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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: A320/A320M − 22

Standard Specification for

Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting for Low-Temperature
Service1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A320/A320M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 1.3 The following referenced general requirements are in-

2
1.1 This specification covers alloy and stainless steel bolt- dispensable for application of this specification: Specification
ing materials and bolting components for pressure vessels, A962/A962M.
valves, flanges, and fittings for low-temperature service. See 1.4 Nuts for use with bolting are covered in Section 10 and
Specification A962/A962M for the definition of bolting. The the nut material shall be impact tested.
bars shall be hot-wrought and may be further processed by 1.5 Supplementary Requirements are provided for use at the
centerless grinding or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall
steel may be solution annealed or annealed and strain- apply only when specified in the purchase order or contract.
hardened. When strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is
ordered, the purchaser should take special care to ensure that 1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units
Appendix X1 is thoroughly understood. and SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract
specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI) units,
1.2 Several grades are covered, including both ferritic and the inch-pound units shall apply.
austenitic steels designated L7, B8, etc. Selection will depend
on design, service conditions, mechanical properties, and 1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
low-temperature characteristics. The mechanical requirements are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
of Table 1 indicate the diameters for which the minimum each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
mechanical properties apply to the various grades and classes, system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
and Table 2 stipulates the requirements for Charpy impact values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
energy absorption. The manufacturer should determine that the with the standard.
material can conform to these requirements before parts are 1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
manufactured. For example, when Grade L43 is specified to dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
meet the Table 2 impact energy values at −150 °F [−101 °C], ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
additional restrictions (such as procuring a steel with lower P Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
and S contents than might normally be supplied) in the mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
chemical composition for AISI 4340 are likely to be required. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
NOTE 1—The committee formulating this specification has included 2. Referenced Documents
several grades of material that have been rather extensively used for the
present purpose. Other compositions will be considered for inclusion by 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
the committee from time to time as the need becomes apparent. Users A194/A194M Specification for Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel,
should note that hardenability of some of the grades mentioned may and Stainless Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or
restrict the maximum size at which the required mechanical properties are
obtainable. High Temperature Service, or Both
A962/A962M Specification for Common Requirements for
Bolting Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryo-
1
genic to the Creep Range
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E566 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current/Magnetic
A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting Induction) Sorting of Ferrous Metals
Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.
Current edition approved May 1, 2022. Published June 2022. Originally
3
approved in 1948. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as A320/A320M – 21a. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/A0320_A0320M-22. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifi- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
cation SA-320 in Section II of that Code. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 TABLE 1 Mechanical Requirements
Minimum Tensile Yield Strength, Elongation
Reduction
Tempering Strength, min, ksi in 2 in. Hardness,
Class and Grade, Diameter, in. [mm] Heat Treatment of Area,
Temperature, min, ksi [MPa] (0.2 % or 50 max
min, %
°F [°C] [MPa] offset) mm, min, %
Ferritic Steels
L7, L7A, L7B, L7C, L70, L71, L72, L73 125 105 16 50 321 HBW or 35
HRC
21⁄2 [65] and underA quenched and tempered 1100 [860] [725]
[593]
L43 125 105 16 50 321 HBW or 35
HRC
A
4 [100] and under quenched and tempered 1100 [860] [725]
[593]
L7M 100 80 18 50 235 HBWB or
99 HRB
21⁄2 [65] and underA quenched and tempered 1150 [690] [550]
[620]
L1 125 105 16 50 ...
1 [25] and underA quenched and tempered [860] [725]
Austenitic SteelsC
Class 1: B8, B8C, B8M, B8P, carbide solution treated 75 30 30 50 223 HBWD or
B8F, B8T, B8LN, B8MLN, all diameters [515] [205] 96 HRB
Class 1A: B8A, B8CA, B8MA, B8PA, carbide solution treated in the 75 30 30 50 192 HBW or 90
B8FA, B8TA, B8LNA, finished condition [515] [205] HRB
B8MLNA, all diameters
Class 2: B8, B8C, B8P, B8F, B8T: carbide solution treated and strain

2
hardened
34
⁄ [20] and under 125 100 12 35 321 HBW or 35
[860] [690] HRC
34
over ⁄ to 1 [20 to 25], incl 115 80 15 35 321 HBW or 35
[795] [550] HRC
over 1 to 11⁄4 [25 to 32], incl 105 65 20 35 321 HBW or 35
[725] [450] HRC
A320/A320M − 22

over 11⁄4 to 11⁄2 [32 to 40], inclA 100 50 28 45 321 HBW or 35

[690] [345] HRC
Class 2: B8M: carbide solution treated and strain
hardened
34
⁄ [20] and under 110 95 15 45 321 HBW or 35
[760] [655] HRC
over 3⁄4 to 1 [20 to 25], incl 100 80 20 45 321 HBW or 35
[690] [550] HRC
over 1 to 11⁄4 [25 to 32], incl 95 65 25 45 321 HBW or 35
[655] [450] HRC
over 11⁄4 to 11⁄2 [32 to 40], inclA 90 50 30 45 321 HBW or 35
[620] [345] HRC
A
These upper diameter limits were established on the basis that these were the largest sizes commonly available that consistently met specification property limits. They are not intended as absolute limits beyond which
bolting materials could no longer be certified to the specification.
B
To meet the tensile requirements, the Brinell hardness shall not be less than 200 HBW or 93 HRB.
C
Class 1 products are made from solution-treated material. Class 1A products are solution treated in the finished condition for corrosion resistance; heat treatment is critical for enhancing this physical property and meeting
the mechanical property requirements. Class 2 products are made from solution-treated material that has been strain hardened. Austenitic steels in the strain-hardened condition may not show uniform properties
throughout the cross section, particularly in sizes over 3⁄4 in. [20 mm] in diameter.
D
For sizes 3⁄4 in. [20 mm] in diameter and smaller, a maximum hardness of 241 HBW (100 HRB) is permitted.

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A320/A320M − 22
TABLE 2 Impact Test Temperatures and Properties
Test Temperature CVN Specimen Section Min Average Impact Min Impact Value of a Single
Size, mm Toughness of Three Test Specimen of Set of Three,
Grade
Specimens, ft-lbf [J] ft-lbf [J]
°F °C
10 × 10 20 [27] 15 [20]
L7M, L70, L71, L72, L73 –100 –73 10 × 7.5 16 [22] 12 [16]
10 × 10 20 [27] 15 [20]
L7, L7A, L7B, L7C, L43 –150 –101 10 × 7.5 16 [22] 12 [16]
10 × 10 40 [54] 30 [41]
L1 –100 –73 10 × 7.5 32 [44] 24 [32]

F436/F436M Specification for Hardened Steel Washers Inch to above the upper critical temperature and liquid quenched
and Metric Dimensions and tempered. Grades B8, B8C, B8M, B8T, B8F, B8P, B8LN,
F606/F606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical and B8MLN shall receive a carbide solution treatment. Prod-
Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded ucts made from such material are described as Class 1. This
Fasteners, Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets shall consist of holding the bolting material for a sufficient time
2.2 ASME Standards:4 at a temperature at which the chromium carbide will go into
B1.1 Screw Threads solution and then cooling in air or in a liquid medium at a rate
B18.21.1 Washers: Helical Spring-Lock, Tooth Lock, and sufficient to prevent reprecipitation of the carbide. Bolting
Plain Washers (Inch Series) material thus treated is described as Class 1. If specified in the
purchase order, bolting material shall be solution treated in the
3. Ordering Information finished condition and shall be described as Class 1A.
3.1 It is the purchaser’s responsibility to specify in the 5.1.2 Use of water quenching is prohibited for any ferritic
purchase order all information necessary to purchase the grade when heat treatment is performed after heading or
needed materials. Examples of such information include, but threading.
are not limited to, the following: 5.1.3 When increased mechanical properties are desired,
3.1.1 Quantity and size, austenitic bolting shall be solution annealed and strain hard-
3.1.2 Heat-treated condition, that is, for the austenitic stain- ened if specified in the purchase order; material so treated is
less steels, solution-treated (Class 1); solution-treated after identified as Class 2.
finishing (Class 1A); and annealed and strain-hardened (Class 5.1.4 If scale-free bright finish is required, this shall be
2), specified in the purchase order.
3.1.3 Description of items required (bars, bolts, screws, or 5.1.5 For L7M bolting, the final heat treatment, which may
studs), be the tempering or stress-relieving operation conducted at
3.1.4 Nuts and washers, if required by the purchaser, in 1150 °F [620 °C] minimum, shall be done after machining or
accordance with Section 10, and rolling of the threads and any type of cutting.
3.1.5 Special requirements, in accordance with 5.1.1, 5.1.3,
5.1.4, and 13.1. 6. Mechanical Requirements
4. Common Requirements 6.1 Tensile Properties:
4.1 Bolting materials and bolting components supplied to 6.1.1 Bolting material as represented by the tension speci-
this specification shall conform to the requirements of Speci- mens shall conform to the requirements as to tensile properties
fication A962/A962M. These requirements include test prescribed in Table 1 at room temperature after heat treatment
methods, finish, thread dimensions, macroetch (carbon and (see 5.1.1). Alternatively, Class 2 Strain Hardened Headed
alloy steels only) marking, certification, optional supplemen- Bolting Components shall be tested full size after strain
tary requirements, and others. Failure to comply with the hardening to determine tensile strength and yield strength and
requirements of Specification A962/A962M constitutes non- shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 1.
conformance with this specification. In case of conflict be- Should the results of full size tests conflict with results of
tween the requirements in this specification and Specification tension specimen tests, full size test results shall prevail.
A962/A962M, this specification shall prevail. 6.1.2 Number of Tests:
6.1.2.1 For heat-treated bars, one tension test and one
5. Materials and Manufacture impact test consisting of three specimens shall be made for
5.1 Heat Treatment: each diameter of each heat represented in each tempering
5.1.1 Bolting materials shall be allowed to cool to room charge. When heat treated without interruption in continuous
temperature after rolling or forging. Grades L7, L7A, L7B, furnaces, the material in a lot shall be the same heat, same prior
L7C, L7M, L43, L1, L70, L71, L72, and L73 shall be reheated condition, same size, and subjected to the same heat treatment.
Not fewer than two tensile tests and two impact tests are
4
required for each lot containing 20 000 lbs [9000 kg] or less.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:// Every additional 10 000 lbs [4500 kg] or fraction thereof
www.asme.org. requires an additional tensile test and impact test.

3
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A320/A320M − 22
6.1.2.2 For studs, bolts, screws, etc., one tension test and suitably marked to identify the reported test temperature. When
one set of three impact specimens shall be made for each impact testing is required for austenitic grades, test criteria
diameter of each heat involved in the lot. Each lot shall consist shall be agreed upon between the supplier and purchaser.
of the following: 6.2.1.3 The impact test requirements for standard and sub-
Diameter, in. [mm] Lot Size, lb [kg] size Charpy V-notch (CVN) test specimens are prescribed in
1 ⁄ [30] and under
18 1500 [680] or fraction thereof
Table 2. If the material is impact tested at a temperature lower
Over 11⁄8 [30] to 13⁄4 [45], 4500 [2040] or fraction than the specified test temperature with impact energy absorp-
incl thereof tion results equal to or greater than the specified required
Over 13⁄4 [45] to 21⁄2 [65], 6000 [2700] or fraction
incl thereof
impact energy absorption for that product, the material can be
Over 21⁄2 [65] 100 pieces or fraction thereof considered suitable for the specified test temperature.
6.1.2.3 Full Size Specimens, Headed Bolting Components— NOTE 2—As an example, the purchase order or contract requires an
Headed bolts or screws 1 1⁄2 in. in body diameter and smaller, L-grade bolt to have an average 15 ft-lbs at –50 °F. If the Charpy V-notch
with body length three times the diameter or longer, and that testing indicates that the bolting material passes at –100 °F and if it also
are produced by upsetting or forging (hot or cold) shall be meets other mechanical property or other environmental resistance
subjected to full size testing in accordance with 6.1.3. This requirements, it is permissible or suitable for use if that specified
temperature reflects the minimum anticipated temperature range to which
testing shall be in addition to tensile testing as specified in
that the product or application will be subjected.
6.1.1. Wedge tensile testing shall be limited to product with
socket head cap screw, hexagon, square, hex flange, or twelve 6.2.2 Number of Tests:
point flange heads. The lot size shall be shown in 6.1.2.2. 6.2.2.1 The test requirements for heat-treated bars are given
Failure shall occur in the body or threaded section with no in 6.1.2.1.
failure, or indications of failure, such as cracks, at the junction 6.2.2.2 For test requirements on studs, bolts, screws, etc.,
of the head and shank. Wedge tensile testing is not required for see 6.1.2.2.
flat countersunk head or socket button products.
6.2.2.3 Impact tests are not required to be made on heat-
6.1.3 Full Size Bolting Components, Wedge Tensile
treated bars, bolts, screws, studs, and stud bolts 1⁄2 in. [12.5
Testing—When applicable, see 6.1.2.3. Headed components
mm] and under in diameter.
shall be wedge tested full size. The minimum full size load
applied (lbf or kN) for individual sizes shall be as follows: 6.2.3 Test Specimens—For sections 1 in. [25 mm] or less in
diameter, test specimens shall be taken at the axis; for sections
W 5 Ts 3 At (1)
over 1 in. [25 mm] in diameter, midway between the axis and
where: the surface.
W = minimum wedge tensile load without fracture, 6.3 Hardness Requirements:
Ts = tensile strength specified in ksi or MPa in Tables 2 and
3, and 6.3.1 The hardness shall conform to the requirements pre-
At = stress area of the thread section, square inches or square scribed in Table 1. Hardness testing shall be performed in
millimetres, as shown in the Cone Proof Load Tables in accordance with either Specification A962/A962M or with Test
Specification A962/A962M. Methods F606/F606M.
6.3.2 The maximum hardness of Grade L7M shall be 235
6.2 Impact Properties:
HBW or 99 HRB. Minimum hardness shall not be less than 200
6.2.1 Requirements:
HBW or 93 HRB. Conformance to this hardness shall be
6.2.1.1 Impact tests are required for the grades shown in
ensured by testing each bolt or stud by Brinell or Rockwell B
Table 3. Class 1, 1A, and 2 austenitic steels for temperatures
methods in accordance with 6.3.1.
above –325 °F [–200 °C]; Class 1 and 1A austenitic Grades B8,
B8A, B8P, B8PA, B8C, B8CA, B8LN, and B8LNA above 6.3.2.1 The use of 100 % electromagnetic testing for hard-
–425 °F [–255 °C]; and ferritic or austenitic bolting 1⁄2 in. [12.5 ness as an alternative to 100 % indentation hardness testing is
mm] and smaller, are exempt from impact testing, unless permissible when qualified by sampling using indentation
Supplementary Requirement S1 is specified in the purchase hardness testing. Each lot tested for hardness electromagneti-
order (see 1.4). All other material furnished under this speci- cally shall be 100 % examined in accordance with Practice
fication shall be tested. Material of Grades L7, L7A, L7B, L7C, E566. Following electromagnetic testing for hardness, a ran-
L7M, L43, L70, L71, L72, and L73 shall show a minimum dom sample of a minimum of 100 pieces in each purchase lot
impact energy absorption of 20 ft · lbf [27 J] and of Grade L1 (as defined in 6.1.2.2) shall be tested by indentation hardness
a minimum impact energy absorption of 40 ft · lbf [54 J] at the methods. All samples must meet hardness requirements to
specified test temperature. permit acceptance of the lot. If any one sample is outside of the
6.2.1.2 The temperature of the coolant used for chilling the specified maximum or minimum hardness, the lot shall be
test specimens shall be controlled within 62 °F [1 °C]. Test rejected and either reprocessed and resampled, or tested 100 %
temperatures for ferritic grades are listed in Table 2. Excep- by indentation hardness methods.
tions to this requirement are permissible, and the impact tests 6.3.2.2 In the event a controversy exists relative to mini-
may be made at specified temperatures different than those mum strength, tension tests shall prevail over hardness read-
shown in Table 2, provided the test temperature is at least as ings. Products which have been tested and found acceptable
low as the intended service temperature and the bolting is shall have a line under the grade symbol.

4
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A320/A320M − 22
TABLE 3 Chemical Requirements (Composition, %)A
Type . . . . . . Ferritic
Steels
Grade
L7, L7M, L70 L7A, L71 L7B, L72 L7C, L73 L43 L1
Symbol . . . . .
Carbon- Chromium- Nickel-Chromium- Nickel-Chromium-
Molybdenum Molybdenum Molybdenum Molybdenum
B
Description . . . Chromium-Molybdenum (AISI 4037) (AISI 4137) (AISI 8740) (AISI 4340) Low-Carbon Boron
Product Product Product Product Product Product
Variation, Variation, Variation, Variation, Variation, Variation,
Range, Range, Range, Range, Range, Range,
% % % % % %
% % % % % %
Over or Over or Over or Over or Over or Over or
Under Under Under Under Under Under
Carbon 0.38– 0.02 0.35– 0.02 0.35– 0.02 0.38– 0.02 0.38– 0.02 0.17– 0.01
C
0.48 0.40 0.40 0.43 0.43 0.24
Manganese 0.75– 0.04 0.70– 0.03 0.70– 0.03 0.75– 0.04 0.60– 0.03 0.70– 0.04
1.00 0.90 0.90 1.00 0.85 1.40
Phosphorus, 0.035 0.005 0.035 0.005 0.035 0.005 0.035 0.005 0.035 0.005 0.035 0.005
max over over over over over over
Sulfur, max 0.040 0.005 0.040 0.005 0.040 0.005 0.040 0.005 0.040 0.005 0.050 0.005
over over over over over over
Silicon 0.15– 0.02 0.15– 0.02 0.15– 0.02 0.15– 0.02 0.15– 0.02 0.15– 0.02
0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.30
Nickel ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.40– 0.03 1.65– 0.05 ... ...
0.70 2.00
Chromium 0.80– 0.05 ... ... 0.80– 0.05 0.40– 0.03 0.70– 0.03 ... ...
1.10 1.10 0.60 0.90
Molybdenum 0.15– 0.02 0.20– 0.02 0.15– 0.02 0.20– 0.02 0.20– 0.02 ... ...
0.25 0.30 0.25 0.30 0.30
Boron ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.001– ...
0.003
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Austenitic Steels, Classes 1, 1A, and 2D
Grade Symbol . . . . . . . B8, B8A B8C, B8CA
UNS Designation. . . . . . . . . . . S 30400(304) S 34700(347)
Product Variation, % Product Variation, %
Range, % Range, %
Over or Under Over or Under
Carbon, max 0.08 0.01 over 0.08 0.01 over
Manganese, max 2.00 0.04 over 2.00 0.04 over
Phosphorus, max 0.045 0.010 over 0.045 0.010 over
Sulfur, max 0.030 0.005 over 0.030 0.005 over
Silicon, max 1.00 0.05 over 1.00 0.05 over
Nickel 8.0–11.0 0.15 9.0–12.0 0.15
Chromium 18.0–20.0 0.20 17.0–19.0 0.20
NiobiumE + Tantalum ... ... 10 × carbon 0.05 under
content, min. –1.10
max
Type. . . . . . . . Austenitic Steels, Classes 1, 1A, and 2D
Grade Symbol . . . . . . B8T, B8TA B8P, B8PA B8F, B8FA B8M, B8MA
UNS Designation . . . . S 32100(321) S 30500 S 30300(303) S 30323(303Se) S 31600(316)
Product Product Product Product Product
Variation, % Variation, % Variation, % Variation, % Variation, %
Range, % Range, % Range, % Range, % Range, %
Over or Over or Over or Over or Over or
Under Under Under Under Under
Carbon, max 0.08 0.01 over 0.12 0.01 over 0.15 0.01 over 0.15 0.01 over 0.08 0.01 over
Manganese, max 2.00 0.04 over 2.00 0.04 over 2.00 0.04 over 2.00 0.04 over 2.00 0.04 over
Phosphorus, max 0.045 0.010 over 0.045 0.010 over 0.20 0.010 over 0.20 0.010 over 0.045 0.010 over
Sulfur 0.030, max 0.005 over 0.030, max 0.005 over 0.15, min 0.020 0.06, max 0.010 over 0.030, max 0.005 over
Silicon, max 1.00 0.05 over 1.00 0.05 over 1.00 0.05 over 1.00 0.05 over 1.00 0.05 over
9.0– 11– 8.0– 8.0– 10.0–
Nickel 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.15
12.0 13.0 10.0 10.0 14.0
17.0– 17.0– 17.0– 17.0– 16.0–
Chromium 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 18.0
2.00–
Molybdenum ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.10
3.00
0.15–
Selenium ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.03 under ... ...
0.35
Titanium 5× 0.05 under ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
(C+N) min
-0.7 max
Nitrogen 0.10, max 0.01 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Austenitic Steels, Classes 1 and 1A
Grade Symbol . . . . . . . B8LN, B8LNA B8MLN, B8MLNA
UNS Designation . . . . . . . . . . . S 30453 S 31653
Product Variation, % Product Variation, %
Range, % Range, %
Over or Under Over or Under
Carbon, max 0.030 0.005 over 0.030 0.005 over
Manganese, max 2.00 0.04 over 2.00 0.04 over

5
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A320/A320M − 22
TABLE 3 Continued
Phosphorus, max 0.045 0.010 over 0.045 0.010 over
Sulfur, max 0.030 0.005 over 0.030 0.005 over
Silicon, max 1.00 0.05 over 1.00 0.05 over
Nickel 8.0–11 0.15 10.0–13.0 0.15
Chromium 18.0–20.0 0.20 16.0–18.0 0.20
Molybdenum ... ... 2.00–3.00 0.10
Nitrogen 0.10–0.16 0.01 0.10–0.16 0.01
A
The intentional addition of Bi, Se, Te, and Pb is not permitted except for Grade B8F, in which selenium is specified and required.
B
Typical steel compositions used for this grade include 4140, 4142, 4145, 4140H, 4142H, and 4145H.
C
For the L7M grade, a minimum carbon content of 0.28 % is permitted provided that the required tensile properties are met in the section sizes involved; the use of AISI
4130 or 4130H is allowed.
D
Class 1 are made from solution-treated material. Class 1A products (B8A, B8CA, B8MA, B8PA, B8FA, and B8TA) are solution-treated in the finished condition. Class
2 products are solution-treated and strain-hardened.
E
Niobium and columbium are interchangeable names for the same element and both names are acceptable for use in A01.22 specifications.

7. Chemical Composition temperatures below −150 °F [−100 °C], he may require that the
7.1 Each alloy shall conform to the chemical composition nuts conform to Grades 8, 8C, 8M, 8P, 8T, 8F, 8LN, or 8MLN
requirements prescribed in Table 3. of Specification A194/A194M.
10.4 Unless otherwise specified, washers for use with fer-
8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance ritic steel bolting shall conform to Specification F436/F436M.
8.1 Bolts, screws, studs, and stud bolts shall be pointed and 10.5 Washers for use with austenitic steel bolting shall be
shall have a workmanlike finish. made of austenitic steel as agreed upon between the manufac-
turer and purchaser.
9. Retests
10.6 Washer dimensions shall be in accordance with re-
9.1 If the results of the mechanical tests of any test lot do
quirements of ASME B18.21.1, unless otherwise specified in
not conform to the requirements specified, the manufacturer
the purchase order.
may retreat such lot not more than twice, in which case two
additional tension tests and one additional impact test consist- 11. Threads
ing of three specimens shall be made from such lot, all of
which shall conform to the requirements specified. 11.1 Where practical, all threads shall be formed after heat
treatment. Class 1A, Grades B8A, B8CA, B8MA, B8PA,
10. Nuts and Washers B8FA, B8TA, B8LNA, and B8MLNA are to be solution-
10.1 Bolts, studs, and stud bolts of Grades L7, L7A, L7B, treated in the finished condition.
L7C, L43, L1, L70, L71, L72, and L73 shall be equipped with
12. Certification
ferritic alloy nuts conforming to Grade 7 of Specification
A194/A194M or conforming to Grade L43 or Grade L73. Nuts 12.1 Certification is required. See Specification A962/
manufactured of Grade L43 and Grade L73, in addition to the A962M.
requirements stated for those grades, shall be subject to the
proof-load requirements for Grade 7 nuts. Nuts manufactured 13. Product Marking
of Grade L43 and Grade L73 shall be marked respectively with 13.1 In addition to the requirements of Specification A962/
those grade symbols. Grade 7M nuts at a hardness not A962M, the grade symbol marked shall be as shown in Table
exceeding 235 HBW (or equivalent) shall be used with Grade 3. In the case of Class 2, Grades B8, B8C, B8M, B8P, B8F, and
L7M bolts, studs, and stud bolts. All nut materials, including B8T strain hardened as provided in Table 1, a line shall be
those which may be supplied under Specification A194/ stamped under the grade symbol in order to distinguish it from
A194M, shall be subject to the impact requirements of this Class 1 and Class 1A bolting which has not been strain
specification in the following manner: impact tests shall be hardened. In the case of Class 1A, the marking B8A, B8CA,
made on test specimens taken from the nuts or nut blanks or the B8MA, B8PA, B8FA, B8TA, B8LNA, and B8MLNA identifies
bar from the heat of steel used for manufacturing the nuts, and the material as being in the solution-treated condition in the
heat treated with the nut blanks. finished state. Grade L7M no longer requires a line under the
10.2 Bolts, studs, and stud bolts of Grades B8, B8C, B8T, grade symbol. However, a line is permitted.
B8P, B8F, B8M, B8LN, and B8MLN shall be equipped with 13.2 Nuts from materials that have been impact tested shall
austenitic alloy nuts conforming to Grades 8, 8C, 8T, 8F, 8M, be marked with the letter “L.”
8LN, and 8MLN for Specification A194/A194M. Impact tests
are not required for Grades 8F, 8M, 8T, and 8MLN for 14. Keywords
temperatures above −325 °F [−200 °C] and for Grades 8, 8P, 14.1 additional elements; austenitic stainless steel; bolts—
8C, and 8LN above −425 °F [−255 °C]. steel; chromium-molybdenum steel; bolting components—
10.3 If the purchaser requires nuts with a Charpy impact steel; markings on fittings; nickel-chromium-molybdenum al-
energy absorption of not less than 20 ft · lbf [27 J] at loy steel; pressure vessel service; stainless steel bolting;

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A320/A320M − 22
starting material; steel bars—alloy; steel bolting; steel flanges;
steel valves; temperature service applications—low

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in the
inquiry, contract, and order.

S1. Impact Properties S3. Hardness Testing of Class 2 Bolting Components for
S1.1 When impact properties are desired for austenitic steel ASME Applications
grades exempt from testing under 6.2.1, test shall be made as S3.1 The maximum hardness shall be Rockwell C35 imme-
agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser. diately under the thread roots. The hardness shall be taken on
S2. Lateral Expansion a flat area at least 1⁄8 in. [3 mm] across, prepared by removing
S2.1 When lateral expansion measurements for ferritic threads. No more material than necessary shall be removed to
steels are required in addition to the energy absorption require- prepare the flat area. Hardness determinations shall be made at
ments of 6.2.1.1, the minimum value for each specimen of a set the same frequency as tensile tests.
must be .015 in. [0.38 mm]. The test temperature shall be
specified by the purchaser and agreed upon by the producer. S4. Restriction to Use Only Ingot Cast Steel
NOTE S2.1—Grades L7, L7A, L7B will generally have difficulty
meeting the minimum value at −150 °F [−101 °C]. Grade L43 may be
S4.1 The starting material must be ingot cast. Use of
preferred. continuous cast material is not permitted.

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. STRAIN HARDENING OF AUSTENITIC STEELS

X1.1 Strain hardening is the increase in strength and hard- greater the penetration of strain hardening.
ness that results from plastic deformation below the recrystal-
X1.2 Thus, the mechanical properties of a given strain
lization temperature (cold work). This effect is produced in
hardened bolting components, such as a bolt, screw, or stud, are
austenitic stainless steels by reducing oversized bars or wire to
dependent not just on the alloy, but also on the size of bar from
the desired final size by cold drawing or other process. The
which it is machined. The minimum bar size that can be used,
degree of strain hardening achievable in any alloy is limited by
however, is established by the configuration of the component,
its strain hardening characteristics. In addition, the amount of
so that the configuration can affect the strength of the compo-
strain hardening that can be produced is further limited by the
nent.
variables of the process, such as the total amount of cross-
section reduction, die angle, and bar size. In large diameter X1.3 For example, a stud of a particular alloy and size may
bars, for example, plastic deformation will occur principally in be machined from a smaller diameter bar than a bolt of the
the outer regions of the bar, so that the increased strength and same alloy and size because a larger diameter bar is required to
hardness due to strain hardening is achieved predominantly accommodate the head of the bolt. The stud, therefore, is likely
near the surface of the bar. That is, the smaller the bar, the to be stronger than the same size bolt in a given alloy.

7
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A320/A320M − 22
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(A320/A320M – 21a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved May 1, 2022.)

(1) Added reference to stainless steel bolting in the scope. (2) Removed all references to Grade 4 nuts.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(A320/A320M – 21) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved March 1, 2021.)

(1) Updated 2.2 and 10.6 to current ASME washer specifica-

tion.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(A320/A320M – 18) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Jan. 1, 2021.)

(1) Corrected typographical error in Table 1.

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