistor, general
124
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, the teachers assigned to work on the Competency Based

Curriculum (CBC) and Contextual Learning Material (CLM) and
Competency – Based Learning Modules (CBLM) particularly in
Drafting Technology , wish to express our gratitude and appreciation
for having been given the chance to take part in this educational
breakthrough. With high hopes we look forward for the improvement
of the Technical-Vocational Education of the country through the
development of functional materials such of these kinds.
Marikina Hotel
Marikina City
May 25-30, 2009
June 5-7, 2009
Technology Writers
Conrado C. Casulla
Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades
Lingayen, Pangasinan
Region I
Mirasol F. Dasig
San Pedro Relocation Center National High School
San Pedro, Laguna
Region IV-A, Calabarzon
Rolando V. Inay
E. Rodriguez Vocational High School
Nagtahan,Sampaloc,Manila
Mario S. Gregorio
Tagum National Trade School
Tagum City, Davao Del Norte
Region XI
Alexander M. Latoga
Manuel S. Enverga Memorial School of Arts and Trades
Mauban, Quezon
Ariel F. Maglalang
Assemblywoman Felecita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School
Lias, Marilao, Bulacan
125
English Teacher
Mercy F. Divina
Nagtahan, Sampaloc, Manila
Math Teacher
Emmanuel V. Dionisio
Assemblywoman Felecita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School
Lias, Marilao, Bulacan
Science Teacher
Ma. Lenalyn Q. Manzano

Editorial Specialist
Estrelita Y. Evangelista Ed.D. (Ret.)

CESO VI
DepED-Director, BSE
Beatriz A. Adriano
Principal III
Carol F. Chavez
Principal I
Muntinlupa Business High School
Facilitator
Orlando E. Manuel Ph.D.

Principal I
Cabarroquis National School of Arts and Trades
Gundaway, Cabarroquis, Quirino
Region II
Math Specialist
Jesus L. Huenda
Senior Education Program Specialist
DepED-BSE
126
Encoders
Eduardo B. Dicion Jr.

Integrative School of Quezon City
U.P. Village, Diliman, Quezon City
Jomel Gail O. Ponce

One World Connection
31/F Wynsun Corporate Plaza
Ortigas Center, Pasig City
Percival Magaway
Cabarroguis Natural School of Arts and Trades
Region II, Quirino
127

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UNIT OF COMPETENCY : INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

MODULE TITLE : Interpreting technical drawings

This module is designed to familiarize student in drawing

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the module, you should be able to:

LO1 Analyze signs, symbols and data; and

LO2 Interpret technical drawings and plans.

Alphabet of lines are set of conventional line symbols used in orthographic

Unit of Competency : INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWING

Module Title : Interpreting technical drawing and

Nominal Duration : 10 hours

Learning Outcome 1 : Analyze signs, symbols and data

1. Signs, symbols, and data are identified according to job

French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th

German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

Jun B. Principe, Corazon A. Garcia, Carlos S. Asuncion, Cresencio M.

Microsoft® Encarta® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation.

Learning Outcome # 1: Analyze signs, symbols and data.

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read or view PowerPoint

3. Check your answers using the

4. Read or view PowerPoint

 Try to perform the said task

LO1. Analyze signs, symbols and data

Drafting is said to be the universal language of industry and

In a fast-developing country like the Philippines, many investors

To understand the fundamental principles of drawing, acquired

Alphabet of lines are set of conventional line symbols

Line widths and recommended pen sizes

Name of Line Dimension Approximate Recommended

LO1. Analyze signs, symbols and data

Directions: Identify the alphabet of lines used in the illustration

LO1. Analyze signs, symbols and data

Every nation in the world has different ways of measuring

Units Same Symbol

A. Length of Lines or Edges

2. Length of arc = number of degrees in arc x circumference

6. Radius = diameter or circumference

7. Arc of sector = area of sector x360

9. Major diameter of ellipse = area ; b is minor diameter

12. Altitude of triangle = area x 2

14. Sum of three angles in a triangle = 1800

B. Area of Geometrical Figures

f. Sector, A = number of degrees in sector

h. Trapezoid, A = average width x altitude

g. Area of base of prism or cylinder = volume

C. Volume of Geometrical Solids

4. Approximate number of steps = stair rise in inches or

5. Height of step(riser)= stair rise in inches or stair rise in mts

a. Length in inches x 0.0254 = length in meters

LO1. Analyze signs, symbols and data

Directions: Write the letter that corresponds to your answer. Use a

A. Match the formula in Column A with the geometric figures in

B. Find the correct formula of the length of lines or edges