The basic structure of C++

Classes
 A class is the fundamental building block of object
oriented program
 It contains a set of data items and functions that operate
on these data
 A class definition of two parts
 Class head
 Class head is made up of class keyword followed by class
name of the class
 Class body
 The class body is the portion of the class definition enclosed
within pair of curly braces
 Body consists of both data and functions.
….
 Class body defines a scope which is commonly called
class scope
 There are two keyword
 Private
 The private data members are accessed by the members
functions only
 Public
 The data members are accessed by the member function &
function out side the class
Class structure
example
 Class student
{
 Private:
 Char name[20];
 Int age;
 Float per;
 Public:
 Void read();
 Void print();
 };
Data members
 The data component of a class are called data
members
 Data members of ex: student
 Name, age, percentage
 The data members cannot be initialized explicitly with
in class
 Constructors are used to initialized the data members
of a class
Member functions
 A member function can be declared two ways
 Inside the class
 Out side the class using scope resolution operator
 Point to remember
 A member function must be declared in public section
 The member function belong to one class have no access
to the members class of another class
 A member function can be overloaded
 A member function cannot be overloaded the function
in other class
….
 Syntax
 Return_type funct_name(parameters);
 Declaration outside
 Return_type
class_name::member_function_name(parameter_list);
 Example Members function inside the class
#include <iostream.h>

class student
{
private: int rollno;
char name[20];
float percentage;

public: void getData (void)

{
cout <<"Enter the roll number"<<endl;
cin >> rollno;
cout <<"Enter the name"<<endl;
cin >> name;
cout <<"Enter the percentage"<<endl;
cin >> percentage;
}
….
void printData(void)
{
cout <<"Roll number = "<<rollno<<endl;
cout <<"Name = "<<name <<endl;
cout <<"Percentage = "<<percentage<<endl;
}

}; //End of class definition

void main()
{
student boy; //object creation

boy.getData();
boy.printData();
}
 Example Members function outside the class
#include <iostream.h>

class student
{
private: int rollno;
char name[20];
float percentage;

public:void getdata();
void printdata();
};
void student ::getData (void)
{
cout <<"Enter the roll number"<<endl;
cin >> rollno;
cout <<"Enter the name"<<endl;
cin >> name;
cout <<"Enter the percentage"<<endl;
cin >> percentage;
}
….
void student :: printData(void)
{
cout <<"Roll number = "<<rollno<<endl;
cout <<"Name = "<<name <<endl;
cout <<"Percentage = "<<percentage<<endl;
}

void main()
{
student boy; //object creation

boy.getData();
boy.printData();
}
Member access
 There are 3 member access specifies in c++
 Private
 The private members can be accessed only by the members
function of that class only
 Public
 Can be accessed any where in the class
 Protected
 In inheritance concept we use this for inheriting the base class
to deriver class
Class definition versus declaration
 Class definition  Class declaration
 A class definition mad  A class declaration can be
outside the main made inside or outside the
 A class definition is a process class
of writing the actual class  Its tells the compiler to store
body followed by head the amount of memory for
 The class definition the objects
introduces new data type
 It does not allocate any
memory space
Class objects
 An object is a real world entity
 A class object is the instance of the class
 The memory is allocated for the objects
 Class student s1,s2,s3,s4,s5[20];
Points to remember
 Each objects has its own copy of data members
 An object has a scope
 An object has its lifetime
 Pointer & references to objects can be declared
 Member access operators
 Dot operator(.)
 S1.name;s1.age;
 Pointer (->)
 S2->name;s2->age;
Member function
 Member function are usually declared in public
section
 The class members function can be declared inside or
outside the class
 There can be one copy of the members function & it is
shared by almost all the objects
 The members function defined inside the class called
inline
Array of objects
 Int a[20], char name[20], struct student s[20];
 Class student s[20];
Example:
#include<iostream.h>
Class empl
{
char name[20];
int age;
public:
void getdata();
void putdata();
};
Void empl :: getdata()
{
cout<<“Enter name:”;
cin>>name;
cout<<“Enter age:”;
cin>>age;
}
Void empl::putdata()
{
cout<<“Name:”<<name<<“\n”;
cout<<“Age:<<age<<“\n”;
}
Void main()
{ empl e1[4];
for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
{
cout<<“\nEnter the Details of manager”<<i+1;
e1[i].getdata();
}
Cout<<“\n”;
for(i=0;i<size;i++)
{
cout<<“\nDetails of manager”<<i+1;
e1[i].putdata();
}
}
Pointers.
 The pointer can be used in two ways
.
 ->
Example:-
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class name
{
char name[20];
public:
void get();
void put();
};
void name::get()
{
cout<<"Enter u r name\n";
cin>>name;
}
void name::put()
{
cout<<"U r name is "<<name;
}
void main()
{
class name *n; n->get(); n->put();
}
Difference between
 Struct in c  Class in c++
 First begins with struct  First begins with the keyword
keyword class
 Only data members can be  Both data members and
defined members functions can be
 By default all data members declared
are public  By default all data members &
 Its defines new user defined members functions are
data type private
 Its also defines new user
defined data type
Struct in c++
 There is no difference between struct & class in c++
both use data members and members functions
 Only by default in struct is public but in class is private
Example using struct
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct name
{
char name[20];
int age;
public:
void get();
void put();
};
void name::get()
{
cout<<"Enter u r name\n";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter u r age\n"; cin>>age;
}
void name::put()
{
cout<<"U r name is "<<name<<" Age is "<<age;
}
void main()
{
struct name n;
clrscr();
n.get();
n.put();
getch();
}
Example using struct with pointer
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct name
{
char name[20];
int age;
public:
void get();
void put();
};
void name::get()
{
cout<<"Enter u r name\n";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter u r age\n"; cin>>age;
}
void name::put()
{
cout<<"U r name is "<<name<<" Age is "<<age;
}
void main()
{
struct name *n;
clrscr();
n->get();
n->put();
getch();
}
Nested classes
 Class within another class is called nested class
Example:-
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class outer
{
int age;
char name[20];
public:
void out_get();
void out_put();
class inner
{
char major[20];
float per;
public:
void in_get();
void in_put();
};
};
void outer::out_get()
{
cout<<"Enter u r name\n";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter u r age"<<endl;
cin>>age;
}
void outer::out_put()
{
cout<<"U r name is : "<<name<<" Age is : "<<age;
}
void outer::inner::in_get()
{
cout<<"Enter u r major subject"<<endl;
cin>>major;
cout<<"Enter u r percentage"<<endl;
cin>>per;
}
void outer::inner::in_put()
{
cout<<"Major subject is "<<major<<" & percentage is "<<per;
}
void main()
{
class outer o;
class outer::inner i;
clrscr();
o.out_get();
i.in_get();
o.out_put();
i.in_put();
getch();
}