ANALYSIS OF

STRUCTURES
NCE 2104: Statics of Rigid Bodies
MODULE 5

PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARC DANIEL LAURINA

01 Introduction
CONTENTS
02 Truss

03 Method of Joints

04 Method of Sections

05 Frames and Machines

INTRODUCTION
Introduction

• Engineering structure
 is any connected system of members built to
support or transfer forces and to safely withstand
the loads applied to it
• For the equilibrium of structures made of several
connected parts, the internal forces as well the external
forces are considered.
• In the interaction between connected parts, Newton’s
3rd Law states that the forces of action and reaction
between bodies in contact have the same magnitude,
same line of action, and opposite sense.
Introduction

• Three categories of engineering structures are

considered:
1. Trusses: formed from two-force members, i.e.,
straight members with end point connections
2. Frames: contain at least one, one multi-force
member, i.e., member acted upon by 3 or more
forces.
3. Machines: structures containing moving parts
designed to transmit and modify forces.
TRUSS
Definition of Truss

• Truss
 is a structure composed of slender members joined together at their end points. The members
commonly used in construction consist of wooden struts or metal bars.
• Planar Truss
 lies in a single plane and are often used to support roofs and bridges.
• Space Truss
 is structures that are not contained in a single plane and/or are loaded out of the plane of the
structure.
• Simple Truss
 To prevent collapse, the form of a truss must be rigid. The simplest form which is rigid or stable is a
triangle. Additional elements consisting of two members and a joint are added to the triangular
element to form a simple truss
Simple Truss

• A rigid truss will not collapse under the application of a load.

• A simple truss is constructed by successively adding two members and one
connection to the basic triangular truss.
Roof Truss

The truss shown in figure is an example of a

typical roof-supporting truss. In this figure,
the roof load is transmitted to the truss at
the joints by means of a series of purlins
Bridge Truss

In the case of a bridge, such as shown in

figure, the load on the deck is first
transmitted to stringers, then to floor
beams, and finally to the joints of the two
supporting side trusses.
Support for Truss

• When bridge or roof trusses extend over large distances, a rocker or roller is commonly
used for supporting one end.
• This type of support allows freedom for expansion or contraction of the members due
to a change in temperature or application of loads.
Types of Trusses
Assumptions for Analysis of Truss

The analysis of trusses is based on the following three assumptions:

1. The weights of the members are negligible. A truss can be classified as a
lightweight structure, meaning that the weights of its members are generally much
smaller than the loads that it is designed to carry.
2. All joints are pins. In practice, the members at each joint are usually riveted or
welded to a plate, called a gusset plate. However, if the members at a joint are aligned
so that their centroidal axes (axes that pass through the centroids of the cross-
sectional areas of the members) intersect at a common point, advanced methods of
analysis indicate that the assumption of pins is justified.
3. The applied forces act at the joints. Because the members of a truss are slender,
they may fail in bending when subjected to loads applied at locations other than the
joints. Therefore, trusses are designed so that the major applied loads act at the joints.
Free-Body Diagram for Truss
Free-Body Diagram of an Individual Member
• Axial Force
 The forces act along the longitudinal axis of
the member
• Tensile Force
 It elongate (stretch) the member
• Compressive Force
 It compresses (shorten) the member
METHOD OF JOINTS
Method of Joints

• In order to analyze or design a truss, we must obtain the force in each of its
members. To do this, we consider the equilibrium of a joint of the truss. This is the
basis for the method of joints.
• Since the truss members are all straight two-force members lying in the same plane,
the force system acting at each joint is coplanar and concurrent.
• Consequently, moment equilibrium is automatically satisfied at the joint and it is
only necessary to satisfy two independent scalar force equilibrium equations.
Method of Joints
Problem 1

• Using the method of joints, determine the force in each member of the truss shown
in figure. Indicate whether the members are in tension or compression
Problem 2

• The cantilever truss figure shown is hinged at D and E. Find the force in each
member.
Zero-Force Member

• Truss analysis using the method of joints is greatly simplified if one is first able to
determine those members which support no loading. These zero-force members are
used to increase stability of the truss during construction and to provide support if the
applied loading is changed
• Zero-force members of a truss are generally determined by inspection of each of its
joints.
Zero-Force Member

• As a general rule:
1. If only two members form a truss joint and
no external load or support reaction is
applied to the joint, the members must be
zero force members
2. If three members form a truss joint for
which two of the members are collinear, the
third member is a zero force member
provided no external force or support
reaction is applied to the joint.
Problem 3

• Using the method of joints, determine all the zero-force members of the Fink roof
truss shown in figure. Assume all joints are pin connected
Problem 4

• Calculate the forces in members CF, CG, and EF of the loaded truss
METHOD OF
SECTION
Method of Section

• The method of sections is used to determine the loadings acting within a body.
• It is based on the principle that if a body is in equilibrium then any part (section) of the body is also in
equilibrium.
• The method of sections enables us to determine forces in the specific members of trusses directly, without first
calculating many unnecessary member forces, as may be required by the method of joints
• The method of sections involves cutting the truss into two portions by passing an imaginary section through the
members whose forces are desired. The desired member forces are then determined by considering the
equilibrium of one of the two portions of the truss.
• There are only three equilibrium equations available, so they cannot be used to determine more than three
unknown forces. Thus, in general, sections should be chosen that do not pass through more than three members
with unknown forces
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYZING THE FORCES IN THE
MEMBERS OF A TRUSS USING THE METHOD OF SECTIONS

 Free-Body Diagram
 Make a decision as to how to “cut” or section the truss through the members where forces
are to be determined.
 Before isolating the appropriate section, it may first be necessary to determine the truss’
external reactions. Then three equilibrium equations are available to solve for member forces
at the cut section
 Draw the free-body diagram of that part of the sectioned truss which has the least number of
forces acting on it.
 Establish the sense of an unknown member force by either:
 Always assume that the unknown member forces at the cut section are in tension, i.e.,
“pulling” on the member. By doing this, the numerical solution of the equilibrium
equations will yield positive scalars for members in tension and negative scalars for
members in compression.
 The correct sense of an unknown member force can in many cases be determined “by
inspection
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYZING THE FORCES IN THE
MEMBERS OF A TRUSS USING THE METHOD OF SECTIONS

 Equations of Equilibrium
 Moments should be summed about a point that lies at the intersection of
the lines of action of two unknown forces, so that the third unknown
force is determined directly from the moment equation.
 If two of the unknown forces are parallel, forces may be summed
perpendicular to the direction of these unknowns to determine directly
the third unknown force.
Problem 5

Using the method of sections, determine the forces in the following members of the truss in Fig. (a): FI and
JC. Indicate tension or compression.
Problem 6

Determine the force in members BC and MC of the K-truss shown in figure. State whether the members
are in tension or compression
Redundant Members; Counter Diagonals

• In trusses subjected to moving loads such as railroad bridges, the diagonals members may undergo a
reversal of stress that is diagonal normally in tension may become subject to compression load
• If the diagonal is composed of eyebars or is otherwise so slender compared with its length that it will
buckle under compressive loads, an additional diagonal sloping in the opposite direction must be
provided in the truss panel to prevent collapse of the structure.
• It is convenient to regard them as wire which can support tension but will buckle instantly if subjected
to compression.
• Why both counters cannot act as tension diagonals? Forces must follow the axiom of conservation of
energy – forces are always distributed in the most efficient manner possible.
Problem 7 (CE Board Exam May 2015)

For the plane truss shown in the figure, a = 3 m, b = 2.25 m, h = 3 m, P1 = 1 kN, P2 = 3 kN,
P3 = 3 kN and P4 = 1.5 kN. The diagonal members CF, BG, DG, and CH are cables.
Determine the force in member DG and GH.
FRAMES AND
MACHINES
Frames and Machines

• Frames and machines are two types of structures which are often
composed of pin-connected multiforce members, i.e., members
that are subjected to more than two forces.
• Frames are used to support loads, whereas machines contain
moving parts and are designed to transmit and alter the effect of
forces.
• Once these forces are obtained, it is then possible to design the size
of the members, connections, and supports using the theory of
mechanics of materials and an appropriate engineering design
code.
Free Body Diagrams
Free Body Diagrams
Free Body Diagrams
Free Body Diagrams
Problem 8

• Determine the reactions at supports A and B.

Problem 9

• An 80-N box is placed on a folding table as shown in Fig. (a). Neglecting friction and the
weights of the members, determine all forces acting on member EFG and the tension in the
cable connecting points B and D
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marcdaniel.laurina@ue.edu.ph Marc Daniel Domingo Laurina marcdaniel.laurina@ue.edu.ph
 END OF SLIDE

TO GOD BE THE GLORY