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    Sums and Products

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    Debdrik Debnath

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Sums and Products

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    Debdrik Debnath
    45 views4 pages

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    45 views4 pages

    Sums and Products

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    Debdrik Debnath

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    of 4

    6/1/2019 Sums and Products

    (https://www.cut-the-knot.org/manifesto/index.shtml)

    Sums and Products


    On the left side of the applet there is a list of random integers. You select two at a time. (While selecting the second
    number, hold the Ctrl key down.) When selected, the two integers, say, A and B are replaced with another one
    computed as (A·B + A + B). The process ends when only one number remains. Controls allow you to select the starting
    number of integers and maximum possible integer that may be randomly selected into the game.

    The final number is not quite random. Can you see whether it's possible to determine (https://www.cut-the-
    knot.org/arithmetic/Invariant.shtml#explain) it ahead of time?

    If you are reading this, your browser is not set to run Java
    applets. Try IE11 or Safari and declare the site https://www.cut-
    the-knot.org as trusted in the Java setup.

    Sums and Products

    What if applet does not run? (https://www.cut-the-


    knot.org/HelpWithJava.shtml)
    https://www.cut-the-knot.org/arithmetic/Invariant.shtml 1/4
    6/1/2019 Sums and Products

    |Contact| (https://www.cut-the-knot.org/MailNotificationPage.shtml) |Front page| (https://www.cut-the-


    knot.org/front.shtml) |Contents| (https://www.cut-the-knot.org/content.shtml) |Algebra| (https://www.cut-the-
    knot.org/algebra.shtml)

    Copyright © 1996-2018 Alexander Bogomolny (https://www.cut-the-knot.org/index.shtml)

    Explanation
    Assume at a certain stage of the process we have a sequence S of integers, S = {A1, A2, ..., An}. Let P stand for the
    product of all integers present, each increased by 1 less 1: P = (A1+1)(A2+1)...(An+1) - 1. When two numbers A and B
    are replaced with (A·B + A + B) the product P does not change. Indeed, it loses two factors (A+1)(B+1) but gains
    another one (A·B + A + B + 1). The two are of course equal.

    It then follows that P is an invariant quantity that does not change in the course of the game. It could be computed at
    the very beginning. For example, if we are given the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 then P = 7! - 1 which you can easily
    verify.

    References
    https://www.cut-the-knot.org/arithmetic/Invariant.shtml 2/4
    6/1/2019 1. D. Fomin, S. Genkin, I. Itenberg, Mathematical Circles (Russian Experience) Sums and Products
    (https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0821804308/ctksoftwareincA/), AMS, 1996

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    knot.org/Curriculum/Arithmetic/EuclidAlg.shtml)
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    |Contact| (https://www.cut-the-knot.org/MailNotificationPage.shtml) |Front page| (https://www.cut-the-


    knot.org/front.shtml) |Contents| (https://www.cut-the-knot.org/content.shtml) |Algebra| (https://www.cut-the-
    knot.org/algebra.shtml) |Up| (https://www.cut-the-knot.org/arithmetic/Invariant.shtml#applet)
    https://www.cut-the-knot.org/arithmetic/Invariant.shtml 3/4
    6/1/2019 Copyright © 1996-2018 Alexander Bogomolny (https://www.cut-the-knot.org/index.shtml) Sums and Products

    64888538

    https://www.cut-the-knot.org/arithmetic/Invariant.shtml 4/4

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