FIRST CITY PROVIDENTIAL COLLEGE

First City Providential College

Brgy. Narra, Francisco Homes Subdivison City of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan

“The Effectiveness of Cow Dung as an Alternative Component in Making

Cardboard Paper”

A research proposal presented to the

Senior High School Department of First City Providential College

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the subject

Research I

Submitted by:

Donato, Ma. Gianinna Giselle I.

12-STEM 4

Submitted to:

Mr. Ron Dela Merced

Research I Teacher

Academic Year 2020- 2021

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Chapter I:

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

The continuous development of the world, especially on the economic growth,

requires many changes in the environment. One of the observable change is the rapid

decrease on the numbers of trees due to different uses specifically as a main source of

paper. Ever since, trees play significant role in reducing the impact of different disasters

such as floods, landslide, global warming, soil erosion and other more. But the

continuous and over usage of trees can give a negative impact on the environment and

nature.

Raw woods from trees are the most common material used in paper/cardboard

paper making. It is said that, a standard pine tree with a height of 45ft. can produce

10,000 sheets of paper. But, According to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

(2020), the world produces 300 million tons of paper every year. Thus, if it needs 24

trees for a ton of paper, a total of 7,200,000,000 trees are being used to produce paper

in a year. In addition, a data provided by the Forest Management Bureau of the

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2018) states that, the Philippines

are losing around 47,000 hectares of forest cover throughout the years. Therefore, it

needs to consume a lot of trees in order to make paper.

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Cardboard paper or paperboard is a type of paper that is notable for its stiffness

and durability. It is thicker and more durable than paper. Also, cardboards are one of the

significant things that students, office workers and other people utilizes in dealing with

their daily works and obligations. Cardboards are commonly used in food packaging,

construction of different projects, experiments, children's toys and costumes and other

more. That's why it performs high demand in the economy.

On the other hand, animal dung, specifically cow dung is often unnoticeable

which frequently leads to improper waste disposal of it which can cause pollution and

harm to the natural resources. But, Bismarck, A., (2015) states that, the main

component needed in making paper which is cellulose (a wooden fiber found on trees)

is also present on herbivorous animals' manure which is up to 40% depending on the

animal. Herbivores eat plants which pass through their digestive system but secreting

the undigested cellulose fiber and thus, it becomes their residue or dung.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of cow dung as an alternative

component in making cardboard paper and to assess the durability of cow dung

cardboard paper.

B. Review of Related Literature

The review of related literature is a comprehensive review on the previous and

existing literature which is related to the topic. It focuses on gathering and analyzing

important information, knowledge and data which is significant to the topic. The

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literature review that is presented in this section discusses the analogous studies and

articles about the effectiveness of cow dung as an alternative component in making an

eco-friendly cardboard paper.

Paper is a thin, fibrous sheet or tissue made from the combination of milled plant

and textile fibers. It originated from China during the Eastern Han period (25- 220 A.D.)

and was invented by the Chinese inventor, Cai Lun. According to Catwright, C., (2017),

paper is greatly known for its variety of uses and was highly valued in ancient China that

it was utilized to pay taxes and tribute to the state during Tang dynasty (618-907 CE).

There are different types of paper according to its uses; printing paper, coated paper,

tissue paper, paper board, fine art paper and "cardboard paper."

Cardboard paper is a generic term for heavy- duty paper based product. It is

thicker and has superior durability unlike the common paper. One of its common uses

is as a packaging material. Also, Formaro, A., (2018), stated that cardboard paper can

have a primary life as a cheap and affordable material for the construction of different

projects, experiments, children's toys and costumes. Since cardboard paper is durable,

stiff and strong; it has many uses and significance especially on packaging.

Cellulose is a substance that is insoluble in water and most common solvents. It is

the main building material out of which plants are made and primarily occurs naturally in

fibrous products like cotton, and it is very important substance. According to Lavanya,

D., (2011), regardless of its poor solubility characteristics, cellulose is used in a large

range of applications which includes composites, netting, upholstery, coatings, packing,

paper making and etc.

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Cellulose from fiber is the main constituent of paper. This develop both chemical

and physical bonding with other fibers in the process of wet to dry condition and that

hold the paper together. Furthermore, According to the article of Ulin, D., (2015), the

strongest and most permanent paper would be produced solely from long fibers of pure

cellulose fiber l. But, since paper comes from variety of natural substances that are

composed of much more that pure cellulose fiber, other chemicals, mixed in with the

fiber weaken the paper and cause it to breakdown faster.

Herbivores are animals which eats plants like grasses as there only food. These

plants pass through their digestive system but secreting the undigested fiber. (The New

Book of Knowledge, 2007).

Cow Dung or cow manure is the waste product of bovine animal species. Cow

dung is the undigested residue of consumed plant matter which pass through the

herbivores' gut. According to Gupta, K., (2016), nowadays, there is an increasing

research interest in developing applications of cow dung in different areas such as

medicine, agriculture and industry.

A bovine's manure is mainly consists of lignin, hemi celluloses and cellulose. Since

herbivorous animals only eat plants which contains a large amount of cellulose, their

waste also contains a lot of cellulose since it is insoluble and indigestible which leave it

as a residue. Motivana, E., (2018), stated that, reusing their waste is a good way to get

rid of the agricultural waste and produce paper in a cheap and eco-friendly paper.

Bismarck, A., Ph.D., (2018), from the University of Vienna, stated that, animals eat

biomass that contains cellulose, they grind it and expose it to enzymes and acid in their
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guts that results to manure. It depends to the animal, up to 40 percent of the manure

contains cellulose, which is then easily accessible to produce as paper.

C. Review of Related Studies

The review of related studies refers on studying and evaluating existing studies

which are related to the topic. It is a comprehensive summary of the previous research

and studies. This section focuses on discussing the summary of the previous studies

and researches related to the effectiveness of cow dung as an alternative component in

making cardboard paper.

Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) is a plant that contains cellulose which is the

most essential component in making cardboard paper. The research conducted by

Gabieta, V., et.al, (n.d.), proves the effectiveness of Cogon grass as an economical and

environmental friendly substitute for cardboard food packaging.

In the experiment, three different with five treatments are performed from the

sheets produced from Cogon grass. The statistical analysis revealed that treatment C

was able to withstand the greatest amount of weight and was therefore the strongest

and most durable. The researchers concluded that Cogon grass is applicable as a

substitute component in making cardboard paper

A study conducted by Cabardo, R., et.al, (2013), intends to help solving various

problems in the community by utilizing horse manure as an alternative source of paper.

These study aims to solve community problems including the improper defecation of

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horses and rapid decrease in the population of trees. In addition, these research aims to

provide an alternative source of paper. The effectiveness of the study has a high

tendency to results on lessening the waste brought by improper defecation of horses

(1), conservation of trees(2), and proposal for a new source of cellulous fibers in making

paper. Besides on testing the feasibility of horse manure as an alternative source of

paper, the study also aims to determine the effectiveness of the horse manure on

different properties such as; color (1), texture(2), and durability(3).

The results shows that, through the use of chlorine solution and camias extract

with a measured precise and accurate amount, the desired color was achieved. The

experiment also shows that in terms of durability, the paper is strong enough to hold the

weight of 8 pieces of 5 peso coin, and more than that the paper will torn apart. The

result also shows that; the usage of hand, rolling pin nor iron as pressing devices does

not affect the texture of the paper. Lastly, the study proves that horse manure was a

suitable alternative source of paper aside from trees.

D. Theoretical Framework

“Theory of Production with Waste

and Recycling”
Claus (1997)

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It is a unified body of waste production and management

which focuses on the expectation that products from recycling
can prevent waste from causing harm to human health and
the environment and encourage efficiency of resource use.

The Effectiveness of Cow Dung as

an Alternative Component in
Making Cardboard Paper

The “Theory of Production with Waste and Recycling” proposed by Conrad Klaus

on 1997, states that product responsibility means that a product will accompany its

producer from cradle to grave; prevention, recycling and disposal of waste are part of a

theory of the firm which are develop under solid residual management. Production of

materials from recycling can avert waste from causing harm to human health and the

environment.

This framework shows that recycled products can prevent solid waste on

harming the environment in which animal manure specially cow dung, can cause harm

and pollution on the natural resources in an improper waste disposal. To prevent it, the

researcher manages to turn the waste product came from the cow into an alternative

cardboard paper which can be utilized in different ways.

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E. Conceptual Framework

INPUT
OUTPUT
PROCESS
-Cow Dung
-Collection of Materials
-Review of Related
Literature The Effectiveness of
-Experimentation
Cow Dung as an
-Review of Related -Durability Test Alternative Component
Studies in Making Cardboard
-Gathering of Data Paper
-Theory of Production
with Waste and -Analyzation of Data
Recycling

The schematic diagram shows the step by step process of the experiment. Starting

from the preparation of the materials and then making the cow dung cardboard paper.

After that, the cardboard paper made from the cow dung and the commercialized one

will undergo on the texture quality and durability test. The raw data will be recorded and

treated statistically.

F. Statement of the Problem

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of cow dung as

an alternative cardboard paper. Specifically, this research aims to:

1. Determine the effectiveness of cow dung as an alternative cardboard paper.

2. Evaluate the following properties of cow dung cardboard paper in terms of:

2.1 Durability

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3. Assess the essential effects of the different measurement and amount of cow

dung use in making cardboard paper.

G. Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis- Cow dung has no significant effect as an alternative component

in making cardboard paper.

The amount of cow dung has no significant effect on the durability of the cow dung

cardboard paper.

There are no essential effects on the different measurement and amount of cow dung

used in making cardboard paper.

Alternative Hypothesis- Cow dung has a significant effect as an alternative

component in making cardboard paper.

The amount of cow dung has a significant effect on the durability of the cow dung

cardboard paper.

There are an essential effects on the different measurements and amount of cow

dung used in making cardboard paper.

H. Significance of the Study

This study is significant in probing the student’s analysis on the effectiveness of

cow dung as an alternative component in making cardboard paper. This study is also

beneficial to the ff:

1. Students- To give them an idea that, aside from trees, there are also other

uncommon and unnoticeable materials which can be used to make an alternative

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cardboard paper. This study is also essential for them to practice being creative,

innovative and apply awareness on the nature and the community.

2. Community- To show awareness about the other ways to lessen the number of

trees being cut down to make papers/cardboard papers. Since, trees are very

important on the community and to the world to lessen the impact of different

disasters and also global warming. This can also help the community to give

them business ideas by using materials that are meant to be disposed.

3. Farmers/Cow Owners- To offer them an opportunity to profit/ earn money by

making cardboard paper through their cow's manure instead of throwing it away

that often leads into improper waste disposal which can harm the natural

resources.

4. Future Researchers- To help them on gathering data for their own research

related to this topic. This will serve as their reference or related studies which can

help them to obtain knowledge, ideas, information, statistics, etc.

I. Scope and Delimitation

This study entitled as "The Effectiveness of Cow Dung as an Alternative

Component in Making Cardboard Paper" focuses only on using cow dung as the main

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component and not on the other herbivorous animal dung. It is not concerned on the

other animal manure since it is irrelevant on the research and does not provide enough

accessibility on the place where the researcher performs the study.

J. Definition of Terms

1. Bovine- it is an animal in the cattle group which includes cows and buffaloes

https://www.google.com/search?q=bovine+meaning&oq=bovine&aqs=chrome

2. Cellulose-  the most essential substance needed in cardboard making which is

also present on the cow's manure/dung

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180321090944.htm

3. Dung/Manure – a solid waste secreted by an animal

https://www.google.com/search?q=dung+meaning&oq=dung+meaning&aqs=chr

4. Durability- refers to the property of a thing to resist pressure and last for a long

time https://www.academia.edu/8138758/Research_Horse_Manure_Paper

5. Feasibility- describes how easy or difficult it is to perform something

https://www.google.com/search?q=feasibility+meaning&oq=feasibility&aqs=chro

6. Fiber- plant food that cannot be completely broken down by digestive enzymes

https://www.google.com/search?client=mswAO1ipXQBQ&q=fiber+meaning&oq=f

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Chapter II:

METHODOLOGY

A. Methods of Research

The research study uses an experimental- quantitative research as a method to

determine the effectiveness of cow dung as an alternative component in making

cardboard paper. An experimental quantitative research utilizes both experimental

approaches and statistical analysis type of quantitative data. It engages the comparison

of experimental and systematic measurement of quantities, with the aim of determining

the relationships between the independent and dependent variables.

In the study, the independent variable is the cow dung and the dependent

variable is the effectiveness of it as a cardboard paper.

B. Research Design

The study entitled as “The Effectiveness of Cow Dung as an Alternative

Component in Making Cardboard Paper”, utilizes Experimental Research Design in

which it studies the effects of independent variable to the dependent variable. By the

use of different treatments, the independent variable is controlled and the influence of

the different treatments/interventions was observe on the dependent variable. In the

experimental set-up, the independent variable is being tested and controlled.

In this study, the researcher prepared 3 experimental set-ups. The cow dung

(pulp) as the independent variable is manipulated in 3 different measurements. 1 st set-

up; 150 grams, 2nd set-up; 250 grams, and 3rd set-up; 350 grams. The remaining

component is not manipulated and kept constant on each trials.

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Research Design

Experimental Sample

Durability Test on the

cow dung cardboard
paper with different
pulp mass 1, mass 2,
mass 3

Mass 1 Mass 2 Mass 3

Result 1 Result 2 Result 3

Figure 1.1 Durability Test design on the three samples of cow dung cardboard

paper

C. Research Setting

The research was conducted at San Jose Del Monte Heights Brgy. Muzon, City of

San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan.

D. Data Gathering Procedures

a. Preparation of Materials

In order to obtain the main component needed in making cardboard paper,

the researcher collects 3 kilograms of cow dung in the nature farm of Ph4 San

Jose Del Monte Heights Muzon, Bulacan. To avoid and lessen the bacteria and

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moisture, the cow dung was dried first under the sun. Then, the researcher also

prepared glue, water, bowl, blender, silk screen, felt cloth, and measuring cups.

b. Cleaning and Boiling

In the cleaning process, the cow dung was thoroughly washed to remove

the waste products and organic impurities to remain the actual fiber material. The

fibers are then boiled for 2-4hours with a temperature of 90-100 degrees Celsius.

The boiling process softens the fibers that makes them more supple and also to

destroy the protein-based cells of any bacteria.

c. Blending

After the boiling process, the researcher decided to use a blender to make

a finer and smoother pulp. It is better to put small amount of the fiber first, then

just add and add a small amount to ensure a finer mixture of pulp.

d. Mixing

After blending, perform the 3 trials by mixing the blended pulp and the glue

with the given measurement. The pulp's measurement varies on each trials while

the other component which is the glue (130 ml), remains constant. 1 st trial; 150

grams of cow dung pulp, 2nd trial; 250 grams of pulp and 3rd trial which is 350

grams of pulp.

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

150 grams of 250 grams of 350 grams of

pulp+ 130 ml of pulp+ 130 ml of pulp+ 130 ml of
glue glue glue

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Figure 2: Trials

e. Sheet forming

Place and spread the mixture on the silkscreen to form a sheet. After

shaping it, the sheet was then removed from the silkscreen and gradually

transferred on the felt cloth. Perform the same process on the remaining mixture

until all the pulp mixture is placed outside and dried under the sun. The amount

of time may vary depending on the weather and since cardboard paper, paper

board is much thicker than a normal paper, it may take longer to dry.

f. Durability Testing of Cow Dung Cardboard Paper and Commercialized

Cardboard Paper

For the durability testing, the researcher prepared the three sets of samples with

the dimension of 10x20x.5 cm. While holding the 2 ends of the cardboard paper, a

weight weighing 900 grams was then place at the top of the cardboard paper. When the

cardboard doesn’t break at the given weight, a ruler will be used to measure the

bending length from its original position.

f. Collection of Data

The researcher recorded all the data collected from the texture and durability tests

conducted on the experiment.

E. Data Gathering Instruments

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This research study is conducted through the use of an experiment as a

research instrument. Moreover, the researcher prepared different materials and

followed sequential steps in performing the experiment to determine the effectiveness of

cow dung as an alternative component in making cardboard paper.

F. Statistical Analysis of Data

The statistical treatment used in this study are both inferential and descriptive

statistics to provide conclusions based on the results of the collected data and give an

interpretation and summarization on the sample of the population.

The gathered data in this research presented in this chapter are collected

through actual experimentation. The process includes organization of data

systematically and statistically. Conducting Rank and Percentile for Completely

Randomized Design to gather data statistically. This statistical test helps to compare the

measurement and effectivity of the study.

CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

All the data gathered in the study are discussed and interpreted in this chapter

through analysis, interpretation and presentation to determine the effectiveness of cow

dung as an alternative component in making cardboard paper.

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Data Analysis and Interpretation

The main problem on this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of cow dung as an

alternative cardboard paper. Specifically, this research aims to:

1. Determine the effectiveness of cow dung as an alternative cardboard paper.

2. Evaluate the property of cow dung cardboard paper in terms of:

2.1 Durability

3. Assess the essential effects of the different measurement and amount of cow

dung use in making cardboard paper.

Table 1: Durability Testing

Trials Bending Length Using a Ruler (cm)

Trial 1 19 cm

Trial 2 11 cm

Trial 3 4 cm

The Table 1 shows the tabular data of the result of the three (3) trials performed on

the durability test. By using a weight weighing 900 grams placed on the top of each

cardboard paper, the result shows that the three trials reveal no signs of breakage and

therefore concluded that the cardboard paper made from cow dung can hold at least the

weight of 900 grams. As a result, the researcher measures the bending length of the

different trials of cow dung cardboard paper to know the least and the most durable

among the three (3) treatments.

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On trial 1, which is consist of 150 grams of cow dung pulp and 130 ml of glue, the

bending length of the cardboard paper results to 19 cm from the normal point. On trial 2,

with the mixture of 250 grams of cow dung pulp and 130 ml of glue, the bending length

reaches until 11 cm from the original position. Lastly, on trial 3, the mixture is composed

of 350 grams of pulp and 130 ml of glue, the bending length reaches only 4 cm from the

original point.

The researcher ran the data of the Table 1 into the Microsoft Excel Program 2013

Analysis Tool Pack, and had generated the results of the entire data of the Table 1.1

Rank and Percentile Analysis.

Table 1.1 Shows the Summary of Data Using Rank and Percentile Analysis

Point Bending Length Rank Percent

1 19 cm 1 100.00%
2 11 cm 2 50.00%
3 4 cm 3 0.00%

The table 1.1 shows the summary of the result of Rank and Percentile analysis. In

order to find the rank of the specific experimental trial to the other trials. Rank is driven

by the formula R=P/100(N+1). R represents the rank or order of the trial, P is the

percentile rank and N refers to the bending length of the cow dung cardboard paper

using a ruler (cm).

Point in the table is the number of trials specifically, Trial 1, Trial 2 and Trial 3.

Bending Length refers to the measurement of the bending length of the cow dung

cardboard paper from its original position when a constant weight is applied. Rank

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refers to the overall ranking of the three trials which is from least durable (100%) to the

most durable (0%) measurement of the substances. Percent is the effectivity

percentage of the conducted experiment.

Trial 1 ranks number 1 with a percentage of 100 which means it is the least

durable ratio or measurement of the substances since it bends the most with a total of

19 cm from its original position. Trial 2 ranks the 2 nd with 50% percentile since it reaches

11 cm from the original position. And lastly, Trial 3 which ran number 3 with 0% which

means it is the most durable ratio and measurement of Cow Dung and Glue since it only

bends 4 cm from its original position when a constant weight is applied.

Data
Measurements per Trial
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Cow Dung Pulp Glue

Presentation

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Figure 1: Measurements of Each Trials

The graph shows measurement of the two components which are the cow dung

pulp and the glue on each trials. The cow dung pulp on the three (3) trials have the ratio

of 3:5:7 while the amount of glue remains constant on the 3 treatments. On the trial 1,

150g of pulp; 130 ml of glue. While in trial 2, 250g of pulp; 130 ml of glue. Lastly, on trial

3, 350g of cow dung pulp; 130 ml of glue.

CHAPTER IV

Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendation

Summary of Findings

The summary of the study are hereby presented:

The researcher utilizes three (3) trials in this study. Cow dung pulp and glue are

the two components used in the experimentation. The cow dung pulp for the three (3)

trials has the ratio of 3:5:7 while the glue has a constant amount of (130 ml) on the three

(3) trials. The first trial was done with 150 grams of cow dung pulp and 130 ml of glue.

The second trial was consist of 250 grams of pulp and 130 ml of glue. Lastly, the third

trial was done with 350 grams of pulp and 130 ml of glue.

Based on the result of the test, Trial 3 is the most durable treatment on the study

since it provides 0% on the durability test which ranks from the least durable (100%) to

the most durable (0%). All the trials presented shows that cow dung cardboard paper

can hold at least 900 grams of weight.

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Conclusions

Based on the findings of the research, the following conclusions were drawn:

Cow dung is an effective component in making an alternative cardboard paper as it

possesses the main component in making cardboard paper which is the cellulose.

With the presence of the controlled amount of glue, the cardboard paper becomes

more durable as it helps the fibers to hold onto each other with the sticky substance

called polyvinyl acetate.

There is a significant difference between the measurements of cow dung pulp and

glue on each trials.

All trials were durable enough to hold a weight of 900 grams. But, based on the

durability test on the bending length, Trial 3 with the measurement of 350 grams of cow

dung pulp and 130ml of glue, reveals as the most durable among the three (3) trials with

a bending length of 4 cm from the original position.

Recommendation

In the light of the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are

suggested:

Using cow dung as an alternative component in making cardboard paper is a good

way to recycle waste that can harm the environment in an improper waste disposal. In

turning it into a recycled product like cardboard paper, it can help to lessen the number

of trees being cut down in a year.

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In order to softens the fiber which makes it easier to blend with the glue and to

make a smoother texture, the researcher suggested to boil the fibers for 6-8 hours.

The community are suggested to support cow dung cardboard paper as an eco-

friendly substitute for commercialized cardboard paper.

Farmers/ Cow owners are suggested to use this study as an opportunity to make

profit by using cow manure as an alternative cardboard paper.

Researchers are suggested to utilize this study to promote recycling through

utilizing waste which can harm the environment in an improper disposal. Also, to use

this study as their guide and references on their future studies related to this.

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