Revision Notes

Class 9 Science
Chapter 8 - Motion

Introduction
• One of the most common phenomena in the physical world is motion. Mechanics
is the branch of Physics that deals with the behavior of moving objects.
• Mechanics is divided further into two sections: Kinematics and Dynamics.

• Kinematics is the study of motion without regard for the cause of motion.
• Dynamics is concerned with the source of motion, which is force.

Motion and Rest

• An object is said to be in motion if its position in relation to its surroundings
changes in a given time.
• An object is said to be at rest if its position in relation to its surroundings does not
change.

• A frame of reference is another object or scene against which we compare the

position of an object.
Figure 1

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Figure- 2

Take a look at the numbers. Figure 1 shows the car to the right of the tree. Figure 2
shows the car to the left of the tree after 2 seconds. The car must have moved from
one location to another because the tree does not move. As a result, the tree serves
as the frame of reference in this case.

Types of Motion
There are three types of motion:

• Translatory motion

• Rotatory motion

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• Vibratory motion

Translatory Motion
• A particle in translatory motion moves from one point in space to another. This
movement may be in a straight line or in a curved path.

• Rectilinear motion is defined as motion along a straight line.

• Curvilinear motion is defined as movement along a curved path.

• As an example, consider a car driving down a straight road.

Rectilinear Motion
Example: A car negotiating a curve

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Curvilinear Motion
Rotatory Motion

The particles of the body describe concentric circles around the axis of motion in
rotatory motion.

Vibrational Motion
Particles in vibratory motion move back and forth around a fixed point.

Distance and Displacement

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The distance between termini A and B is 150 kilometers. A bus connects Terminus
A and Terminus B. The bus travels a distance of 150 kilometers. The bus returns
from terminus B to terminus A along the same route. As a result, the total distance
traveled by the bus from A to B and then from B to A is 150 km + 150 km = 300
km.

A bus traveling from point A to point B and back again.

• The distance traveled by a moving object is the length of the path the object
takes.

• The measure of distance is a scalar quantity. The meter is the SI unit of distance.

• The bus's position changed when it moved from Terminus A to Terminus B. The
distance between A and B is 150 kilometers. The distance traveled on the return
trip is also 150 kilometers.
• Displacement is the shortest path covered by a moving object in a specified
direction from the point of reference (the initial position of the body).
Note:

• However, the displacement when the bus moves from A B to B B is zero. The
meter is the SI unit of displacement.

• Displacement is a vector, which means that it is represented by a number with

appropriate units and direction.

• To emphasize the distinction between displacement and distance, consider a few

more examples.

Assume a person moves 3 meters from point A to point B and 4 meters from point
B to point C, as shown in the figure. He has travelled a total distance of 7 meters.
But is he really 7 meters away from his starting point? No, he is only 5 meters

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away from his initial position, implying that he is displaced by the shortest distance
between his initial and final positions.

Distance and Displacement

To determine the displacement in this example, we can use Pythagoras' theorem.
Consider an object that is changing its position with respect to a fixed point known
as the origin 0.

x i and x f are the initial and final positions of the object. Then the displacement of
the

object  x f  xi

Case 1
Suppose the object is travelling from 1 to 4 , then displacement
 xf  xi

 4  (1)

 3

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Displacement: Case1

Case 2

If the object is travelling from -3 to -1, then displacement

If the object is travelling from 3 to 1 , then displacement

 x f  xi

 1  (3)

 2

Displacement: Case 2

Case 3

If the object is travelling from +4 to +2, then displacement

 xf  xi

 2  (4)

 2

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Displacement: Case 3

Case 4

If the object follows the path depicted in the figure, the final and initial positions
are the same, implying that the displacement is zero.

Displacement: Case 4

We can conclude from the preceding examples that a body's displacement is

positive if its final position is on the right side of its initial position and negative if
its final position is on the left side of its initial position. The displacement of a
moving object is said to be zero when it returns to its original position. Consider an
athlete running in a clockwise direction along a circular track with radius r,
beginning at A

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 .

A Circular Track of Radius r

What is the athlete's total distance travelled when he arrives at point B?

The athlete's total distance traveled when he arrives at point B equals to half of the
2 r
circumference of the circular track, that is, r .
2

Displacement  AB  2r  Diameter of circle (the shortest distance between the

initial and final positions).

If the athlete arrives at the starting point A , the distance covered is equal to the
circumference of the circular track, i.e., 2 r. However, the displacement is zero
because the athlete's initial and final positions are the same.

Difference between Distance and Displacement

Distance Displacement

It is the actual length of a It is the shortest distance between the moving

moving object's path. object's initial and final positions.

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Scalar quantity Vector quantity

Motion
Uniform Motion and Non-uniform Motion
The distances covered by car A and car B with respect to time is given below:

Car A

Time in seconds 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Distance covered in meters 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Car B

Time in seconds 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Distance covered in meters 0 10 15 20 30 60 65 75

The car A travels equal distances in equal time intervals, whereas the car B does
not travel equal distances in equal time intervals. That is, car A's motion is an
example of uniform motion, whereas car B's motion is an example of non-uniform
motion.

A body is said to describe uniform motion when it covers equal distances in equal
intervals of time.
When a body moves unequal distances in equal time intervals, or vice versa, this is
referred to as non-uniform motion.

Speed

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Ram and Krishna compete in various races over varying distances. Ram covers
1000 m in 20 minutes and Krishna covers 700 m in 10 minutes. Who is the fastest?

To determine who is faster, we will calculate the distance they cover in one
minute.
1000 m
Distance covered by Ram in one minute   500 m / min
20 min

700 m
Distance covered by Krishna in one minute   70 m / min
10 min

Krishna covered more ground in the same amount of time. We conclude that
Krishna is the faster of the two.

Speed is defined as the distance travelled by a moving object in one unit of time.
distance S
speed  
time t

Where S denotes the distance travelled and t denotes the time spent.

The SI unit of speed is millimeters per second (m/s). Speed is defined as a scalar
quantity.

Uniform Speed
The graph depicts the distance travelled by a ball every 2 seconds.

Every 2 seconds, the ball travels 10 meters. At any point between A and E, the ball
moves at a speed of 5 m/s. The object is moving at a constant speed.

If an object travels the same distance in the same amount of time, it is said to be
moving at a uniform speed.

Surface friction or resistance is ignored in this case.

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Variable Speed or Non-Uniform Speed
The distance covered varies with time.

Variable Speed
For example, when a rubber ball is dropped from a certain height (h 1), it bounces
up to a height less than the initial one (h2). It keeps bouncing, but the height to
which it rises keeps decreasing (h3, h4). The ball's distance traveled per unit time
decreases. The ball's speed varies from point to point. This type of speed is known
as variable speed.

Average Speed and Instantaneous Speed

When we travel by car, the speed varies depending on the road conditions at the
time. The speed is calculated in this case by dividing the total distance traveled by
the vehicle by the total time required for the journey. This is known as the average
speed.

The average speed of an object traveling S1 in time t1, S2 in time t2, and Sn in time
tn is given by,
S1  S2  S3  Sn
Average speed 
t1  t 2  t 3  t n

When we say that the car travels at an average speed of 60 km/h, we do not mean
that it will travel at that speed for the duration of the journey. The actual speed of
the car may be less than or greater than the average speed at a given location.

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The speed of a moving body at any given point in time is referred to as
instantaneous speed.

Velocity
The diagram below depicts the various routes Shyam can take from his house to
school.

Shyam drives himself to school every day, averaging 60 km/h. Is it possible to find
out how long it will take to get to the destination? Yes, you can use the relation to
determine the time.
distance
speed 
time

But you don't know what path he would have taken. As a result, simply providing
the speed of a moving object does not allow one to determine the exact position of
the object at any given time. As a result, there is a need to define a quantity that
has both magnitude and direction.

Starting with A, consider two objects P and Q. Allow them to travel equal
distances in equal time intervals, i.e. at the same speed. Can you guess where each
of them will be in 20 seconds? P and Q are free to move in any direction. To
determine the exact position of P and Q, we must also know their direction of
motion.

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Pictorial Representation of the Position of the Objects P and Q

As a result, another physical quantity known as velocity is introduced to provide us

with an idea of both speed and direction.
Velocity is defined as the distance travelled in a given direction by a moving object
in a given time or speed in a given direction.
distance travelled in a specified direction ( s)
velocity(v) 
time taken (t )

Note:
Velocity is defined as the distance travelled in a given direction in a given amount
of time. Displacement is the distance travelled in a specified direction.

As a result, velocity can be defined as the rate at which displacement changes.

Uniform Velocity and Non-Uniform Velocity

Assume that two athletes, Ram and Shyam, are running at a constant speed of 5
m/s. Ram moves in a straight line, while Shyam follows a circular path. For a
layperson, both Ram and Shyam are moving with uniform velocity, but for a
physicist, only Ram is running with uniform velocity because his speed and
direction of motion do not change.

In the case of Shyam, who is running on a circular track, the direction of motion
changes at every instant because a circle is a polygon with infinite sides, and
Shyam must change his direction at every instant.

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A body is said to be moving with uniform velocity if it travels the same distance in
the same amount of time in the same direction.

A body is said to be moving with variable velocity if it covers unequal distances in

equal intervals of time and vice versa in a specified direction, or if its direction of
motion changes.

Acceleration
We are all aware that a car moving down the road does not have a uniform
velocity. Either the speed or the direction of travel shifts. We say that a vehicle is
accelerating when it is speeding up, i.e. when the speed increases.

Let us look at the change in velocity of a train traveling from Bangalore to Mysore
to get an idea of acceleration. The train, which was initially at rest, begins to move;
its velocity gradually increases until it reaches a constant velocity after a certain
time interval. As the train approaches the next station, its speed gradually
decreases until it comes to a halt.
When a train starts from a stop, its speed increases from zero, and we say it is
accelerating. After a while, the speed becomes uniform, and we say that the train is
moving at a uniform speed, which means that it is not accelerating. However, as
the train approaches Mysore, it slows down, indicating that the train is accelerating
in the opposite direction. When the train comes to a halt in Mysore, it stops
accelerating once more.

As a result, it is clear that the term "acceleration" does not always imply that the
speed of a moving body increases; it can also decrease, remain constant, or become
zero.
In general, acceleration is defined as the rate at which the velocity of a moving
body changes over time.

This change could be a change in the object's speed, direction of motion, or both.

Let us now look up a mathematical formula for calculating acceleration.

If an object moves with an initial velocity 'u' and reaches a final velocity 'v' in time
't,' then the acceleration 'a' produced by the object is
Acceleration = Rate at which velocity changes over time.

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 v u
a
t

Unit of Acceleration:
The SI unit of acceleration is m/s2 and it is a vector quantity.

Different Types of Acceleration

It is clear from the preceding example that acceleration takes various forms
depending on the change in velocity.

Positive acceleration:
When an object's velocity increases, it is said to be moving with positive
acceleration.

Positive Acceleration

Example: a ball rolling downhill on an inclined plane.

Negative acceleration:
When an object's velocity decreases, it is said to be moving with negative
acceleration. Negative acceleration can also be referred to as retardation or
deceleration.

Example:
(1) a ball moving up an inclined plane.

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(2) A vertically thrown upwards ball has a negative acceleration as its velocity
decreases over time.

Zero Acceleration

If the change in velocity is zero, indicating that the object is either at rest or
moving at uniform velocity, the object is said to have zero acceleration.
A parked car, for example, or a train moving at a constant speed of 90 km/hr.

Uniform Acceleration

The object is said to be moving with uniform acceleration if the change in velocity
at equal intervals of time is always the same.
As an example, consider a body falling from a great height towards the earth's
surface.

Non-uniform or Variable Acceleration

If the change in velocity over equal time intervals is not the same, the object is said
to be moving with variable acceleration.

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Motion

Distance-Time Table and Distance-Time Graph

Mr. X is taking a bus from New Delhi to Agra and recording his observations.

Distance in 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
km

Time 10.00 10.15 10.30 10:45 11:00 11:15 11:30

am am am am am am am

According to the table above, the bus travels equal distances at equal times. The
bus is moving at a constant speed. In such a case, we can compute the distance
traveled by the bus at any given point in time.
Consider an object moving from its initial position x i to its final position xf in time
t at a uniform speed v.
total distance
uniform speed 
time taken

x f  xi
v
t

x f  xi  vt (1)

The relationship between distance, time, and average speed is given by equation
(1). This relationship can be used to generate distance-time tables as well as to
determine the position of any moving object at any given time. However, it is a
time-consuming and tedious process, especially when we need to determine the
position after a long period of time or compare the motion of two objects. In such
cases, graphs such as the distance-time graph can be useful. A distance-time graph
is a line graph that shows how distance changes over time. A distance-time graph
plots time along the x-axis and distance along the y-axis.

Distance-Time Graph for Non - Uniform Motion

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Let us now look at the nature of a distance-time graph for a non-uniform motion.
The distance traveled by a bus every 15 minutes is shown in the table below.

Distance covered in km 0 5 15 20 25 30 35

Time in minutes 0 15 30 45 60 75 90

We can deduce from the above table that the motion is non-uniform, i.e. it covers
unequal distances in equal time intervals.

• Measure time along the x-axis and distance along the y-axis.

• Analyze the provided data and select the appropriate scale for time and distance.

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• Plot the points.

• join the points.

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• Consider any two points (A, B) on the graph.

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• Draw perpendicular from A to B to x and y axes.

Join A to C to get a right angled ACB.

The slope of the graph is shown below.

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 BC
AB & 
AC

S

t

 speed

• Write the title and scale chosen for the graph.

15  5
speed 
30  15

10

15

2

3

 0.666 km / min

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• Consider another two points on the graph, P and Q, and draw a right-angled
triangle PRQ.

slope  speed

QR
PQ 
PR

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 35  30

90  75

5

15

 0.333Km / min

• Complete Graph

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Nature of S- t Graph for Non- Uniform Motion and Uses of Graphs
Let us now see the nature of S-t graph for non-uniform motion.

Nature of s-t Graph for Non-Uniform Motion

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Figure (a) depicts the S-t graph as the speed of a moving object increases, while
Figure (b) depicts the S-t graph as the speed of a moving object decreases. The
nature of the S-t graph allows us to determine whether the object is moving at a
constant or variable speed.

Uses of Graphical Representation

• Because it provides a visual representation of two quantities, graphical
representation is more informative than tables (e.g., distance vs. time)

• A graph provides more information than a table at a glance. Both of the graphs
shown here depict increasing speed.

Figure (1) depicts the nature of the variation in speed, indicating that the increase is
greater in the beginning up to time t1 and relatively lower after t2.

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Similarly, fig (2) depicts how the increase in speed becomes greater after t1. A
similar explanation applies to the decreasing speed.

• Graphs are simple to read at a glance.

• Graph plotting takes less time and is more convenient.
• Graphs can be used to determine the position of any moving object at any point in
time.

• Two moving objects' motions can be easily compared.

• Graphs reveal information about the nature of motion.

Motion
Velocity-Time Graph

The variation of velocity with time can be graphically represented to calculate

acceleration in the same way that we calculated speed from the distance-time
graph.

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Let us now create a velocity-time(v-t) graph using the data below.

Velocity in m/s 0 10 20 30 40 50

Time in seconds 0 2 4 6 8 10

• Draw time on the x-axis and velocity on the y-axis.

• Analyze the provided data and select the appropriate scale for the x and y axes.

• Plot the given points.

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• Join the points

• Consider any two points A and B on the straight-line graph.

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• Draw perpendiculars from A and B to x and y-axes.

• Join A to C, ACB forms a right-angled triangle.

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• Slope of the graph
BC Change in velocity
AB    acceleration
AC time

Calculations:

30  20
Acceleration 
64

10

2

 5 m / s2

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• Write the title for the graph.

• Complete Graph

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V - T Graph
Let us now examine the nature of the v - t graph for various types of motion.

a) Increasing acceleration:
Uniform acceleration

Non-uniform acceleration

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(b) Decreasing acceleration:
Non-uniform retardation

Uniform retardation

Zero acceleration

Uses of Velocity-time Graphs

The velocity-time graph can be used to derive the following results.

• The acceleration produced in a body.

• The distance traveled by a moving object.

• The equations of motion.

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Speed - Time Graph
To compute the distance traveled by a moving object using a speed-time graph.

The graph below depicts the speed-time graph of a car traveling at a constant speed
of 60 km/h for 5 hours.

Speed-Time Graph of a Car Moving with Uniform Speed

Distance travelled by the car

(S )  v  t

 60  5

 300 km

But 60 km / h  OC  Breadth of a reactangle OABC

5h  OA  length of a reactangle OABC

i.e.,the distance covered by the car = length  breadth  300 km .

To calculate the distance traveled by a moving object using a speed-time graph,

find the area enclosed by the speed-time graph and the time axis. In the case of
non-uniform motion, the distance covered by the object increases in steps as the
object's speed increases. During the time intervals 0  t1, t1  t2 , t2  t3 ,, the speed
remains constant.

The motion of an object moving at a variable speed is depicted in the figure

below.

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Speed - Time Graph for an Object Moving with Variable Speed

Calculation of Distance:

The object's total distance traveled during the time interval.

0- t6 = Area of rectangle 1 + area of rectangle 2 + …… + area of rectangle 6.

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Motion
Equations of Motion

Time, speed, distance covered, and acceleration are the variables in a uniformly
accelerated rectilinear motion. These quantities have simple relationships. These
relationships are expressed using equations known as equations of motion.
The equations of motion are:

(1) v  u  at

(2) S  ut  1/ 2at 2

(3) v2  u 2  2aS

Derivation of the First Equation of Motion

Consider a particle moving in a straight line with a constant acceleration 'a.' Let
the particle be at A at t  0 , and u be its initial velocity, and v be its final
velocity at t  t .
v u
time a  t v  u  at v  u  at

I equation of motion

Second Equation of Motion

total distance travelled
Average velocity 
total time taken

S
 (1)
t

Average velocity can alsobe written as

uv
(2)
2

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From equation (1) and (2),
S uv
 (3)
t 2

The first equation of motion is v  u  at . Substituting the value of v in equation

(3), we get
S u  u  at (u  u  at )t
 
t 2 2

(2u  at )t

2

1
S  ut  at 2
2

II equation of motion

Third Equation of Motion

The first equation of motion is

v  u  at

v  u  at (1)

S
Average velocity  t (2)

uv
Average velocity  t  (3)

From equation (2) and equation (3) we get,

uv S
 (4)
t t

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Multiplying equation (1) and equation (4) we get,
2S
(v  u )(v  u )  at 
t

(v  u)(v  u)  2aS

v 2
 u 2   2aS

III Equation of motion

Derivations of Equations of Motion (Graphically)

First Equation of Motion

Consider an object moving in a straight line with a uniform velocity u. When its
initial velocity is u, give it a uniform acceleration an at time t = 0. The object's
velocity increases as a result of the acceleration to v (final velocity) in time t, and S
is the distance covered by the object in time t.
The graph depicts the velocity-time graph of the object's motion.

The acceleration of a moving object is given by the slope of the v - t graph.

Thus, acceleration = slope

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 BC v  u
AB  
AC t  0

v u
a
t

v  u  at

v  u  at

I equation of motion
Second Equation of Motion
Let u be an object's initial velocity and 'a' be the acceleration produced in the body.
The area enclosed by the velocity-time graph for the time interval 0 to t gives the
distance travelled S in time t.

Graphical Derivation of Second Equation

Distance travelled S = area of the trapezium ABDO

1
 OD  OA  BC  AC
2

1
 t  u  (v  u)  t
2

1
 ut  (v  u )  t
2

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v  u  at ∣ v  u  at

1
S  ut  at  t
2

1
 ut  at 2
2

II equation of motion

Third Equation of Motion

Let 'u' be an object's initial velocity and a be the acceleration produced in the body.
The area enclosed by the v - t graph gives the distance travelled 'S' in time 't'.

Graphical Derivation of Third Equation

S  area of trapezium OABD

1
  b1  b2  h
2

1
 (OA  BD)AC
2

1
 (u  v)t (1)
2

v u v u
But we know that a  or t 
t a

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Substituting the value of t in equation (1) we get,
1 (u  v)(v  u )
S
2 a

1 (v  u )(v  u )

2 a

2as  (v  u)(v  u)

(v  u)(v  u)  2as

v2  u 2  2as

III Equation of Motion

Circular Motion
We classified motion along a circular track as non-uniform motion in the example
discussed under the topic uniform and non-uniform motion. Let's take a look at
why circular motion is considered non-uniform motion. The figure depicts an
athlete running at a constant speed on a hexagonal track.

Athlete Running on a Regular Hexagonal Track

The athlete runs at a constant speed along the track segments AB, BC, CD, DE,
EF, and FA, and at the turns, he quickly changes direction to stay on the track
without changing his speed. Similarly, if the track had been a regular octagon, the
athlete would have had to change directions eight times in order to stay on the
track

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 .

Athlete Running on a Regular Octagonal Track

The athlete must turn more frequently as the number of sides of the track increases.
If we increase the number of sides indefinitely, the track will take on the shape of a
circle. As a result, because a circle is a polygon with infinite sides, motion along a
circular path is classified as non-uniform motion.

Athlete Running on a Circular Track

Thus, an object moving at uniform speed along a circular track is an example of
non-uniform motion because the object's direction of motion changes at every
instant of time.

Examples of Uniform Circular Motion

(1) A car negotiating a curve at a constant speed.

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(2) An athlete spinning a hammer in a circle before throwing it.

(3) An aircraft looping the loop.

Expression for Linear Velocity

If an athlete takes t seconds to complete one circular path of radius r, then the
velocity v is given by the relation,

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 distance travelled
v
time

Distance travelled = Circumference of a circle

 2 r

2r
Linear Velocity 
t

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