8/4/22, 7:35 AM Basics of Computers - Introduction

Basics of Computers - Introduction

Being a modern-day kid you must have used, seen, or read about computers. This is because they
are an integral part of our everyday existence. Be it school, banks, shops, railway stations, hospital
or your own home, computers are present everywhere, making our work easier and faster for us. As
they are such integral parts of our lives, we must know what they are and how they function. Let us
start with defining the term computer formally.

The literal meaning of computer is a device that can calculate. However, modern computers can do
a lot more than calculate. Computer is an electronic device that receives input, stores or processes
the input as per user instructions and provides output in desired format.

Input-Process-Output Model
Computer input is called data and the output obtained after processing it, based on user’s
instructions is called information. Raw facts and figures which can be processed using arithmetic
and logical operations to obtain information are called data.

The processes that can be applied to data are of two types −

Arithmetic operations − Examples include calculations like addition, subtraction, differentials,

The corresponding figure for an actual computer looks something like this −

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8/4/22, 7:35 AM Basics of Computers - Introduction

The basic parts of a computer are as follows −

Input Unit − Devices like keyboard and mouse that are used to input data and instructions to
the computer are called input unit.

Output Unit − Devices like printer and visual display unit that are used to provide information
to the user in desired format are called output unit.

Control Unit − As the name suggests, this unit controls all the functions of the computer. All
devices or parts of computer interact through the control unit.
Arithmetic Logic Unit − This is the brain of the computer where all arithmetic operations and
logical operations take place.
Memory − All input data, instructions and data interim to the processes are stored in the
memory. Memory is of two types – primary memory and secondary memory. Primary
memory resides within the CPU whereas secondary memory is external to it.

Control unit, arithmetic logic unit and memory are together called the central processing unit or
CPU. Computer devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. that we can see and touch are the
hardware components of a computer. The set of instructions or programs that make the computer
function using these hardware parts are called software. We cannot see or touch software. Both
hardware and software are necessary for working of a computer.

Characteristics of Computer
To understand why computers are such an important part of our lives, let us look at some of its
characteristics −

Speed − Typically, a computer can carry out 3-4 million instructions per second.

Accuracy − Computers exhibit a very high degree of accuracy. Errors that may occur are
usually due to inaccurate data, wrong instructions or bug in chips – all human errors.

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Reliability − Computers can carry out same type of work repeatedly without throwing up errors
due to tiredness or boredom, which are very common among humans.
Versatility − Computers can carry out a wide range of work from data entry and ticket booking
to complex mathematical calculations and continuous astronomical observations. If you can
input the necessary data with correct instructions, computer will do the processing.

Storage Capacity − Computers can store a very large amount of data at a fraction of cost of
traditional storage of files. Also, data is safe from normal wear and tear associated with paper.

Advantages of Using Computer

Computers can do the same task repetitively with same accuracy.

Computers do not get tired or bored.

Computers can take up routine tasks while releasing human resource for more intelligent
functions.

Disadvantages of Using Computer

Computers have no intelligence; they follow the instructions blindly without considering the
outcome.

Regular electric supply is necessary to make computers work, which could prove difficult
everywhere especially in developing nations.

Booting
Starting a computer or a computer-embedded device is called booting. Booting takes place in two
steps −

Switching on power supply

The first program or set of instructions that run when the computer is switched on is called BIOS or
Basic Input Output System. BIOS is a firmware, i.e. a piece of software permanently programmed
into the hardware.

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If a system is already running but needs to be restarted, it is called rebooting. Rebooting may be
required if a software or hardware has been installed or system is unusually slow.

There are two types of booting −

Cold Booting − When the system is started by switching on the power supply it is called cold
booting. The next step in cold booting is loading of BIOS.

Warm Booting − When the system is already running and needs to be restarted or rebooted, it
is called warm booting. Warm booting is faster than cold booting because BIOS is not reloaded.

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