APSMO OLYMPIAD

2020 : DIVISION S
WEDNESDAY 25 MARCH 2020 1
Total Time Allowed: 30 Minutes

1A. Felicia computed 8 + 5 × 3 and arrived at the incorrect answer Write your
of 39. answers in the
By how much does Felicia’s incorrect answer exceed the true boxes on the
correct answer? back.

1B. A seesaw is balanced when

←
Keep your
a weight on one side of the answers
fulcrum multiplied by its 20 kg hidden by
12 kg
distance from the fulcrum, folding
3 metres x metres backwards on
is the same as a weight on
the other side of the fulcrum Fulcrum this line.
multiplied by its distance
from the fulcrum.
For the balanced seesaw shown, find the value of x in metres.
[ Diagram not drawn to scale. ]

1C. In the diagram, Q

• AB = 3 cm,
• BC = 6 cm, and
• CD = 9 cm.
A B C D
The area of ΔAQB = 6 cm2.
Find the number of square centimetres in the area of ΔCQD.

1D. There are 25 prime numbers less than 100.

Some of these are two-digit prime numbers.
What fraction of two-digit prime numbers contain the digit 9?
Express this fraction in lowest terms.

1E. Find the least positive integer N so that the value of 2020 + N
is both
• a perfect cube, and
• a multiple of 56.

Copyright © 2020 Australasian Problem Solving Mathematical Olympiads (APSMO) Inc. and Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools. All rights reserved.
 APSMO OLYMPIAD
2020 : DIVISION S
WEDNESDAY 25 MARCH 2020 1
1A.
Student Name:

1B.
Fold here. Keep your answers hidden.

1C.

1D.

1E.

Copyright © 2020 Australasian Problem Solving Mathematical Olympiads (APSMO) Inc. and Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools. All rights reserved.
 APSMO OLYMPIAD
2020 : DIVISION S
WEDNESDAY 25 MARCH 2020 1
Solutions and Answers
For teacher use only. Not for Distribution.
2
1A: 16 1B: 5 1C: 18 1D: 7 1E: 724
1A. Strategy: Use the Order of Operations for arithmetic.
Calculate the correct answer by multiplying before adding: 8 + 5 × 3 = 8 + 15 = 23.
Subtract to find the amount that Felicia’s answer exceeds the correct answer: 39 – 23 = 16.
Follow-Ups: (1) How much greater is the value of (52)3 than the value of 52 × 53? [ 12 500 ]
(2) What might have been the error that Felicia made to get her incorrect answer? [ She may have added
before multiplying. ]

1B. Strategy: Set up an equation.

Since the product of the weight by 20 × 3 = 12 × x

its distance to the fulcrum is the 60 = 12x
same for both sides of a seesaw:
x = 5 metres.
Follow-Up: Where would you need to place the fulcrum under a 10 metre plank in order to balance a 45 kg weight
on one end of the plank and a 30 kg weight on the other? [ 4 metres from the end with the heavier weight. ]

1C. METHOD 1 Strategy: Convert to a more convenient form.

Construct a rectangle AQRB. Construct a rectangle AQSC, with Construct a rectangle AQTD, with
Since the area of ΔAQB = 6 cm2, the area 4 cm × (3 + 6) cm = 36 cm2. area 4 cm × (3 + 6 + 9) cm = 72 cm2.
area of AQRB is 2 × 6 cm2 = 12 cm2.
The area of ΔAQC is The area of ΔAQD is
Therefore the length of AQ is 36 cm2 ÷ 2 = 18 cm2. 72 cm2 ÷ 2 = 36 cm2.
12 cm2 ÷ 3 cm = 4 cm.
Q R Q R S Q R S T
6cm2
18 cm2 36 cm2
4 cm

4 cm

4 cm

18 cm2 36 cm2
6 cm2
A 3 cm B 6 cm C 9 cm D A 3 cm B 6 cm C 9 cm D A 3 cm B 6 cm C 9 cm D

Since ΔCQD is the difference between ΔAQD and ΔAQC, the area of ΔCQD = 36 cm2 – 18 cm2 = 18 cm2.

METHOD 2 Strategy: Apply the formula for the area of a triangle, and use the ratio of base to area for triangles.

The area of a triangle is

Since the heights of all the 2 × Area(ΔAQB) 2 × Area(ΔCQD)
given by the formula height = Base(ΔAQB) = Base(ΔCQD)
triangles are the same,
1
Area = 2 
(base × height)
2 × 6 cm2 2 × Area(ΔCQD)
2 × Area = base × height 3 cm = 9 cm
2 × Area Area(ΔCQD) = 18 cm2.
height = base .

Follow-Up: Using the same diagram as in the problem, if BD = 12 cm and the area of ΔCQD is 3 of the area of
4
ΔBQC, find the length of BC. [ 3 cm ]

Copyright © 2020 Australasian Problem Solving Mathematical Olympiads (APSMO) Inc. and Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools. All rights reserved.
 APSMO OLYMPIAD
2020 : DIVISION S
WEDNESDAY 25 MARCH 2020 1
1D. Strategy: Make a list of the 2-digit primes that contain the digit 9.
Consider the two-digit Eliminate multiples of 2 Eliminate multiples of 5 Since all composite
numbers that contain and 3. and 7. numbers under 102
the digit 9. must have at least one
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 x4 5 x6 7 x8 x x
9 10 1 2 3 x4 5 x6 7 x8 x x
9 10 factor that is less than
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 x x x x x x
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 x x x x x x
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 10, we can be sure that
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 x 22
21 x 23 24
x 25 26
x 27
x 28
x 29 30
x x
21 x 23 24
22 x 25
x 26
x 27
x 28
x 29 30
x we have eliminated
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 x 33
31 32 x 34
x 35 36
x 37 38
x 39
x 40
x 31 x 33
32 x 34
x 35
x 36
x 37 38
x 39
x 40
x all of the composite
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 x 43 44
41 42 x 45
x 46
x 47 48
x 49 50
x 41 x 43 44
42 x 45
x 46
x 47 48
x 49
x 50
x numbers on the grid.
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 x 52
51 x 53 54
x 55 56
x 57
x 58
x 59 60
x x
51 x 53 54
52 x 55
x 56
x 57
x 58
x 59 60
x
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 x 63
61 62 x 64
x 65 66
x 67 68
x 69
x 70
x 61 x 63
62 x 64
x 65
x 66
x 67 68
x 69
x 70
x Therefore there are 6
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 x 73 74
71 72 x 75
x 76
x 77 78
x 79 80
x 71 x 73 74
72 x 75
x 76
x 77
x 78
x 79 80
x two-digit primes that
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 x 82
81 x 83 84
x 85 86
x 87
x 88
x 89 90
x x
81 x 83 84
82 x 85
x 86
x 87
x 88
x 89 90
x contain the digit 9.
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 x 93
91 92 x 94
x 95 96
x 97 98
x 99
x 100
x x
91 x 93
92 x 94
x 95
x 96
x 97 98
x 99
x 100
x
Of the twenty-five prime numbers under 100, four have only one digit: { 2, 3, 5, 7 }.
There are 25 – 4 = 21 two-digit primes.
The probability that a randomly selected two-digit prime number contains the digit 9 is therefore 6 = 2 .
21 7
Follow-Ups: (1) Let A equal the number of 2-digit whole numbers.
Let B equal the number of 2-digit prime numbers that do not contain the digit 9.
Compute the whole number value of A . [ 5 ]
B 7
(2) Notice that 26 can be written as 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 and that 35 = 17 + 18.
Many counting numbers can be written as the sum of some number of consecutive whole numbers.
Find the least 2-digit number for which no number of consecutive whole numbers can equal that number. [ 16 ]

1E. METHOD 1 Strategy: Make a list of perfect cubes.

Number 10 11 12 13 14 4 9
Number cubed 1000 1331 1728 2197 2744 5 6 ) 2 7 4 4
Greater than 2 2 4
No No No Yes Yes
2020? 5 0 4
No (since Yes (see 5 0 4
Divisible by 56? 0
2197 is odd) right)
The least possible perfect cube greater than 2020 and also divisible by 56 is 2744.
If 2020 + N = 2744, then N = 2744 – 2020 = 724.

METHOD 2 Strategy: Use prime factorisation.

Factor 56 into primes: 56 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7.
Multiply both sides of the equation to make the right side a perfect cube: 56 × 7 × 7 = 2 × 7 × 2 × 7 × 2 × 7.
Since (2 × 7)3 = 143 = 2744, it is the least number to satisfy the conditions.
It follows that N = 2744 – 2020 = 724.

Follow-Up: Find the sum of the first ten positive perfect cubes.
[ 13 + 23 + ... + 103 = 3025. Note that (1 + 2 + ... + 10)2 = 552 = 3025. ]

Copyright © 2020 Australasian Problem Solving Mathematical Olympiads (APSMO) Inc. and Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools. All rights reserved.