KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

The Feasibility of Cacao Pod and Waste Paper in Making Paper Bag

A Research Proposal Presented to the

School Division Office

Pasay City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Academic Strand: Science, Technology,

Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)

By:

Ambrosio, Angelica Mae

Ancla, Joanah Karylle

Colinayo, Claire Jorica

Pasaquian, Cherry

April 2023
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Acknowledgment

For their outstanding efforts and unwavering dedication during our research

project, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to the members of our study

group. Their knowledge, cooperation, and diligence have been crucial to the success

and important findings of our study. We, Angelica Mae Ambrosio, Joanah Karylle

Ancla, Claire Jorica Colinayo, and Cherry Pasaquian, are incredibly grateful to have

each of us as a part of the research we conducted because of the unwavering

dedication and insightful observations. Our study approach has been substantially

enhanced by our in-depth knowledge, and spirit of cooperation. We have been able

to overcome obstacles and consider innovative alternatives thanks to in-depth

conversations, meticulous analysis, and helpful criticism.

We also like to thank the panelists and Mr. Alejandro Aniban, our research

adviser, for their advice, insight, and support in relation to the study we conducted.

Our study techniques was greatly aided by their knowledge, which also provided us

with their evaluations and suggestions for improvement. We also like to thank those

who helped us out by providing us with the necessary resources for our study.

Finally, we also want to thank Kalayaan National High School, Pasay City for

providing all the resources we required to complete our research.

 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Chapter l

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

There are things that we cannot carry with just two hands. There is a specific

thing that is provided for that role. A paper bag that helps us carry our necessities in

life. A small thing that upholds the things we need.

Metro Manila, is a place known as one of the top producers of bags and

polystyrene foam. Following the lead of other cities in metro Manila, Parañaque has

been a “City Ordinance No.18-40 series of 2018” which prohibits business

establishments in the City, including malls and grocery stores, would be banned

from selling and providing styrofoam and single-use plastic as packaging material for

dry goods. (The city government of Parañaque, 2020).

Plastic is a petroleum-based material, and when burned it is like any other

fossil fuel; it releases climate pollution. This in turn leads to rising sea levels,

increased ocean and air toxicity, and destruction of coral reefs and other marine life.

(R Kumar, 2021). That’s why Parañaque is now moving closer to becoming a plastic-

free city. Citizens of Parañaque are using paper, or eco bags for containers of goods

or items purchased making the city eco-friendly. According to Gk Deshwal (2019),

paper and board are very popular packaging materials. Paper is a thin material

mainly used for writing, printing, or for packaging. Since Parañaque City and other

cities in Metro Manila consumers have been using paper bags, the researchers have
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decided in finding a new raw material for creating it. According to Kristi Quillen

(2017), no matter what you use to make paper you need "fiber." It is produced by

pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags, or

grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. People have been using fiber in

creating paper as early as 3,000 BC in Ancient Egypt. We, the researchers have

found that cacao pods have fibers and they can be alternative raw materials in

creating paper bags. As well, utilizing waste paper as one of the raw materials in

making paper could reduce the demand for virgin wood fibers, conserves natural

resources, and minimizes energy consumption and environmental impact associated

with traditional paper production methods. Even though cacao pod is used for

making chocolate it can be also used in creating paper. Cacao pod containing (24-

35.4%) fiber. According to Paperslurry (2019), to make strong paper, choose plants

with a high cellulose fiber content because cellulose fibers have high strength and

durability. And according to the article by Sciencedirect (2020), (CPH) is between

19% and 48% cellulose. Since to make stiff and strong paper such as that found in

supermarket bags, it is needed a lot of lignin. And upon basing that on what the

researchers have read it can be a potential raw material for creating paper. This

research study was inspired by the study of the potential of cassava peels, and corn

husks where non-wood materials can be pulp for paper-based industries. But, in the

researchers' case, they used cacao pods and waste paper as an alternative raw

materials for creating paper bags.

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the feasibility of cacao pod and paper waste in

paper production in specific. This research will respond to the following questions:

1. How effectiveness does cacao pod and waste paper in making paper bag in

terms of:

1.1 foldable endurance

1. 2 bursting strength

1.3 tensile strength

2. How effectiveness does commercial paper bag in terms of:

2.1: foldable endurance

2.2: bursting strength

2.3: tensile strength

3. Is there a significant difference between the cacao pod and waste paper in

making paper bag to commercial paper bag?

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Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in paper making feasibility

and quality between commercial paper bag materials and the utilization of cacao

pods and used paper.

Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference in paper making

feasibility and quality between commercial paper bag materials and the utilization of

cacao pods and used paper.

Significance of the study:

This study will rely on the statement of the problem and how it will help with the

identification of the specific contribution for the study. To start off with that, the

following contribution for the industry will be in a general to specific format:

Business. Embracing sustainable practices and incorporating alternative raw

materials can enhance a manufacturer's reputation and appeal to environmentally

conscious consumers. Utilizing cacao pod and paper waste in paper production

demonstrates a commitment to sustainability, which can be a valuable selling point

in the market.

Community. Implementing sustainable practices like using waste materials for

paper production can increase community engagement and raise awareness about

environmental issues. It promotes a sense of responsibility among community

members and encourages them to participate in waste management and recycling

initiatives.
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Environment. Incorporating cacao pod and paper waste as raw materials reduces

the need for virgin fiber from trees. This helps conserve forests, preserve

biodiversity, and mitigate deforestation. By utilizing agricultural waste and recycled

paper, manufacturers contribute to a more sustainable and circular economy.

Future Researcher. The ideas presented may be used as a reference data in

conducting new researchers or in testing the validity of other related findings in

cacao pod and waste paper.

Conceptual Framework
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
PARAMETER:

Tensile Strength
INDEPENDENT Bursting Strength DEPENDENT
Foldable Endurance
Cacao Pod and
Waste Paper Paper Bag

CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES:

NaOH
Hot water

figure 1: The Feasibility of Cacao Pod and Waste Paper in Making Paper Bag

The dependent variable is consisted of cacao pod and waste paper which

are the raw materials that will going to use. For determination of chemical properties,

it will consist of the following: NaOH, hot water, solubility. Furthermore, since

chemical process was chosen for the pulping process in this study, the effects of

types of chemicals (alkaline) were also analyzed at constant variable. Meanwhile, in

term of physical properties parameter the focus was limited to bursting strength,
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tearing strength, foldable endurance of the samples only. At the end, the handsheet

of samples were formed after alkaline process. It is an important procedure to

measure the strength of samples in order to produce good quality handsheets and a

good indicator whether or not it can be utilized as alternative fibres in making paper

bag. And the dependent is the paper bag.

Definition of Terms

Cacao pod: It is a football- shaped pod that comes in various color depending on

genetics and degree of ripeness, it has a rough and leathery rind about 3 cm thick.

NaOH: Is used to break the lignin bonds of wood being processed into pulp for

paper making.

Lignin: Is the principal constituent responsible for color paper and pulp industry

wastewater.

Paper bag: It is packaging solution made from the recycled paper. It is light and

durable, perfect for restaurants or as an additional packing layer for mailer boxes.

Used paper: The process of collecting, sorting, and processing waste paper to

produce new paper or paper products.

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CHAPTER II

Review Related Literature

This chapter contains the pertinent literature and studies. The studies and

literature cited in this chapter discuss various theories, notions, generalizations, and

findings, as well as various developments pertaining to the topic from the past to the

present. This may serve as a pathway for the researchers as they create the project.

Additionally, by familiarizing readers with pertinent and comparable facts to the

current study, the information in this chapter is helpful.

Paper Making

Cao S. et al. (2021) presented a study titled "High strength, flexible, and

conductive graphene/polypropylene fiber paper fabricated via paper making

process." The authors investigated graphene/polypropylene fiber paper fabrication

using a paper making process. They incorporated graphene into the polypropylene

fibers to enhance the mechanical properties and conductivity of the resulting paper.

The study demonstrated that the addition of graphene improved the tensile strength

and electrical conductivity of the article. Moreover, the graphene/polypropylene fiber

paper exhibited good flexibility and foldability. This research offers insights into

developing high-performance paper materials with enhanced mechanical and

conductive properties, opening up possibilities for various applications in electronics,

sensors, and flexible devices.

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Cacao Peels

Yuli Yetri, Mursida, Dahyunir Dahlan, Erma, Taer, Agustino, Muldarisnur,

Selected, peer reviewed papers from the 8th International Conference on

Engineering and Innovative Materials (ICEIM '19), September 6-8, 2019, Tokyo,

Japan. Identification of the potential of cacao peel as the basic material of

environmentally friendly supercapacitor electrodes had been identified. This

identification was carried out through analysis of specific dimensions, densities, and

capacitances. Activated carbon electrodes were made by a combination of chemical

and physics activation methods. The technique of preparing carbon electrodes

started from pre-carbonization, milling, chemical activation, pellet making,

carbonization, and completed it with physics activation. In addition, the chemical

activation applied 0.3 M KOH activator, whereas the physical activation used CO 2

gas at a temperature of 700°C. The physical properties were tested by density and

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy

Dipersive X-Ray (EDX). While the electrochemical properties were tested using the

Ciclic Voltammetric (CV) method. The results showed that the mass, diameter,

thickness, and density of the electrode decreased after passing the carbonization-

activation process. A value of 2θ in the range of 23,569 o for the reflection fields 002

and 44,781 o for the reflection field 100 was obtained in the XRD measurements.
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Cocoa Pod

To evaluate the biological activity of the cocoa pod borer's sex pheromone, D.

Amalin (2020) carried out a study with the working title "Biological activity evaluation

of the sex pheromone of the cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen."

The author investigated the effectiveness of the pheromone in attracting and

trapping male cocoa pod borers, which are significant pests affecting cocoa

production. The study employed field experiments and observed that the sex

pheromone successfully attracted male cocoa pod borers, leading to their capture

and subsequent reduction in pest populations. This research contributes valuable

insights into developing integrated pest management strategies for cocoa cultivation,

focusing on using pheromone-based techniques.

Cacao

(Theobroma cacao), also called cocoa,

tropical evergreen tree (family Malvaceae) grown for its edible seeds, whose

scientific name means “food of the gods” in Greek. Native to lowland rainforests of

the Amazon and Orinoco river basins, cacao is grown commercially in the New

World tropics as well as western Africa and tropical Asia. Its seeds, called cocoa

beans, are processed into cocoa powder, cocoa butter, and chocolate. This article

treats the cultivation of the cacao plant. For information on the processing of cocoa

and the history of its use, see the article cocoa.

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Paper Industry

The role of paper remains important in the digital age, with this ubiquitous

material still used daily for many purposes worldwide. In fact, the global production

of paper and cardboard totals more than 400 million metric tons each year. The most

produced type of paper is packaging paper and board, which has been growing in

demand in recent years due to the online shopping boom.

Paper Bag Production

n value terms, paper bag production reduced to $X in 2021 estimated in

export price. Overall, the total production indicated a notable expansion from 2012 to

2021: its value increased at an average annual rate of +2.3% over the last nine

years. The trend pattern, however, indicated some noticeable fluctuations being

recorded throughout the analyzed period. Based on 2021 figures, production

increased by +42.5% against 2017 indices. The most prominent rate of growth was

recorded in 2014 with an increase of 106% against the previous year. As a result,

production reached the peak level of $X. From 2015 to 2021, production growth

remained at a lower figure.

Waste Paper

With so much paper being thrown into garbage bins, it is a comforting idea

that homeowners can reduce their waste by composting paper. Just how exactly this

can be done can be mind-boggling. And with so many different types of material

used for paper, it might be tempting to not bother and just throw paper into the

garbage bin as usual. Paper should not be that complicated. Here are some
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common paper products in typical households and whether it’s best to compost them

or not. Before going into this, it is vital to remember that compost should contain a

balanced mix of brown waste such as dried leaves, wood chips, and paper, as well

as green waste like food scraps and grass clipping.

Paper Waste Recycling

Paper waste is a raw material for a lot of products with different added value.

The engineering, economic and environmental aspects of paper waste recycling are

analyzed for production of composite material, cellulose nanofibers and

nanocrystals, bricks with paper components, porous carbon, film of biopolymer,

enzymatic sugar and bioenergy: bioethanol, hydrogen and biofuel. Through

multicriteria analysis, it was possible to determine the most feasible paper waste

recycling product in case of four product groups: egg packaging boxes, cardboard,

reused paper, cellulose nanomaterials (nanofibers and nanocrystals). The

production of cellulose nanofibres and cellulose nanocrystals has an advantage over

egg packaging and cardboard production as well as reusable paper.

Alkaline Water

Pectin degrading enzymes with polygalacturonase (PG) activity hydrolyze α-

(1,4) glycosidic bonds of polysaccharides present in higher plants. In the current

study one hundred bacterial strains were screened for extracellular PG activity using

an inductive culture medium. Optimization of fermentation conditions for

Streptomyces halstedii ATCC 10897 was conducted using experimental designs.

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The maximum enzymatic activity obtained was 3.489 U/mL and 98.0% of viscosity

reduction after 12 h of fermentation using soy peptone as unique source of carbon

and nitrogen. PG from S. halstedii ATCC 10897 showed high thermal stability, an

approximate molecular weight of 48 kDa and its optimum conditions for catalytic

reaction were 50 °C and pH 12.0. This study reveals that alkaline PG is a useful

enzyme for depectinization in alkaline pulping mill and paper making waste waters.

Strainer

Papermaking strainer, foreign material separation device, and paper making

strainer production process. A paper making strainer placed next to a rotor to sieve a

disintegrated paper material includes a strainer facing the rotor that has multiple

strainer holes formed in it, as well as multiple peripheral walls that protrude from the

strainer's surface to enclose the holes or multiple peripheral concaved groove

portions that are concaved from the strainer's surface to enclose the holes.

Paper Bag

Paper, typically kraft paper, is used to make paper bags. To satisfy client

preferences, paper bags can be produced using either virgin or recycled fibers.

Paper bags are frequently used for packaging some consumer goods and as

shopping bags. They can serve as means of transportation and carry a variety of

commodities, including food, glass bottles, clothing, literature, toiletries, gadgets,

and other items. That means of transportation in daily life.

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Cocoa Pod Husk

Through processing (fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis, and combustion,

among others), the quality and functionality of cocoa pod husk (CPH) have been

improving, leading to their use as a source of volatile fragrance compounds, lipase

extraction, skin whitening, skin hydration, and sun protection, as well as for

ruminants' food, vegetable gum, organic potash, antibacterial and nanoparticle

synthesis with antioxidant and larvicidal activities. Despite their potential health

benefits, their ability to produce high-value-added products, particularly for the food

industry, is limited. Cocoa pod husk, the primary by-product from the cacao industry

(up to 76%), is a plentiful, affordable, and renewable source of bioactive compounds

like dietary fiber pectin, antioxidant compounds, minerals, and theobromine, which

justifies their value. This review emphasizes the value addition that can be made

with this beneficial industrial byproduct to produce novel drugs, medical treatments,

nutraceuticals, or functional foods.

Synthesis:

The first set of literature reviews focuses on the potential of cocoa by-

products and their applications. Figueroa et al. (2019) highlight the rich composition

of cocoa by-products, emphasizing their value in developing functional foods and

value-added products. Indiarto et al. (2021) explore innovations in cocoa bean

processing by-products, discussing their potential as bio active compounds and

active ingredient sources. These studies shed light on the sustainable utilization of
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cocoa by-products, emphasizing their importance in waste management and their

potential for developing new products in various industries.

The second set of literature reviews examines the topic of paper making.

Cao et al. (2021) investigate the fabrication of graphene/polypropylene fiber paper

using a paper making process, demonstrating improved mechanical properties and

conductivity. Sapuan et al. (2023) provide an overview of non-wood plant fibers and

their suitability for pulp and paper production, addressing challenges and

opportunities associated with diversifying raw materials. These reviews contribute to

developing high-performance paper materials and sustainable alternatives to wood

fibers, providing insights into their potential applications in electronics, sensors, and

packaging materials.

The final set of literature reviews explores local studies related to the cocoa

pod and paper making. Amalin (2020) evaluates the biological activity of the cocoa

pod borer's sex pheromone, highlighting its potential for integrated pest

management strategies in cocoa cultivation. Patalinghug (2020) analyzes the

challenges and prospects of cacao production in Zamboanga del Norte Province,

emphasizing the need for interventions to enhance production and support farmers.

Villareal et al. (2022) examine the fiber morphology of arangen wood, providing

insights into its potential applications in the paper and pulp industry. Barroba et al.

(2022) developed composite paperboard using agricultural waste fibers, showcasing

the potential of sustainable materials for packaging. In various fields, promoting

sustainable practices and developing value-added products.

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Overall, these literature reviews collectively contribute to the understanding

and utilization of cocoa by-products, advancements in paper making processes, and

the challenges and opportunities associated with local and foreign studies on cocoa

pods and paper making. The insights from these studies can inform researchers,

industry professionals, and policymakers.

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CHAPTER lll

Methodology

This chapter discusses the specific details on the study of utilizing banana parts in

the filtration of wastewater. The experiment will be accomplished by dividing the

procedure into three phases.

Materials needed:
PHASE 1
 Cacao Pod
Gathering of Material
 Alkaline
 Waste Paper
 Strainer
 Sand

PHASE 2 Cacao Pod and Waste

Paper Bag Process Paper Processing

Assembling Prototype
Water Filtration System

Filtration of Waste Water

Filtrated Water
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Paper Processing

PHASE 3 Bursting Strength Test

Product Testing

Tearing Strength Test

Figure 4. Schematic Diagram of the Methodology

Research Design

This study will employ a quantitative research design, more particularly, a true

experimental research design. It is since this design is appropriate for this

investigation's procedure and technique, which aim to assess the viability and

usefulness of cacao pod in creating paper bags with old paper. Additionally, this will

make it easier for researchers to conduct this research's processes objectively.

Researchers can also reliably and precisely come to particular findings about the

hypotheses. Overall, this study design can help researchers make the most of the

essential data that has been acquired in order to choose superior research

decisions, which may eventually result in a successful product.

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Respondent of the Study

The respondents in this study are Consumers in the Dali Everyday Grocery

Sun Valley, 207 Augustinian. A total of 50 Female consumer responded to our

survey. The respondents were Consumers in the Dali market are making purchases

using a paper bag since they are the ones who are affected by the factors

mentioned. Aside from the study's topic being related to paper bag. The researchers

also wish to consumers who use the paper bag dealing with a variety of issues.

Data Gathering Tool

Researchers will use an experiment as the data gathering tool in this study. It

is because conducting an experiment is suitable for identifying the feasibility of

cacao pod in making a paper bag with used paper, as we will discover varying

effects of different cacao pod during the process in order to prove one of our

hypotheses.

Assessing the Properties

The test will be conducted in the chemistry lab of Kalayaan National High

School, and the results of the sample product will be analyzed. Tests for bursting

strength, tearing strength, and foldable endurance will be performed on sample

products. The researchers will examine both commercial paper bags and

environmentally friendly paper bags to determine the quality of each.

Collection of Data

The researchers had thought of looking for an easier way to test their

parameters. The created paper bag derived from the cacao pod will be evaluated for
 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 19

its ability to be folded, burst, and tensile. The components of the different testing are

mainly coins, thread, weighing scale, and lastly the commercial paper. To evaluate

the paper bag's qualities, it will be examined in several ratios, such as 1:2, 1:1, and

2:1, and compared to a paper bag that has been commercialized. The quality of the

paper bag will be assessed by comparing the results to one that is currently on the

market. The samples will be placed in corners with varying weights on top of them.

The weight will be gradually changed to determine how resilient the paper bag is

until it tears into pieces. The weight will also define how much weight it can hold and

its maximum capacity before breaking. In order to assess how well it can be used.

Phase 1- Gathering Materials

Each researcher will gather the cacao pod on their own. The researchers can

buy these from Chocolate Factory, or they can also get them from the local farmers

that supplier of cacao. The supplies for the strainer, charcoal, gravel, sand, will be

purchased by the researchers from a nearby hardware store. The researchers will

pick up the alkaline from each participant's home.

Phase 2 – Paper Bag Process

Cacao and Waste paper

Processing of water paper with cacao pods. The researchers have two options

for acquiring the cacao pods: they can go to the Chocolate Factory or purchase

them through Facebook marketplace, an online retailer. Each researcher will collect

their own waste paper. Additionally, the researcher has access to these in our home.

Researchers must evaluate the exact weights of the cacao pod (100 grams) and
 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 20

waste paper (5 kilos) to determine which is a suitable for the study. The gathered

byproducts will be cut into little pieces and dried in the sun.

Assembling Prototype Water Filtration System

Building the Prototype Water Filtration System After that, the researchers will put

the components together, including the water container, bricks, gravel, charcoal,

pebbles, and waste paper, strainer, cacao pod, and waste paper. The water

container's first layer will consist of 100 grams of bricks, followed by 100 grams each

of gravel, pebbles, sand, and charcoal, and finally 100 grams of fabric at the bottom

or last layer.

Filtration of Waste Water

The wastewater will be fed into the prototype water filtering system after it has

been put together. By using a filter medium that only lets liquid pass through while

obstructing solid particles, we can employ filtration to eliminate solid particles, no

matter how little or large, from inside a liquid. It will take the wastewater five (15)

minutes to run.

Filtated Water

After filtering the waste water in (15) minutes, these filters remove dissolved

particles and germs, such as dust, chemicals, parasites, bacteria, and viruses. We

mix the filtred water with cocoa and waste paper in a big container.

Paper Processing

After the filtration of waste water, The researcher prepare all the materials that

needed such as grind cacao pod and waste paper, filtrated water, container, and
 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 21

strainer. The smaller pieces of cacao pod and waste paper mixed with filtrated water

and put in one container, to create a thick paper for Paper bag. To maintain the

thickness of the paper, we used thick strainer and different ratios of raw materials.

First, (Set up 1), by combining the one ratio of cacao pod with one cup of used

paper. Second, grinding the one ratio of cacao pod, one cup of use paper and one

cup of alkaline water. Next, mixing all of the mixture. (Set up 2), The water was

increased by two times while the ratio of cacao and cup of used paper remained the

same. (Set up 3), Then the mixture was taken off the water once it had taken a thick

form and spread eventually on a flat strainer to exposed to the sun and make it dry.

It was left to settle for a day as the liquid transformed into a paper in the shape of

solid. Finally, When its already dry, thick and solid its ready to fold.

Phase 3- Product Testing

Bursting Strength Test

The paper bag followed a stringent testing procedure to ensure it met customer

demands and was suitable for the purpose. The researcher consulted some of their

teacher and looking for the studies on how to do the bursting strength and there’s an

article that done a bursting strength by making it, first as a paper bag and then see

how much cons it will hold, so the researchers had followed what the article told.

First the researchers had made their cacao pod with used paper in making paper

bag that similar to the commercial paper bag sizes. As follow, the researchers had

put several coins into the commercial paper bag as well as with cacao pod paper

bag to find out how much weight the bag can bear before becoming damaged and
 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 22

observed which ones can hold the greatest number of coins. Researchers decide to

burst strength test the paper bag in order to determine its weight bearing capacities

in order to prevent this situation.

Tensile Strength Test

Before the testing to be conducted the researchers have made sure that the

sizes of the commercial paper and cacao pod with used paper are similar according

to Elvidge (2019). After the papers are made sure that they are in similar sizes, the

testing for tensile strength of both the cacao with used paper and the commercial

paper proceed. According to Elvidge (2019). To test for the strength of the paper, the

researcher can use coins as basis for weighing the paper while the paper is being

held by the string and in the other end a small box to put in the coins. The greater

the number of coins that can held by the paper without tearing will show the strength

of the paper.
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CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The study was conducted in order to find a new material in creating paper

bag with the cacao pod and used paper. By following the correct method, the

researchers have successfully made a paper bag out of the cacao pod and used

paper. This chapter presents the results, analysis, and interpretation of the data

gathered from the conducted experiment. The result of the data was based from the

procedure and observation of the researchers.

The researchers’ parameter are used to test the effectively and the

significant difference of the paper and there are physical properties to choose from.

The researchers choose the three which are, foldable endurance, bursting strength,

and tensile index. Researchers based this physical properties by what is needed in

creating paper bag. By its resistance to tearing and its endurance when it’s folded.

Shown below, the researchers will present on what they have gathered and

discuss briefly to interpret it. At the first part of the experiment, the researchers have

tested the specific measurement of the cacao pod and used paper in making paper

bag.

SOP 1. How effectiveness does cacao pod and used paper in making paper bag in

terms of foldable endurance, bursting strength, and tensile strength?

Cacao Pod and Used Paper

Tensile Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

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Strength

Dry 240.5g 223.5g 220g 228g

Foldable Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

endurance

No fold 165g 220g 110g 199.83g

1st fold 220g 344g 156g 291.53g

2nd fold 308g 371.5g 230g 337.37g

3rd fold 313g 379g 337g 343g

Bursting Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

strength

615g 576. 5 631.5g 607. 67g

Table A shows the effectiveness in each of the researcher’s parameters in

Cacao pod and used Paper in making paper bag which are: Tensile Index, foldable

endurance, and bursting strength at each trials.

At the second part of the experiment, the researchers have tested the

parameters of the commercial paper bag as shown below:

SOP 2. How effectiveness does commercial paper bag in terms of tensile

strength, bursting strength, and foldable endurance?

Commercial Paper
 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 25

Tensile Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

Strength

Dry 126. 5g 143g 148.5 g 139.93 g

Foldable Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

endurance

No fold 16.5 g 5.5 g 11 g 11g

1st fold 44 g 27. 5 g 66 g 45. 83 g

2nd fold 60. 5 g 38. 5 g 82.5 g 60. 5 g

3rd fold 66 g 44 g 88 g 66 g

Bursting Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

strength

401. 5 g 440 g 374 g 405. 17 g

Table B shows the effectiveness in each of the researcher’s parameters in

commercial paper bag in terms of: tensile strength, foldable endurance and bursting

strength at each of its trials.

Comparing both tables, Table A which is the table of cacao pod with used

paper has the highest average in the three parameters of the researchers.

SOP 3. Is there a significant difference between cacao pod with used paper

and commercial paper bag?

t- test paired two sample for mean

 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 26

Tensile strength Cacao pod with used Commercial paper Bag

paper

Mean 228 g 139. 53

P(T <=t) two- tail 0.025128

t Critical two- tail 2.132

Table C shows that t critical two tail value is 2. 132 is greater than the P

(0.05) which is 0.03. This means that the null hypothesis is rejected. Since the p-

value is less than the researchers’ alpha 0.05, the researchers reject the null

hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the cacao pod with used

paper in terms of their tensile.

t- Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

Foldable Endurance Cacao pod with used Commercial paper Bag

( No Fold) paper

Mean 165 11

P(T <=t) two- tail 0.044096

t Critical two- tail 2.132

Foldable Endurance Cacao pod with used Commercial paper Bag

( 1st Fold) paper

Mean 291.5333 45.83333

 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 27

P(T <=t) two- tail 0.026189

t Critical two- tail 2.132

Foldable Endurance Cacao pod with used Commercial paper Bag

( 2nd Fold) paper

Mean 337.3667 60.5

P(T <=t) two- tail 0.010128

t Critical two- tail 2.132

Foldable Endurance Cacao pod with used Commercial paper Bag

( 3rd Fold) paper

Mean 343 66

P(T <=t) two- tail 0.010788

t Critical two- tail 2.132

Table D.

table D shows that the t critical two- tail value which is 2.132 is greater than

the P ( 0.05) which is 0.04 in no fold, 0.03 in 1 st fold, 0.01 in 2nd fold, and 0.01 in 3rd

fold. This means that the null hypothesis is rejected. Since, the p- value is less than
 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 28

the researchers’ alpha, 0.05, the researchers reject the null hypothesis that, there is

no significant difference in the means of each sample. Thus, there is significant

difference between the cacao pod with used paper in making paper bag and

commercial paper bag in terms of their foldable endurance.

t- Test: paired two sample for means

Bursting Strength Cacao pod with used Commercial paper Bag

paper

Mean 507. 667 305.167

P(T <=t) two- tail 0.029164

t Critical two- tail 2.132

Table E.

Table E shows that the t- critical two- tail value which is 2. 132 is greater

than the P (0.05) which is 0.01, this mean that the null hypothesis os rejected. Since,

the p- value is less than the researchers’ alpha, 0.05, the researchers reject the null

hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the means of each sample. Thus,

there is a significant difference between the Cacao pod with used paper in making

paper bag and commercial paper bag in terms of their bursting strength.
 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 29

Chapter V

Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter presents the results of our investigation into the viability of

using cocoa pods to produce paper. We have accumulated insightful information and

observations through significant research and experimentation. In this section, we

use our research to deliver a brief summary and make suggestions for projects in

the paper production industry.

Findings

The results of the t-test led the researcher to come to the decision that there

is no discernible difference between commercial paper and cacao pods. The results

of the test allowed the researcher to reach a finding that all of the characteristics of

the cacao pod with used paper and the commercial paper produced the same

outcome, making it possible to construct a paper bag from the cacao pod with used

paper.

Utilizing waste products, such as recycled paper, helps limit the quantity of

garbage that ends up in landfills and encourages a circular economy in terms of

environmental sustainability. We conserve natural resources and lower our carbon

footprint by avoiding disposal of waste. Utilizing trash in the manufacture of paper

bags displays a dedication to environmentally responsible and sustainable methods.

This can improve a business's brand image and draw in customers that care about

the environment and value eco-friendly options.

 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 30

Conclusion

1. The study of the feasibility of Cacao pod and Waste Paper in Making Paper

Bag came to the conclusion that the feasibility of using cacao pod and waste

paper in making paper bags, can be concluded that it is a viable and

sustainable option.

2. Both materials are easily accessible and can be sourced sustainably.

3. The combination of cacao pod and waste paper results in a sturdy and

durable paper bag that can fulfill the same purpose as traditional paper

bags. This eco-friendly alternative also helps reduce waste and promotes a

circular economy.

4. using cacao pod and waste paper in making paper bags is a feasible

solution that can contribute to sustainable development.

Recommendations

1. It is advised that proponents take a test so they can develop greater proof to

support their arguments. It is advisable to make the most of the time available

when conducting the research, particularly if it is experimental and needs to

be validated by a test.

2. studies should use a laboratory for their chemical solution in order to

guarantee a favorable conclusion.

3. It is strongly advised to use gloves when working with substances for safety

reasons. The final product should be allowed to dry naturally in the sun as

opposed to using inefficient techniques such using ovens, microwaves, or

bowers. They can guarantee a superior outcome and maintain the

authenticity of their cooking method.

 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 31

4. Future resources are also strongly urged to read and acquire papers that can

aid them in more effectively proving their research. More effective support will

come from stronger literature.

 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 32

References:

 Cao, S., et al. (2021). High strength, flexible, and conductive

graphene/polypropylene fiber paper fabricated via paper making process.

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 32(17), 23963-23970.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-021-00374-2

 Kumar, V. (2017). Recycling of waste and used papers: a useful contribution

in conservation of environment: a case study. Asian Journal of Water,

Environment and Pollution, 14(4), 31-36.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320458861_Recycling_of_Waste_a

nd_Used_Papers_A_Useful_Contribution_in_Conservation_of_Environment_

A_Case_Study

 Yuli Yetri, Mursida, Dahyunir

Dahlan, Erma,Taer, Agustino, Muldarisnur, Selected, peer reviewed papers

from the 8th International Conference on Engineering and Innovative

Materials (ICEIM '19), September 6-8, 2019, Tokyo, Japan.

https://worldcat.org/title/9588267829

 Amalin, D. (2020). Biological activity evaluation of the sex pheromone of

cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen. Retrieved from

https://www.aciar.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-08/pr149-cocoa-

ipm.pdf#page=18

 Reference: L. Russel Cook (2023) Cocoa bean | Description, History,

Cultivation, Processing, Products, & Facts | Britannica

 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 33

 Figueroa, K. H. N., Chagas, E. P., Carrero, C. M., & Bolini, H. M. A. (2019).

Cocoa By-products. In Functional Foods and Beverages: Extraction,

Ingredients, and Functional Properties (pp. 311-325). John Wiley & Sons.

https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119534167.ch13

 Indexbox (2028) Philippines - Sacks and Bags of Paper - Market Analysis,

Forecast, Size, Trends and Insights Please mention the

Source: https://www.indexbox.io/store/philippines-sacks-and-bags-of-paper-

market-analysis-forecast-size-trends-and-insights/

 Paper Waste Recycling. Circular Economy Aspects Zanda Ozola, Rudite

Vesere, S. Kalnins, D. Blumberga paper waste recycling | Search | Elicit

 Yuly A. Ramírez-Tapias, Cintia W Rivero, C. Britos (2015) This study reveals

that alkaline PG is a useful enzyme for depectinization in alkaline pulping mill

and papermaking waste waters. - Consensus

 相川雅纪(2015) A paper making strainer includes a strainer for facing a rotor,

including a plurality of strainer holes. strainer for paper making | Search | Elicit

 Wikepedei (2021) Paper bag - Wikipedia

 A. Fillat, Josefina Martínez, Cristina Valls (2018) Bacterial cellulose for

increasing barrier properties of paper products Results obtained show the

contribution of bacterial cellulose to improve the properties of paper and its

potential for the design of new added value paper products from biomass. -

Consensus
 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 34

 Alegado, J. (2020, January 20). Philippines: Banning Single-Use Plastics at

the National Level and Strengthening Existing Laws Needed to Curb Plastic

Pollution Crisis | Heinrich Böll Foundation | Southeast Asia Regional Office.

Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. https://th.boell.org/en/2020/01/20/philippines-banning-

single-use-plastics-national-level-and-strengthening-existing-laws

 Lopez, E. (2021, November 1). Are PH consumer goods companies doing

enough to tackle plastic waste? RAPPLER.

https://www.rappler.com/environment/are-philippine-consumer-goods-

companies-doing-enough-tackle-plastic-waste/

 Inc, P. M., & Inc, P. M. (2020, January 20). 7 Metro Manila Cities That Ban

Use of Plastic. Blog. https://primer.com.ph/blog/2020/01/22/7-metro-manila-

cities-that-bans-use-of-plastic/\

 Cabalza, D. (2020, January 9). Parañaque small business owners wary of

ban on single-use plastic. INQUIRER.net.

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1210595/paranaque-small-business-owners-

wary-of-ban-on-single-use-plastic

 Pereira, J. M., Rodríguez, Y., Blasco-Monleon, S., Porter, A., Lewis, C., &

Pham, C. K. (2020). Microplastic in the stomachs of open-ocean and deep-

sea fishes of the North-East Atlantic. Environmental Pollution, 265(115060),

115060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115060

 Pereira, J. M., Rodríguez, Y., Blasco-Monleon, S., Porter, A., Lewis, C., &

Pham, C. K. (2020). Microplastic in the stomachs of open-ocean and deep-

 KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 35

sea fishes of the North-East Atlantic. Environmental Pollution, 265(115060),

115060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115060