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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11011

First edition
2013-09-15

Compressed air — Energy

efficiency — Assessment
Air comprimé — Efficacité énergétique — Évaluation

Reference number
ISO 11011:2013(E)

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ISO 11011:2013(E)


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ISO 11011:2013(E)


Contents Page

Foreword...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
3.2 Flow................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
3.3 Pressure......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
3.4 Storage............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
3.5 Volume............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
4 Roles and responsibilities........................................................................................................................................................................... 6
4.1 Identification of assessment team members................................................................................................................. 6
4.2 Site management support.............................................................................................................................................................. 7
4.3 Communications..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.4 Access to equipment, resources, and information.................................................................................................... 7
4.5 Assessment objectives and scope............................................................................................................................................ 7
4.6 Identification of other assessment team members.................................................................................................. 7
4.7 Objective check........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
5 Assessment methodology............................................................................................................................................................................ 8
5.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
5.2 Systems engineering methods.................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.3 Systems engineering process...................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.4 System assessment process.......................................................................................................................................................... 9
6 Parameters and their determination............................................................................................................................................10
6.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
6.2 Measurement.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
6.3 Pressure...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
6.4 Flow rate..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
6.5 Power............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
7 Initial data collection and evaluation...........................................................................................................................................13
7.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
7.2 Plant background................................................................................................................................................................................ 13
7.3 Plant function......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
7.4 Compressed air system definition........................................................................................................................................ 13
7.5 Inventory of key end-use air demands............................................................................................................................. 13
7.6 Heat recovery......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
7.7 Baseline period and duration of data logging............................................................................................................ 14
7.8 Energy use................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
7.9 Compressed air system supply efficiency...................................................................................................................... 14
7.10 System volume...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
7.11 Pressure...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
7.12 Flowrate...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
7.13 Critical air demands......................................................................................................................................................................... 15
7.14 Compressed air waste..................................................................................................................................................................... 15
7.15 Air treatment.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
7.16 Compressor control.......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
7.17 Storage......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
7.18 Maintenance............................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
7.19 Ambient intake conditions.......................................................................................................................................................... 16
8 Analysis of data from assessment.....................................................................................................................................................16
8.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

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ISO 11011:2013(E)


8.2 Baseline profiles.................................................................................................................................................................................. 17

8.3 System volume...................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
8.4 Pressure profile.................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
8.5 Perceived high-pressure demand......................................................................................................................................... 21
8.6 Demand profile..................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
8.7 Critical air demands......................................................................................................................................................................... 23
8.8 Compressed air waste..................................................................................................................................................................... 24
8.9 Optimized air treatment............................................................................................................................................................... 25
8.10 Reduced system operating pressure.................................................................................................................................. 26
8.11 Balance of supply and demand............................................................................................................................................... 27
8.12 Maintenance opportunities........................................................................................................................................................ 27
8.13 Heat recovery opportunities..................................................................................................................................................... 28
9 Reporting and documentation of assessment findings..............................................................................................28
9.1 Assessment report............................................................................................................................................................................. 28
9.2 Confidentiality....................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
9.3 Energy-saving opportunities.................................................................................................................................................... 29
9.4 Data for third-party review........................................................................................................................................................ 29
Annex A (informative) Introduction to energy assessment........................................................................................................30
Annex B (informative) Assessment activities — General..............................................................................................................32
Annex C (informative) Assessment activities — Supply.................................................................................................................37
Annex D (informative) Assessment activities — Transmission..............................................................................................43
Annex E (informative) Assessment activities — Demand.............................................................................................................47
Annex F (informative) Competencies.................................................................................................................................................................50
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 51

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ISO 11011:2013(E)


Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 118, Compressors and pneumatic tools, machines
and equipment, Subcommittee SC 6, Air compressors and compressed air systems.

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ISO 11011:2013(E)


Introduction
This International Standard has been developed with reference to available documentation1) (see
Bibliography) relating to energy assessment of compressed air systems.
This International Standard is produced to support the objectives of energy management for those
organisations utilizing compressed air and wishing to improve the energy efficiency of such systems.
Remembering the words of Lord Kelvin who said in 1883, “If you cannot measure it, you cannot
improve it”, this International Standard aims to assist with measurement and provide the knowledge
to enable improvement.
The prime consideration for any compressed air system is the ability to generate air with the least
amount of energy. Having done this, the next consideration is to transmit energy from the point of
generation to the point of use with the least loss. The final consideration is to eliminate waste and use
the least amount of air for the production process.
This International Standard uses speciality terms which relate the needs of assessment activities to
those of compressed air systems. Many terms will appear new to the users of this International Standard
who are familiar with general compressed air terms.
A general introduction to energy assessment is given in Annex A.

1) Extracts from ASME EA-4-2010 were used with permission from ASME. The core elements used are from Scope
and Introduction, Organizing the Assessment, Analysis of Data From the Assessment, Reporting and Documentation,
and Mandatory Appendices — I, Preliminary Data Collection Matrix.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11011:2013(E)

Compressed air — Energy efficiency — Assessment

WARNING — Users of this International Standard are advised that energy-related judgements
should not compromise safety issues.

1 Scope
This International Standard sets requirements for conducting and reporting the results of a compressed
air system assessment (hereafter referenced as an “assessment”) that considers the entire system, from
energy inputs to the work performed as the result of these inputs.
This International Standard considers compressed air systems as three functional subsystems:
— supply which includes the conversion of primary energy resource to compressed air energy;
— transmission which includes movement of compressed air energy from where it is generated to
where it is used;
— demand which includes the total of all compressed air consumers, including productive end-use
applications and various forms of compressed air waste.
This International Standard sets requirements for
— analysing the data from the assessment,
— reporting and documentation of assessment findings, and
— identification of an estimate of energy saving resulting from the assessment process.
This International Standard identifies the roles and responsibilities of those involved in the
assessment activity.
This International Standard provides indicative information in Annexes  B, C, D, and E of the type of
data to be collected to assist in a successful assessment. The information provided is not exhaustive
and therefore is not intended to restrict the inclusion of other data. The form and presentation of the
information given in the annexes is also not intended to restrict the manner of presentation of the
reporting to the client.

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1217, Displacement compressors — Acceptance tests
ISO 5598, Fluid power systems and components — Vocabulary

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1217 and ISO 5598 and the
following apply.

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ISO 11011:2013(E)


3.1 General
3.1.1
air treatment
any process provided for the purpose of separation and purification of the compressed air
3.1.2
artificial demand
excess air consumed by a system’s unregulated or poorly regulated uses due to operating at a pressure
in excess of actual requirements
3.1.3
assessment team
authority to fulfil roles and responsibility of the assessment having appropriate functions and knowledge
3.1.4
baseline
set of typical operating period, work conditions, and performance parameters revealed by assessment
and used for comparison of efficiency of measures recommended as a result of energy efficiency
assessment procedures
3.1.5
compressed air point of use
components using the pneumatic energy for physical or chemical actions
3.1.6
compressed air systems
group of subsystems comprising integrated sets of components, including air compressors, treatment
equipment, controls, piping, pneumatic tools, pneumatically powered machinery, and process
applications utilizing compressed air
3.1.7
compressed air system assessment
activity which considers all components and functions, from energy inputs (SUPPLY SIDE) to the work
performed (DEMAND SIDE) as the result of these inputs; undertaken to observe, measure, and document
energy reduction and performance improvement opportunities in a compressed air system
3.1.8
data logging
measurement of physical parameters while tabulating a periodic log (record) of their numerical value
using time-aligned data frames for the plurality of recorded parameters
Note 1 to entry: Two types of data logging are:

a) dynamics: data logging while creating a sufficiently high frequency periodic log (record) so as to investigate
the time-based variation of measured physical parameters

b) trending: data logging during an extended duration of time for the purpose of investigating regularities,
irregularities, or both in the measured physical parameters throughout time

3.1.9
demand
total of all compressed air consumers, including productive end-use applications and various forms of
compressed air waste
3.1.10
drawdown
circumstance observed in a compressed air system that is characterized by continual pressure decay
arising from a compressed air system event whereby air demand exceeds the capacity of supply

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ISO 11011:2013(E)


3.1.11
operating period
group of typical time periods that share similar compressed air energy and compressed air demand profiles
Note 1 to entry: See 3.1.15.

3.1.12
spot check measurement
measurement of physical parameters creating a log (record) of their numerical value that is carried out
at random time intervals or limited to a few instances
3.1.13
supply
conversion of primary energy resource to compressed air energy
3.1.14
transmission
movement of compressed air energy from where it is generated to where it is used
3.1.15
typical operating period
time period that represents a period of typical plant operation

3.2 Flow
3.2.1
demand flow rate
total airflow rate of demand-side consumption
Note  1  to  entry:  Demand-side consumption includes productive consumers, inappropriate usage, artificial
demand, and demand-side waste. This takes into account supply flow plus or minus the compressed air supplied
to system demand from secondary storage as system pressure decreases. This can also account for the airflow
entering secondary storage as system pressure increases.

3.2.2
flow dynamic application
end use wherein the peak airflow rate and minimum pressure occur simultaneously
3.2.3
flow static application
end uses characterized when peak airflow rate and minimum pressure required do not occur
simultaneously
3.2.4
generation flow rate
airflow rate of compressed air generated by the air compressor(s) before any air treatment equipment
air use and supply-side waste
3.2.5
peak airflow
maximum value of the airflow during the daily or other periodic operating cycle
3.2.6
storage flow rate
airflow rate entering the storage volume as pressure increases or the airflow rate exiting the storage
volume as pressure decreases
Note 1 to entry: The airflow can be either entering or exiting the system or the primary or secondary storage.

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3.2.7
supply flow rate
net airflow rate leaving the supply side of the system

3.3 Pressure
3.3.1
compressor inlet pressure
pressure of the aspirated air at the standard inlet point of the compressor which varies with compressor
design and type
Note 1 to entry: The pressure is at the inlet flange for bare compressors or ambient air entry point into the package
for packaged compressors.

3.3.2
drawdown pressure
total pressure decay in compressed air system pressure that occurs during a particular drawdown event
3.3.3
pressure loss
reduction in compressed air pressure resulting from the interaction of airflow through the fixed
resistance associated with a component of the air system
Note 1 to entry: See 3.3.8.

3.3.4
pressure signature
pressure profile of a repeated event that is correlated with a specific end-use or production activity
3.3.5
minimum system pressure
lowest possible air pressure a system can reach before adversely affecting the process

3.3.6 Operating pressure

3.3.6.1
user operating pressure
prescribed air pressure at the inlet point of the particular compressed air user equipment according to
its specifications
3.3.6.2
system operating pressure
air pressure at the entry point into the network of the compressed air users
3.3.7
pressure gradient
rate of pressure change with respect to distance in the direction of maximum change
Note 1 to entry: In fluid mechanics, the change in pressure, P, along the length and distance, d, of a fluid conduit.
It is represented by ΔP/Δd.

Note 2 to entry: The air velocity in a pipeline depends on the magnitude of the gradient and resistance of the pipeline.

Note 3 to entry: Without gradient, there is no airflow. In a compressed air system, air moves from high-pressure
toward low-pressure areas.

3.3.8 Pressure profile

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ISO 11011:2013(E)


3.3.8.1
cyclic pressure profile
timely function of the compressed air pressure variations in daily or other periodical operation cycles
at a particular point of the compressed air system caused by combination of different air consumption
cycles of several end users
3.3.8.2
distance pressure profile
function of pressure degradation along the compressed air transmission and distribution system at a
certain typical period of operation cycle caused by pressure loss in its components
Note  1  to  entry:  Components such as air treatment facilities, fittings, air transmission pipes, branch pressure
take-offs, etc.

3.3.9 Pressure differential

3.3.9.1
available pressure differential
compressed air pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of a component, which represents a
variable resistance to airflow
Note 1 to entry: The available compressed air energy represented by the upstream volume and greater pressure
that is available to the system.

Note 2 to entry: See 3.3.3.

3.3.9.2
storage pressure differential
difference between pressure in a storage volume and the desired target pressure of the connected
system or sector
3.3.10
target pressure
compressed air pressure that is desired to be consistently supplied to a compressed air system or sector
of a compressed air system at a specific point
EXAMPLE A specific point may include the main header downstream of supply, air treatment equipment,
upstream of a system control valve, downstream of a system control valve, etc.

Note 1 to entry: See 3.3.5.

3.4 Storage
3.4.1
primary storage
compressed air storage system that is located on the generation side (supply) of a compressed air system
3.4.2
secondary storage
auxiliary storage vessel installed close to the end-user equipment by heavy intermittent air consumption
and use of long and small transmission lines with the purpose of elimination of overloading the main air
transmission line and excessive pressure losses

3.5 Volume
3.5.1
effective volume
internal volume of a single storage component or sector of a compressed air system reflecting its
capability to store compressed air energy

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