RAJSHAHI UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Sessional Reports

4th Year Odd Semester

Experiment No: 01
Experiment Name: Study & Analysis of AM Receiver

Course No: EEE 4118

Course Title: Radio & TV Engineering Sessional

Submitted By
Md Takvir Anam
Roll: 1601099
Section: B
Name of the Experiment: Study & Analysis of AM Receiver
Objectives: The objectives of this experiment was to
1. Develop an understanding about the AM receiver.
2. Know about the working principle of the AM receiver.
3. Study the output of the AM receiver and match the output with the theory.
4. Discuss some application of an AM Receiver.
Theory: In radio communications, a radio receiver, also known as a receiver, a wireless or simply
a radio, is an electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by
them to a usable form. It is used with an antenna. The antenna intercepts radio waves
(electromagnetic waves) and converts them to tiny alternating currents which are applied to the
receiver, and the receiver extracts the desired information. The receiver uses electronic filters to
separate the desired radio frequency signal from all the other signals picked up by the antenna,
an electronic amplifier to increase the power of the signal for further processing, and finally
recovers the desired information through demodulation.
Radio receivers are essential components of all systems that use radio. The information produced
by the receiver may be in the form of sound, moving images (television), or digital data.[1] A radio
receiver may be a separate piece of electronic equipment, or an electronic circuit within another
device. The most familiar type of radio receiver for most people is a broadcast radio receiver,
which reproduces sound transmitted by radio broadcasting stations, historically the first mass-
market radio application. A broadcast receiver is commonly called a "radio". However radio
receivers are very widely used in other areas of modern technology, in televisions, cell
phones, wireless modems and other components of communications, remote control, and wireless
networking systems.
The most familiar form of radio receiver is a broadcast receiver, often just called a radio, which
receives audio programs intended for public reception transmitted by local radio stations. The
sound is reproduced either by a loudspeaker in the radio or an earphone which plugs into a jack on
the radio. The radio requires electric power, provided either by batteries inside the radio or a power
cord which plugs into an electric outlet. All radios have a volume control to adjust the loudness of
the audio, and some type of "tuning" control to select the radio station to be received.
AM Receiver Block Diagram:

RF Amplifier & IF Amplifier &

Mixer Demodulator Audio Amplifier
Tuning Filter

Local Oscillator

Figures: Ideally an AM Receiver’s input and output signal is as follows

Fig: The input to the AM Receiver (Modulated signal that carries information)
 Fig: The output of the Am Receiver (The original sinusoidal wave)

Results from the Experiment: The experimenteal results are as follows

Fig: The output of AM Receiver from the laboratory

Discussion: In this experiment, the signal frequency was set to 1440 Hz and the output was not
very ideal because of our lab environment. In the lab, the signal catching capacity of the receiver
is not so good in the noon. But this capacity increases during morning time. But the experiment
was done in the noon that’s why the output came like that. From the putput figure, it can be clearly
seen that the steps of the oscilloscope used in this experiment was approximately 0.5µs per square
and the output we determined was approximates 0.6µs in the half cycle. This time period, if
converted into frequency, gives 1440 Hz which was the main signal frequency.
 RAJSHAHI UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Sessional Reports

4th Year Odd Semester

Experiment No: 02
Experiment Name: Study & Analysis of FM Receiver

Course No: EEE 4118

Course Title: Radio & TV Engineering Sessional

Submitted By
Md Takvir Anam
Roll: 1601099
Section: B
Name of the Experiment: Study and Analysis of FM Receiver
Objectives: The objectives of this experiment was to
1. Develop an understanding about the Fm Receiver.
2. Know the working principle of an FM Receiver.
3. Realizing the application of an FM Receiver in real life.
4. Study the output and maych the result with the theory.
Theory: A radio or FM receiver is an electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the
information carried by them to a usable form. An antenna is used to catch the desired frequency
waves. The receiver uses electronic filters to separate the desired signal from all the other signals
picked up by the antenna, an electronic amplifier to increase the power of the signal for further
processing, and finally recovers the desired information through demodulation.
Of the radio waves, FM is the most popular one. Frequency modulation is widely used for FM
radio broadcasting. It is also used in telemetry, radar, seismic prospecting, and monitoring
newborns for seizures via EEG, two-way radio communication systems, music synthesis, magnetic
tape-recording systems and some video-transmission systems. An advantage of frequency
modulation is that it has a larger signal-to-noise ratio and therefore rejects radio frequency
interference better than an equal power amplitude modulation (AM) signal.
Frequency modulation is used in a radio broadcast in the 88-108MHz VHF frequency band. This
bandwidth range is marked as FM on the band scales of radio receivers, and the devices that are
able to receive such signals are called FM receivers.
The FM radio transmitter has a 200kHz wide channel. The maximum audio frequency transmitted
in FM is 15 kHz as compared to 4.5 kHz in AM. This allows a much larger range of frequencies
to be transferred in FM and thus the quality of FM transmission is significantly higher than of AM
transmission.
Block Diagram of FM Receiver: The block Diagram of FM Receiver is as follows

RF
Amplifier

IF Discriminat
Mixer Limiter
Amplifier or

AF & De-
Local
Power Emphasis
Oscillator
Amplifier Netwoek
Figures: Ideally, the input and output signals for FM Receiver is given below

Fig: Input for the FM Receiver (Signal that carries information)

Fig: The Output of the FM Receiver (The original signal)

Discussion: In this experiment, the radio frequency was set to 99.2 MHz and the output was
according to this tuned frequency. The display on the top of the FM Receiver was not ok that’s
why the tuned frequency was not correctly shown on the display. And the receiver itself was an
old device thus the output signal was carrying very much noise. Out motive in this experiment was
to observe if the tuned frequency was received correctly by the receiver. As the tuned frequency
gave the output, we can say that, the theory matches the experiment.
 RAJSHAHI UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Sessional Reports

4th Year Odd Semester

Experiment No: 03
Experiment Name: Study & Analysis of Color TV

Course No: EEE 4118

Course Title: Radio & TV Engineering Sessional

Submitted By
Md Takvir Anam
Roll: 1601099
Section: B
Name of the Experiment: Study & Analysis of a Color TV
Objectives: The aims and objectives of this experiment was to
1. Know about the infrastructure of a Color tv.
2. Know about the working principle of a Color tv.
3. Observe the audio output and match it with the theory.
4. Know about all the relevant waveshapes and analyze their characteristics.
Theory: Television designed to transmit images in color. Color television allows the viewer to
perceive images more completely by transmitting the wealth of colors in the surrounding world.
The transmission of color images by television is based on the theory of three-component color
vision. A variety of natural colors can be reproduced optically by means of three primary colors.
In accordance with this principle, a color television camera uses three light filters—red, green, and
blue—to create three monochromatic images on the light-sensitive targets of the television camera
tube. The optical images are then converted into three linear video signals R, G, and B, which are
proportional to the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) components, respectively, of the color
registered during the image-scanning process. Special methods are used to encode the color
information in the television signal and transmit the signal via a communications channel.
In a color television receiver the video signals are extracted (by decoding) from the television
signal; when fed to the receiver’s kinescope (picture tube), they control the brightness of the
luminescence from the phosphors. Thus, in the most common three-color, three-beam kinescope
with a shadow mask, the video signals are fed simultaneously to the control electrodes of three
electron guns. As a result the current of the electron beams varies with the amplitude of the video
signals.
The phosphors on the kinescope screen are usually applied in the form of a mosaic of small circles
(phosphor dots) grouped in triads (Figure 1). Each dot luminesces with its particular color when
an electron beam strikes it, producing red (Rr), green (Gr), or blue (Br). Because of the shielding
effect of the mask, the beams only excite their own colors in the phosphor dot triads. Thus, each
beam separately produces a red, green, or blue color on the screen, and together the beams produce
an image having a color that depends on the ratio of the brightness of the red, green, and blue
colors of the luminescence. By additive color synthesis, any color can be produced within the
limits of the receiver’s primary color triangle on the chromaticity diagram (Figure 2). When
necessary for correct color reproduction, a matrix color corrector is used in the transmission
channel to convert the linear video signals to video signals for the receiver’s primary colors.
Block Diagram of a Color TV:

Sound Speaker
Section

Color Kinescope

Video
Detection
RF Tuner IF Section Picture Tube
&
Amplifier

Chrominan
Sync Deflection
ce

Convergen HV
Color Sync
ce Section

Fig: Block Diagram of a Color TV

Images Related to the Experiment:

Fig: DL 2402 Color TV Trainer

 Fig: Main Motherborad of a Color TV

Observation: The following observations were made during the experiment

1. The amplified audio signal was seen in the oscilloscope. Due to some noise in the audio
signal, the waveshape was not very ideal

Fig: The Audio output with noise

 2. The composite video signal was also observed in this experiment as follows

Fig: The Composite video signal

3. The sawtooth wave was also shown in this experiment with the purpose of knowing about
the direction of the up ramp signals toward the output.

Fig: The Sawtooth Waveshape

Discussion: In this experiment, the function and working principe of the Color TV was observed.
As the instruments were very old in the laboratory, the outputs were not very much ideal. As can
be seen, the audio signal is full of noises and the composite video signal also was not very much
ideal. However, the aim was to study and observe the similarities between theoretical and practical
color TV and this was done properly.
 RAJSHAHI UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Sessional Reports

4th Year Odd Semester

Experiment No: 04
Experiment Name: Study & Analysis of the Fault Simulator of
Color TV

Course No: EEE 4118

Course Title: Radio & TV Engineering Sessional

Submitted By
Md Takvir Anam
Roll: 1601099
Section: B
Name of the Experiment: Study and Analysis of the Fault Simulator of a Color TV
Objectives: The aims and objectives of this experiment was to
1. Know about various kind of faults in the Color TV.
2. The outcomes due to each fault.
3. Observe the effects of the faults.
4. Know the ways to clear the faults.
Theory: Television designed to transmit images in color. Color television allows the viewer to
perceive images more completely by transmitting the wealth of colors in the surrounding world.
The transmission of color images by television is based on the theory of three-component color
vision. A variety of natural colors can be reproduced optically by means of three primary colors.
In accordance with this principle, a color television camera uses three light filters—red, green, and
blue—to create three monochromatic images on the light-sensitive targets of the television camera
tube. The optical images are then converted into three linear video signals R, G, and B, which are
proportional to the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) components, respectively, of the color
registered during the image-scanning process. Special methods are used to encode the color
information in the television signal and transmit the signal via a communications channel.
In a color television receiver the video signals are extracted (by decoding) from the television
signal; when fed to the receiver’s kinescope (picture tube), they control the brightness of the
luminescence from the phosphors. Thus, in the most common three-color, three-beam kinescope
with a shadow mask, the video signals are fed simultaneously to the control electrodes of three
electron guns. As a result the current of the electron beams varies with the amplitude of the video
signals.
The phosphors on the kinescope screen are usually applied in the form of a mosaic of small circles
(phosphor dots) grouped in triads (Figure 1). Each dot luminesces with its particular color when
an electron beam strikes it, producing red (Rr), green (Gr), or blue (Br). Because of the shielding
effect of the mask, the beams only excite their own colors in the phosphor dot triads. Thus, each
beam separately produces a red, green, or blue color on the screen, and together the beams produce
an image having a color that depends on the ratio of the brightness of the red, green, and blue
colors of the luminescence. By additive color synthesis, any color can be produced within the
limits of the receiver’s primary color triangle on the chromaticity diagram (Figure 2). When
necessary for correct color reproduction, a matrix color corrector is used in the transmission
channel to convert the linear video signals to video signals for the receiver’s primary colors.
In our experiment, in the laboratory trainer board, there were 20 different kind of faults that can
be apploed to a color TV. We will discuss only the ones we have observed ourselves.
Block Diagram of a Color TV:

Sound Speaker
Section

Color Kinescope

Video
Detection
RF Tuner IF Section Picture Tube
&
Amplifier

Chrominan
Sync Deflection
ce

Convergen HV
Color Sync
ce Section

Fig: Block Diagram of a Color TV

Observations: The Following observations were made during the experiment

1. The faults, all were assigned to a particular button. As there was 20 types of faults, there
was 20 buttons on the trainer board. The figure is given below.

Fig: Fault Simulator of Color TV

 2. When button 13 was pressed, the display of the TV shifted to the right by some length.
This may be to display fault assgned to the button 13.

Fig: The Display Shifting fault of the Color TV

3. Again, when the button 15 was pressed, the television went into mute state. This means
that, all the 20 buttons have unique faults to be applied to the TV.
Discussion: In this experiment, two kinds of faults were applied to the color TV, one was the
shifting of the display to the right by pressing the key 13, and the other was muting the TV by
pressing the key 15. All these faults can be cleared by just pressing the reset key. This key is just
below the fault buttons. Any kind of fault applied can be cleared only by pressing the reset key.
As the fault simulation was observed accordingly, the experiment was completed successfully.
 RAJSHAHI UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Sessional Reports

4th Year Odd Semester

Experiment No: 05
Experiment Name: Study & Analysis of AM – FM Radio Base
Station

Course No: EEE 4118

Course Title: Radio & TV Engineering Sessional

Submitted By
Md Takvir Anam
Roll: 1601099
Section: B
Name of the Experiment: Study & Analysis of AM – FM Radio Base Station
Objectives: The objectives of this experiment were
1. To know about the infrastructure of AM – FM Radio Base Station.
2. To know how the station works.
3. To understand the working principle of the station.
4. To realise the real life application of such devices.
Theory:
AM (Amplitude Modulation) Receiver: An AM receiver is made up of the major elements
shown in the block diagram above. The links are used to provide a more in depth definition of the
terms used in the discussion. The system is set up to receive and detect an Amplitude Modulated
Signal. An Amplitude Modulation system varies the amplitude of the carrier in step to the
amplitude changes of a modulating signal. The variation in the amplitude of the signal is the
intelligence, while the carrier is used to transmit the information.
The Antenna of course receives the AM signal over the air waves. The received AM signal is then
feed to a low noise RF amplifier, which amplifies the signal. An RF amplifier is a wide-band
amplifier operating in the RF frequency range.
A Local Oscillator is used within the AM receiver to generate a fixed frequency which is feed to
an RF mixer along with the amplified RF signal. The Mixer combines the two signals and outputs
an amplitude modulated signal at the frequency of the IF carrier.
FM (Frequency Modulation) Receiver: A radio or FM receiver is an electronic device that
receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form. An antenna
is used to catch the desired frequency waves. The receiver uses electronic filters to separate the
desired signal from all the other signals picked up by the antenna, an electronic amplifier to
increase the power of the signal for further processing, and finally recovers the desired information
through demodulation.
Of the radio waves, FM is the most popular one. Frequency modulation is widely used for FM
radio broadcasting. It is also used in telemetry, radar, seismic prospecting, and monitoring
newborns for seizures via EEG, two-way radio communication systems, music synthesis, magnetic
tape-recording systems and some video-transmission systems. An advantage of frequency
modulation is that it has a larger signal-to-noise ratio and therefore rejects radio frequency
interference better than an equal power amplitude modulation (AM) signal.
Frequency modulation is used in a radio broadcast in the 88-108MHz VHF frequency band. This
bandwidth range is marked as FM on the band scales of radio receivers, and the devices that are
able to receive such signals are called FM receivers.
Block Diagram: The Block Diagrams for AM & FM receivers are given below
AM Receiver:

RF Amplifier & IF Amplifier &

Mixer Demodulator Audio Amplifier
Tuning Filter

Local Oscillator

Fig: Block Diagram for AM Receiver

FM Receiver:

RF
Amplifier

IF Discriminat
Mixer Limiter
Amplifier or

AF & De-
Local
Power Emphasis
Oscillator
Amplifier Netwoek

Fig: Block Diagram for FM Receiver

Images Related to the Experiment:

Fig: An AM – FM Radio Trainer Base Station

Working Principle: In the Trainer Board, both the AM and FM receiver are mounted together.
There are a various range of frequencies that can be selected throghout the experiment. This range
of frequencies are indicated by a series of LEDs. The knob on the top of the trainer board is tuned
and suitable frequency is selected for operation. And there is also a selection switch or mode switch
that decides on which mode (AM or FM) the device is going to operate.
Discussion: In our laboratorry, this device works better in FM mode. In AM mode, it creates some
issues. There can be a device drawback, otherwise the operation of the device is satisfying. In this
experiment, the frequency knob was tuned to approximately 99.2 MHz. The output of the selected
frequency in the FM mode was satisfying and the experiment was successfully completed.