KN Phy Project 12

AIM
To study the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
● An iron rod
● A strong magnet
● Insulated copper wire
● Light emitting diode(LED)

INTRODUCTION
Electro Magnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is
produced by electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the
current is turned off.
INDUCTION:
This process of generating current in a conductor changing magnetic
field is called induction. the conductor in at
Electromagnetic induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference
(voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic
field. Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes
molecules in another object to flow. Induction can produce electricity (in
coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where an emf magnetic flux

linking a conductor change. induced when the
Magnetic Flux is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and
the area normal to the field through which the field is passing. It is a
scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is the weber (Wb).
Ф=BA
PRINCIPLE:
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process

where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor
moving through a stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a
voltage across the conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction,
in turn, causes an electrical current - it is said to induce the current .
THEORY
INVENSION:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in
1831 though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco
Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a
similar discovery, but did not publish his findings until later.
Induced e.m.f:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be generated
in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by Ampere and
Faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that an e.m.f.
could be generatedeither by,
⮚ Moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or

⮚ By changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux.
⮚ Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux changing.
FOR EXAMPLE, CONSIDER TWO COILS AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 1.
Working and Construction:

Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a magnetic
field because the magnetic lines f force are applying a force on the free
electrons in the conductor and causing them to move. This process of
generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in a changing
magnetic field is called induction. This is called induction because there
is no physical connection between the conductor and the magnet. The
current is said to be induced in the conductor by the magnetic field. One
requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take place is that the
conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be perpendicular to the
magnetic lines of force in order to produce the maximum force on the
free electrons. The direction that the induced current flows is determined
by the direction of the lines of force and by the direction the wire is
moving in the field. In the animation above the ammeter (the instrument
used to measure current) indicates when there is current in the
conductor.
FARADAY'S FIRST EXPERIMENT

Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic
induction (August 29, 1831). He wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar
to a modern toroidal transformer)
When the strength of the electric field is varied:
Consider two coils P and S wound on an iron rod, Iron rod is

connected with galvanometer, tapping key and battery. When
the tapping key is pressed and released galvanometer shows
deflection showing the presence of induced current.
Explanation:
When the tapping key is pressed the magnetic flux linked with
coil S is changed because of increase in magnetic field of coil P
and induced current is produced. When it is released magnetic
flux is again changed and induced current is produced. But when
the tapping key is kept pressed the magnetic field associated
with coil P does not get changed due to which no current is
induced in coil S and galvanometer also shows no deflection.
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction:
● Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit(or a loop or a

coil) changes, induced EMF's is produced
● The induced E.M.F's lasts as long as change in magnetic

flux continuous.
● The magnitude of induced E.M.F's is proportional to the

rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
LENZ'S LAW
Lenz's rule is a convenient method to determine the direction of

induced current in the circuit
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to

Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a
current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The
induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the
magnetic flux in the loop constant.
On pressing the key current in the coil flows in the clockwise direction
and magnetic lines of force are directed from left to right. The magnetic
flux linked with coil S is changed. The direction of induced current
should be such that it should oppose the direction of flow of magnetic
field lines. So induced current in the coil S is in the direction opposite to
the magnetic field in coil P. Hence direction of induced current in coil S
is from left to right. So, induced current in coil S should flow in
anticlockwise direction.
The magnetic flux produced through a wire is always perpendicular to
that wire, and the flux intensity of that magnetic field varied with the
amount of current through it.
A wire is capable of inducing a voltage along its own length simply due
to the change of current through it. A device constructed to take
advantage of this property is called an inductor.
Applications of electromagnetic Induction
Electrical Generator
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative

movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon
underlying electrical generators. When a permanent magnet is moved
relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force is created.
If the wire is connected through an electrical load, current will flow, and
thus electrical energy is generated, converting the mechanical energy of
motion to electrical energy.
Electrical transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for electrical

transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the
changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second wire in
reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field
as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, dDe/dt. Therefore, an
electromotive force is set up in the second loop called the induced EMF
or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are connected through
an electrical load, current will flow.
ELECTRIC MOTOR
An Electric motor is a device which converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy. It also has a coil. When a current is passed through
the coil, interaction of the magnetic field with the current causes the coil
to spin.
Observation
As the magnet moves slowly to the

right, its magnetic field is changing
with respect to the coil, and a voltage
is induced
CONCLUTION
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and

published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century, describes a
Magnet moves at same rete
very important electro-magnetic concept. Although its mathematical
through a are
representations coilcryptic,
with the
more turns
essence of Faraday's is not hard to grasp:
and induces
it relates an induceda electric
greater voltage.
potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic
field. This concept has many far reaching ramifications that touch our
lives in many ways: from the shining of the sun, to the convenience of
mobile communications, to electricity to power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faraday's Law has on us.
As the magnet moves more rapidly to

the right, its magnetic field is changing
more rapidly with respect to the coil,
and a greater voltage is introduced.
MICHAEL FARADAY

KN Phy Project 12

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AIM

To study the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

● Insulated copper wire

● Light emitting diode(LED)

Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where an emf magnetic flux

Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process

⮚ Moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or

Working and Construction:

FARADAY'S FIRST EXPERIMENT

When the strength of the electric field is varied:

Consider two coils P and S wound on an iron rod, Iron rod is

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction:

● Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit(or a loop or a

● The induced E.M.F's lasts as long as change in magnetic

● The magnitude of induced E.M.F's is proportional to the

Lenz's rule is a convenient method to determine the direction of

When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to

Applications of electromagnetic Induction

The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative

The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for electrical

An Electric motor is a device which converts electrical energy into

As the magnet moves slowly to the

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and

As the magnet moves more rapidly to

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