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Creating Data Visualizations Using Tableau Desktop

(Beginner)

This guide is suitable for new Tableau users looking for information on producing
popular data visualizations in Tableau, such as bar graphs, line graphs,
scatterplots, tree maps, and dashboards. If you are looking for more general data
visualization tips, please see the Map and Data Library's Data Visualization Guide.
(https://mdl.library.utoronto.ca/dataviz/getting-started) You can find instructions
on installing and acquiring a free academic license for Tableau here
(https://mdl.library.utoronto.ca/technology/tutorials/installing-tableau-desktop). If
you are running Tableau on a Mac, please note that there may be some variation
between the Windows version used to design this guide and the program as it
appears on a Mac.

The data used in this guide are public datasets retrieved from the World Bank’s
Open Data repository, the United Nation's Open Data Population Division, and the
full text of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet available through MIT's website, with a
frequency table generated through Voyant Tools. You can find more information
regarding the data sources used in this guide in the subsection entitled "10. Data
Sources".

This tutorial was created using Tableau Desktop version 2020.2.

Table of Contents

1. Opening Datasets in Tableau

2. Beginning Work

3. Creating a Simple Bar Graph

4. Creating a Simple Line Graph

5. Creating Simple Scatter Plots and Merging Datasets

6. Creating a Tree Map           

7. Creating a Stacked Bar Chart and Using Parameters

8. Creating a Dashboard

9. Publishing Tableau Visualizations and Further Resources

10. Data Sources

1. Opening Datasets in Tableau

When you first open Tableau, it looks like this. The main page presents you with
several options, such as connecting to a file, to a server, or to save sample data
sources. You can also access Tableau’s online training through the “Discover” tab
on the right, or access Tableau's help section (with tutorials) here.
(https://www.tableau.com/support/help)

2. Beginning Work
In order to begin making visualizations, you must import a dataset into Tableau
(such as an Excel spreadsheet) or select a sample dataset from Tableau (such as
those located in the bottom left of the page as you open Tableau). For the
purposes of this guide, you may download the datasets we will be using for this
tutorial in a .Zip file here
(http://maps.library.utoronto.ca/datapub/workshops/TableauDataFiles.zip). You
will need to extract the files from the zipped folder using a software such as 7-Zip
(https://www.7-zip.org/). 

3. Creating a Simple Bar Graph

Our first dataset is an Excel file, so in Tableau, click on Excel under Connect To a
File, and select the 2015RainfallByMonthByCountry.xls file. Click Open.

Click on Sheet 1 (at the bottom, the tab to the right of "Data Source") to open up a
worksheet and start creating your visualization.

Dimensions:
Categorized, Discrete,
Qualitative. Column
On the left, you can see our variables listed. Tableau categorized the variables as Section.
either Dimensions or Measures, listing all the Dimensions first above the gray line,
Measures:
and then all the Measures below the grayline.
Quantitative,
Continuous. Row Section.
The centre area is where you will be dragging and dropping your variables onto
different areas, such as rows and columns, or to vary marks like colour or size by
your variable, or to filter by a variable. In terms of Tableau terminology, those
areas that say filters or pages are called shelves, the marks area is called a card,
and when the variables show up in those areas, they are called pills (as they are
shaped like a pill).

We loaded in some data that contains average monthly rainfall by country (looking
at data from 1901 to 2015). So let’s create a bar graph with the month along the x-
axis and average rainfall along the y-axis. Drag the Month variable (in the
Dimensions section on the left) to the Columns section and Rainfall (mm) (in the
Measures section on the left) variable to the Rows section. 
You can see that when we dragged rainfall, it automatically summarized it by
adding up all the rainfall averages for all the countries. We can change this to
average. Right-click on the SUM(Rainfall (mm)) pill in the Rows section, go to the
Measure (Sum) menu and pick Average. You will notice that the y-axis in the
resulting graph will have changed.
Right now our graph is showing data combined for all of our countries, but let’s say
we just want it to show one of them. Drag the Country variable over to the Filters
shelf and select one country from the list – let’s pick India. Click OK.
Now we have a bar graph showing the average rainfall in millimetres for India by
month.
Next, let’s look at the Marks card. You should see 5 boxes labeled Color, Size,
Label, Detail, and Tooltip. You can use these to customize your visualization.

Click on Color, and change the colour of the bars to a different shade of blue.
Click on Size, and use the slider to make the bars wider or narrower.
Click on Label, and select Show Mark Labels box to see the values for each bar.

Click on Tooltip to adjust the text that shows up in the pop-up you get when you
hover over the data in your graph. Add to the bottom of the text “Data from
WorldBank”. Then click on OK. Now hover over the data to see your changes.
You can also customize your axes. Right-click on your y-axis title, and select Edit
Title...

Change the title (under Axis Titles in the General tab) to write out the word
“Average” instead of “Avg.” Then close the window. The change will be applied
automatically, so there is no need to click a “save” button (you will notice there is
no "save" button). Click the “x” in the top right-hand corner to exit the Edit Axis
window.
You can also annotate your visualization. Perhaps you want to point out that the
summer months are Monsoon season for India, which may be why there is such a
spike in average rainfall. Right-click on white space above the graph above those
months and select Annotate and pick Area... Then type in “Monsoon Season”,
change its font size to 12, bold it, and click OK. Now you can resize and move the
box and place it where you want in the graph.

Finally, we can give our visualization a title by double-clicking on Sheet 1 at the top
and replacing the text with our title “Average Monthly Rainfall for India” and click
OK. Done! You have created your first visualization on Tableau Desktop.
If you like this visualization and would like to learn how to save, export, or print it
at this point in time, you can skip ahead to Section 9: Publishing Tableau
Visualizations and Further Resources. However, you can always come back and
save all of your visualizations at the end if you would prefer to proceed to the next
section.

4. Creating a Simple Line Graph

Okay, let’s create a new visualization: A line graph of average monthly temperature
data by country (looking again at the same range of years, 1901-2015). First, we
need to load some more data. Go to the top Data Menu and select New Data
Source. Select Excel and choose the 2015TemperaturesByMonthByCountry.xls file.

From this screen, you can see what types of variables Tableau has detected (based
on small icons above the variables names).
These variables can be changed if you’d like. For example, based on the small
"Abc" above them, you can see that Year and Month columns have been identified
as a string. If I want to plot data over time using a line graph, it would be best to
change Month to date format. To do that, I just click on the Abc icon above the
Month column and select Date instead.

You’ll see below that the data has changed format and the icon now looks like a
calendar.
Once happy with your data, you can create a new worksheet to start building a new
visualization by clicking on the tab next to where it says Sheet 1. This is a new
worksheet icon.

Let’s drag the Month variable to the Columns section again. This time it is a date
variable, so we have more options in our drop-down menu. We want is to make
sure we’re displaying months, not years, so right click on the Month pill and select
the first option for Month.
Next, drag the Temperature variable to the Rows section. You’ll notice that our
graph is summing the temperatures for all the countries. We can again right-click
on the Temperature pill, and select Measure (Sum), then pick Average. Your "pills"
and graph should look like the image below.
We would like to see each country’s data separately, so let’s drag the Country
variable onto the Color box in the Marks card. You can see that Tableau has
assigned a qualitative colour palette scheme to represent our countries, but we do
have a lot of them, so it is a bit overwhelming.

One way to simplify this would be to show 2 countries to compare their

temperature distributions. Drag the Country variable over to the Filters shelf. Click
on the None button to first clear the selections. Then select two countries only –
let’s pick Canada and Brazil. Now we are just filtering the data to show only
Canada and Brazil.

Note that if you can't see this Country legend, then you need to move or close the
"Show Me" window, which could be concealing the legend. Go ahead and move or
close the window so that you can see the legend.

  
 
Another way we could do this would be to allow the user to filter it themselves
based on what countries they are interested in. To do that, go back to the Filters
shelf, right-click on the Country pill and pick Edit Filter… Select the All button to re-
select all the countries and then click OK. Then right-click on the Country pill again,
but this time select Show Filter. Now you can see the filters show up on the right.
We can select or deselect as we like and the graph changes.  

To further help the user read your graph, you could also add a highlighter. Go back
to the Filters shelf, right click on the Country pill, but this time pick Show
Highlighter. Now the Highlight Country box shows up on the right.
The user can pick a country and the graph emphasizes that country. To try it out,
make sure you aren’t filtering any of the countries first, then click on the Highlight
County search box to see the list of countries, and then hover over one – try
Canada. You should see it emphasized in the graph.

Let’s adjust a bit more of the formatting on this graph. For one thing, I don’t like
how the months are displayed at the bottom. We can fix that. Right-click on one of
the months and select Format…

The Format pane should show up on the left. From the Header tab, under Default,
where it says Dates, select from the drop-down menu, Abbreviation.* Then click
anywhere on the graph to save it.

*If you are encountering a problem where the "Dates" option is not showing up
under the Default section, you might have the wrong data type selected for your
"MONTH(Month)" variable. You can rectify this issue by right-clicking the
"MONTH(Month)" pill (selected as your column) and selecting the other "Month"
option. Then try the previous step again.
Finally, let’s say you didn’t like these colours. Click on the Color box under Marks
and select Edit Colors…

Here you can pick from a drop-down menu of various qualitative palettes,
including a colour blind safe palette. Select one you like and click on Assign Palette
(you must click this option to activate the new colour palette). Then click on OK.
Again, we can give our visualization a more meaningful title by double clicking on
Sheet 2 at the top and replacing the text with our title “Average Monthly
Temperature for Various Countries” and click OK. You have completed a simple line
graph in Tableau Desktop!

5. Creating a Series of Simple Scatter Plots and

Merging Datasets

Sometimes you have to pull data from multiple sources instead of having it all in
one Excel file. So, let’s add a couple more datasets, but this time we’re going to
match them up, or have Tableau join them together so we will have one large
dataset to work from.

Go to the top Data Menu and select New Data Source. Select Excel and choose the
AuthorDataCitationsGrants.xls file, then click Open. 

Now click on Add next to Connections on the top left to add a second dataset to
ultimately create a database join. Select Excel and then pick the
AuthorDataExperience.xls file. This dataset has just author names, along with how
many years of experience they have as a researcher.
You can now see the two datasets listed under connections. In order to relate the
two datasets together, double click on AuthorDataMain above the table.

Ensure the dataset AuthorDataExperience is selected and drag its sheet, also
named AuthorDataExperience beside AuthorDataMain.
At the top you can now see the two datasets listed, and below you’ll see that
Tableau has joined the two together, matching based on the author name. If you
want to double check this, click on the circles between the two dataset names at
the top; this will also provide you with more information about how the join was
completed by Tableau. You can see from the icons that Tableau has done an inner
join, matching the column Author in one dataset with the Author column in the
second dataset. It has copied pasted that information about the author’s years of
experience next to that author wherever the author shows up in the first table. The
inner join means that it only keeps data on an author if that author shows up in
both tables. (Note: If database joins are new to you, see this resource
(https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/33052/Visual-Representation-of-SQL-
Joins) for a detailed explanation.)

Again, once you're happy with your data, you can create a new worksheet to start
building a new visualization by clicking on the new worksheet icon (at the bottom
left of your screen to the right of the Data Source).

This time, let’s take a look at creating a scatter plot using the Show Me feature. To
do so, first hold down the CTRL button (on your keyboard) and click on Grants and
Years of Experience. Secondly, click on the Show Me tab to expand it. We see that
a Scatterplot is one of the recommendations (i.e., not greyed out) – select it. If
you’re not sure which one it is, hover over the images and then read the
description below to find out which one is the scatter plot. Thirdly, observe how
Tableau automatically populated your column and row fields once the scatter plot
option was selected.
Click on Show Me again to hide its options panel.

First, instead of summing these variables, let’s take the averages, as we’ve done
before. So right click on each pill in the Rows and Columns sections, and select
Average from the Measure (Sum) menu.

Our next problem is that it is plotting just one x/y pair – the averages of the whole
dataset. We need to plot the points either for each author, country, or institution.
Let’s do it by author. Drag the Author variable over the Details box; it explodes out
the aggregation to plot it by author. When you hover over each point, you can see
the details. 

You may notice there is now also another box on the Marks card called Shapes. If
you want to add another categorical variable to your scatter plot, you could do so
by using different shapes to represent different categories. Drag Institution on to
the Shapes box. Now you should see that there is a legend on the right, using
different shapes for different institutions.
If you want to add a trend line, right click in the centre of the graph and select
Trend Lines, and then Show Trend Lines.

Hovering over the lines gives you statistical information, such as a regression and
p-values.

Finally, one interesting feature of Tableau is that you can create not just one
visualization, but a series of them, using the Pages shelf. Drag Year onto the Pages
shelf.
Now you should see some "Year" controls on the right. The user can scroll through
three different scatter plots, one for each year, or they can click on the play button
to have it animate through the years. Your final graph should resemble the image
below (depending on which "page" is currently visualized in Tableau).

Again, you may be interested in giving your visualization a name, which you can
click and change at the top left of your scatter plot.

6. Creating a Simple Treemap

Go to the top Data Menu and select New Data Source. Select Excel and choose the
2016PopulationbyRegion.xls file. This dataset lists population totals for various
regions on earth.

Again, once you are happy with your data in the data source view, you can create a
new worksheet to start building a new visualization by clicking on the new
worksheet icon (same as before - to the right of Sheet 3 at the bottom left-hand
corner).

Treemaps help show hierarchical divisions of parts within a whole. To create a

treemap in Tableau, first drag the Region variable onto the Label (text) box in the
Marks card, as we’re going to separate and label each box with the Region name.

Next drag the Population variable onto the Size box as we’re going to size these
regions blocks by their population.

Finally, drag the Continent onto the Color box to colour code the blocks by
continent.
You can hover over the blocks to get more information on the populations, or you
could label it as well. Drag the Population variable again over the Label box to
include that information under the region name. You have completed a simple
treemap! 

7. Creating a Stacked Bar Chart and Using Parameters

Go to the top Data Menu and select New Data Source. Select Excel and choose the
RomeoAndJulietWordFrequenciesByAct.xls file. This dataset lists word frequencies
in Romeo and Juliet by Act. Make sure to check how your variables are classified –
note that “Act” is classed as a numeric variable when we know it is a string. You can
change this now, as we did before, but we will also show you how to change this
later in the guide (in the event you didn't notice this when you initially imported
your dataset into Tableau!).

Again, once I’m happy with my data, I can start building a new visualization by
clicking on the new worksheet icon.
Hold down the CTRL button (on your keyboard) and click on the Term variable and
the Count variable, then click on the Show Me tab to expand it. I see that a
horizontal bar graph is one of the recommendations (i.e., not greyed out) – select
it. Your graph should resemble the image below.

Now let’s filter it so we only see the top 10 words mentioned. Drag the Term
variable to the Filters shelf. Go to the Top tab, and select By Field. By default it is
going to use the Count variable and sum up the instances to get the top 10. Click
OK.

Now you will have your top 10 terms, listed in alphabetical order by term. It might
be nicer to sort them by count. We can do this by right-clicking on the Term pill in
the Rows section and select Sort. In the Sort By section, select Field. Under Sort
Order, select Descending. Leave the rest of the defaults selected, as these will give
us the sum of count. You'll notice there is no "OK" or "Apply" option. Changes are
applied automatically, so simply click the X in the top right of the Sort window.

Result: 

Now suppose I’d like to add information about the Act to make a colour-coded
stacked bar chart. If you did not change the Act variable to a string at the beginning
of this section, you will notice that when we look at what variable types Tableau
has identified, it thinks the Act variable is a numeric variable in the measures
section, when really it is categorical in this case. If necessary, let’s change it
by moving it to our dimensions section. Firstly, drag the Act variable into the
Dimensions section.

Now it is a category, so it makes sense to visualize it through colour. Secondly, drag

the Act variable onto the Color box in the Marks card. Looking better, but the
Acts seems to be showing from Act 5 to Act 1. We can fix that by right-clicking on
the Act pill and thirdly selecting Sort. Select Descending and then click the X.
So now we have our top 10 terms, subdivided by Act; however, what if our
audience would rather just see the top 5 terms, or would like to expand it out to
the top 20 or 30 terms. We can get an audience’s input into our visualizations using
parameters. Right-click on Term in the Filters shelf, and select Edit Filter... Go to
the Top tab and click on the drop-down arrow next to where 10 is specified. Select
Create a New Parameter... Give it a name, such as Top Number. Go down to the
Range of Values section. Set the minimum to 5, the maximum to 30, and the step
size to 5. Then click on OK, and click OK again on the Filter window.

Your final product should resemble the image below. Your audience can use the
control on the right to adjust how many terms to see in their top terms list.
 

8.  Creating a Dashboard

Now so far we’ve been creating visualizations within worksheets. But you can also
create dashboards that combine a number of worksheets together. We are now
going to create a dashboard capable of displaying the average monthly rainfall and
temperature for one country at a time. Let’s click on the create new dashboard
icon at the bottom, next to the new worksheet icon.

You then can drag and drop various sheets to layout a dashboard. You can also
drag other objects, such as text or images to create your dashboard. From the left
side of your screen, drag Sheet 1 to the dashboard area.
Next drag Sheet 2 to the bottom of the dashboard area. As you are dragging each
sheet, Tableau will shade in the section of the page the sheet will occupy once you
release it, so use this as your guide to the placement of your sheets in the
dashboard.

We can also take the filters we had for one worksheet, in this case the temperature
graph, and then apply it to the all the sheets on the dashboard. We can do that in
this case, with just a few adjustments to our Sheet 1. Go back to Sheet 1 by clicking
on its tab at the bottom. Select the annotation (your "monsoon season" text) and
press the Delete key on your keyboard to remove it. Adjust the title removing the
mention of a particular country. Drag the Country filter, set to India, back towards
the Dimensions and Measures section to remove it (which you can do with any
variables you want to remove from your visualization).

Go back to the dashboard by selecting its tab at the bottom. Right-click on the title
of the filter, Country, select Apply to Worksheets, and then pick All Using Related
Data Sources.

Right-click again on the Country filter title, but this time select Single Value (list).
This will make sure that your audience can only view one country at the time. Now
you’ll see that when you select one country, both graphs refer to that country.
9. Publishing Tableau Visualizations and Further
Resources
If you’re working on some visualizations, like we have been in this guide, you can
save work-in-progress as a Tableau Workbook file. Go to the File menu and click on
Save. Give it a name and select where you want to save the file. (Note: If you do
this, it doesn’t save the underlying data, so you have keep the data file(s) - such as
your Excel worksheets - and Tableau workbook together).
Or you can Export Packaged Workbook… (also from the File menu). Then you
could share that file with others who have Tableau (and this time it would
include the data). In both cases, you can always come back later to revisit your
work by reopening it on Tableau Desktop.
If you want to export one of your worksheets to an image you can use in a report
or article, you can do so from the Worksheet menu. First, go to the worksheet tab
you want to save. Then, open the Worksheet menu and use the Copy or
Export options to copy/ paste your visualization into a document/ image editing
software or export it directly.

You can do the same thing for your whole Dashboard from the Dashboard menu
(“Copy” or “Export” image). Try it out! Note: these options only share a static image,
without the filter capabilities we added to the dashboard in the previous section. If
you want your users to interact with your visualization, continue reading below.
Finally, you can publish your worksheets and dashboards so that readers can
interact with them. Your free option is to create a Tableau Public
(https://public.tableau.com/s/) account and publish it there using the Publish
Workbook option in the Server menu (but note it is public; however, you can
adjust the settings, if you don’t want readers to download the underlying data
and/or workbook). Once it is uploaded to Tableau Public, there is also functionality
built-in for you to embed your visualization on a website. Using the "share" option
at the bottom of a published visualization on Tableau Public, you can copy and
paste the HTML code for embedding the visualization in a website. There are also
paid options (Tableau Online (https://www.tableau.com/products/cloud-bi?ab=1)
and Tableau Server (https://www.tableau.com/products/server)), if you want to be
able to limit permissions on who can view your visualizations or to publish to your
own server; use the Publish Workbook option from the Server menu to access
these options.

You can also get inspiration for future visualizations and dashboards by browsing
Tableau Public's online gallery (https://public.tableau.com/en-us/s/gallery)
In some cases, you may download the workbooks these visualizations were
created in (and study them to recreate your own visualizations!).  You can see how
to download or explore these Tableau Public visualizations by clicking the
download button, which will prompt a pop-up window with the options set up by
the user who published the visualization. 

For further learning, training videos, and tutorials, please explore the many
resources available on the Tableau Help page
(https://www.tableau.com/support/help).

10. Data sources

2015RainfallByMonthByCountry.xls & 2015TemperaturesByMonthByCountry.xls
files:
http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm?
page=downscaled_data_download&menu=historical
(http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm?
page=downscaled_data_download&menu=historical) (average monthly rainfall or
temperature from 1901-2015)

2016PopulationByRegion.xls: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social

Affairs, Population Division (20170. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision,
custom data acquired via website: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/
(https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/)

RomeoAndJulietWordFrequenciesByAct.xls file from the play Romeo and Juliet by

William Shakespeare full text: acquired via

http://shakespeare.mit.edu/romeo_juliet/full.html
(http://shakespeare.mit.edu/romeo_juliet/full.html) and then split into a document
per act and run through Voyant tools: https://voyant-tools.org (https://voyant-
tools.org)

Technique: 
Data Visualization (/technique/data-visualization)
Utilities: 
Excel (/tools/excel)
Tableau (/tools/tableau)

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