An Investigatory Science Research

Differentiation and evaluation of standard commercialized papers

and papers produced from Zea mays husk

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Science Subject

Grade 12 Level

By:

Phil Deiter B. Atun

Christian Joshua U. Reyes

Karen Mae G. Gabriel

Lovely Jane S. Serrano

Noralyn K. Maed

Rona Mae Q. Punzal

Grade 12 – STEM

March 18, 2019

Submitted to:

Mrs. Richell M. Cabanting

Science Teacher
A. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

With utmost respect, we formally give thanks to those people that have helped us in

order to complete this investigatory project successfully, and properly give credit for they

became a part of this investigatory project. Specially, to Saint Francis of Assisi College, Taguig

Campus principal, Sir. Gilbert C. Sibala, for initiating the creation of our investigatory project,

and for guiding and examining of our product. To our caring Grade 12 STEM adviser, Ma'am

Richell Cabanting, without her help we cannot think of this life changing product of ours that can

spark improvement and change for those who need help and to our dying nature. To Amir Julio,

a student of GAS-1, for helping us to find one of our ingredients and creating the wax paper that

is used to mold our paper. To our parents, that gaves us the inspiration to finish the investigatory

project and helping us financially to carry out our experimentation. Without them, we know that

we cannot handle the pressure and problems. Lastly, and most importantly, to God Almighty for

giving us spiritual guidance and enough knowledge as well as physical strength to cope with

every challenge in every day of our thesis journey. With Him, the success of our work became

possible. The accomplishment of this research study is truly a collection of time, efforts and hard

work of the authors, the names listed above, and other unnamed individuals.

B. ABSTRACT:

Trees serve as the main source for making paper pulp, a fibrous material that is

produced from chemically or physically separating the cellulose fibers from wood.

Nearly four billion trees worldwide are cut down each year for paper representing about

35 percent of all harvested trees (Sam, 2011). Alarming matters that revolve around raw-

material availability and wood consumption along with environmental and economical

issues has been the driving factor for finding alternatives of natural products filled with

cellulose. One way to utilize a more efficient and ecological production of paper is to use

non-timber products as an alternative (Majid et al., 2011). In this study, the researchers

searched for non-timber products that are available most of the time, can be a potential

economic solution and environmentally safe for undergoing all of the paper

manufacturing processes that it will undergo. The natural properties of the zea mays husk

contained enough fibrous material to produce paper. The zea mays husk paper resembled
 most of the properties similar to commercialized paper. It was able to input ink and other

writing apparatuses applied to it. It was able to resist more water than commercialized

paper. Furthermore, zea mays husk paper can be an alternative for standard

commercialized papers.

C. TABLE OF CONTENTS:

TITLE PAGE

a. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

b. ABSTRACT

c. TABLE OF CONTENTS

d. INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the study

2. Statement of the problem and objectives

3. Significance of the project

4. Delimitation/limitation of the project

5. Review related literature

e. METHODOLOGY

1. Materials/equipment

2. General procedure

f. OBSERVATION AND FINDINGS

g. ANALYSIS OF DATA

h. CONCLUSION

i. RECOMMENDATION

j. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 D. INTRODUCTION:

1.1 Background of the study

Paper, a flat sheet of crisscrossed fibers, is one of the most used products across the

globe. Traditionally, wood has been the most widely used paper resource. Most papers today are

made of forest woods which all contain cellulosic matter, component of wood which makes up

paper fibers (Casey, 2017).These woods undergo chemical and mechanical processes to turn

them into pulp for paper production. 

In line with this matter, increasing demand for paper leads to rapid environmental

destruction. Each year over four billion or 35% of the world’s trees are used to produce paper

pulp causing large scale depletion of forests (Sam, 2011). In the Philippines, the country lost a

third of its forest cover from 1990 to 2005 due to the paper industry (FAO Forestry Paper, 2010)

This industry is also considered a significant contributor to pollutant discharges and emissions to

the environment due to processes needed to turn timber resources into pulp. Heightened concerns

on increasing wood consumption and raw-material availability, together with economic and

environmental factors, makes it necessary to research alternative sources of cellulosic matter.

This resulted in a renewed attention on the ecological and economic benefits of using non-timber

plant materials (Majid et al., 2011). Non-timber resources such as the Zea mays (corn) husk has

been proven to contain sufficient amount of fibers needed for paper production which makes

them possible to replace wood as raw material. Corn is the second most produced crop in the

Philippines making it a suitable and convenient development to procure corn husk papers. Corn

husks are considered as agricultural wastes which are sometimes used as animal feed form farms.

Due to disposal problems, some farmers tend to burn these wastes which worsen air pollution.

Corn husks are also used for food preparations as they become wrappers for steamed food which

are eventually thrown away after the food preparations are done since it doesn’t add any more

value other than encasing food. Corn husks are versatile and this is why within the situations

presented on the study, we are incorporating the value of corn husk into a widely commercially

used product which is paper. The researchers aim to produce a paper made from corn husk to

utilize this waste product’s properties and transform it into an economical surplus and an

environmental saver. Utilization of this non-timber resource may help resolve environmental as
well as economic problems arising from increased demand for paper production. The researchers

also aim to test and compare the basic material properties of the corn husk paper to pre-

determine if it will provide the same quality and utility as commercial papers.

1.2 Statement of the problem and Objectives

Fast growth in population, urbanization, and industrialization led to increased demand for

paper production. Paper processes including its byproducts, and the raw materials, usually timber

resources, for its production causes rapid environmental destruction. On the other hand,

agricultural wastes such as corn husks create disposal difficulties which often lead farmers to

burn these wastes producing greenhouse gases which worsen global warming. This

environmental threat urged the researchers to utilize the Zea mays (corn) husk as raw material

for paper production. 

The study aims to produce paper made from corn husk and compare to some basic material

properties. To achieve this general objective, the following specific objectives are done: (1)

production of paper from of corn husk using the IRRI method. (2) The determination and

comparison of basic material properties: ink injection, flexibilty and water absorption.

1.3 Significance of the project

Corn is a widely used crop in the Philippines and utilizing its waste products, in this case,

the corn husk may benefit the economical state of the country. It will also provide a solution to

minimize deforestation for paper production requires the use of timber resources to be

manufactured. The demand for paper production is rapidly increasing and arguably the best way

to minimize tree loss and keep the constant production of papers is to use non-timber materials

for alternatives in cellulosic matter. Utilizing corn husks as raw material for paper production

may conceivably reduce environmental impact of paper production since it may lessen demand

for wood. It may possibly eliminate disposal problems such as pollution from burning corn husk

by having an alternative source of raw material for paper, production costs of paper may be

reduced benefitting paper industries as well as the consumers. It may also open the door for

small-scale paper producers and local group cooperatives producing handmade papers to
compete on the market. Lastly, the findings of the study may encourage other researchers to find

the other potential raw materials for paper production and study more ways in enhancing the

quality of the paper that was produced.

1.4 Delimitation/Limitation of the project

This study is focused mainly on the differentiation and evaluation of standard

commercialized paper and paper produced from corn husk. A method for pulping of corn husk

was done using the chemical-mechanical pulping method based from the International Rice

Research Institute (IRRI). Basic material testing such as ink application, flexibility and water

absorption was done to compare the corn husk paper to the standard commercialized paper. The

physical and chemical properties of the paper were not tested officially by an expert due to lack

of connections and monetary funds.

1.5 Review of related literature

a. Paper

Paper is a flat sheet of crisscrossed fibers. It is used by almost every sector of the society.

It is produced from the lignocellulosic (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) matter. The primary

resource for these is wood. Wood has holocellulose (cellulose and hemicellulose) fibers which

what paper fibers are made of (Bialkowski, 2018). Cellulose is a long-chain polymer of glucose

which serves as the building block of a plant’s cell wall. Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate

produced by plants by photosynthesis and the carbohydrate is used to build cell walls (Sinha,

2011). Hemicellulose present in wood is a polymer of other sugars such as pentose and hexose

with shorter chain and is connected to the cellulose by the lignin. Lignin, a phenolic polymer, is

basically the binding agent or cement for other wood fibers (Latib, Tamat & Kasim, 2014). 

For the production of paper, logs are first converted into wood pulp by chemical-mechanical

process. These processes are called pulping – extraction or separation of cellulose fibers from the

hemicellulose and lignin in the material. 

In the mechanical process, the banks of the logs are sent to the grinders to break the wood down

into pulp. This process is also called the ground wood process (Woodford, 2018).
Figure 1. Simplified Structure of plant fiber showing cellulose, hemicelluloses, and

lignin (Ribeiro. 2018. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Asimplified-structure-

of-insoluble-plant-fiber-showing-the-crystalline-cellulose-in_fig1_)

Figure 2. The lignin-carbohydrate complex.

(Buranov and Mazza, 2008)

The alkali-labile bond between the ferulic acid in the lignin and hemicellulose is highly

susceptible to alkali degradation, as the hydroxide ion increases the rate at which hydrolysis
reaction occurs as compared to water (Bruice, 2004). The result of this process is the irreversible

hydrolysis of the bond, weakening the structural integrity of the lignocellulose. Bleach and dye

can be added in the mixture for the color. After converting logs into pulp, the pulp is subjected

on a process called beating. In this process, different filler materials can be added like chalks and

clay. After being beaten, the pulp will be pumped into an automated machine which will squeeze

the pulp by the rollers on a moving belt of fine mesh screening to remove the excess water. Then

it is pressed to become a paper sheet (Bialkowski, 2018).

Figure 3. Paper Making Process(Retrievedfrom

https://www.alfredmank.com/closer-look-paper-production-process/

b. Handmade papermaking
 Most papers made today came from a self-operating machine and continuous production

system. However, the handmade paper became a traditional craft and an art form (Hubbe &

Bowden, 2009). The manual craft of papermaking started in China in A.D. 105. Subsequently, its

influence has spread through Asian countries such as Japan and Korea (Frialde, Hargove &

Ortega, 1998) In the Philippines; the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) conducted a

study about producing handmade paper from rice straw. In line with this, basic materials and

procedures to make paper from rice straw are elaborated in their study. It also has instructions on

optional procedures such as paper dyeing.

Pulping

Pulping procedures by IRRI is a chemical-mechanical process. It involves digestion process and

beating. In the digestion process, the raw materials needs to be cut into 1 inch length then

screened to remove the dirt. Then, the raw materials are cooked in a cauldron with 20 L water

sodium hydroxide for three to four hours until the straw crumbles when pinched. The cooked

straw is washed under running water after cooking and crushed using a mortar and pestle. Again,

the straw is screened to remove dirt in which the remaining material is called the pulp (IRRI).

Bleaching

In the earliest years off papermaking, the bleaching process can only be done through

mechanical operations. However, its advancement provided alternatives in using manual

bleaching process (Pulliam, 1997). One of the alternatives for a pulping and bleaching agent is

sodium hypochlorite, commonly known as bleach. The process of bleaching uses several

chemicals to further treat fibers for the removal of residual lignin. Therefore, its main objective

is to remove lignin chromophores resulting to lighten the color of paper and whiten its pulp

(Ghoreishi & Haghighi, 2007).

Sheet Forming
 Sheet forming is done using a mold and deckle usually with silkscreen or fine mesh

mounted on the mold. The removable deckle serves to catch pulp. In sheet forming, the pulp is

mixed with water then the mold and deckle is used to catch pulp to form sheets. Thicker paper

sheets require less water while thinner sheets require more water, Adding formation aid, a

thickening agent, may also help in producing thinner papers with much smoother surfaces. Also,

addition of formation aid and sizing agent makes the paper stronger (IRRI).

Formation Aid

Formation aid, also called neri, keeps the fibers from entangling and helps in forming

thin, translucent sheets. It is used in the making of thin papers from long-fibered pulps and is

also vital in the techniques of pulp painting and pulp spraying. In addition, the formation aid

slows down the drainage of the pulp, therefore, allowing the papermaker to form an even layer of

sheets (Bakre & Jaiyeoba, 2009). Formation aids can be synthetic or natural. One of the used

natural formation aids is Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) viscous juice. Okra plant grows very

fast, is grown in all soil types, and is among the most heat and drought-tolerant vegetables

(Bakre & Jaiyeoba, 2009). It has been studied as a binding agent for papers. Moreover, it has the

advantage over commercial synthetic polymers as it is safe, non-irritant, biodegradable,

biocompatible, and eco-friendly (Biswal, Karna & Patel, 2004).

Sizing

High water resistance is one of the characteristics of good quality paper. In order to

achieve this, sizing treatment is used in the paper industry. Paper sizing describes the process of

adding chemicals to the aqueous mixture that contain cellulosic fibers. The resulting paper can

have better inhibition of water absorption (Hobbe, 2000). To increase water resistance, materials

such as animal glue, alum, gelatin, rosin size, synthetic resins, and starch are often used as a

sizing agent. The main function of a sizing agent is to increase the resistance to the penetration of

liquids into the paper so that the paper is suitable for printing and writing. 

There are two types of sizing treatment: surface sizing (tub sizing) and internal sizing (engine

sizing or beater sizing). Surface sizing, also known as tub sizing, consists of sizing agents that

both have hydrophilic acid and hydrophobic ends (hagiopol 7 Johnston, 2011). The sizing agent

hoilds on to substrate fibers and forms a film. The hydrophilic tail faces the fiber and the
hydrophobic tail faces outwards, therefore resulting in a smooth finish that is water-repellant, In

addition, surface sizing treatment does not envelop individual fibers but add a protective coating

to the sheet that is used to prevent absorption and bleeding of inks. The most commonly used

surface sizing additives are modified starches, Styrene Maleic Anhydride (SMA), Styrene

Acrylic Emulsion (SAE), and gelation (Hubbe, Koukoulas & Palwak, 2008). In papermaking

process, internal sizing is the process of adding substances to the pulp which has the potential to

develop hydrophobicity and increases the paper’s resistance to penetration by aqueous liquids.

By making the paper hydrophobic, the sizing agents will influence dewatering and retaining of

fillers and fibers in the paper sheet. Some of the most used internal sizing agents by industries

are alum-rosin, wax rosin and Alkyl Ketene Dimers (AKD), while glue, and gelatin are usually

used in handmade paper making (Seppanen, R., 2007).

(a) (b)

Figure 4. Unsized (a) and Sized (b) Paper (Retrieved from

https://www.seikopmc.co.jp/english/products/paper/ss_se.html)

Storing

As a cellulose product, the paper is naturally hygroscopic (Hannelore et al., 2007),

making it unstable and vulnerable to humidity changes. To reach the equilibrium state of paper,

the fibers gather moisture from the environment. Hence, environmental factors such as

temperature and moisture can greatly affect the paper’s state. Moreover, the paper’s moisture

content changes with temperature, which then causes the sheet to curl and cause paper jams in

printing. For chemical stability, it is advised that the storage of paper should have lower relative

humidity and lower temperature since fluctuations in temperature increases the degradation rate

of paper relative to its storage (Gangwar, A., 2011). To avoid mold growth, the paper should be
stored at a relative humidity of 55% but for ordinary use, papers may be handled safely at a

relative humidity of 20%.

c. Corn husk

Corn, scientifically known as Zea mays, is a cereal plant of the family Poaceae that was

first domesticated by Southern Mexico about 10,00 years ago (Kumar, D. 2013). Since its

introduction to Europe by Christopher Columbus, corn has spread to all areas of the world,

including the Philippines. One-third of Filipino farmers depend on corn as their source of

livelihodd (Gerpacio, Labios, J., Labios R., & Diangkinay, 2004). Corn production in the

Philippines last 2016 amounted to about 7.22 million metric tons as compared to 6.97 million

metric tons in 2011 (Statista, 2017). This became second to rice as the most important crop and

as a result, became one of the largest contributors of agricultuaral waste in the Philippines.

Corn husk or hull is the outer shell of a seed. It is often seen as a leafy covering of corns. The

husk is biodegradable and can be composted (Cote, 2013). After harvesting the corn, its husks

are often discarded and burned but are sometimes used for biofuel production. Farmers typically

leave husks and stalks behind in the fields as waste materials (Velasco, 2017). Corn husks may

cover a large area of landfill if not utilized. AS the husk contains several layers of papery tissue

that surrounds the flower organ, it is often used as natural material to make mats, figures, and

platters (Visperas, 2016). Aside from these handicrafts, corn husks are also studied to be an

alternative raw material in paper production. Its fibers are rich in cellulose that is considered as

major constituent in paper production (Klemm et al., 2005). Its tensile properties show that corn

fiber has the advantage of moderate strength but with higher toughness, low modulus and higher

elongation which makes it similar to fibers used for the production of paperboards (Reddy &

Yang, 2005).

Corn husks are proven to have fiber lengths similar to hardwood. Corn husk contains

approximately 15% of lignin content which is low making it one of the advantages of using non-

timber materials in the production of papers. The lower lignin content is, the easier the extraction

of cellulose fibers become (Fagmebigun et al., 2014).

1.1 Materials/ Equipment

Raw materials were collected and bought from the local market of Bicutan, Taguig City.

Corn husks were bought from vegetable dealers in Bicutan Public Market. Sodium Hydroxide

(99%) pellets were bought from Bambang, Manila.

▪ Corn Husk

Corn husk or hull is the outer shell of a seed. It is often seen as a

leafy covering of corns. Corn husk, a lignocellulosic fibre generally

discarded as waste, has the potential of being explored as a textile fibre.

▪ Sodium Hydroxide Pellets

Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that

decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns.

▪ Zonrox Bleach

It delivers a 6-in-1 Total Clean for 99.9% antibacterial protection,

whitening, deodorizing, elimination of disease-causing germs, removal of tough stains and dirt,

and shortening of cleaning time.

▪ Okra Juice (Thickening agent)

Okra pods contain a gummy, slippery substance that tends to

become more slippery or gelatinous when cooked. It’s that mucilaginous texture that helps to

thicken soups, stews, and gumbo.

▪ White Glue/ Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) Glue

glue, is perhaps the most used and beloved glue of kids, crafters, makers, and pros. This glue

dries clear, is somewhat flexible, and can be bonded to just about any surface.

▪ Wax Paper

Wax paper, alternately, is a paper that has been coated in a thin

layer of paraffin wax, making it nonstick and water-resistant.

▪ Screen Wire

Screen Wire is commonly used by the mining and quarrying

sectors to make woven screen mesh that can withstand impact and

abrasion.

1.2 General Method

This study consists of the paper production using IRRI Method. Paper production

involves three parts: (1) Delignification, (2) Bleaching, and (3) Sheet Forming, wherein there are

six different paper compositions.

Paper Production Using IRRI Method

All papers that were produced are according to the method given by International Rice

Research Institute.

2.1 Delignification
 The raw material was collected and bought from the local market of Bicutan, Taguig

City. Corn husk were bought from vegetable dealers in Bicutan Public Market. Sodium

hydroxide pellets were bought from Bambang, Manila.

The raw material, corn husk, was cut into 1 cm length using scissors then thoroughly

cleaned using distilled water to remove dirt and to separate them from other foreign materials. In

separate cauldrons, 0.66 kg of each raw material was cooked in a cauldron with 11 L distilled

water and 100 g of sodium hydroxide pellets for 1 hour at temperature of 100 Co - 110 Co. The

resulting fibrous material, called the pulp, was strained and temporarily stored in a plastic

container.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 5. Pulping Process: (a) cutting, (b) washing, (c) cooking, (d) squeezing out excess water

2.2 Bleaching
 Sodium hypochlorite was used as the bleaching agent and was bought from a local

market at Bicutan, Taguig City. The 0.66 kg of pulp was bleached in a different cauldron with

8.25 L of distilled water and sodium hypochlorite. Distilled water was heated until it reached

boiling point (100 Co). After reaching boiling point, the heat was turned off then 130 mL of

sodium hypochlorite and 0.66 kg of each pulp was added on each cauldron. It was covered and

left for 1 hour. The bleached pulp was then strained and washed.

2.3 Sheet Forming

Bleached pulp was grinded. Then it was mixed with 19.5 L of distilled water in a large

basin. 1.3 L of okra juice, as a thickening agent, and 156 ml of white glue, as a binding agent,

were added to the mixture.

The screen wire was dipped into the basin to catch as much pulp to make paper of the

desired thickness. It is then tilted back and forth to spread pulp evenly. The molded flat sheet

pulp was laid on the wax paper. A sponge and cloth were used to remove excess water on the

pulp sheet. The pulp sheets were sun dried for 1 day.

As for the testing methods, the researchers tested if the paper made has flexibility properties

similar to standard paper. The researchers then tested different types of writing apparatuses on

the paper such as ballpen and permanent marker in three different kinds. Lastly, the researchers

tested its water absorption properties by damping it with droplets of water.

F. OBSERVATION AND FINDINGS

For the paper production preparation, the materials used are zea mays husk (corn husk),

sodium hydroxide (NaOH), distilled water, sodium hypochlorite (bleach), okra juice, PVA Glue.

In delignification process the researchers observed that the corn husk is softer after the 3 hours

boiling in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) which results in separation of fibrous material and it is

called the pulp, therefore it can proceed unto the bleaching process. In the bleaching process,

using the sodium hypochlorite (bleach) the pulp has lightened and proceeded to combine to the
pulp and thickening agent when boiled. Afterwards, the outcome of the pulp became thicker and

more compactly bonded. In the sheet forming process, the pulp will be filtered using the screen

to remove excess water and put on wax paper for the pulp to flatten. After a period of time the

pulp will be dry. The pulp will then transform to a material distinguished as paper. The Zea mays

(corn) husk paper was tested to determine the basic material properties of corn husk and standard

commercialized paper. The first one to be tested is the application of ink. The researchers tried to

use a ball point pen and a permanent marker with three different variations to test if the paper

will be able to display the ink vividly. The results showed that both of the papers were able to

display the ink vividly but the corn husk paper didn’t have any ink leakages on the back when

the permanent markers were applied. The second test that the researchers have done measures

the flexibility of the product. The researchers crumpled a sample piece of the corn husk paper

and a commercialized paper. It was then unfolded to see if there are any breaks or tears, the

results showed that the both the corn husk paper and the commercialized paper didn’t have any

breaks or tears. However, the corn husk paper didn’t display any large folds even if it was

crumpled hard. The third test that the researchers conducted was the water absorption. The

researchers dampened the corn husk paper and commercialized paper with small droplets of

water. The results showed that the commercialized paper absorbed water faster than the corn

husk paper and the commercialized paper was able to tear up pretty easily.

G. ANALYSIS OF DATA

Paper samples were produced using chemical-mechanical process based from   IRRI  

method.   Raw   materials   were   converted   into   pulp   through delignification. Pulp produced

was bleached using an oxidizing agent, sodium hypochlorite (5%). Bleached pulp was beaten

using a blender then sheets were formed using a screen wire. White glue was used as the binding

agent of the fibers. Excess paper procured from the sample were produced to have sufficient

sample size for each basic material property test.

Ink application, flexibility, as well as water absorption are factors that are necessary to

observe in paper quality for it determines the overall usage of the paper. Application of ink can
only be established with the help of an apparatus that can store and inject ink such as ballpoint

pens and pen markers. These tools have been used to scribble on the sample parts of the corn

husk paper and has proven that the paper can handle multitudes of scribbling without having ink

leakages throughout the whole piece while commercialized papers displayed the similar

occurence except for the pen markers scribbling

Flexibility determines the strength of the paper when it is deformed from its original

shape. The researchers crumpled the commercialized paper and corn husk paper into ball. There

were no signs of tearing or breaking in both of the papers when the papers were unwrapped from

its deformity. This shows that the flexibilty of both of the papers are similar in durability.

Water absorption is similar to the methods of ink application. The researchers dampened

the two papers with droplets if water. The researchers tested if the corn husk paper can sustain

hydrophobicity features that were conditioned into the paper and if it will display similar

occurrences to that of a commercialized paper. The results indicated that the corn husk paper

absorbed less water and did not deconstruct after intaking liquid into its fibers while the

commercialized paper created few tears after the fibers were moved.

H. CONCLUSIONS

The researchers conclude that Zea mays (corn) husk paper can be an alternative to

standard commercialized paper for its properties and functionalities are the same as standard

paper. It can be applied with ink, can be folded into multiple sides and directions and has a better

water resistance than standard commercialized paper. The researchers also concluded that the

Zea mays (corn) husk paper may be a huge help for the economical and environmental

advancement of the Philippines for it is innovative and efficient in the way it is utilized as a

byproduct of corn.

I. RECOMMENDATIONS
 For future researchers, the proponents recommend the following: (1) venture on different

kinds of non-timber materials for alternatives, (2) invite an expert to test the physical and

chemical properties of the product to ensure quality, (3) have varying compositions of non-

timber products for maximum efficiency and quality, (4) make sure every method you do must

be accompanied by experts to ensure preciseness

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