Wood Shop and Carpentry Work

AQIB SHAH {WORKSHOP LAB MANUAL} CU-2219-2021
LAB # 1
Introduction to wood working workshop
Wood shop :
It deals with carpentry. It contains timber , tools and art of joinery.
Aim and Objectives :

The aims and objectives are to know about ;
 Defect in wood
 Timber preservation
 To know and use tools in carpentry
 Construction with wood
Carpentry :
The meaning of carpentry can be defined as the art of working with timber in
order to construct and maintain buildings, furniture and other objects
Types of carpentry
While the term carpenter is used to refer to anyone that works with wood, there
are actually different types of carpentry. So what does a carpenter do?
The two main types of carpentry include:
1. Rough carpentry
Rough carpentry is all work that doesn't require a neat finish as it will be
covered up by walls or other items.
Structural carpentry is the most common type of rough carpentry and these
carpenters are very skilled in quickly erecting the structural components of a
building, such as beams, posts and rafters. Rough carpenters commonly work in
roofing and framing.
2. Finish carpentry
Finish carpentry refers to all carpentry work that will be visible once a building
has been completed and, as such, finish carpenters work to a high level of detail.
The type of work that finish carpenters do includes decking, flooring, building
staircases, installing windows and doors, erecting pergolas or other structures,
install trim and moulding and so on.
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Art of joinery :
Joinery is the woodworking term describing the method of which two or more
pieces of wood are connected. The origins of Joinery can be traced back to the
first wooden structures and pieces of furniture made by man. If it was made
from more than one piece of wood, it needed to be joined. It is a beautiful,
skilful craft, and understanding these artisanal techniques helps in your
appreciation of the woodwork of your favourite designer piece.
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Different Joint
 The Dowel joint
 The Mitre joint
 The Halved joint
 The Housing joint
 The Mortise and Tenon joint
 The Finger joint
 The Dovetail joint
Tools in wood-shop
1. Marking tools :
Marking is an essential point in any woodworking project. The most

common woodworking marking tools are pencil, gauge, scriber, marking
knives, awl. Here it is provided a marking tools list that does not intend to be
an exhaustive list nor a basic list. It’s only a list of marking tools examples,
in most cases with the marking tools meaning
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2. Hammer :
 Assembling/disassembling joints.
 Aligning parts.
 Setting dowels or splines.
 Adjusting/tuning tools.
 Striking chisels.
 Driving nails or other fasteners
 Hitting sharp objects that could damage the covering.
3. Wood Vice :
A vise is a woodworking tool that woodworkers use for clamping- the
holding of pieces of wood during projects such as drilling, wood
planning, filing, sanding, or sawing. Usually, the vise is mounted in the
front of a workbench. It’s then bolted safely on a workbench to allow for
heavy-duty tasks to be carried out without the pieces falling. Using the
best woodworking vise for your projects will ensure precision and top
quality final products.
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4. Hack Saw :
A hacksaw has sharp teeth and a blade under tension in a blade used for
cutting different materials like metal, plastics, and wood.
5. Chisels :
The wood chisel is an essential constituent of your toolset. A wood chisel
is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge of a blade on its
end. A chisel is used for cutting or carving wood, by hand, struck with a
mallet, or mechanical power.
The handle and blade of some types of chisel are made of metal or of
wood with a sharp edge in it. There are different types of chisels.
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6. Drill :
Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction,
machine tool fabrication, construction.
7. Planner :
A wood planer is a woodworking tool that can help you reduce the
thickness of the wooden piece you’re working on. You can use a wood
planer to work with large cuts of wood, a wooden floorboard, or a
wooden deck. Wooden planers are used to prepare wooden pieces before
these are used for actual construction projects.
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8. Files :
We use files in wood workshop for smothness of wood and for finishing
the rough area in the wood .
Precaution :
 Follow the instruction of lab instructor .
 Workshop should be clean after the work is done .
 Always report the accident to the lab instructor .
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LAB # 2
To Know Different Joint In Wood Working/Carpentry
Tools and Apparatus :

 Hack Saw {use for cutting of wood}
 File {use for finishing/plating the wood}
 Chisel {use to cut difficult part of wood using hammer}
 Planner {use for cutting the edges of wood}
 Measuring Tape {for marking the wood}
 Bench Vice {for holding the wood}
By using these tools we made different joint .
Joint and its types
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1. The Dowel joint
This is when two pieces of wood are joined using a dowel reinforcement. It’s an
efficient and cost-effective solution for modern manufacturers, thus it’s quite
commonly used in factory-made furniture.
2. The Mitre joint
A beautifully simple but fairly weak joint which is commonly used in tables,
picture frames and other light applications. It consists of two pieces of wood,
bevelled on the end/edge (usually at 45°), and glued together to create a right
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angle. This joint has the advantage of incredible aesthetics but the disadvantage
of low strength threshold
3. The Halved joint
Another clean, aesthetically pleasing joint with, sadly, limited applications and
limited strength. Two pieces of wood are placed at an intersection (X position),
with identical cutouts in the centre of each piece to enable a flush over-lap. A
handy joint used in cabinetry as partitions, as well as in Torsion Boxes.
4. The Housing joint
Also known as a Dado or Trench joint, this is when a through or stopped section

is cut out against the grain of one piece, in order to fit into another. It’s a very
common, straightforward joint used extensively in carpentry, especially for
shelving.
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5. The Mortise and Tenon joint
A common traditional woodworking joint with historic origins, the Mortise and
Tenon is significant in the simplicity of its design and the strength it provides.
There are a seemingly endless array of types, mostly a variation of the Mortise
(hole) or Tenon (tongue), all which provide varying levels of stability. This joint
can’t be underestimated and is a beautiful example of form and function in one.
You will most likely have multiple examples of furniture with this joint in your
home right now!
6. The Finger joint
An easy one to grasp due to the name, this joint is made from two pieces of
wood which have a series of small, complementary cut-outs made on the ends
which interlock to make a right angle. This joint has increased strength and
stability due to the two-way pressure load, and can also add hugely to the
aesthetic of the piece.
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7. The Dovetail joint
Perhaps the signature joint in furniture design and fine carpentry, the Dovetail
has it all; strength, aesthetic and endurance. Similar in principle to the Finger
joint, the Dovetail joint differentiates itself via the complementary cut-out
“fingers” being diagonally cut and in a number of configurations, depending on
the type. These include the Through Dovetail, the Half-Blind Dovetail, the
Secret Mitred (or Full-Blind) Dovetail, the Secret Double-lapped Dovetail and
the Sliding Dovetail.
The crown jewel of these is the Secret Mitred Dovetail. It combines the
Dovetail joint’s strength and quality with the Mitre joint’s aesthetically pleasing
form. Central to traditional Western furniture design is the desire to hide the
mechanics of a piece and only reveal its beauty. Much like a magician’s trick,
this joint achieves the effect.
Precaution :
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LAB # 3
Introduction to Welding And Fitting Shop
Welding Tools
The common welding tools used for gas welding purposes are as follows:
1. Spanner
2. Hammer
3. Pliers
4. Chisel
5. Tongs
6. Wire brush
7. Clamps
8. Angular grinder
9. Try square
10. Files
11. Centre punch
12. Steel tape
#1 Spanner
Spanners are generally used for tightening or loosening various fasteners. These are
designed with drop-forge steel or carbon steel. But in welding, a double-ended
spanner is used for tightening and opening the nuts of the welding apparatus and job.
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#2 Hammer
Welding hammers are essential tools used for chipping to remove slab-coating
from the weld area. It is used for shaping the job. Normally a 500 grams
hammer is used for the purpose. There are three types of hammers – ball pane,
cross pane, and straight one. For large-sized jobs, a Sledgehammer may be used.
#3 Pliers
Welding pliers are specially designed to effectively remove welding spatter.
The multiple jaws of the piler are used to pull the wire and install the tips and
nozzles.
#4 Chisel
Normally, chisels are used to cut flat, round, or angled iron and cut sheets of
thick metal. They are also used to remove unnecessary metal from a work
surface by cutting it into small pieces. But in welding, It is used for cutting the
jobs and for cleaning the slag, spatter, and surplus metal from the job after
welding.
#5 Tongs
Tongs are hand tools used by blacksmiths to lift and hold hot weld pieces of
metal. They are usually made of wrought iron or steel and are better than pliers
or vice grips. These are available in different sizes and shapes which are
intended to hold the job while welding.
#6 Wire Brush
It is used for cleaning the welding surface before and after welding. It consists
of steel wires and is made of stainless steel. Keep in mind that in welding,
always use a brush with stainless steel bristles and a chipping hammer made of
stainless steel.
#7 Clamps
Welding clamps are sheets of metal that temporarily hold two parts of material
tightly together. Welding clamps permit you to securely hold your workpiece,
so the operator will produce a tighter joint. This makes it easy to run the arc and
join the pieces together without worrying about moving sheets. These types of
clamps are generally available in varieties of sizes and shapes.
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#8 Angular Grinder
Angular grinders are commonly seen in metal fabrication and some metal shops.
They are types of handheld power tools attached to consumable stone discs or
blades. These discs spin at high speed to grind, cut or give a smooth finishing
touch to weld metal
#9 Try Square
It is an L-shaped measuring instrument. Its blade is usually graduated in
centimetres and the same is used for job measurement purposes. It is also used
for checking the right angles of a rectangular job.
#10 Files
These are similar to angular grinders, used to remove rough edges and burrs
from the metal you cut. The file tools are available in various shapes and sizes
which are used for work finishing purposes. Metal files are also commonly used
for all kinds of other metal projects.
#11 Centre Punch

The punch tools are often used to mark holes that must be drilled in secondary
operations, or as gauging marks for bend lines, shearing, spot weld locations. It
is used for marking on a job piece before cutting the same into a desired shape.
#12 Steel Tape

Long jobs are measured by steel tape. It is marked in inches and centimeters and
it is housed in a steel or plastic case. The spring for the assembly helps in the
quick and automatic collection of the tape.
Precaution :
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LAB # 4{Cont.}
Welding And Fitting
Fitting Progress:
 Cutting of raw material (metal)
 Edge cleaning & finishing /snapping with sand paper
 Filing (hand)
 Making a fit
Welding Process:
Joining of two pieces of metals through app of head and pressure .
Welding
Electric arc welding(stick welding) Oxy-Acetylene welding(gas welding)
Heat source :
 Pod(electric conductivity + thermal conductivity)

 Electrode
Filler rod :
 Stick used for creating molten pod for fusion.

 Shielding material .
Gas Welding :
 Only oxy-acetylene welding .

 Temperature 3300°C maximum .
 Gas(Oxygen) + fuel(Acetylene)
Reaction :
 1st ) C2H2+O2 = CO+H2
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 2nd ) C2+H2+O2 = CO2+H2O
Types of flame
1. Neutral flame:
Ratio of oxygen and acetylene is same .
2. Carburing flame:
Ratio of acetylene is higher than oxygen .
3. Oxidizing flame:
Ratio of oxygen is higher than acetylene .
Advantages of Gas Welding :
 Easy to learn
 Cost effective (TIG)Tongueston Inert Gas
 Portable (TIG)
 Flame cutting
Disadvantages of Gas Welding
 Rough finishing
 Low strength
 Metal microstructure effect
Precaution :
LAB # 5
To prepare the following joints :
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 Lap joint
 Butt joint
 Corner joint
 T – joint
Tools & Apparatus:

 Hand Hack Saw
 Try Square
 File
 Scriber
 Goggles , glasses , gloves
 Bench Vice
Material used :
 6 inches long iron strip
Theory
Electric Arc Welding :
It is used most commonly to join two pieces of metal.
The welder creates an electric arc welding that melts the bar metal and filler
metal(consumable) together so that they all fuse into one solid piece of metal.
Joint Uses:
Uses of joint is a way to make the broken pieces or to strengthen the strength of
joints in two pieces .
Lap joint :
 Take a 10inches metal strip .
 Cut it into two pieces i.e. 5inches of two pieces.
 Make them fit these two pieces .
 Then take arc welding machine and start welding .
 For finishing use files .
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Butt joint :
 Make them fit these two pieces .
Corner joint :
 Make them fit these two pieces with each other 90° .
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T-Joint :
 Cut it into two ratio one pieces i.e. one piece 5inches and the
other is 10inches .
 Take a 5 inches piece and place vertically in the middle of 10
inches piece .
 For finishing use files
Precaution :
LAB # 6
Machine Shop
Objective :
Introduction to machine shop
Available Machine:
 Lathe Machine
 Milling Machine
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 Shaper Machine
 Pedestal Grinding Machine
 Vertical , Pedestal Drill Machine
 Power Hacksaw
Machine Shop Introduction :

A machine shop is both an engineer's laboratory and an artist's studio. Some
operations require a lot of precision and planning and three dimensions, while
others are more free form. Each material and each operation require different
machines, but they all follow the same basic principles. By knowing the
possibilities and limitations of the tools, you can better design the objects you
create.
Machine shop lab is concern with the power machining of the metal parts that
may be cylindrical or flat and irregular shapes.
Through electric driven power tools like lathe machine, shaper
machine etc. These machine are used for those operation to removing materials
from the work piece to get the desired shape or geometry.
Other operation like finishing operation and polishing operation
are also performed using concern power machine.
Lathe Machine :
A lathe machine is a machine tool that is used to remove metals from a
workpiece to give a desired shape and size. Lathe Machines are used
in metalworking, woodturning, metal spinning, thermal spraying, glass working,
and parts reclamation.
Parts of the Lathe Machine and their functions:

A lathe machine consist of :
1. Headstock
2. Bed
3. Tailstock
4. Carriage
5. Saddle
6. Cross-slide
7. Compound rest
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8. Toolpost
9. Apron
10. Lead Screw
11. Feed rod
12. Chuck
13. Main spindle
14. Leg
Head Stock:
Head Stock is situated at the left side of the lathe bed and it is the house of the
driving mechanism and electrical mechanism of a Lathe machine tool.
 It holds the job on its spindle nose having external screw threads and
internally Morse taper for holding lathe center. And it is rotating at a different
speed by cone pulley or all geared drive. There is a hole throughout spindle
for handling long bar work.
 Head Stock transmit power from the spindle to the feed rod, lead screw and
thread cutting mechanism.
Accessories mounted on headstock spindle are :

1. Three jaw chuck
2. Four jaw chuck
3. Lathe center and lathe dog
4. Collect chuck
5. Faceplate
6. Magnetic chuck
Bed:
It is the base of the lathe machine. It is made of the single-piece casting of
Semi-steel ( Chilled Cast Iron). The bed consists of two heavy metal slides
running lengthwise, with ways or ‘V’ formed upon them and rigidly supported
with cross girths.
 It is sufficiently rigid and good damping capacity to absorb vibration.

 It prevents the deflection produced by the cutting forces.
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 It supports the headstock, tailstock, carriage and other components of the

lathe machine.
Tail Stock:
Tail Stock is situated on the right side above the lathe bed.
It is used for:
 Support the long end of the job for holding and minimizes its sagging.
 It holds the tool for performing different operations like drilling, reaming,
tapping, etc.
 And it is also used for a small amount of taper for a long job by offsetting the
tailstock.
Carriage:
The carriage is used to support, guide, and feed the tool against the job when the
machining is done.
 It holds moves and controls the cutting tool.

 It gives rigid supports to the tool during operations.
 It transfers power from feed rod to cutting tool through apron mechanism for
longitudinal cross-feeding.
 It simplifies the thread cutting operation with the help of lead screw and half
nut mechanism.
It is consists of:
1. Saddle
2. Cross-slide
3. Compound rest
4. Toolpost
5. Apron
It provides three movements to the tool:
1. Longitudinal feed-through carriage movement

2. Cross feed-through cross slide movement
3. Angular feed-through top slide movement
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Cross-slide :
It is assembled on the top of the saddle. The top surface of the cross-slide is
provided with T-slot.
Compound rest :
It supports the tool post and cutting tool in its various positions. It can be
swiveled at any desired position in the horizontal plane. It is necessary for
turning angles and boring short tapers.
Tool post :
1. Ring and rocker tool post
2. Squarehead tool post
3. Quick change tool post
There are generally 2 types of chucks:
1. 3 jaw self-centering chuck

2. 4 jaw independent chuck
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Milling Machine
The milling machine is defined as perhaps most widely used in manufacturing
industries after the lathe machine.
However, In the case of lathe machine tools, the tools used there single-point
cutting tools but In the case of this machine, the tool used is multi-point cutting
tools.
The milling is a process of metal-removing by feeding the workpiece passes

through the rotating multipoint cutter.
Parts of A Milling Machine

The components of milling machine include: Column and Base, Knee, Saddle
and Swivel Table, Power Feed Mechanism, Table, Spindle, Over Arm/
Overhanging Arm, Arbor Support, and Ram. Find out what milling machine
parts and functions are available below.
1. Column and base:

Column and base provide supports for the other parts of a milling
machine. There is an oil reservoir and pump in the column to lubricate the
spindle. The column rests on the base and also it has a coolant reservoir
and a pump to provide coolant in machining operations.
2. Knee:
The gearing mechanism is enclosed within a knee. The knee is fastened to
the column by dovetail ways. It is supported and adjusted by a vertical
positioning screw also known as an elevating screw. The use of the
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elevating screw is to adjust the knee up and down by raising or lowering

the lever with the help of hand or power feed.
3. Saddle and Swivel Table:

The saddle is on the knee and supports the table. Saddle slides on
horizontal dovetail on the knee and dovetail are parallel to the axis of the
spindle (in horizontal milling m/c). Swivel table is attached to the saddle
that swiveled (revolved) horizontally in both directions.
4. Power Feed Mechanism:

The power feed mechanism is in the knee. The power feed mechanism is
used to control in longitudinal (left and right), transverse (in and out), and
vertical (up and down) feeds. For the desired rate of feed on the machine,
the feed selection lever is placed to indicate on the feed selection plates.
For some universal knee and column milling machines, feed is obtained
by turning the speed selection handle till the required rate of feed is
shown on feed dial. Almost in every milling machine, there is a rapid
traverse lever which is used when a temporary increase in the speed of
the longitudinal, transverse, or vertical feeds is required. This lever is
used when the operator is aligning or positioning the work.
5. Table:
A table is a rectangular casting that is presented on the top of a saddle.
The table is used to hold the work or for work holding devices. There are
several T-slots to hold work and work holding devices (jigs and fixtures).
It can be operated by hand or by power. For moving the table by hand, it
engages and turns the longitudinal hand crank. For moving it by power, it
engages longitudinal direction feeds control lever.
6. Spindle:
The spindle is used to hold and drive the cutting tools of a milling
machine. It is mounted on the bearings and has the support of the column.
The spindle is driven by an electric motor via gear trains and gear trains
are on the column. The spindle face lies near the table and has an internal
taper machined on it. There are two keys at the front face provide a
positive drive for cutter holder or arbor.
7. Over Arm/ Overhanging Arm:
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Overarm is a horizontal beam and it is on the top face of the column. It

may be a single casting and slides on the dovetail way which is on the top
face of the column.
8. Arbor Support:
Arbor support is casting with a bearing that supports the outer end of a
arbor. It also helps to align the outer end of the arbor with the spindle.
Arbor support prevents the springing of the outer end of arbor in cutting
operations. Generally, there are two types of arbor supports used in the
milling machines. The first one has a small diameter bearing hole of a
maximum diameter of 1 inch. The second one has a large diameter
bearing hole of up to 23/4 inch.
9. Ram:
The ram is an overhanging arm in a vertical milling machine. The one
end of the ram is mounted on the top of the column and the milling head
is attached to another.
Horizontal Milling Machine
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Shaper Machine :
 As the name suggests, shaper machines are used to give different sizes to
the workpiece. Shaper machines are commonly used to produce flat
surfaces, grooves, slots, etc.
 In the shaper machine, a single-point cutting tool has used that retrieves
and rubs the workpieces and removes unwanted metal from the
workpieces in the form of chips.
 The workpiece shaper machine has an adjustable tool post by the grip.
 A single point cuttings tool is in reciprocating motion that rubs the
workpiece and cuts off unwanted metal in the form of chips.
 It consists of several important parts which take proper care of it.
 These are ram, table, clappers box, tool head, column, cross rail, stroke
adjustment, table support, base, etc.
 The shaper machine operates on a quick return single crank mechanism
that provides recrossing motion to the tool.
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The Main Parts of the Shaper Machines Are:-
Step – 1. Basis
 As the name suggests, this is the basis of the shaper machine.
 All other parts of the machine exist on this basis.
 The base is built with cast iron capable of taking all the compressive load
by various parts of the machine. The shock-absorbing capacity of the base
is high.
Step – 2. Column
 The pillar is present above the base and is attached to the base.
 It is also made of cast irons and is box-like in shape.
 The column serves as the casing of drive mechanism components such as
gear mechanisms, pulleys, etc., and also supports reciprocating RAM and
the workforce.
Step – 3. Guidelines
 Two directions are given at the top and side of the column.
 Ram rotates on a guideway, which is present at the top of the column, and
the table moves up and down in another guideway, which is present at the
edge of the column.
Step – 4. Table support
 Table sliding support is present nears the base in front of the table that
supports the table while slidings up and down the path of the column.
Step – 5. Table
 The table is a metal body that slides up and down the direction passage of
the column.
 The main function of the table is to hold the workpiece, and the vice
president is placed on this table.
 The table is in the shape of the box, and the T-slots are cut on the table in
such a way that the vice of any machine can be fitted on that T-slot and fit
properly into it.
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Step – 6. Vice President

 The vice is present on the table and is used to hold or fasten the workpiece
properly.
 The vice has two jaws, one movable and the other fixed.
 One of the jaws is movable, so workpieces of different sizes can be
fastened between the two jaws.
Step – 7. Ram
 Ram shaper is the main part of the machine.
 The ram is built to the left and right in the guideway of the column with
cast iron and slides.
 It holds the device and gives it reciprocating motion.
 In a crank driven machine, the ram is attached to the rotating arm, which
speeds up the ram.
 In a hydraulic driven machine, the ram is connected with a hydraulic
housing that accelerates the ram.
 The single point cutting tool is used as a tool in a shaper machine that is
usually made of highspeed steel or sometimes high carbon steel.
Step – 8. Tool head or vertical slide
 It can move up & down with the help of handles.
 Also, it can be rotated at any angle.
 The handles of the tool head are called the tool feed handle.
Step – 9. Clapper Box
 The Clapper Box helps the tool to fit inside the tool posts.
 The main function of the clappers box is to provide clearance for the tool
in the return stroke.
 It also prevents the cutting edge from being pulled on the workpiece in the
return stock and prevents tool wear.
Step – 10. Ram clamp
The ram clamp is used to determine the position of the ram.
Step – 11. Toolpost
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Tool posts are used to properly place and manipulate tools. Shaper machine has
two types of traversing wheels. They: –
#1. Hand traversing wheel
 Hand traversing wheels are used to move the table up and down.
#2. Crossfeed handle
 Crossfeed handles are used to feed the tool in the forward and backward
direction.
 While the hand traversings wheel helps to move the table up and down, the
crossfeed handle helps the table move in the cross direction.
Working of Shaper Machine:

The shopper machine operates on a quick return mechanism. It is used to shape
metal or to create flat surfaces, grooves, and slots. It cuts the metals in one
stroke in the backward or fifth motion, and the rest becomes useless
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Drilling Machine:
Drilling is a material-removing or cutting process in which the tool uses a drill
bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials.
Drilling Machine Main Parts :

A drilling machine consists of the following parts:
 Base
 Column or Pillar
 Arm
 Worktable
 Drill head
 Feed Mechanism
 Spindle
 Drill jigs
 Chuck
 Electric Motor
 Pully or gears
Base :
It is one of the main parts of a drilling machine, it carries the entire weight of
the machine, and transfer the weight to the ground.
The base of a drilling machine is generally made of cast iron or steel, and it is
very rigid.
At the top of the base, there are some slots provided to support the big jobs.
And on one side of the base, a radial column or a pillar is situated.
The base is generally bolted with the ground or in some case the base is
supported by two or four legs.
Column or pillar:
The column or pillar is situated on one side of the base. In general, we use a
radial column so that the movement of the arm is possible in a clockwise or
anti-clockwise direction.
The column is also made of cast iron or steel and is also very rigid so that it can
carry the load of the arm as well as a drill head.
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A sliding table is mounted on the column so that the table can have up and
down motion according to the need.
Upper arm:
At the top of the column, there is an upper arm, which carries the drill head and
also the house of the driving mechanism. The upper arm is also made of the
same material as the base. To make the structure rigid.
Worktable:
The worktable is generally made of cast iron and it is mounted on the
column. T-slots are provided at the top surface of the table may be in some table
there is a vice which also helps to hold the job.
The table can move up and down as also right or left according to the job and
tool arrangement. The up and down motion of the table can be given by hand as
well as by some electrical mechanism. We use a rack and pinion mechanism for
a vertical moment of the table.
The shape of the table can be rectangular or also circular.
Drill head :
One side of the arm a drill head is mounted, a drill head is consist of various
feed and driving mechanism.
A drill chuck is mounted over it. A drill head can slide up and down as per the
requirement of the job.
A V-types belt is provided to transfer the power from the motor to the pulley
and from pulley, the mechanical power is transferred to the drill head.
The different types of speed can be generated by the cone pully mechanism as

well as a gear-train mechanism.
Feed Mechanism:
In a drill machine, we use an electric motor, V-belt, and pulley to transfer the
power from the motor to the spindle.
For the up and down motion of the drill head, we use hand and as well as
automatic feed by an electrical motor. Here also a rack and pinion are used to
convert the rotational movement from electrical motor or by hand to the
straight-line movement.
34
Spindle:
It is a circular taper shaft which helps to hold the drill chuck. It is made of high
carbon chromium steel or stainless steel or steel alloys.
It transfers the rotary motion from drill head to drill jigs.
There is a keyhole provided on the spindle to change the drill chuck.
The spindle also can move up and down with the help of rack and pinion
mechanism.
Chuck:
The chuck is mounted on the lower end of the spindle, it holds the drill jig. Here
also a keyhole is provided to change the drill jigs.
Drill chucks are generally self-centering. In a drill machine, we use three-jaw
chuck. And it is made of special alloy steel.
Electric Motor:
In a drilling machine, we use a single-phase ac motor. Which can run at an rpm
of 600-5000, or maybe more for high duty drilling machine.
Pully or gears:
Pully or gears is used to transmit power and also for getting different speed. In a
drilling machine, we use bevel gear to transmit power at an angle of 90 degrees.
So now we are going to learn how power transferred in a Drilling machine.
35
LAB # 7(a)
EXPERIMENT # 1
To prepare a job on lathe machine including , outside
turning , taper turning , step turning and radius making and
parting off .
Tool required :
Single point cutting tool , radius , parting tool.
Material required :
Steel rule , vernier calliper , outside calliper , sine box .
Procedure :
 Job is fined in the three jaw chuck for proper alignment .
 Single point cutting tool is fined in the tool post & facing operations is
completed
 A rough cut is used to turn the outer periphery .
 Final turning and step turning operation are completed in sequence.
 Radius tool is fined in the tool post for making radius and the
operation is completed.
 For maintaining the proper length of the job parting off tool is used
and operation is completed .
Precaution :
 Work should be firmly gripped in the three jaw chuck.
 Hand gloves & apron must be used while working.
 Coolant is to be used .
36
LAB # 7(b)
EXPERIMENT # 2
To mark punch & drill holes on a metal sheet.
Tool required :
 Drilling machine
 Drill chuck
 Machine vice
 Twist drill bit
 Flat file
 Square Hacksaw
 Centre punch
 Hammer
Material required :
 Mild Steel Flat
Procedure :
 A flat piece of required dimension is to be using of hacksaw .
 Both edges are field and checked for sequences using try square .
 Chalk solution is applied on the surface of a metal and left to dry .
 Dried metal piece is marked as per dimension given in the drawing
using steel rule and scriber .
 Centre of this marked using centre punch and hammer .
 Centre of this marked using job is clamped in the vice of drilling
machine keeping the marked surface upward .
 The centre drill is taken out and the drill of required sizes are fitted in
the drill chuck of machine .
Precaution :
 Feed to be applied slowly in the beginning.
 Work piece should be firmly tightened in the vice of the machine.
 Coolant to be used.
 Follow the instruction of lab instructor.
 Keep working place clean.
37
LAB # 7(c)
EXPERIMENT # 3
To prepare a job involving side and face milling on a milling
machine.
Tool required :
 Side milling cutter

 Face milling cutter
Material required :
 Mild steel work piece .
Instrument to be use are :
 Steel rule
 Vernier depth gauge
 Vernier height gauge
 Try square
 Scriber
Procedure :
 Work piece of metal as per required dimension is cut on power hacksaw.

 Required dimension is marked on the work piece using try square and
scriber.
 The job fixed in the vice of the milling machine.
 The piece is marked for maintaining the height.
 The top surface and side is milled till the required size is achieved .
Precaution :
 Work piece should be firmly gripped in the vice of the machine.
 Coolant to be used.
 Don’t over speed the machine but should be use slowly
 Hand gloves , apron , shoes must be used while working
38
LAB # 7(d)
EXPERIMENT # 4
To perform plain milling operation using milling machine .
Apparatus/Tool required :
 Universal milling machine
Plain milling :
Plain milling, also known as slab milling or surface milling, the process of
milling flat surface with the axis of cutting tool parallel to the surface being
machined. The rotating milling cutter does not give a continuous cut but moves
from one end of the workpiece to another end.
Procedure :
 Lubricant the sliding parts of milling machine through spray.

 Clamp the work piece in the vice of the machine properly.
 Tight the cutter in his place.
 Switch the machine ON.
 If cooling is required then open the coolant.
 Touch the cutter with work piece and set the scale to zero.
 Remove the chips from the working area with a great care.
 Check the dimension after the process is completed.
Precaution :
 Work piece should be firmly gripped in the vice of the machine.
 Don’t get closer to the machine when spindle is ON.
 Don’t over speed the machine because it can damage the tool.
 Hand gloves , apron , shoes must be used while working.
39
LAB # 7(e)
EXPERIMENT # 5
To perform turning operation on lathe machine .
Apparatus/Tool required :
 Cutting tool
 One piece of cylindrical metal
Objectives :
 To reduce diameter of the work piece.

 To finished the surface of cylindrical work piece
Turning :
Operation in which we reduced the diameter of a job by cutting it
parallel to the axis of the jobs face .
Procedure :
 Place the object in the centre of the chuck.
 Also place the cutting tool in tool post in the proper position.
 Then turn ON lathe machine.
 Bring the cutting tool gradually to the object at centre point.
 Gradually move the cutting tool along the object so that cut the outer
surface of the object as per required dimension.
 After the process is completed turn OFF the machine.
Precaution :
 Object should be firmly mounted in the chuck of the machine.
 Make sure that the lathe machine is properly lubricant.
40
LAB # 7(f)
EXPERIMENT # 6
To perform threading on lathe machine .

Threading :
Thread cutting on the lathe is a process that produces a helical ridge of uniform
section on the work piece. This is performed by taking successive cuts with a
threading tool bit the same shape as the thread form required.
Threading may be cut either internal or external on a surface of

a cylindrical.
A specially shaped cutting tool , known as thread cutting tool is required to

perform this task.
Procedure for threading:

 Set the speed to about one quarter of the speed used for turning.
 Set the quick change gearbox for the required pitch in threads.
(Threads per inch)
 Set the compound rest at 29 degrees to the right for right hand
threads.
 Install a 60 degree threading tool bit and set the height to the lathe
centre point.
 Set the tool bit and a right angles to the work, using a thread gage.
 Using a layout solution, coat the area to be threaded.
 Move the threading tool up to the part using both the compound
and the cross feed. Set the micrometre to zero on both dials.
 Move cross feed to the back tool off the work, move carriage to the
end of the part and reset the cross feed to zero.
 Using only the compound micrometre, feed in .001 to .002 inch.
 Turn on the lathe and engage the half nut.
 Take a scratch cut on the part without cutting fluid. Disengage the
half nut at the end of the cut, stop the lathe and back out the tool
using the cross feed. Return the carriage to the starting position.
 Using a screw pitch gage or a rule check the thread pitch. (Threads
per inch).
41
 Feed the compound in .005 to .020 inch for the first pass using
cutting oil. As you get near the final size, reduce the depth of cut to
.001 to .002 inch.
 Continue this process until the tool is within .010 inch of the finish
depth.
 Check the size using a screw thread micrometre, thread gage, or
using the three wire system.
 Chamfer the end of the thread to protect it from damage.
Precaution :
 Object should be firmly mounted in the chuck of the machine.
 Make sure that the lathe machine is properly lubricant.
42

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AQIB SHAH {WORKSHOP LAB MANUAL} CU-2219-2021

Aim and Objectives :

Marking is an essential point in any woodworking project. The most

Tools and Apparatus :

By using these tools we made different joint .

Joint and its types

1. The Dowel joint

2. The Mitre joint

3. The Halved joint

4. The Housing joint

Also known as a Dado or Trench joint, this is when a through or stopped section

5. The Mortise and Tenon joint

6. The Finger joint

7. The Dovetail joint

Introduction to Welding And Fitting Shop

#11 Centre Punch

#12 Steel Tape

Welding And Fitting

Electric arc welding(stick welding) Oxy-Acetylene welding(gas welding)

 Pod(electric conductivity + thermal conductivity)

 Stick used for creating molten pod for fusion.

 Only oxy-acetylene welding .

 1st ) C2H2+O2 = CO+H2

 2nd ) C2+H2+O2 = CO2+H2O

Advantages of Gas Welding :

Disadvantages of Gas Welding

Tools & Apparatus:

Introduction to machine shop

Machine Shop Introduction :

Parts of the Lathe Machine and their functions:

Accessories mounted on headstock spindle are :

 It is sufficiently rigid and good damping capacity to absorb vibration.

 It supports the headstock, tailstock, carriage and other components of the

 It holds moves and controls the cutting tool.

1. Longitudinal feed-through carriage movement

There are generally 2 types of chucks:

1. 3 jaw self-centering chuck

The milling is a process of metal-removing by feeding the workpiece passes

Parts of A Milling Machine

1. Column and base:

elevating screw is to adjust the knee up and down by raising or lowering

3. Saddle and Swivel Table:

4. Power Feed Mechanism:

7. Over Arm/ Overhanging Arm:

Overarm is a horizontal beam and it is on the top face of the column. It

Horizontal Milling Machine

The Main Parts of the Shaper Machines Are:-

Step – 6. Vice President

#1. Hand traversing wheel

Working of Shaper Machine:

Drilling Machine Main Parts :

The different types of speed can be generated by the cone pully mechanism as

 Side milling cutter

 Work piece of metal as per required dimension is cut on power hacksaw.

 Universal milling machine

 Lubricant the sliding parts of milling machine through spray.

 To reduce diameter of the work piece.

To perform threading on lathe machine .

Threading may be cut either internal or external on a surface of