Study Guide in TLE 1-Introduction to Industrial Arts 1 Module 3: Woodworking

Study Guide 3

Chapter 3 – Woodworking

MODULE OVERVIEW

In this module, you will learn about woodworking, wood technology, types and kind of
wood/wood joints, principles of mensuration and layout, common carpentry tools, and project plans.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

In this chapter the student should be able to:

✓ Discuss the field of woodworking

✓ Explain the basics of wood technology.
✓ Learn about the different kinds of wood joints.
✓ Explain the principles of mensuration and layout.
✓ Apply the correct technique in using tools for woodworking projects.
✓ Follow the proper procedure in constructing woodworking.
✓ Prepare a project plan

LEARNING CONTENTS

Woodworking
Lesson 1. Introduction to Woodworking

https://unsplash.com/photos/zCTlmLz8OJw

Woodworking is the process of making decorative and useful objects from wood, like cabinets,
fine tables, instruments, bowls, and more. It encompasses techniques like wood carving, joinery,
and woodturning. It is relatively simple to learn basic woodworking skills, and with every project you
will gain new expertise. Wood was one of the first materials used by early humans for tools and
utensils, and use of the materials is closely tied to the development of aspects of modern human
life. Early civilization is known to have used wood to build hunting tools, vessels, coffins, chairs,
idols, and more.

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Common woodworking terminology

❖ Jointing- is the process of preparing the edges of
wooden boards for gluing them to another board. It
is commonly used for both flat surfaces and angled
joints. Planing is used to smooth and remove excess
material from wooden surfaces using a planer
machine or hand tool. Routing is the process of
shaping, cutting, and trimming wood. The technique
produces finished edges and shapes using a tool called
a router, which is commonly used for cutting grooves
in cabinets and furniture woodworking sawing.

❖ Planing - is used to smooth and remove excess

material from wooden surfaces using a planer
machine or hand tool

❖ Routing - the process of shaping, cutting, and

trimming wood. The technique produces finished
edges and shapes using a tool called a router, which
is commonly used for cutting grooves in cabinets and
furniture

❖ Sawing

✓ Handsaws are lightweight, portable, and do not require

a power source. They come in many shapes and sizes
with a variety of blades.

✓ Circular saws are efficient, easy to use, and portable.

They are particularly effective at cutting straight lines
through the wood.

✓ Table saws are versatile, fast, and precise. The

blade
is exposed from below the work surface, and the
material passes over the table to be cut. You can
easily adjust the blade angles and depth for precise
cuts.

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✓ Chainsaws are portable saws used to cut wood

using a chain, powered by gasoline, electricity, or
a battery. It is best for initial rough cuts to shape a
project, or for sourcing wood when felling or
pruning trees for the material.

✓ Band saw are great for cutting curves, rounded

edges, intricate shapes, and more. They come
in many sizes, depending on the sizes of the
stock you plan to cut and the intricacy of your
project.

✓ Jigsaws are electrically powered and cut with a

back and forth or up and down motion. The
narrow blade makes them best used for cutting
rounded shapes and curves.

❖ Drilling – Drilling creates holes in the wood using

a drill and bit. The drill driver spins the drill bit
clockwise or counterclockwise. The type of drill
bits you use will depend on the size of hole you
need to create, the material you are working with,
or the speed of the bit. The range of sizes of drill
bits varies vastly across 47 different sizes of
standard drill bits.

❖ Gluing wood joins two or more pieces of wood

together to create a larger piece. When you glue
two pieces of wood together properly, the glued
joint is stronger than the wood itself.

❖ Sanding is a finishing technique that smooths the

surface of the wood using sandpaper.
Woodworkers often start sanding with a medium
grit, and work their way to a finer grit to finish.

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❖ Finishing is the process of refining or protecting a

wooden surface by applying a penetrating finish or a
surface finish.

Lesson 2. Wood Technology

1. Wood Technology emphasizes a combination of introductory and advanced machine

operations for furniture construction and cabinetmaking. Current industry standards are
introduced. Students conceptualize solutions to various problems then design and build
a final product.

Course Topics include:

• Measurement Systems
• Maintenance and Use of Hand Tools and Equipment
• In-depth Use of Portable Power Tools
• Application of Introductory and Advanced techniques for Woodworking Machine Use
• Personal Safety in The Wood Shop/Laboratory
• Introduction to Wood Joinery and wood Shaping
• Woodworking Terminology
• Wood Identification
• Wood Preparation and Techniques in Wood Finishing
• Inventory of Wood Technology Careers
• Design and Planning
• Lines
• Production of CAD and CNC software

Lesson 3. Types of Woods

The Three Main Types of Wood

1. Softwoods - Softwoods are the wood and lumber which are milled from conifer trees.
scientifically known as Gymnosperms, Conifer trees are any trees which have needles and
produce cones. Examples of popular softwood trees used in woodworking, construction, and
furniture are Pine, Cedar, Fir, Spruce, and Redwood.

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2. Hardwoods - Hardwoods come from any trees which do not produce needles or cones.
These trees are most commonly are known as deciduous trees, more scientifically known
as angiosperms. Hardwoods are trees which produces leaves and seeds.

3. Engineered Wood - Engineered wood does not occur naturally in the environment but
instead are manufactured.

Lesson 4. Kinds of Wood Joints

• butt joint is the most basic woodworking joint. Commonly used when framing walls in
conventional, stick-framed homes, this joint relies on mechanical fasteners to hold the two
pieces of stock in place.
• Mitered butt joint is basically the same as a basic butt joint, except that the two boards are
joined at an angle (instead of square to one another). The advantage is that the mitered butt
joint will not show any end grain, and as such is a bit more aesthetically pleasing.
• Rabbet Another common cabinetry joint is the rabbet. A rabbet is basically a dado cut along
the edge of a board. Rabbets are often used at the back of cabinets and other similar
assemblies for attaching the back to the sides of the box, adding a considerable amount of
strength to the assembly.
• half-lap joint is where half of each of the two boards being joined is removed, so that the two
boards join together flush with one another. This type of joint can obviously weaken the
strength of the two adjoining boards, but also is a stronger joint than butt a joints. Half-Lap
Joint
• Cross half-lap joint – is another form of half- lap, but used where one piece of stock crosses
another, in order to retain the same dimension. These joints are often used in braces,
especially where stretchers cross over. If accurately constructed, this is an extremely strong
joint.
• Dovetail - will prevent the joint separating laterally through side forces. Dovetail Joint
• Through dovetail joints are also extremely strong - again due to the vast amount of glue
surface area they contain. ! Although more time-consuming to make, they have a major
advantage over box joints as the shape of the tails and pins mean that the joint cannot be
pulled apart. For this reason, they are much used for drawer fronts, where they resist the
pulling
• forces well. ! Through Dovetail Joint
• Half-blind dovetail joints are also very strong and resist pulling forces well. ! The advantage

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Study Guide in TLE 1-Introduction to Industrial Arts 1 Module 3: Woodworking

with this joint is that it allows a plain drawer front, whilst retaining all the strength qualities of
the through version.
• Box joints - A simpler alternative to the dovetail joint.
• Joint A straightforward joint (which in a way is a development of the bridle joint) is the box
joint, also known as the finger joint - because of the similarity to interlaced fingers. This is a
very strong joint due to the vast amount of glue surface area.
• Tongue and Groove Joint When joining two boards along a long edge, one can simply butt
the joint together and hold it with glue. However, the tongue and groove joint is stronger and
provides more glue surface.
• Mortise and tenon is a classic woodworking joint. These joints have been used since the
early times of woodworking, and are still among the strongest and most elegant methods for
joining wood.
• Dowel joints are basically substitutes for mortise and tenon joints. A dowel joint is made by
fitting a butt joint and then drilling corresponding holes in the two pieces of wood to be joined
and inserting the dowel pin or pins before joining the pieces. Glue is used in this type of joint,
and the dowel pins serve as round tenons, holding the two pieces togtogether.
• Biscuit Joint Another method for joining boards along the edges (like the tongue and groove
joint) is to cut slots and use beechwood biscuits to hold the boards in place. This is a very
common modern woodworking joint, relying on glue and the swelling of the beechwood
biscuit to hold the boards in place.

Lesson 5. Principles of Mensuration and Layout

• Definition of Terms
• Area – extent of the part of a surface enclosed within a boundary.
• Calculation – the act or process of or result of calculating.
• Circumference – distance around the circle.
• Classification – group or category within an organized system.
• Decimal – a number expressed in a counting system that uses units of 10, especially a
decimal fraction.
• Dimension – measurable extent such as length, thickness, and width.
• Fraction – a number expressed as a quotient of two other numbers.
• Geometric Shapes – characterized by straight lines, regular curves, and angles.
• Graduation – the scale of a measuring tool.
• Mensuration – act or art of measuring.
• Perimeter – bounding line or curve of a plain area.
• Standard – serves as a measure of reference.
• Stock – refers to lumber for a certain furniture job.
• Substrate – wood to be cut in a cutting machine.
• Volume – space inside a solid figure.

TYPES OF MEASURING TOOLS

1. Pull-push rule – used for measuring long pieces of stock

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2. Zig Zag Rule – a folded measuring tool.

3. Ruler – used for measuring short pieces of stock.

4. Caliper – used for measuring diameter.

5. Try Square – used for checking flatness and squareness.

6. Meter Stick – a measuring device that is one (1) meter in length.

7. Divider – used for dividing distances

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8. Compass – used for scribing arcs and circles.

9. Protractor – used for laying out angles.

HANDLING OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS / TOOLS

A. DO’S
1. Wipe measuring tools/instruments before returning them to the storage room.
2. Oil the movable parts of the measuring tools such as zigzag rules, calipers, dividers and
compasses to avoid stock-up.
3. Make sure that grits like sand do not get inside the housing or case of a pull-push rule to
avoid wearing off of the graduations.
4. Check the lock of a pull-push rule if it is working.
B. DON’T’S
1. Do not wipe off edges of the steel tape of pull-push rule with bare hands to avoid injury.
2. Do not pull the steel tape of pull-push rule too much to avoid the coil spring from damage.
3. Do not use the caliper as tongs.

LINEAR MEASUREMENTS FOR THE 6 FACES OF LUMBER

Hence, the linear measurements obtained are:

1. End 1 to end 2 or A B = Length (L )

2. Edge 1 to Edge 2 or C D = Width ( W )
3. Surface 1 to surface 2 or E F = Thickness / Height ( T / H )

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SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTS
The two (2) systems of measurements are: the English and the Metric System. The English
system originated in England also known as the U.S. customary system of measurement while the
Metric System was developed in France and also known as the S. I. (International Standard).

I. (UNIT OF MEASURES) - LINEAR MEASUREMENT

ENGLISH METRIC
Yard ( yd ) meter
meter Foot ( ft ) / („ ) decimeter
decimeter 1/10 centimeter 1/
millimeter 1 /1000 meter
METRIC
meter
decimeter 1/10 meter
centimeter 1/ 100 meter
millimeter 1 /1000 meter

II. READING OF MEASUREMENTS

A. Reading the inch
The inch is divided into segments called
graduations. Each graduation represents a measurement
in form of a proper fraction. The inch can be divided into
16, 8, 4 and 2, equal parts.

II. READING OF MEASUREMENTS

A. Reading the inch
The inch is divided into segments called
graduations. Each graduation represents a measurement
in form of a proper fraction. The inch can be divided into
16, 8, 4 and 2, equal parts.

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Note: The illustration is not the actual length of an inch.

B. Reading the centimeter and millimeter

III. CONVERTING FRACTION TO DECIMAL

In converting fractions to decimals, divide the numerator by its denominator whether it is
proper, improper, or mixed fraction.

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IV. CONVERTING UNITS OF MEASURE

Sample Solutions in Conversion

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V. TAKING DIMENSIONS
Ways of taking dimension

1. Measure end to end of the stock with a tool

2. Measure edge to edge with a tool

3. Measure the outside diameter of a cylindrical

object using a caliper

4. Measure the inside diameter with a caliper

5. Lay-out width

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CALCULATING BOARDFOOT OF LUMBER

Although the International System (SI) or Metric System had already superseded the
English System of measure, the board foot as a unit of measure for determining the volume of
lumber is still being used by the furniture & cabinet maker and construction industry. This is because
lumbers are sold in terms of board foot. A board foot is actually one square foot of lumber of one
inch thick.

The formula used in computing board foot is:

Board foot (Bd. Ft.) = T x W x L 12
Where:
T = Thickness in inches
W= Width in inches
L = Length in feet

Note: This formula is being used for sawed wood of commercial dimension.
Example: Compute the board foot of lumber whose dimension is 2” x 4 “x 12”

Steps 1. Identify the given data

Given.
T = 2”
W = 4”
L = 12‟
Step 2. Determine what is being asked
Find the Bd. Ft. = ?
Step 3. State the formula
Formula: Bd. Ft. = T x W x L
12
Step 4. Substitute the given data in the formula, then solve.
Solution:
Bd. Ft. = T x W x L
12
= 2” x 4” x 12 “ 12
= 96/12
= 8 Bd. Ft

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Lesson 6. Common Carpentry Tools

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Classification of Hand tools

A. Measuring Tools
Pull-Push Rule - flexible tape that slides into a material case and it is used to measure irregular
and regular shapes.
Ruler - 12-inch or one foot rule and it is used to take/make simple measurements.
Meter Stick - used to measure a work piece.
Try Square - squaring, measuring and testing tool used to check adjacent surfaces for squareness.
Caliper - used to transfer measurements from the rule to the work.

B. Marking Lining Tools

Pencil - used to layout or mark cutting lines.
Marking Gauge - wood or metal tool consisting of a beam, head and a point used to mark a line
parallel to the grain of the wood.
Chalk Line - used to establish a straight line on a surface.
Divider - tool with two metal legs used to lay-out an arc circle or step off division on a line.
Compass - used to scribe arcs and circle in a metal wood.

C. Testing Tools
Try Square - tool used in squaring, measuring and testing the squareness of a wood.
Steel Square - framing square used to mark out the work for squaring and checking of angles and
is used in the construction of roof framing and large furniture.
Spirit Level - tool used for testing vertical and horizontal surfaces.
Plumb bob - tool used to test the vertical and horizontal surfaces.

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D. Edge Cutting Tools

Chisel - tool used to trim and shape wood.
Plane - used to obtain a smooth and flat surface.
Spoke shave - small plane like tool from irregularly shaped objects.
Cabinet scraper - rectangular piece of steel with two cutting edges used for working flat and curved
shapes.

E. Tooth-Cutting Tools
Cross Cut Saw - handsaw used to cut the wood across the grain.
Rip-saw - hand saw used to cut the wood along the grain.
Back Saw - handsaw with a metal back and plywood and joinery.
Compass Saw - used to cut irregular shape either in large or small board.
Turning Saw - used to rip, cross and cut curves in lumber.
Coping Saw - u-shaped saw used for cutting irregular shape in small board.
Dovetail Saw - small back saw with a straight chisel type handle used to cut very fine joints.

F. Boring Tools
Auger bit - tool used to make hole in woods.
Expansive bit - tool used to drill holes of various sizes in woods.
Drill Bit - tool used for boring holes either in metals, woods or plastics.

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G. Holding Tools
C-Clamp - used for holding together pieces of lumber while working.
Bench Vise - used to hold any materials or tools in place.
3. Bar Clamp - used to hold large boards or frames together while assembling or gluing.

H. Miscellaneous Tools
Oil Stone - used for sharpening edge cutting tools such as chisel.
Files - used to smoothen metal and wood surfaces.
Paint Brush - used to apply paint or varnish on wood surfaces
Nail Set - used to drive the head of nails lower than surface of wood.
Saw Set - used to bend the upper half of each tooth to one side or the other to form a set.

I. Portable Powertools
Sander - portable power tool used for sanding furniture pieces.
Router - used for shaping surfaces and edges of furniture parts.
Jigsaw - power tool used primarily for cutting curved or irregular shapes of wood surfaces.
Circular saw - power saw used for many types of cutting, particularly on large panel stock.
Electric Drill - power drill which is used to drill holes in various materials to perform a multitude of
tasks.

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J. PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

Goggles - used to protect the eyes against flying debris and harmful liquids.
Ear Protector - used to protect the ears against high frequency noise.
Face Mask - used to prevent the inhalation of sprayed paint fumes.
Gloves - used to protect the hands while working.
Apron - used to protect the worker against flying debris.

K. Driving Tools
Claw Hammer - used to drive and pull out nails on wooden surfaces.
Mallet - made out of wood or rubber used to drive other tools like chisel.
Nail Set - used in setting the head of a finishing nail below the surface of the wood.
Screw Driver - used to drive and loose screws.

LUBRICATING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Read and analyze the use of preventive Maintenance Schedule form.
1. Determine the types of tools and machine needed to be lubricated.
2. Fill out a requisition slip form in releasing the lubricants needed.
3. Secure a borrower’s slip from your teacher.
4. Fill out the slip form correctly intended for the needed tools.
5. Perform the task according to the prescribed schedule and the assigned machine.
6. Perform lubricating procedure.
7. Determine the parts of the machine needed to be lubricated.
8. Apply thin coat of oil on the parts for a long period of time.
9. Open the bearing cover and apply grease.
10. Apply grease on sealed bearing with the use of a grease gun.

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Lesson 7. Project Plan

5 Steps for Planning Your Woodworking Project

Step 1: Always start with function

What is the function of your wood piece? For instance, if this project is a cabinet, what will the
cabinet be storing and what visual effect do you want it to have?

If it is a table, how many people do you need to sit and what type of visual effect do you want it to
have in its setting?

It seems simple; however, if you don’t pay attention to this stage of the process, ultimately the end
product will only become more diluted and less defined as you progress

Step 2: What type of materials will you need?

Is this a ‘solid wood’ project or a ‘veneer over substrate’ type of project? Most projects are a
combination of the two, however I recommend defining this upfront.

If a project is mostly built from veneers over substrates, the tools, cutters, processing techniques,
and waste calculations that are required are quite different than if the project is made from mostly
solid wood.

Step 3: Plan the tools and cutters that you will need

This will take some thought as well as quite a few thumbnail drawings to determine what type
of router bits, shaper cutters, and other tooling will be necessary to complete your project according
to your design.

For instance, draw out how a table leg will intersect with the table rail. Visualize how you will make
the cuts that you need with the tools that you have. If, during this process, you find that you do not
have a specific cutter, router bit, or saw blade, this is the time to investigate your different options.

At this stage, you can still change your design if a specific tool is not available or too expensive.

Finding the specific tools that you’ll need as you design your project will go a long way in saving
time and money later, as well as unwanted frustration in trying to find a specific tool that may or may
not exist to fit a poorly thought-out design.

Step 4: Develop and redevelop your thumbnails

As you progress on your project, it is inevitable that you will come across things that your original
plans did not foresee.

When this happens, you don’t have to go back to the drawing board, per se, but you will need to
modify your drawings somewhat and probably have to add a few to further clarify in your mind the
affected part of the project.

These adjustments to your planning shouldn’t require new tooling, but most likely just different
depths of cut or slightly changed parameters having to do with fine tuning a fit between one project
piece and another.

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Step 5: Establish the glues, fillers, and finishes you will need

This step does not need to be drawn out like the others, however, they do need to be researched
thoroughly on the internet or through other reliable resources to ensure that what you have suitable
for your material and for your piece.

I explained in the last article some of the differences between glues and gap-fillers, for your
reference.

Finishes can be anything from hand applied oil, brush applied varnishes, or spayed on lacquer and
each has its own specific properties for application ease and durability in varying conditions.

Coloration can also be applied using dyes and stains and these variants also have their own
properties for durability.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

➢QUIZ:2

a. Introduction to Woodworking

Direction: Choose the letter of the written answer. Write your answer in the space provided.
_____ 1. Which of the following is where the shank and thread should pass without biting the wood?
a. Ditch
b. Hole
c. Pinch
d. well
_____ 2. It refers to the statement of payment for goods and services.
a. Purchase slip
b. Receipt
c. Bill
d. All the above
_____ 3. Which of the following is an activity that involves working on wood?
a. Carpentry
b. Woodworking
c. Cabinet maker
d. Wood carving
_____ 4. Which of the following was the first to varnish or finish their works?
a. Spanish
b. Roman
c. Japan
d. Egyptian
_____ 5. Who is the first known woodworker?
a. Noah
b. Artisan
c. Phoenicians
d. Sons of Noah

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b. Wood Technology
Direction: Answer the following questions.
1. What is meant by plywood? And give the common types of plywood.
2. Give at least five significant contributions and influences of woodworking in civilization.
3. What are the structures of wood? Explain each structure.
4. Identify the wood product and give at least two examples of each product.
5. Enumerate at least five kinds of wood joints and give each description.
6. List at least five measuring tools used in mensuration and layout and discuss how important this
one is in mensuration and layout.

c. Converting Units of Measure

1. Foot to inches
3ft = __________ inches
Sol. __________
2. Inches to feet
48 inches = __________ feet
Sol. __________
3. Centimeter to millimeter
22cm = __________ millimeter
Sol. __________
4. Inches to centimeter
6 inches = __________ centimeter
Sol. __________

➢ ACTIVITIES

a. Types of Woods- Portfolio Making

Direction: Design and create a portfolio “Types of Woods”
Specification:
1. Use Long Coupon Band
2. Each wood should have proper labeling (e.g., name, origin etc.)

b. Kinds of Wood Joints- Portfolio Making

Direction: Design and create a portfolio “Wood Joints”
Specification:
1. Use Long Coupon Band
2. Each joint should have proper labeling (e.g., description, etc.)

c. Common Carpentry Tools- Portfolio of Carpentry tools

Direction: Design and create a portfolio of “Carpentry tools”
Specification:
1. Use Long Coupon Band
2. Each tool should have proper labeling (e.g., description, usage etc.)

d. Project Plan- Project Plan (Miniature)

REFERENCES

https://www.thecrucible.org/guides/woodworking/#:~:text=Woodworking%20is%20the%20process
%20of,you%20will%20gain%20new%20expertise.

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https://www.csdeagles.com/apps/pages/woodtech#:~:text=Wood%20Technology%20emphasizes%20a%20combination,and%20build%20a%20final%20p
roduct.

https://builderology.com/types-of-wood/

https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/711768/view/softwood-trees-illustration

https://www.treehugger.com/identification-of-the-most-common-hardwoods-1341843

https://web.faa.illinois.edu/app/uploads/sites/6/2021/05/Woodworking-Joints.pdf

https://gltnhs-tle.weebly.com/lesson-34.html

https://gltnhs-tle.weebly.com/lesson-21.html

https://www.toolstoday.com/g-8-planning-your-project

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