Merged MIL Modle 1 9

Media and Information
Literacy
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
The Power of Media and
Information
What I Need to Know
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Cite an example of an issue showing the power of media and information to affect
change
OBJECTIVES
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the opportunities provided by the internet to empower people;
2. Discuss the effects of the internet as a popularizing agent;
3. Cite personal experiences on the effects of the power of media and information
4. Promote a local tourist destination, hobby or business through social media
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What I Know
Write your pretest here.
Write T if the statement is true; otherwise, write F.
____________ 1 A citizen journalist must be equipped with high-end cameras

to tell news.
____________ 2 Online selling started during the pandemic.
____________ 3 People become effective agents in promoting tourism through
social media.
____________ 4 Being a watchdog is one of the roles of media in a democratic
country
____________ 5 E-commerce can be seen even in Facebook.
____________ 6 Citizen journalism involves the gathering and reporting of
news by people who are trained as professional journalists
____________ 7 Citizen journalists have the advantage of capturing news
where it happens and as it happens.
____________ 8 Social media has nothing to do with tourism.
____________ 9 e-commerce refers to products being sold through the
internet.
____________ 10 Community problems and complaints are normal content of
citizen journalists’ reports.
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Lesson
The Power of Media and
1 Information
“Content is fire. Social media is gasoline.” - Jay Baer
The analogy was well thought of. Social media is not like any ordinary fuel. It is an
efficient energy source that gets your engine running nicely and optimizes its power.
Just think about us, the social media savvies, as cars loaded with high octane fuel.
Surely, we would be going places at top speed, wouldn’t we?
Because of the internet, never has information been as accessible as ever, and it is
not just us receiving info; it is also us enabled to spread info like wildfire. So how
does this go? Let’s explore.
What’s In
You Got the Power
Over the centuries, media and information has empowered people to improve
themselves and create an impact for their societies. With the advancement of
technology, we have practically become “super humans” in the light of media and
information. So what are these special powers that we get through media? Consider
the drawings below as your visual representation of “Super MIL”. List down the power
that he/she possesses. Take note, we are not talking fiction here, so make sure that
the powers you list are rooted to reality.
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
4. _____________________________________
5. _____________________________________
6. _____________________________________
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What’s New
What’s on a Wall?
"Graffiti on a wall" by Welsh Icons (Dom) is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0
We are used to seeing graffiti on practically any open surface we can think of – from
walls to classroom desks. We may not be able to pinpoint the culprit of these
unwanted art forms, but we may detect which group or gang can be held responsible.
In your opinion, why do some people draw on walls? What could be their motivation
in doing so, and most importantly, what is the impact of these graffiti to the viewing
public? Is this an exercise of our “freedom of expression” or are these done just for
art’s sake? Please share your opinion regarding this.
Notes to the Teacher

Provide opportunities for learners to express their thoughts and opinions,
albeit informally, through designated social media platforms whenever
possible. Illustrations, such as the one on top, may be posted on your GC or
Facebook page/group where you and students can react and comment.
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What is It
Citizen Journalism
When I was a kid, I used to wonder why there were
angry scribbles on any vacant wall in town, as well
as posters that promoted not products but
ideologies and demands, like salary increase, rights
for the laborers, and the like. I asked myself why
people resorted to such public rants instead of
formal dialogues with the authorities, and I
wondered if other people could find meaning from
these unwanted posts. Later on, I realized that the
wall can be a very essential canvass for expression,
because anything that can be placed there can stay
a long time, and in case someone else cleans it up,
the “communicators” can still find ways to write
them back. The walls as a medium give a sense of
power to express what cannot be communicated
through other means.
I fully realized the sense of empowerment through
media in another incident that happened back in
1998. During that year’s national elections, I "Citizen Journalism" by Nick Gulotta is licensed
volunteered in a Parish Pastoral Council for under CC BY 2.0
Responsible Voting (PPCRV), a group that aimed to

guard the smooth running of the elections. Since I was the photographer in our
college’s school newspaper, I was asked to bring my camera in the voting precinct
where I would be assigned. On the election day, I was tipped to go to the entrance of
the voting precinct to shoot. There, I found a local candidate, casually shaking the
hands of people as they enter the venue. Such act is a form of campaign, and it is
forbidden to do such on election day. The very sight of me shooting was enough for
the local candidate to leave the sight instantly. At that time, I felt I was holding a
very frightening gadget, like the Infinity Gauntlet, and that I had a superpower that
could change the course of destiny. I felt empowered.
This sense of empowerment is much more heightened these days with social media
that is capable of making a local news a viral sensation. This is citizen journalism.
Mare, Keith, Marimbe and Mukundu (2018) gathered various definitions of citizen
journalism. These are:
• The gathering and reporting of news by people who are not trained as
professional journalists (Hermans, Vergeer and D'Haenens, 2009.)
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• The act in which a citizen, or group of citizens play an active role in the process
of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information with the
intention of providing independent, reliable, accurate, wide-ranging and relevant
information that is required for democracy and development (Bowman and Willis,
2003)
• An alternative and activist form of news gathering and reporting that functions
outside mainstream media institutions, often as a response to shortcomings in the
professional journalistic field, which uses similar journalistic practices but is driven
by different objectives and ideals and relies on alternative sources of legitimacy than
traditional or mainstream journalism (Lievrouw, 2013).
• The instance when the people, otherwise known as the audience, employ the
press tools they have in their possession to inform one another. (Rosen, 2008)
To simplify matters, citizen journalism empowers anybody through modern

technology and connectivity to create, enhance or verify media on their own or with
others. Do you still recall the “watchdog” role of media in a democratic society? This
is a clear-cut example of the fulfillment of that role.
Read this report on how citizen journalism addressed issues in a local community
during the pandemic. Since the story happened in India, you may reflect whether the
same scenario is happening in the Philippines.
IMPACT-DRIVEN JOURNALISM DURING THE PANDEMIC
By Devansh Mehta
Apr 29, 2020
The people of Hardauli village in Madhya Pradesh, India, were frightened. On March
30, one week after the Indian government announced a three-week nationwide
lockdown, six families returned from the city of Pune, a COVID-19 hotspot. Some
migrants were coughing, and despite government orders that returning migrants
exhibiting symptoms should be tested, the returnees refused to go to health
authorities.
Frightened and with nowhere else to turn, a citizen journalist from the village
reported this incident on a toll-free number operated by CGNet Swara, a journalism
outlet working to amplify the voices of tribal and rural citizens in central India, many
of whom cannot read or write. Health authorities soon paid a visit to the migrants,
and their COVID-19 tests came back negative. The same citizen journalist reported
that the fear in the village had been lifted.
At CGNet Swara, our focus is on bringing tangible change to our community. We do
so by using a citizen journalism model where anyone with a basic non-smartphone
can call a toll-free number and press one to report a story and two to hear the stories
reported by others. Every day about 80 callers report stories, and 500 callers listen
to the fact-checked and verified stories. About half the stories reported are cultural
songs and other folklore that our rural, indigenous communities wish to share, while
the other half are problems they are experiencing for which they need assistance.
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Measuring the success of a publication is critical to encourage the support of
funders, subscribers and readers. Many organizations measure their success by
focusing on analytics such as pageviews. At CGNet Swara we take a different
approach, focusing entirely on impact reports — the number of times our reporting
led to a problem being resolved.
One organization that has led the way on the use of concrete metrics to measure
impact is the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), which
advertises a 56,000% return on investment. This means that for every US$1 donated
to them, US$560 is returned to the public as a result of their investigations.
An impact-driven model becomes ever-more critical in the context of the present

pandemic when journalists need to be able to innovate the tools and technologies
that can help them better serve their communities.
In the time that CGNet Swara has been using a citizen journalism model to
crowdsource problems reported in rural communities, we have helped to solve
everything from broken hand pumps to the non-payment of government wages. Each
time our reporting results in community change, our staff files an impact report to
quantify our success.
In the last 10 years since we started this model, we have received more than 700
impact reports, but we see a huge possibility for growth. One of the key metrics we
track at CGNet Swara is the total operating budget divided by the number of impact
reports for that year. In 2018-19, this came to about US$450 per problem solved for
our rural communities. However, in normal circumstances, only 10% of the problems
reported by rural communities get solved. Our team saw the opportunity to reduce
the cost of each impact to as little as US$45 by facilitating solutions to more issues
that were being reported.
To increase the number of solutions — and impact reports — we embarked on an

experiment to develop a technological solution to increase the participation of urban
volunteers, and ultimately grow the number of solutions.
We started with a workshop in Mumbai in September 2017 consisting of urban

working professionals, students and professors. Each attendee received a list of
problems and the phone number of the government officer responsible for solving
that particular issue. We made two observations from the workshop: rural
government officers often got flustered receiving calls from big cities like Mumbai,
and the workshop participants left with a real sense of accomplishment.
“You think you are being productive in your day job but calling someone up and
solving a remote problem is just incredible. It’s one of the few activities that are a
win-win for everyone,” said Rishabh Kathotia, an equity who participated in the
workshop. “I would absolutely do it again.”
However, we couldn’t rely on in-person events, and wanted to find a technological

solution. During another workshop at a technology institute in Bangalore, again with
students, professors and working professionals, participants spent time calling rural
officers and trying to solve the problems reported by villagers. Afterwards, they
presented their idea for a technological solution that could scale up the activities
they undertook earlier. Armed with these insights, our team at CGNet Swara started
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developing an app that could scale the process of individual volunteers adopting and
solving problems reported by villagers.
We tested the first version of the app with help from undergraduate journalism
students from St. Xaviers Mumbai. At the end of their assignment, over 15 students
had made an online petition on the problem they had adopted. One villager even
reported an impact: the large piles of garbage lying in his area were cleared by the
government. We reported on the work of these students and broadcast it to the rural
communities to demonstrate the power of both groups working together.
The application launched just in time, as soon after, the Indian government
announced a lockdown to tackle the novel corona virus. CGNet Swara has gotten a
deluge of reports from rural communities. These reports have included fears of local
residents flouting social distancing norms and migrant laborers unable to pay their
rent or having to eat food with insects in it. We knew many people were at home and
eager to contribute in any capacity, so we engaged them as volunteers to help solve
the many COVID-19 related issues reported on our platform.
One of our volunteers in Raipur, Snehil Saraf, discovered a case of 90 migrant

laborers that were unable to return to their village, and whose employer was not
giving them enough food during the lockdown. The migrants reported this story on
CGNet Swara, and Saraf immediately tweeted to the government authorities.
The district collector paid a visit, and ensured that the owner would provide the
migrant laborers enough food for the duration of the lockdown.
In the last month, there have been over 90 stories reported by citizen journalists
seeking a solution to a predicament they are facing. By working with the government
and well-meaning volunteers, about 60% of these concerns have resulted in impact
reports.
The pandemic has laid bare the weakness of the metrics prioritized by media
organizations. Despite rising page views and user engagement, media revenue is in
a freefall, with layoffs and pay cuts at almost all major media outlets. With traditional
metrics failing, it is an opportune time to consider metrics for a new journalism
model, one that prioritizes impact in the communities they claim to serve.
What’s More
The Online Selling Phenomenon

Aside from citizen journalism, there are other instances by which people are
empowered by media, one of which has become so obvious these days because of the
pandemic. With normal trade affected by the months of lockdown, many people can
manage business through the basic yet powerful online platform. I believe that you
are very much aware of how online selling flourishes these days. Lazada and Shopee
have become the virtual malls for people who want easy access to products without
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leaving their homes. Food can be served conveniently through Grab Food and Food
Panda. But more than these, small scale enterprise flourished through online selling
via FaceBook Live and deliveries through “pasabuy.” For many Filipinos whose jobs
or businesses were affected by the lockdown, these became means of earn a living in
the new normal.
Read this online article that further explains how online selling thrives in the time
of the pandemic.
HOW ONLINE SELLING IS THRIVING IN THE NEW NORMAL
June 15, 2020 | 1:44 pm
By Hannah Mallorca, Features Writer, The Philippine STAR
The growth of many e-commerce platforms is the effect of transition from traditional
shopping channels to online platforms during quarantine
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the rise and fall of
several industries worldwide. Even though e-commerce platforms have long been on
the rise, the process was fast-tracked when quarantine guidelines were put into
place.
With the absence of traditional shopping channels, customers have flocked to e-

commerce platforms to secure purchases and transactions. Many stores and
restaurants have also transitioned online to serve their target market.
To discuss the current state of online selling in the new normal, The Philippine
STAR’s Career Guide shared insights on the progress of e-commerce platforms and
other online means during this time.
The online discussion featured Entrego retail director Xervin Maulanin, PurpleBug
Inc. president and CEO Marlon Gonzales, La Carnita Modern Mexican Cantina co-
founder Lenlen Mesina, Lazada Philippines head of business development Petrus
Carbonell, and Seven Days of Greens co-founder Roel Uy Chan.
Growth of e-commerce platforms
Even though various e-commerce platforms were established pre-pandemic, its

identity strengthened since the start of quarantine. Mr. Carbonell shared that Lazada
has witnessed significant growth.
“So far, we see a lot of demand. We’re also seeing people who are more interested in
starting their businesses online,” he added. “I think this will continue even after
quarantine and if you think about it, these trends have always been present. Ang
nangyari lang ngayong quarantine, na-accelerate siya.”
According to Mr. Carbonell, some of the most popular products in Lazada’s platform
are groceries, medical items, and ready-to-eat products.
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Mr. Maulanin noted that the transition from traditional shopping methods into online
has pushed e-commerce platforms to sell more essential goods and daily needs. He
added that delivery personnel are also considered as frontliners due to their service
during the quarantine.
“Lumalaki ang volume natin compared to before. We’re still a long way to go before
online shopping becomes the predominant channel for us, but I think we’re going to
see a lot of acceleration there. We’re very excited to see ano’ng magiging trend nito,”
he said.
Transitioning from traditional shopping methods to online
The pandemic has caused many businesses to transition to online to cater to its
customers. Many restaurants have also moved towards delivery services to serve
their target market.
According to Ms. Mesina, proper research and development are needed to ensure the
quality of Cantina’s products even in the new normal.
“At the moment, what we’re trying to do, instead of dispensing or distributing the
product, we had to come up with product lines that can be experienced by the
customers in the comfort of their homes, that’s why we really value the support and
the service of third-party suppliers when it comes to delivery,” she shared.
Ms. Mesina also noted that the quarantine is an opportunity for many businesses to
understand how to navigate into e-commerce and to incorporate online payments.
“You need to make sure that you’re able to deliver what you’re promising to your
online market and that the product is available from you. It’s also not just being
available, the products must be consistent and of very good quality kasi ‘yun ‘yung
magiging labanan when it comes to online selling,” she added.
On the other hand, Mr. Gonzales said that quarantine has challenged e-commerce
platforms, restaurants and other online sellers to develop its services since it will
reflect on customers.
“People will always buy if maganda ‘yung feedback na makikita nila. What we’ve
noticed din karamihan ng returning customers namin are referrals so very important
‘yung feedback na nakikita nila online,” he said.
Mr. Uy Chan stated that the new normal has also urged online sellers, e-commerce
platforms and restaurants to refine collaboration methods with its partner channels
to ensure quality service.
“The principle behind online selling is still intact and similar to traditional selling
wherever you go. It’s still just a channel,” he added.
In addition, Mr. Carbonell noted that e-commerce platforms and online sellers would
continue to grow, even in a post-pandemic society.
“In terms of the potential of people reaching success, I would say that the sky is the
limit because we see new millionaire sellers every time that we run a campaign. I’m
not saying that everyone who goes online will be successful, but we see many cases
that the potential is huge,” he said.
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Online selling platforms have witnessed significant growth in customer behavior
during the pandemic. With this, it’s up to business sectors to improve its services to
ensure loyalty among its target market.
What I Have Learned
Let us set into Philippine context the power of citizen journalism. Gather three different news
items posted by Filipino citizen journalists from social media platforms that went viral and
were broadcast in any of the major Philippine networks. If possible, include a screenshot as
an evidence. Follow this format:
Who contributed?
Patrick Mariano
When was it published?

October 16, 2020
Where did it happen?

Nangka, Marikina
What happened?
Truck drivers bought all the ice candies of
the sidewalk vendor who endured the rains
just to earn a living.
What I Can Do
Tourism.com
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Another field that benefits from the
empowerment through social media
is tourism. Perhaps you would
agree that oftentimes, your choice
of a travel destination highly
depends on the posts that you see
in social media, and the more
“Instagrammable” or photogenic
the place is, the more you would be
enticed to go there. Take for
instance the case of Apo Whang-
Od, the popular indigenous tattoo
"File:Whang-od tattooing.jpg" by Mawg64 is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
artist from the Cordilleras. Because
of the social media posts about the traditional hand-tapped, charcoal-inked tattoo
art procedure practiced by the famed centenarian Apo Whang-od, many were
enticed to be tattooed by the old lady herself,
even if it meant having to travel for hours to her village in Buscalan, Kalinga.
Thanks to media, Whang-od’s presence became viral, and more and more people
came to see her. Currently, she cannot work hand-on on all her increasing clients,
but she has trained some younger relatives to tattoo. If before, Whang-Od dictates
the tattoo design she would bestow on her clients, today, visitors can check out the
catalogued design to be followed by the younger tattooists. However, this indigenous
artist still gives her “personal touch” to the design by tattooing her three-dot
signature.
Now, here’s your task:
What do you consider as your hometown? Promote your hometown as a tourist

attraction. Use the best picture you can access (either from your personal collection
or from other online sources) and explain why this deserves to be visited. Here is a
sample format.
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Calamba may be known for its hot
spring resorts, but sometimes, going
back to the basics is much more
overwhelming. Isn’t it that the best
things in life are free?
Along the shores of Laguna de Bay in

Barangay Sucol are small natural hot
spring ponds that offer a relaxing
experience with only the sky above you
and the rustic view as your backdrop.
These little ponds are called Malakokok,
and they surface only during the
summer season when the lake water
level is dry.
So if you want an inexpensive way to

commune with nature, far from the
sounds of modern living, you ought to
try this place.
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Assessment
Vloggers are powerful media and information advocates. The content that they share
can influence public opinion, mobilize netizens to make a stand, and command a
choice. Below are short narratives of online content created by YouTube vloggers.
Based on these narratives, identify whether the vlogger is a:
A. watchdog
B. tourism promoter
C. commerce influencer
Write only the letter of your corresponding choice.
____________ 1 Will Dasovich, a Filipino-American vlogger, narrates his

experience of living in America during the pandemic.
____________ 2 Letisha Velasco from Pangasinan promotes affordable
cosmetic line in her make-over vlogs.
____________ 3 Andi Eigenmann and Philmar Alipayo vlog about their simple
life in Siargao through their channel “Happy Islanders.”
____________ 4 Kiko Rustia posts content on where to buy the most
reasonably priced products in the Philippines.
____________ 5 Social media influencer Mimiyuuuh vlogs about a trip while
mentioning the clothes she brought from Lazada.
____________ 6 Betina Carlos shares her recipe for red velvet cakes together
with its production cost.
____________ 7 Basel Manadil (The Hungry Syrian Wanderer)posts positive
reviews about the Philippines and aid victims of natural
disasters.
____________ 8 Nuseir Yassin (Nas Daily) from Israel explains in one of his
vlogs that the Philippines is his favorite country to visit.
____________ 9 American YouTube celebrity Carson Moody, a.k.a. Bisayang
Hilaw posted about a beautiful blue man-made lagoon in
Negros island.
____________ 10 DJ and vlogger Gandang Kara posted her kidnap prank with
Papa Jackson showcasing 88 Hot Spring Resort in Pansol,
Calamba, Laguna last October 26, 2020.
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Additional Activities
Reflection
"Spiderman over the Lima, Peru cityscape" by T.78UopXx is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
One of the most memorable quotes for 1.

me comes from the movie Spiderman:
“With great power comes great 2.
responsibility. Now, put this in the
context of the power of media. List down
at least three ways by which you can 3.
exercise your power responsibly as a
media and information literate
individual.
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Answer Key
What I Know Assessment

1. A 1. F
2. C 2. F
3. B 3. T
4. C 4. T
5. C 5. T
6. C 6. F
7. A 7. T
8. B 8. F
9. B 9. T
10. B 10. T
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Literacy
Current and Future Trends in
What I Need to Know

Describe the impact of massive open on-line course
OBJECTIVES

1. Evaluate current trends in media and information and how it will
affect/how they affect individuals and society as a whole
2. Describe Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)
3. Predict future media innovation
4. Synthesize overall knowledge about media and information with skills
for producing a prototype of what you think is a future media
innovation.
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What I Know
Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is NOT an example of modern wearable technology?

a. Smart Watches c. Smartphones
b. Fitness Trackers d. Headsets
2. Technology that takes advantage of the user’s sense of touch using

computer applications
a. Contextual awareness c. VR Technology
b. Haptics d. Wearable Technology
3. It refers to the model for delivering content online to any person who wants
to take a course with no limit to attendance.
a. Education Model
b. Model of Online Learning
c. Massive Open Online Course
d. Electronic Learning Model
4. Refers to a type of learning that happens anytime, anywhere and with

anyone.
a. Global Learning c. Ubiquitous Learning
b. Online Learning d. Virtual Learning
5. A technology that provides a big picture of learning outcomes through

available data such as test results.
a. Analytics c. Online exams
b. Learning trackers d. All of the above
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Lesson Current and Future
1 Trends in Media and
Information
Every time we browse the internet for leisure, we would most likely look into one
common item: trend. For sure, getting updated is the first thing we will care to do as
global citizens of the world wide web, because in this age where information can be
accessed in just a tap of a finger, we will never want to be left behind.
What is trending right now as I write these words may not be the trend anymore
tomorrow. And so, more than just settling on what is “in” today, we always try to look
beyond and imagine what the future will hold. We better get back to learning; the
future may be just a click away.
What’s In
If you have access to YouTube currently, visit the link below and watch the video
“Watch your Day in 2020”.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJUQENC-SVQ
Here are the answer guide questions:

1. According to the video, what information will you be able to see in the
bathroom mirror?
2. What will be the features of the appliances in the kitchen and bedroom?
3. Do you think these features can make the world better, as the video states?
4. This video was uploaded five years ago. Do you think that these predictions
about technology back in 2015 were realized today?
If you do not have access to internet, look at this picture created in the 1900s and
answer the questions on its left.
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1. What “futuristic drawing” can you
see in the picture?
2. This picture was drawn in 1905, two
years after Wilbur and Orville Wright
invented the first successful airplane.
Based on your knowledge in science,
do you think that this airplane model
would materialize? Why or why not?
3. What do you think is the next major
innovation in transportation
technology?
"Harry Grant Dart: Aerostatic cabriolet of tomorrow, ca.

1905" by trialsanderrors is licensed under CC BY 2.0
What’s New
The 10 New Paradigms of Communication in the Digital Age
We began our discussion of MIL with a look into the models of communication. I
hope you can still recall the concepts they represented. However, these are traditional
models that were conceptualized in the 20th century. Now that we are in the Digital
Age (which some experts consider as the Connected Age as you will learn later), our
outlook on communication changes too. Orihuela (2017) proposes 10 new paradigms
or concepts that characterize communication now:
PARADIGM 1: FROM AUDIENCE TO USER
The communication process in the actual scenario is user centered: users

have the control to choose, to decide, to search, to define and configure,
to subscribe or unsubscribe, to comment and, most important: to write,
talk and film.
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PARADIGM 2. FROM MEDIA TO CONTENT
The media convergence has reset media identity. Media brand image
becomes one of the most valuable activities of media companies: a source
of credibility and prestige for digital content.
PARADIGM 3. FROM MONOMEDIA TO MULTIMEDIA
The multimedia identity of the actual environment allows all media

industries to converge online and traditional media (press, broadcast,
movies). Online media are multimedia, and multimedia is a new language.
PARADIGM 4. FROM PERIODICITY TO REAL-TIME
Sharing news and opinions with the ability to interact in real-time are the
seed of cybercommunities. However, opportunities for reflection
diminishes when information comes and goes as quick as time, but today’s
fast-paced information promotes dynamism and new conversational
styles.
PARADIGM 5. FROM SCARCITY TO ABUNDANCE
Space for the print media and time for broadcast media ceased to be the
limit to content and now the time of the user is the new scarce resource.
The overflow of information calls for new skills and tools to manage data,
news, and opinions.
PARADIGM 6. FROM EDITOR-MEDIATED TO NON-MEDIATED
Worldwide publishing without editors, but with a close peer review daily
process and in most cases open to comments from readers is the nature
of social web publishing. Hence, the agenda of relevant current affairs goes
beyond the established media land and now is share with a wide variety
of new sources, most of them not media.
PARADIGM 7. FROM DISTRIBUTION TO ACCESS
The access paradigm is complementary with the user center paradigm and
both explain the strong interactive nature of the new environment. Access
means to seek, search, navigate, surf, decide, an active attitude, a will to
connect and communicate, the contrary of the passive reception of media
content.
PARADIGM 8. FROM ONE WAY TO INTERACTIVITY
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This has three levels:
First level: the possibility for the user to choose the format of
information display (browser and navigation interface
configuration).
Second level: the possibility for the user to produce input for a
system. This contribution could be co-authoring, writing
comments, answering pools and tests, posting news, and so on.
Third level: the possibility for the user to communicate with other
users of the system in real or delay time.
PARADIGM 9. FROM LINEAR TO HYPERTEXT
Hypertext becomes the grammar of the digital world. The pathways of the
info-spaces are built on links. Creating and activating links online could
be the new name of alphabetization. Reading and writing by linking, this
is, exploring and creating hypertextual environments daily is the most
strategic skill digital natives are achieving.
PARADIGM 10. FROM DATA TO KNOWLEDGE
The extraordinary amount of data these days bring back the role of media
as social managers of knowledge. Today, the strategic mission of media is
the information about the information: information intelligence,
interpretation, filtering and searching combined with the challenge of new
interactive multimedia narratives and delivered by a wide range of
channels.
Keep in mind these ten paradigms as we go over this lesson as well as the
succeeding ones.
What is It
Trends in Digital Technology
6
Many of the technological advances we are seeing today will shape our daily lives in
the future – the way we relax, interact, communicate and conduct business. From
virtual worlds, avatar emotions, artificial intelligence, computer generated
storytelling and narrative, interactive 360 holographic images, mixed reality, stress
disorder virtual therapies and so much more. ICT will continue to advance, empower
and transform every aspect of our life. Here are some of these emerging technologies
and trends.
Haptics technology
Is a feedback technology (using
computer applications) that takes
advantage of the user’s sense of
touch by applying force, vibrations
and/or motions to the User. Simple
haptics is used in game controllers,
joysticks and steering wheels and is
becoming more common in
Smartphones. Haptics is gaining
widespread acceptance as a key
part of virtual reality systems (i.e.
computer simulated environments)
- adding the sense of touch to
"Haptic and luminous screen 2" by jeanbaptisteparis is licensed
previously visual only solutions. It under CC BY-SA 2.0
is also used in virtual arts, such as
sound synthesis, graphic design and animation. There are many possibilities for
Haptics to be applied to gaming, movies, manufacturing, medical, and other
industries. Imagine your doctor operating on your local hospital from his computer
in Australia.
Contextual awareness
By combining ‘hard sensor’ information such as where you are and the conditions
around you, combined with ‘soft sensors’ such as your calendar, your social network
and past preferences - future devices will constantly learn about who you are and
how you live, work and play. As your devices learn about your life, they can begin to
anticipate your needs. Imagine your PC advising you to leave home 15 minutes early
or take a different route to avoid a traffic jam on your way to work. Consider a
“context aware” remote control that instantly determines who is holding it and
automatically selects the Smart TV preferences for that person.
Voice and tone recognition

Not only can voice and tone recognition be used to confirm a person’s identity but
tone recognition can be used to detect a person’s health or emotional state. This
technology will open new opportunities in security and healthcare – with mobile
applications.
Intelligent routing to devices
7
This future technology will be useful to, for example, local councils. While on the
move, staff will be able to provide the precise description and location of a street-
based issue using Smartphones and mobile devices that can take photos and have
GPS (global positioning system) support. Intelligent routing will then alert the
responsible team to action.
Eye tracking technology

Eye tracking technology measures eye
positions and movements which are
analyzed through computer applications.
Future laptops, smartphones and tablets
could contain thousands of tiny imaging
sensors built into the display screen. Eye
tracking technology could have many
possible applications, including:
 Law enforcement – lie detection
 Airport security – identifying
suspicious behavior, e.g. to catch
terrorists before they strike
 Retail – recording, monitoring and
analyzing consumer behavior to
‘tailor’ marketing to individuals "Google Glass" by jurvetson is licensed under CC BY 2.0
 Safety - alerting and awakening a

drowsy or distracted driver would save many lives
 Health care – assisting people with disabilities or paralysis to communicate
(laptop) and improve mobility (electric wheelchair)
 Human-computer interaction – using screen icons and a blink here or a gaze
there. Say goodbye to the mouse and keyboard.
Internet glasses
Technology that can display images directly onto our retinas while not blocking our
sight is being developed. This technology can be used in eyeglasses and have uses
ranging from e-Gaming to military defense. In the next 10-20 years experts predict
that Internet glasses will replace Smartphones. Imagine these viewing experiences:
 Seeing building schematics and locations of others (especially useful for
security or fire fighters)
 Giving a speech while information is streamed to your eyeglasses in real time
 Receiving turn by turn directions as you walk toward your destination
 Viewing virtual recipes while cooking without losing your rhythm
 Walking down the street, seeing one of your friends show up "on screen" 2
blocks and 1 cafe away
Wearable Technology
Wearable technologies today are smart watches. These watches are worn as a typical
wristwatch but do more than just tell time. Modern smart watches perform the same
functions as smartphones.
8
Smart watches as a wearable are developed for convenience, but its inability to
function as an independent gadget puts it at a distinct disadvantage.
Another example is a Fitness

tracker. It is derived from smart
watches in form and physical
design but serves health
applications. Fitness trackers
aim to promote health and
wellness among its enthusiasts,
unfortunately, issues in their
accuracy have been raised in
several reviews.
Virtual Reality (VR) wearable

technology is gradually growing
in popularity among enthusiasts.
Wearable technology takes users to computer generated worlds and let them
experience it as if they were "Wearable Technology" by ForbesOste is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
actually there. However,
concerns were raised about VR
technology’s potential to cause a total disconnection from the physical world.
What’s More
The Massive Open Online Course and its implications
The media and information are in a constant change, and its development is a
continuous process. This development is highly dependent on how connected entities
are. In fact, while some books would refer to this age as the Age of Information,
others would fittingly call this time as the “Connected Age.” Oblinger (2013) provides
explanation to the current ways of the world:
The change started with the network. Moving digital information instantly from one
place to another has reshaped delivery systems, business models, and economics
9
and has led to the
globalization of almost every
industry. However, this
"network effect" is about
more than the dissemination
of information. It is about
connections. We are no
longer in the information
age—we are in the connected
age. Everyone and everything
is interconnected. Anyone
who can access the web can
participate. The connections "Perception, Action and the Brain" by brewbooks is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
magnify the reach and value

of not just information but also our relationships, creating opportunities for learning,
working, and collaborating on an unprecedented scale.
Keep in mind the concept of the spider’s web. A web cannot hang on its own with
just a single strand. For it to spread out, each of its strand must be interconnected,
and a spider’s power to capture its prey depends on how wide its web spreads and
how many connections it has.
With that said the next matter to be considered is on how we as citizens of this age
keep ourselves connected to the worldwide network. It cannot be argued that getting
updated as often as possible is the key to our connectedness. Hence, the educating
aspect of the connected age becomes a prime concern, and with this, MOOC comes
in the frontline.
The Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is defined as a model for delivering
learning content online to any person who wants to take a course, with no limit on
attendance. It can be characterized by the following:
1. A revolutionary approach to education that moves away from the physical

to the virtual
2. A kind of learning that happens online, breaking the norm of traditional

schools or universities for higher education.
3. Utilizes information technologies like analytics to help instructors gauge

their student’s learning.
4. Emphasis on connectedness.
The Implications
1. By taking learning into virtual space, attendance is no longer a determining

factor in one’s education. This makes MOOC learning a popular alternative for
those whose life situations make them unable to attend regular schools
10
2. Managing MOOC is relatively cheaper than running educational institutions.
By taking out the experiences of Universities – which are passed down to
students in exorbitant fees- MOOC addresses the high cost of education.
3. Analytic provides information about the learning process of students. Through

the use of data collected through analytics, MOOC provides a means to
improve learning.
4. Since it focuses on connectedness as part of the learning process, MOOC

allows education to take place on a global scale, connecting learners and
instructors all over the world to one another to maximize education.
What I Have Learned
Have you watched the film WALL-

E? It is a creative look into the future,
and a terrible interpretation of what
could happen to the world due to
pollution and to mankind if they would
continue sitting in front of computer
monitors. We do not want these to
happen, do we? In the movie WALL-E is
a robot designed to compact trash and
clean up the highly polluted earth. He is
"WALL•E" by Rob Boudon is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
efficient, cute, and alone, yet he
manages to find proof of new life on earth to signal the human beings’ return to the
planet after centuries of exile in space.
Now, it is time for you to design your own robot, but not the type that kills
alien monsters with a laser sword. This time, its primary function is to safeguard
media and information and promote MOOC. There are already robot designs that
showcase the functions indicated above. (I have seen an actual design that is used
to teach English as a Foreign Language via distance mode.) You way Google about
them as a reference to your personal design. Let’s give it a name: M.I.L.Droid, the
Media and Information Literate Android.
You are given the freedom to decide how M.I.L. Droid would look, but make
sure that you are able to enumerate and explain at least five functions relevant in
promoting MIL and MOOC. Enjoy designing!
11
What I Can Do
Then, Now, and Beyond

It would help if you have an elder answering this with you.
Choose a current media and information technology you currently own or patronize
and create a review about it. Then, ask an elder (parents, aunts or uncles,
grandparents) for their opinion of a similar yet earlier version of the technology you
used for your own review. Lastly, think of how this technology will develop 10 years
from now. You may follow this format in your discussion.
THEN NOW BEYOND

(Describe how the (Identify the technology you (Write your predictions
technology presented in the will review and briefly about how the technology
middle column was describe its features) described in the middle
according to your elder column would be 10 years
source. Indicate also the from now. Remember to
decade when the technology include new features.)
was used.)
12
Assessment
Identify the correct word within the parentheses to complete the sentences.
____________ 1 (Ubiquitous, Online) learning means that education can

happen anytime, every time.
____________ 2 The grammar of the digital world is (hypertext, linear text).
____________ 3 Real time information dissemination promotes (reflective,
dynamic) interaction.
____________ 4 The communication process nowadays must be (audience,
user)- centered.
____________ 5 The influx of online learning opportunities that allows wide
networking is a clear proof that we are in the (digital,
connected) age.
____________ 6 When it comes to management, MOOCs are (cheaper, more
expensive) compared to traditional learning.
____________ 7 (Analytics, Haptics) provides relevant and reliable
information about the learning process of students.
____________ 8 (Group chats, printed modules) are tools for MOOCs
____________ 9 MOOCs are designed for (small, large) classes.
____________ 10 A MOOC program is (restricted, flexible) for the learner.
13
Literacy
Implications of Media and
Information
What I Need to Know

Discuss the implication of media and information to an individual and the society
OBJECTIVES

1. Enumerate the implications of media and information;
2. Identify media content that reflects these implications;
3. Deduce the effects of media and information from various contents;
4. Make a personal assessment of one’s engagement in media and how this
engagement elicits personal change.
7
What I Know
True or False: Write True if the statement is a fact; otherwise, write False.
_______ 1. The media force feeds information to unwilling receivers.
_______ 2. Media and Information literate individuals enjoy an improved quality of

life.
_______ 3. Media and information literate individuals actively participate in politics.
_______ 4. Only paid online content generates income.
_______ 5. IT based jobs are needed in the media.
_______ 6. Media and information have re-made the learning environment.
_______ 7. Media and information literate individuals are in total disconnected to the
world.
_______ 8. Creation of jobs is the media’s role in the economy.
_______ 9. Critical thinking is a skill necessary to become a media and information

literate individual.
_______ 10. Communication between media and information literate individuals has
become more complicated.
7
Lesson
Implications of Media and
1 Information
In the previous lesson, we explored the current and future trends in media and
information. We also expounded the idea that everything is in constant change, and
this change is affected not just by media and information alone, but by how
connected we are in the wide global network.
Media and information literacy is a transformative factor to the person who possesses
it. This empowers people to be real agents of change in society. But then, can we
consider ourselves as media and information literate? This, we will find out as we
probe the identity of the media and information literate individual.
What’s In
In 2016, a Broadway stage musical made waves for

tackling sensitive issues regarding today’s generation,
including social anxiety, depression and suicide. This
is entitled “Dear Evan Hansen” and tells the story of
Evan, a teenager suffering social anxiety. You may view
an excerpt of this musical through this link.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9rf5wFq3zk
Here are the lyrics of the song “Waving Through a

Window.” Take time to read it and think about how a
person can feel left out in a world when everybody is
practically connected by social media.
Retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/e
Waving Through a Window n/thumb/9/91/DearEvanposter.png/220px
-DearEvanposter.png
From “Dear Evan Hansen”
I've learned to slam on the brake Give them no reason to stare

Before I even turn the key No slipping up if you slip away
Before I make the mistake So I got nothing to share
Before I lead with the worst of me No, I got nothing to say
Step out, step out of the sun
If you keep getting burned
7
Step out, step out of the sun Waving through a window, oh
Because you've learned, because you've Can anybody see, is anybody waving?
learned
When you're falling in a forest and
On the outside, always looking in there's nobody around
Will I ever be more than I've always Do you ever really crash, or even make
been? a sound?
'Cause I'm tap, tap, tapping on the glass When you're falling in a forest and
I'm waving through a window there's nobody around
I try to speak, but nobody can hear Do you ever really crash, or even make
So I wait around for an answer to a sound?
appear When you're falling in a forest and
While I'm watch, watch, watching there's nobody around
people pass Do you ever really crash, or even make
I'm waving through a window, oh a sound?
Can anybody see, is anybody waving When you're falling in a forest and
back at me? there's nobody around
Do you ever really crash, or even make
We start with stars in our eyes a sound?
We start believing that we belong Did I even make a sound?
But every sun doesn't rise Did I even make a sound?
And no one tells you where you went It's like I never made a sound
wrong Will I ever make a sound?
Step out, step out of the sun On the outside, always looking in
If you keep getting burned Will I ever be more than I've always
Step out, step out of the sun been?
Because you've learned, because you've 'Cause I'm tap, tap, tapping on the glass
learned Waving through a window
On the outside, always looking in I try to speak, but nobody can hear
Will I ever be more than I've always So I wait around for an answer to
been? appear
'Cause I'm tap, tap, tapping on the glass While I'm watch, watch, watching
Waving through a window people pass
I try to speak, but nobody can hear Waving through a window, oh
So I wait around for an answer to Can anybody see, is anybody waving
appear back at me? (oh)
While I'm watch, watch, watching Is anybody waving?
people pass Waving, waving, whoa-oh, whoa-oh
What’s New
It is natural for teenagers to be technology savvy, but elderlies tinkering millennial

gadgets is something unusual. Read these news articles about senior citizens
engaged in digital technology and answer the questions that follow.
7
1. 'Lola Techie' urges senior citizens to be IT savvy
Tam Noda (The Philippine Star) - June 27, 2013 - 12:56pm
MANILA, Philippines - Local television personality Tessie "Lola Techie" Moreno

is urging senior citizens to use information technology to spread their "elderly
wisdom" especially among the young.
The Information and Communications

Technology Office of the DOST (DOST-ICTO)
has tapped Moreno to give talks to senior
citizens in various barangays in Quezon
City as part of the celebration of the
national ICT Month 2013 with the theme
"Inclusive ICT for a Smarter Philippines".
As part of its program, the DOST-ICTO

through the National Computer Institute
(NCI) is conducting basic computer literacy
courses specifically designed for senior
citizens. The program is focused on
communication tools particularly social
"Hipstamatic'12 - Gadgets" by koalazymonkey is
media, such as Facebook, Twitter, and licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0
Skype.
Moreno, a 71-year-old grandmother, known for her role as a computer-savvy

lola in a series of television commercials and viral videos with local telecom
operator Bayantel, told the elderly on how they can improve their lives using IT
as she shared her real life experiences in learning how to use technology, and
how it has made her to be more productive despite learning how to use it at an
advanced age.
In her talk, Moreno said that there is a next generation of the elderly who are
catching up in the use of ICT.
"ICT can open up opportunities to enable us to use our collective elderly wisdom
to contribute once more to society," Moreno said. "Through ICT, we can warn
the new generation not to commit the same mistakes again as we did in our
time, offer some solutions by actually showing them how, through our loving
example, and advocate for reforms through social media, blogging and email
campaigns."
For Lola Techie, the availability of "Skype" breaks the barrier of distance in
talking face-to-face with her children and grandchildren.
Yet Google helps her in doing important researches. While Facebook and other
social networking services like Twitter, Plurk and Multiply keep her connected
with the digital world.
7
According to DOST-ICTO Undersecretary Louis Napoleon Casambre, by
empowering the members of the society, ICT as a true enabler has given
Filipinos the tools to realize their dreams and has helped them achieve financial
independence.
2. San Pablo City’s elderly trained on new tech gadgets

By Saul Pa-a September 4, 2018, 5:17 pm
SAN PABLO CITY, Laguna – In the run-up to the special day celebration for
Grandparents Day every second Sunday of September, a popular mall in this
city is organizing its gadget literacy tutorial through the annual “Oldies but
Techies” program for the elderly to keep them abreast with modern
communication gadgets.
Evelyn Verzola, mall manager of SM City Pablo, told Philippine News Agency on
Tuesday that their tutorial program, which started in 2011 as “High Tech si Lolo
at Lola Ko,” is now dubbed “Oldies but Techies” to keep pace with the techie
generation.
Verzola said the mall management has partnered with Power Mac in introducing
and guiding the senior citizens on the latest apps and social media platform.
“We really want to make our grandparents feel welcome here in SM from the
moment they enter our malls up until they leave, we want them to have
memorable moments with their family and peers,” said Nina Wong, the mall
public relations manager.
Wong said the city mall here is undertaking the modern communication apps
literacy program for the elderly sector, which is implemented across all SM City
supermalls nationwide as part of the SM Cares programs for senior citizens in
partnership with their mall tenants.
“This techie learning program is only one of many services offered to the city’s
senior citizens besides granting them free movie passes and other social
programs such as free medical checkups, free eyeglasses and special flowers for
them as well as to the marginalized and disadvantaged sectors,” she added.
The mall management said the techie learning sessions for the senior citizens
are a way to spend more time with their family and their fellow elders and in
recognition of their roles and contributions to society.
“They (senior citizens) deserve nothing less just as we honor mothers and
fathers with special days we also dedicate a special day for them to show our
7
love and affection and this “techie” activity would certainly thrill them,” a maller
remarked.
Another shopper also said: “magandang program ito kasi, lalong na pag buo
ang pamilya sa mga techie communication gadgets ngayon tulad ng chats at
mga posts at puede sila mag-games para di mainip (this is a good program as
this brings the family closer using techie communication gadgets now like the
chats and posts and they can also play games to while away the time).”
A computer instructor also commented that teaching the elderly how to operate
gadgets bring them simple joys as they are delighted to tinker with the
equipment they had not seen or used during their time.
Guide questions:
1. What are the benefits senior citizens get in learning new technology?
2. What can the new generation learn from the elders who are techie savvy?
3. How do modern communication gadgets bridge the generation gaps within the
family?
What is It
A senior high school student might ask why Media and Information Literacy becomes
a core subject in the curriculum, while it could have been a specialized subject meant
only for students who are inclined for further academic studies in communication
and media arts. The reason is simple: every citizen must be media and information
literate.
One of the proponents for this conclusion dates back to 2010, in the 3rd United
Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) Global Forum on May 2010 in Rio de
Janeiro Brazil. In one of its thematic sessions focusing on the social impact of media
literacy, media literacy was identified as “an empowerment tool that facilitates the
active participation of citizens in the political process of contemporary societies.” MIL
is considered as a platform for social inclusion, especially in the new digital
environment, where the youth who are becoming more and more exposed to social
media, are challenged to become more involved participants in their communities.
Moreover, the new digital environment promotes a certain “participatory culture” that
empowers individuals to get actively involved in democratic societies, thus enabling
them to participate in social discourse and deeper dialogue with their communities.
Education is the key factor to inform societies about the implications of media and
information literacy. Thus, UNESCO’s Teacher Training Curricula for media and
7
information literacy was highlighted as the new resource that identifies the core
competencies and areas in general education associated with MIL. In 2010,
discussions on MIL were not yet highlighted in exiting curricula for general education
around the world. Therefore, the need educate people in this brand new perspective
was seen as a much-needed course of action.
The end point of the 2010 Rio de Janeiro Forum was the identification of the
attributes of media and information literacy: a necessary source for social inclusion,
and a platform that facilitates the development of citizenship participation in
pluralistic societies. All MIL initiatives, whether within or beyond the formal
education settings were regarded as key elements for the promotion of intercultural
dialogue.
What’s More
Meant for a Better World
UNESCO refers to Media and Information Literacy as the essential competency and
skills that enables people to engage with media and other information providers
effectively and develop critical thinking and life-long learning skills to socialize and
become active citizens. Therefore, media and information literate individuals have
improved the quality of life, show active participation in politics, promote economic
opportunities, enjoy an improved learning environment and become a more cohesive
social unit as an individual.
The following implications of media and information literacy is extracted from the
“E-Learning Guide on Media and Information Literacy” available in
https://sites.google.com/.
Media and information improve quality of life
Anyone can attest that life before is different than life today. The dawn of every age
in history has always been brought by developments that change society’s way of life.
From the stone age ushered by cavemen who developed stones as tools, to today’s
information age brought about by media and information technologies, the change
of era from then until now is prompted by the desire to make things better.
There is no denying the extent of how the media and information age has drastically
improved the lives of people. Communication has been made easier. Information has
become widely accessible. Conducting research has become more convenient. There
7
is entertainment content for everyone. Things that used to take time to long distance
communication are now instantaneous. The cost of getting information is down from
exorbitant to incredibly cheap – often even free. What was one for the select few, are
now for everyone. All these and more are enjoyed by media literate individuals and
prove just how much the quality of life has improved thanks to media and
information.
Media and information for greater political participation
The media and the government have a long-standing relationship in the field of public
service. While the government serves the people by leading the nation towards
progress, the media serve them by informing the public about subjects they need or
want to know. Politics is a persisting media content, particularly in news.
Former President Benigno Aquino III once alluded that the Filipino people are his
boss. Unlike bosses, however, not everyone has the time or resources to verify if those
in the government serve the best interest of the Filipino people as a whole. So the
media does this job for them. It is said that the media serves as the eyes and the ears
of the masses in the government. Through media reports of government activities
and issues, the publics are informed of the political affairs in the country and are
further encouraged to take a more active role in the government.
Media and information promoting economic opportunities
The media industry has grown in number in today’s information age both in content
and in the workforce. The open content contribution nature of the new media has
made it possible for ordinary individuals to offer their materials for consumption
often for free or at times for a cost. Typically, if online content is free but has gained
popularity, advertisers will offer to buy digital ad space on a web page. Even YouTube,
a free video host, pays video contributors if their videos get enough views or if their
channels have a high subscriber rate. Paid content, on the other hand, creates direct
revenue. Free or not, media and information give contributors a platform for earning
additional income.
It is true that the influx of media offerings has led to the creation of more jobs in the
media. Of course, if there is an increase in content, there’s a need for more people to
manage them. The convergence of various media platforms has created hybrid
mediums that requires experts to run them. The persistent need to always be in the
know has called for specialists to maintain the ubiquitous nature of media and
information. New jobs like social media managers or multimedia specialists have
been created because of this growth. Even IT based jobs which were once rarities in
the media are now a necessity. As media and information grow, so does jobs that
require media and information literate individuals and when jobs grow, so does the
economy. Employment or the lack thereof persists as an economic problem in most
developing countries like the Philippines. The media industry in the age of
information plays a vital catalyst role to address that.
7
Media and information for improvement of learning environment
Many believe that media and information have made learning easy, accessible and
inexpensive. Which these are true, the improvement in the learning environment
brought by media and information goes beyond convenience, availability and cost.
Its true implication is that it made the learning an object of desire. For so long, the
concept of learning has been a sores subject for many. This is not because everyone
is just innately opposed to learning -in fact, the birth of the information age proves
the exact opposite- but because the learning environment people were exposed to is
simply unattractive. For so long learning has been perceived as a tedious yet
necessary part of everyone/s lives. Learning is schools meant understanding – or at
least attempting to- subjects for the sake of passing or getting good grades. One’s
education is given importance because it is pre-requisite to a good which is then
equated to a good life. Traditional learning environments have caused people in
general to lose appetite for knowledge. Luckily, media and information have cleansed
society’s palate and have reinvented learning.
Media does not force feed information to unwilling receivers; instead, media has
made information sought after. By offering a wide variety of content through various
platforms, there is information that would appeal to everyone. The media also made
learning a choice instead of a necessary evil. After all, no one is commanded “google”
a topic or enroll on a certain online course, people who do so chose to do it. Since
the media is a source of information and information age is characterized by the
abundance of data, media and information have been closely linked to the
improvement of the learning environment in the present age. A media and
information literate individual take advantage of this to further his or her lifelong
learning process.
Media and Information individuals as more cohesive social units
The concept of unit cohesion stems from a military concept of the bond soldiers have
that makes them more effective in working together to complete a mission. Media
and information literate individuals are said to be more cohesive social units than
those who are not. By keeping them informed, as well as connecting them in ways
that were not possible before, media and information literates becomes more cohesive
social units. This creates a bond that does not only have relational implications but
also creates societal impacts.
The media is said to have the power to affect social change. While this is true, it is
not the media that does the heavy lifting to create change in society, it is the
individuals in the society who developed a clamoring need for change because of
media. The media and information literate individuals sharing that same goal,
development would not occur.
7
What I Have Learned
One of the most iconic songs made for a movie is Justin Paul and Benj Pasek’s “This
Is Me” from the movie “The Greatest Showman” (2017). This has become an anthem
during the time when diversity was the demand in many social institutions. Read
the lyrics of the song. You may even sing along with a lyric video via YouTube, then
answer the questions that follow:
Guide Questions:
1. “This Is Me” is a musical interpretation of the cries of the marginalized,
disenfranchised, the bullied and the outcast. Do you believe that this song
does its work to promote social inclusion?
2. Search various interpretations of this song through different platforms. Which
members of society are represented in the videos? If you do not have internet
access, observe the picture of the cast of “The Greatest Showman” below and
use it to help you answer this question.
3. Cite other media and information utilized to foster social inclusion in a
pluralistic society.
"Our dancer loves The Greatest Showman" by Bernie Goldbach is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
7
THIS IS ME
I am not a stranger to the dark Yeah, that's what we've become

Hide away, they say I won't let them break me down to dust
'Cause we don't want your broken parts I know that there's a place for us
I've learned to be ashamed of all my For we are glorious
scars When the sharpest words wanna cut me
Run away, they say down
No one'll love you as you are I'm gonna send a flood, gonna drown 'em
But I won't let them break me down to out
dust I am brave, I am bruised
I know that there's a place for us I am who I'm meant to be, this is me
For we are glorious Look out 'cause here I come
When the sharpest words wanna cut me And I'm marching on to the beat I drum
down I'm not scared to be seen
I'm gonna send a flood, gonna drown 'em I make no apologies, this is me
out Oh-oh-oh-oh…
I am brave, I am bruised This is me
I am who I'm meant to be, this is me And I know that I deserve your love
Look out 'cause here I come There's nothing I'm not worthy of
And I'm marching on to the beat I drum When the sharpest words wanna cut me
I'm not scared to be seen down
I make no apologies, this is me I'm gonna send a flood, gonna drown 'em
Oh-oh-oh-oh… out
Another round of bullets hits my skin This is brave, this is bruised
Well, fire away 'cause today, I won't let This is who I'm meant to be, this is me
the shame sink in Look out 'cause here I come
We are bursting through the barricades And I'm marching on to the beat I drum
and I'm not scared to be seen
Reaching for the sun (we are warriors) I make no apologies, this is me.
What I Can Do
Let’s Compare Notes
Let us look into how the implications of media and information are reflected in actual
situations. Since I am a GenXer (a 1990’s youth) and you belong to Generation Z
(anyone born from 1997 onward, according to Dimock [2019]) let’s try to compare notes. I’ll
tell you accounts during my youth when media and information educated me, and tell me
yours based on the latest trends and news.
7
Implications GEN X Speaks GEN Z Speaks
of Media (My Space) (Your Space)
and
Information
improves In the 1980’s and 1990’s I
quality of life enjoyed viewing commercials
about innovative consumer
products. Some TV shows would
also include segments for
indorsement of these products.
These products include
toothpaste the came on soft
plastic tubes, calamansi-
infused laundry soap, and my
all-time favorite comfort food,
instant pancit canton.
promotes On February 1986, Jaime
greater Cardinal Sin, then archbishop
political of Manila, urged Filipinos
participation through radio to gather in EDSA
in a move to oust the dictator.
That began the People Power
Revolution, known all over the
world as the “first bloodless
revolution in history.”
provides Some TV shows were aired in
economic order to help televiewers acquire
opportunities skills for business. Some of
these are “Tele-Aralan ng
Kakayahan” (Channel 4) and
“Negosiyete” (Channel 7). My
fondness for handicrafts is
influenced by these shows.
improves TV and komiks were my first
learning non-human teachers. The TV
environment show “Sesame Street” taught me
English and a bit of Spanish,
while “Kulit Bulilit” and
“Batibot” exposed me to various
Filipino cultures. “Funny
Comics,” on the other hand,
taught me how to read. All these
I learned even before I entered
formal schooling.
hones In 1994, we staged a play for the
individuals people of Canlubang, our
7
as more barangay which, at that time,
cohesive was about to undergo a drastic
social units change. Our stage play served
as a celebration of our
community’s glorious past and
preparation to what would
happen next – the closure of the
sugar industry and relocation of
residents to name some.
7
Assessment
Here are 8 visual contents from the internet. Identify their implications to an
individual or society. Choose from the following:
A. improves quality of life

B. promotes greater political participation
C. provides economic opportunities
D. improves learning environment
E. hones individuals as more cohesive social units
Afterwards, support your choice using one or two sentences per content.
7
7
Literacy
Text and Visual Dimensions of
Information and Media
What I Need to Know

Describe the different dimensions of:
• text information and media
• visual information and media
OBJECTIVES

1. Explain the principles in designing text and visual elements
2. Evaluate the impact of text and visual content and forms
3. Design a personal brand or logo using appropriate text and visuals
4. Spread positive and affirming information through visual media.
1
What I Know
Multiple Choice. Write the letter corresponding to the correct answer.
1. the meaning of “.ttf”

a. tapered type font c. true type font
b. text type font
2. typeface that carries a solid or heavy look to text
a. sans serif c. slab serif
b. serif
3. the basic rule in emphasizing a subject in a composition
a. golden ratio c. rule of thirds
b. rule of odds
4. a visual design principle that brings together a composition with similar units
a. balance c. harmony
b. contrast
5. the visual flow of a composition
a. directional movement c. rhythmic pattern
b. perspective
6. a shot where the subject is framed from shoulders up
a. close up c. medium close up
b. extreme close up
7. a shot perfect to show the world where the story takes place
a. extreme wide shot c. long shot
b. full shot
8. another term for Dutch angle
a. canted shot c. worm’s eye view
b. over the shoulder shot
9. a camera angle that makes a subject look powerful and imposing
a. eye level c. low angle
b. high angle
10. a shot taken from an elevated point
a. bird’s eye view c. eye level
b. Dutch angle
2
Lesson Text and Visual
1 Dimensions of
This lesson is the beginning of a series that would lead you to creating an appropriate
multi-media content. For this part, we will focus on visuals, which is a broad aspect
in media. Remember that conveying valid and effective content entails the use of the
most suitable visual forms. These two must work side by side to provide the correct
informative experience to your audience.
It would really help if you would squeeze out your creative juices in this lesson, as
this may look like a refreshing course in arts. A phone camera may also come in
handy, as well as good word processing skills. Nevertheless, if you do not have the
technology for such at present, I would also love to see your handmade work. Enjoy!
What’s In
What Went Wrong?
2
Here are four
samples of
business cards.
Identify what is
wrong with the
design of each
card and suggest
ways to improve
them.
CARD Issues in the Design Suggestions for Improvement

A
What’s New
How did the activity go? Were you able to identify some of the issues in each business
card? If we would evaluate the cards based on the message that they convey, it is
easy to say that each card gives precise information necessary for the business:
medical services for children for Card A, eye care for Card B, content creation for
Card C, and interior decorating services for Card D. However, communication does
not rely only on establishing the correct message through content. What matters also
3
is using the right media to support the content. Consider the visual media presented
in each of the business card above. Would a child be comforted by a doctor whose
name appears as if coming from a horror movie? Would you visit an eye clinic if you
can barely read the info about it? Would you trust a writer and content creator who
cannot even spell words correctly? And would you hire an interior designer who
presents more clutter than order?
Hence integration of the correct content with the correct form is a must to convey
the right information. Without such, you will not be able to capture your audience
and convey the proper message.
What is It
Text may be defined as a simple and flexible format of presenting information or

conveying ideas whether hand-written, printed or displayed on-screen. It is very
powerful in disseminating information, providing direction and giving suggestions.
Text is available in different sources, which may be categorized into two:

1. Formal Example of these are news articles, published books,
newspapers, magazines, advertisements, research works, etc. Formal text-
based materials are created and distributed by established institutions
(such as publishing companies, news agencies, etc.) and go through a
rigorous process of editing or evaluation and are usually governed by
censorship of the state.
2. Informal Examples of these are blogs, personal e-mails, SMS or text
messages, online messengers, social media platforms, etc. They come from
personal opinions or views on different issues, processes, etc.
Text can be as short such as a single sentence or phrase, or they can be as lengthy
as news articles or investigative reporting. No matter how brief or lengthy, however,
a text is always carefully written with the intent of sending a very specific message
to the target audience.
As consumers of text media and information, we need to ask questions regarding the
text content to ensure its reliability:
 Who or what institution is sending this message?
 What techniques are used to attract and hold attention?
 What is the language used by the writer?
 What views are represented? Are they balanced?
 How might the message be interpreted in different ways?
 What is omitted (removed), slurred (unclear) or added in the message?
4
As producers of text media and information, we need to review the media and
information design framework:
 target audience,
 author or sender,
 key content,
 purpose,
 form/style, and
 format.
Text as Visual
Typeface font, font type, or type) is the representation or style of a text. A typeface is
usually composed of alphabets, numbers, punctuation marks, symbols and other
special characters. Fonts in digital format are installed in forms such as True Type
Font (.ttf), Open Type Font (.otf), etc. Fonts convey different emotions and meaning,
and you must be very careful in choosing the right font for your content. The table
below presents the different types of fonts, their implications, uses, and examples.
5
Design Principles and Elements
The principles in designing text elements are emphasis, appropriateness, proximity,

alignment, organization, repetition and contrast. Observe how these elements are
presented in each text frame.
6
7
8
9
What’s More
Visual information and media are materials, programs, applications and the like that
teachers and students use to formulate new information to aid learning through the
use, analysis, evaluation and production of visual images. The following are types of
visual media:
Photography
Mt. Makiling, shot using phone

camera
Video
A scene from the short film

“Kinamulatan”
10
Screenshot
Screenshot from a typical online class
Infographic
This was created to promote

netiquette in Mary Help of Christians
College, Laguna
comic strips /
cartoons
Created by Johnrich Raymundo, Ash

Nabalona and Alexandra Ducay for
Camp Vicente Lim Integrated School
Meme
Image: "Memes for NBA" by

randycline5049 is marked with CC
PDM 1.0
11
Graphs / Charts
Pie graph for DepEd Tayo Camp

Vicente Lim Integrated School FB
Page
Visual note taking
Image: "Visual Notetaking 101"

by jonnygoldstein is licensed
under CC BY 2.0
The primary purpose of visual information is to gain attention, create

meaning, and facilitate retention, but how can you create a striking visual? First,
you must consider the visual elements, or the basic units in the construction of a
visual image. The Design Elements are:
1. Line
This describes a shape or outline. It can create texture and can be thick or thin.
Lines may be actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or contour.
12
Take note that lines provide meaning
also. Horizontal lines are more static
and calm; vertical lines command
attention and stability; diagonal lines
may convey movement; and contoured
lines may evoke turbulence,
playfulness, and the likes.
2. Shape
A geometric area that stands out from the space next to or around it, or because
of differences in value, color, or texture. Shape may also be organic.
Three implied geometric shapes can be Organic shapes, like the eggplant
found in the picture above: diamond, pictured above, are irregular and
octagon and triangle. asymmetrical in appearance and tends to
have curves, as in the case of shapes
found in nature.
3. Value
The degree of light and dark in a design. It is the contrast between black and white
and all the tones in between. Value can be used with color as well as black and
white. Contrast is the extreme changes between values.
13
4. Texture
The way a surface feels or is perceived to feel. Texture can be added to attract or
repel interest to a visual element. Two contrasting visual textures are presented in
this picture taken in Bolinao, Pangasinan: the smoothness of the sea and the
roughness of the contorted branches.
5. Color
Determined by its hue (name of color), intensity (purity of the hue), and value
(lightness or darkness of hue). Color and color combination can play a large role
in the design. Color may be used for emphasis, or may elicit emotions from viewers.
Color may be warm, cool, or neutral. It plays a major role in our visual perception,
as it influences our reactions about the world around us. It is therefore important
to create color palettes that evoke the appropriate audience reactions.
14
6. Form
A figure having volume and thickness. An illusion of a 3-dimensional object can
be implied with the use of light and shading.
Through digital means, shadows are On the other hand, thick pen strokes are
placed in the drawing above in order used to achieve volume and thickness on
to provide a three-dimensional effect. the sketch in this sketch.
Principles in Visual Design
The visual appeal of artworks depends on its adherence to principles of

design. However, there is no strict commandment in designing. The personal
preferences of the artist remain a prime contributing factor in designing visuals.
Let me share with you some of my work as we discuss the designing
principles. Like what I have previously said, these are my personal take on designing.
There are many other styles that can also influence you in your works.
15
1. Consistency of margins, typeface, typestyle, and colors is necessary, especially
in slide presentations or documents that are more than one page.
When designing posters, I tend to be

minimalist. I highlight important points
by lessening the other accessorial
designs, like in the case of this poster for
my school, wherein I used slight
geometrical gradient in. I used only two
dominant colors to go with the white –
blue and gold, our school’s the school
colors. I gave variation in the text by
using only two fonts, Impact and Arial,
and aside from the DepEd logo at the
bottom, I placed only a derivation of the
caring emoji, with the schools logo
replacing the heart.
2. Center of interest – an area that first attracts attention in a composition. This

area is more important when compared to the other objects or elements in a
composition. This can be by contrast of values, more colors, and placement in the
format.
In a picture, the center of interest should not actually be in the center. In fact, you
must avoid the “dead center in placing the portion that you wish to highlight. The
basic rule in “The Rule of Thirds.” Divide the frame into three portions horizontally
and vertically using imaginary lines, and place the point you wish to highlight at
any of the four intersecting points.
Putting the lines on the picture above, the girl’s face, which is the center of interest,
is right on an intersection point. Hence, the picture has an interesting composition.
16
In portraiture, one tip in order to command the center of
interest in close ups (such as the picture of Liza Soberano)
is to place the dominant eye at the center of the frame.
Doing so, the image would have the illusion of staring
back at you. (I did an exercise with my previous classes
on assessing the impact of visuals seen in magazines, and
we all realized that many of Liza Soberano’s photos in her
printed product endorsement in magazines all had her
dominant eye at the center.
Photo: "Hope Elizabeth ''Liza'' Soberano DOB January 4, 1998 (age 20 years)" by aeroman3 is marked
with CC PDM 1.0
3. Balance – a feeling of visual equality in shape, form, value, color, etc. Balance
can be symmetrical and evenly balanced, or asymmetrical and unevenly balanced.
Objects, values, colors, textures, shapes, forms, etc. can be used in creating
balance in a composition.
4. Harmony – brings together a composition with similar units. If for example your
composition was using wavy lines and organic shapes, you would stay with those
types of lines and not put in just one geometric shape. (Notice how similar
Harmony is to Unity - some sources list both terms).
17
On the left is the cover design I illustrated for an entry to the 2nd National
Competition on Children’s Storybook Writing. I decided to change the cover page
on the published version, since I want to put an element of surprise on who the
“friends” are. I focused on circles, which is the shape of the characters’ eyes. The
result is a playful harmony of common shapes and colors fit for young learners.
4. Contrast – offers some change in value creating a visual discord in a

composition. Contrast shows the difference between shapes and can be used as a
background to bring objects out and forward in a design. It can also be used to
create an area of emphasis.
I love to play on the contrast

provided by light and darkness.
It simplifies my composition
and allows the viewer to focus
on the subject of my shoot, as
in the case of this statue of the
Blessed Virgin Mary taken at
night.
5. Directional Movement – a visual flow through the composition. It can be the

suggestion of motion in a design as you move from object to object by way of
placement and position. Directional movement can be created with a value pattern.
18
It is with the placement of dark and light areas that you can move your attention
through the format.
On the left, the lines implied by the children’s arms provides a direction that leads
to the element that unites them: a trophy. On the right, the blurred image of
children in frenzy during the Buhayani festival evokes a sense of directionless
motion.
6. Rhythm – a movement in which some elements recur regularly. Like a dance, it

will have a flow of objects that will seem to be like the beat of music.
You can find rhythmic patterns everywhere, for a simple cup of cappuccino
prepared by a barista, to a festive street dance.
7. Perspective – created through the arrangement of objects in two-dimensional

space to look like they appear in real life. Perspective is a learned meaning of the
relationship between different objects seen in space
19
Lines disappearing in the horizon and objects getting smaller conveys a perspective
of distance. In this still from the short film “Awit ng Puso,” the child is seen moving
far beyond, and the viewer gets the hint that he still has a long way to go before
him.
Types of Shots
How do we go about telling a story in visual form? Let’s take wisdom form children’s
fairytales.
Normally, a fairy tale begins with “Once upon a time, in a land far, far away,
there lived a… and so on and so forth.” That sounds too elementary, but that is the
basics to start a story: tell the place and time and introduce the characters, and the
rest will follow. Now, it would be awkward to have somebody narrate that for you,
that is why visuals need to be properly executed to tell a story effectively.
Sometimes, a single picture is more than enough to tell a story. However, a

series of pictures can be used also, as in the photo essay, which is a series of photos
that tell a story, and in film, which is practically a series of frames also. To achieve
this, you must remember that capturing visuals is not just a matter of point and
shoot. Shots must be planned and well-framed to contribute well to the story. A
single frame may give so much meaning already, so if you add other frames, then
you can get much more. Here is a list of the types of shots (Contis, 2019).
20
Extreme Wide Shot / Extreme
Long Shot
This reveals to the viewer the

world where the story takes
place. Through this shot, the
audience must have a feel of the
time and place of the story –
whether it is morning or
evening, hot or cold, wet or dry,
and so on.
The subject may be shown on a

small scale in order to picture
his/her relation to the scene.
Wide Shot / Long Shot
This shot establishes the

character and how he/she is
related to the scene. The
characters can be seen from
head to toe. Because of its wide
coverage, the wide shot can also
be used as an establishing shot.
This can also be used as a
master shot, which introduces
a new location or scene.
Full Shot
Like the wide shot, the full shot

also shows the character from
head to toe, but this time
around, the character is already
the focus. Through this, you
can clearly see what the
character looks like as a whole
or what he/she is doing.
21
Medium Shot
The character is seen waste up.

This is often used in dialogue
scenes, because it is wide
enough to show two or more
characters but close enough to
show details.
Medium Close-up
This shot rests between the

medium shot and the close-up,
with the subject framed from
shoulders up. Through this
shot, more body language can
complement the facial
expressions to show emotions.
Close-up
This frames the character’s face

and provides emotional clues
that cannot be effectively shown
with the medium shot. Other
things may be shown up close –
shaking hands, tapping feet,
etc,
Tip: Cropping the crown of the

head in a close-up conveys a
more intimate appeal.
22
Extreme Close-up
This is a tighter frame that
highlights the facial features or
any subject more. It can be
highly detailed, much more
intimate, emotionally
heightened, and even
uncomfortable to view.
Camera Angles and Points of View
Establishing the angles of your shots will also help in providing the desirable
meaning on visuals. Through this, you can suggest a specific emotion, establish
strength or weakness, or take the story from the eyes of a character. Here is a list of
shots based on angles and points of view (Ricart, 2018).
Bird’s-eye view
Bird’s-eye view is the name

given to the type of shot taken
from an elevated point. As its
own name indicates, it offers a
perspective similar to that
which birds see while flying.
Drones may be used to capture

this type of shot, such as the
picture on the left. However,
you can still do this shot as long
as you strategize your location,
like shooting a subject while
you are standing on a bridge.
High angle
A high angle shot is taken

pointing the camera down on
the subject. As a result, the
subject is seen as vulnerable
and powerless.
23
Eye level
The eye level shot is considered

the most natural camera angle.
Capturing the shot at eye-level
offers a neutral perception of
the subject. Because it is the
way in which we usually see
people, this camera angle can
help the audience connect with
the subject.
Low angle
A low angle shot is taken from

below the subject’s eye line,
pointing upwards. This camera
angle makes a subject look
powerful and imposing.
Worm’s-eye view
The worm’s-eye view camera

angle looks at an object or
subject from below. It is
commonly used to capture tall
elements in the scene, such as
trees or skyscrapers, and put
them in perspective. This type
of camera shot is mostly taken
from a subject’s point of view.
Over the Shoulder Shot
Also called OTS or third person

shot, this is created by placing
the camera at the back of one
character while facing the other
character. This is used to
highlight the relationship of
characters in a dialogue.
24
Dutch Angle
Also called Dutch tilt, canted

angle, or oblique angle, this
shot is noticeably tilted or
tipped. This is used to signal to
the viewer that something is
wrong, disorienting, or
unsettling (Lannom, 2020)
What I Have Learned
Let’s have a brief review of what we have learned so far. Match the items
in Column A with items in Column B.
ANSWER A B
1. serif a. a visual discord in a composition
2. sans serif b. may be done using drones
3. script c. makes the subject look powerful
4. slab serif d. Lorem ipsum

5. balance e. away from the center
6. contrast f. Lorem ipsum

7. rhythm g. visual equality
8. rule of thirds h. Lorem ipsum

9. color i. canted shot
10. texture j. character is seen from head to toe.
11. medium close-up k. hue, intensity, value
12. Dutch Angle l. regularly recurring elements
13. bird’s eye view m. perceived feeling of a surface
14. full shot n.
15. low angle shot o. shot from shoulders up
25
What I Can Do
DIY Brand
Do you dream of starting your own business? Perhaps you can introduce it
as early as now! Create your own trademark design to be used in posters, flyers or
web pages of your dream business. This may be an online clothing store, computer
shop, hardware, garden shop, salon or spa, bakery, restaurant, automotive shop,
travel and tours, manpower services, security agency, architectural firm, medical
clinic, school, etc. Make sure to include the most appropriate visuals and text in
your brand design. Also, incorporate your name in your brand name for a more
personal feel. Here is an example for my dream café.
If I had my own café, I would want my

clients to experience coffee the way I
want to: plain, simple and homey,
sipped while listening to soothing
music. The visuals I used speak of that
dream. I offer nothing fancy but
comfortable, with music blending with
the aroma of freshly brewed coffee.
Assessment
I believe you are very much aware of the posts in social media regarding the
way learning is taking place in the new normal – from rants about online classes,
exaggerated teaching and learning styles, erroneous textbooks, etc. Consequently,
netizens have feasted so much on this, and sad to say, some have brought more
negativity to the challenging situation we are having right now.
This is the reason why for this next activity, you will do a “Positivity Challenge”
and flood the internet with encouraging posts for students and teachers alike. Here
are the mechanics.
26
1. Create a simple poster with the right visual and text components.
2. To ensure originality, include visuals related to your school, barangay,
and/or Calamba City.
3. Make sure also that you or your classmates (or even teachers) are part of
the poster. A decent selfie, screenshot of your class, and the likes, may be
used. Avoid outrageous pictures or you might become an instant funny
meme.
4. Incorporate an encouraging message in your post. We do not aim to
criticize this time. Instead, we aim to spread positive vibes about learning
despite the difficult times we are experiencing. You may use either English
or Filipino, and make sure you follow the rules of grammar and writing.
5. Post it on social media (FaceBook or Instagram), and make sure you share
it also to your local group pages.
6. Try to work on having as many Likes and Shares of your poster. Let me
clear this first: you will not be graded based on the number of likes.
This is not a contest also, and I have nothing to offer but sticker “hugs”
and “congratulations.” Remember that our aim is to spread good vibes
through social media.
7. However, do take note that this serves as one of your performance tasks,
and you will be graded based on how you utilized the principles of text and
visual media in your work.
8. For students who do not have the means to do digital arts and connect to
the internet, you may just create a poster using your art materials of your
choice and submit it accordingly through the way devised by your school.
Here is an example. I posted this when Brgy. Canlubang reported its first COVID-19
case back in April 2020 as a simple reminder that we can overcome all challenges.
27
RUBRIC
COMPONENT SATISFACTORY UNSATISFACTORY MISSING

The text forms are
appropriate to the
2 points 1 point 0 point
message
conveyed.
The text is clear,
organized, and
The text follows
the standards of
grammar and
punctuation.
The visuals are
appropriate to the
message
conveyed.
The visuals
feature originality
and follows the
rules.
The over-all layout
is visually
appealing and
catchy
The message
conveyed is clear 3 points 1 point 0 point
and encouraging.
HIGHEST
15 points
POSSIBLE SCORE
28
Literacy
Audio and Motion Dimensions of
What I Need to Know

• audio information and media
• motion information and media
OBJECTIVES

1. Identify types and formats of recorded sound and recording equipment
2. Explain principles of sound design
3. Explain concepts and principles of motion media
4. Apply sound and motion media principles through an audio-visual presentation
5
What I Know
Write SPEED if the term refers to sound media and ROLLING if it refers to motion media.
________ 1. MP3 ________ 6. Pan

________ 2. Dolly ________ 7. FLAC
________ 3. Foley ________ 8. Tilt
________ 4. WAV ________ 9. WMA
________ 5. Truck ________ 10. Pedestal
6
Lesson Audio and Motion
1 Dimensions of
What’s In
Every generation has a distinct characteristic, and let me share you mine. I belong to
the age group who spent their high school years (which many call as the best moment
of their lives) in the 1990’s, and we were called the Generation X. But we were also
fondly called as the “MTV Generation.” That is Music Television. Without smart phones,
most of our leisure time was spent watching music videos on TV. These were called
MTVs, and by the standards of our time, MTVs were a spectacle of movement and sound,
sometimes even devoid of meaning. Our parents would complain about our music and
would even find the videos too much for them. But MTVs were very enjoyable for us,
engaging us to save money to buy cassette tapes and the weekly “songhits” (our source
of music chords) for guitar sessions with friends that seemed to last forever.
Okay, so much for the nostalgia. Going back to the present, we encounter much louder
songs and wilder MTVs. The quick-paced music videos of the 1990’s seemed to be slow
music compared to what we have at present. Today’s videos are even much more
accessible, with the internet offering us various video sharing programs, and social
media sites posting more and more quick videos that can hook you even in just a matter
of thirty seconds. With what you are having right now, can you imagine what would it
be like when you get older?
Throughout these changes, one thing remains common: our attraction to sound and
moving visuals. As media and information literates, we must be aware of not just what
these are, but also how these can become effective agents of communication.
7
What’s New
Has any of the following happened to you?

1. You watched a foreign language film without any subtitle.
2. You stayed in a province where people speak a language that you do not
understand.
3. You answer a choppy or garbled call.
During that instance, did you experience “hearing” something or “listening” to

something? Wait, you might ask, what is the difference between hearing and listening.
Think for a while about these two words before proceeding to this lesson.
Let me share with you one of my personal ways of enjoying them. I would watch
foreign language movies and turn off the subtitles. You might find it a crazy idea of
viewing something with a language that I do not understand, and to be honest, I would
miss listening to the dialogue and instead just hear alien-sounding utterances of the
characters. But then, there are more sounds in a foreign language film that can be
listened to than can be heard. The non-language sounds matter so much because these
are things that I can listen to, and through these, I am able to appreciate the sound
component of the film.
Hearing, as defined in www.umn.edu, is simply the act of perceiving sound by

ear. However, listening is a conscious experience that requires concentration so that
the brain can process meaning.
I recall a TV program I watched years back, where Freddie Aguilar recalled the
times he has his most famous song “Anak” to an audience that did not understand any
Tagalog word. Aguilar said that, despite the language barrier, he saw tears in the eyes
of the audience. That is a clear proof that sound alone is a contributing factor in
appreciating a content. Therefore, you must be very careful in handling sound in
crafting your work.
Going back to my “unusual viewing experience,” there is another factor that

makes me appreciate movies. Without subtitles to read, I tend to focus on every
movement in the film. That is very important, because movies do not rely only on
dialogue to tell a story. The visual component is just as important as sound.
8
Filipino actress
Jaclyn Jose will be
known forever in history
as the first Southeast
Asian to win Best Actress
in the prestigious
Cannes Film Festival for
the Brillante Mendoza
film “Ma’Rosa.” While
some critics would
comment that Jose did
not deserve the award,
the festival jury defended
Retrieved from https://paradigmshifter0912.files.wordpress.com/2017/09/ma-rosa-
Jose for her intensity of 2.png?w=634
her acting and would cite
the final scene that was a shattering experience. So what is that scene? Rosa (Jose’s
character) eating squid balls. What’s so dramatic about that? Have you experienced
chewing food that you cannot swallow because you’re holding back your tears? That’s
the scene that Jaclyn Jose successfully portrayed in visual form.
The spectacular mix of sound and movement in film dictates its power in
storytelling. This is what we will begin exploring now. Do keep these in mind as they
are all needed for you to craft your final output for this course.
What is It
Audio Media
Sound is an essential component of media. Your choice of sound and means of sound
production can make or break the information you wish to convey. The sounds that are
used in multimedia presentations come in different types. What are these? Marshall
(2001) cites three:
9
1. Music often elicits emotions and arousal from listeners Calvert (2014). It is effective
in mood setting and stimulates listeners in performing various personal tasks such
as studying and meditating, as well as social
functions like for courtship rituals, for the creation
and maintenance of friendships, as a topic of
conversation, and as a way to encourage dancing
(Roberts & Christenson, 2001 on Calvert 2014).
Adolescents use music primarily for mood regulation
(Christenson & Roberts, 1998). Females consider
music as a means to improve their mood or dwell on
melancholic emotions, while males are more likely to
use music for excitement. (Larson, Kubey, & Colletti,
1989, on Calvert, 2014)
2. Sound effects makes specific points, provides hint

to the setting in the absence of visuals (e.g., squeaky
doors, explosions, rustling leaves, etc.)
Sound effects are grouped into four (Schneider,

"Foley Room at the Sound Design
2009) Campus" by vancouverfilmschool is
licensed under CC BY 2.0
a. Hard sound
Those that appear on screen and are synchronized to the picture, recorded
directly as what they are.
b. Foley sounds
Equally synchronized on screen but are not the original sound as what they
appear to be. That means that they are recorded and mixed to appear as another
sound on screen.
c. Background sound
All sounds that indicate ambience settings. They do not need to be synchronized
to the picture. Ambience sounds are usually recorded in real life application in
nature and then mixed. Common background effects include weather ambience
and forest ambience, traffic sounds, etc.
d. Design sound
Describes a palette of sounds that usually do not occur in nature (laser weapon).
They may be created from scratch with various audio editing tools and with the
help of effect processors.
10
3. Narration is spoken message that often gives the most direct information. This
is the most essential content in some media formats, such as audiobooks
designed for the visually-impaired people or for those who want an alternative
listening experience in novels and other traditional reading content. Henriques
(2018) says that there are four types of narration:
a. Fully-Voiced Reading (solo narration)

Probably the most recognized style of reading. All of the characters are
vocalized in a dramatic fashion or in a way that makes the characters
distinguishable from one another, maintained throughout the entire
audiobook, and usually all done by one voice actor/narrator.
b. Partially-Voiced Reading (solo narration)

Made when the voiced production (usually done by one narrator) focuses on
giving certain characters a distinguishable voice – most commonly the
protagonists or any character who has a distinctive voice in the narration.
The other characters, normally the minor ones, do not need to sound
dramatically different from one another.
c. Unvoiced Readings (solo narration)

The narrator reads the story in a natural, more straightforward tone. There
are no changes in voice for different characters. The story is told in the
narrator’s voice and the whole book is usually voiced by one voice actor.
d. Multicast Readings / Full Cast Readings

There is more than one voice actor hired to read the audiobook. This can
range from two characters (duet narration) or more.
Audio File Formats
Sound comes in various digital formats. Schmidt (2020) posts 7 popular audio file
types in www.canto.com:
1. M4A is an mpeg-4 audio file or audio-compressed file used because of increased

quality demand as a result of cloud storage and bigger hard drive space in
contemporary computers. It is preferred due to its high quality.
2. FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec) is an audio file compressed into a smaller
size of the original file. It is not frequently used compared to other sound file
formats because it often needs special downloads to function. The advantage of
FLAC is, being a lossless audio file, its compression can save size and promote
sharing of an audio file while being able to return to the original quality standard.
3. MP3 is an MPEG audio layer 3 file format preferred because its compression
saves valuable space while maintaining near-flawless quality of the original
source of sound. MP3’s high quality and small size is very popular for all mobile
audio-playing devices. It is compatible with nearly every device capable of reading
1
audio files. The MP3 is probably best used for extensive audio file sharing due to
its manageable size. It also works well for websites that host audio files.
4. MP4 is an audio file type is a comprehensive media extension, capable of holding

audio, video and other media. The MP4 contains data in the file, rather than
code. This is important to note as MP4 files require different codecs to implement
the code artificially and allow it to be read.
5. WAV is a Waveform Audio File that stores waveform data. The waveform data
stored demonstrates strength of volume and sound in specific parts of the WAV
file. It is entirely possible to transform a WAV file using compression, though it
is not standard. WAV is typically used on Windows systems. They are usually
uncompressed audio files, though it’s not a requirement of the format.
6. WMA (Windows Media Audio) is Windows-based alternative to the more

common and popular MP3 file type. Its advantage is its lossless compression,
retaining high audio quality throughout all types of restructuring processes.
Despite its quality, it is not the most popular do to its inaccessibility to many
users, especially those who don’t use the Windows operating system.
7. AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) is an audio file that delivers decently high-
quality sound and is enhanced using advanced coding. It has never been one of
the most popular audio formats, especially when it comes to music files, but the
AAC does still serve some purpose for major systems. This includes popular
mobile devices and video gaming units, where the AAC is a standard audio
component.
Some Tips for Low-Cost Sound Designing
At this point, you might feel that the discussion of audio media is becoming more
and more technical and consequently, impractical, especially with the minimal
technology that we have. That has been my problem too. So, I intend to simplify
matters by discussing something of a personal level.
As I have mentioned earlier, I love films, but not just in the viewing level. I enjoy
telling stories through movies, and I do this with CinemaCampo, a group of students
with whom I can share my experience in filmmaking. We have been making film for
six years now, and we’ve had winning and losing moments, all of which are great
learning experience that add up to our pile of skills. We do not have high-end
equipment, and sometimes, we even settle in using the most basic filmmaking gadget
to date: a smart phone. Simple as it is, it still works wonders in telling stories. For
the first time (yes, this is history), I am sharing with you some of the tips we have
gathered these years. These are basics, and you may even have a better technique.
Nevertheless, I hope you would get something from this and use your learning in
your final performance task.
1. Never underestimate the power of natural sound.
2
The sounds made by nature and by industry is the best musical score you can
use in your videos. When you shoot a scene, keep everybody silent and let the
natural ambient sound go with the action.
2. Create your own sound bank.
A sound bank comes in handy in case you need all natural and original sound.
Keep your sound recorder (your phone, that is) handy at all times. Record a quiet
night with only crickets and cicadas making sound, a rainfall, a busy street,
strong winds, and more. When the time comes that you would need ambient
sound, you will already have something available.
3. Go for original music, otherwise, search for royalty free music.
When you upload a video with an incorporated copyrighted music, social media
might instantly mute it because it violates copyright rules. In case you really
need that particular song, ask somebody to do a cover of it for your use. Social
media will not mute covers. Aside from this, you may opt to use royalty free
music. Often times, the creators of this music do not ask for any royalty or talent
fee except that their works must be duly cited in the end.
4. Eliminate unnecessary noise as much as possible.
Sometimes, you cannot demand complete silence because of some

circumstances. Based on our experience, our most common sound problems are
wind, industrial noise, neighborhood noise (including the videoke),
uncontrollable bystanders, and unmindful production team. The remedy is
simple: shut them up or move away. For instance, we shot a scene along the
river, and even if we want to record the natural sound of rushing water, we just
could not do it because the river is right beside the express way. To solve the
problem, we went to another creek, far from any unwanted noise, and recorded
A scene from “Kinamulatan” (2016). This creek scene was shot directly beside South Luzon
Expressway, so we could not totally use the recorded sound in the area. Good thing, we had another
river footage without the traffic sound, so we looped it all throughout the sequence.
3
the sound of running waters. If this is impossible, you can use natural sound
downloaded from a free source on the internet.
5. Be careful with your voice recordings.
Some video contents rely greatly of voice component, like the instructional video
materials currently being produced for DepEd TV, and poor sound can affect the
content’s effectiveness, especially if the message is on the voice component itself.
This is one of our downfalls in some filmmaking competitions, so we have been
very cautious about this.
The basic rule in sound recording is to direct the recording equipment as close
as possible to the sound source. A microphone can easily accomplish this task.
Good microphones are getting cheaper and more accessible these days, thanks
to online shops, but in case you can produce do not have any yet, your smart
phone can come in handy. Recording a voice-over, that is when the speaker does
not have to appear on video, is simple. Just go to an isolated room and start
recording. However, make sure that you are away from white noise, or
unnecessary ambient sound. Turn of the air conditioning unit or electric fan to
remove the constant humming sound. Echoing sound may be reduced if you
record in a room with enough fixtures to absorb echoes, such as curtains. I had
an experience recording with so much distracting noise around – the neighbors’
chickens, my pet dog, vehicles passing by – and I had to cover myself and my
phone with towels just to lessen the external sounds. It was awkward, but it
worked!
You will have more noise

problems when you record
outdoors. Even a faint
breeze can produce
unpleasant hustling sound.
If the speaker must be far
from the camera, such as in
long or full body shots, get
another phone for a
separate recording. Plug in
the earphones with built-in Behind the scenes of our short film “BagongHakbangsaPangarap”
mic, hide it in his/her (2015). We would have wanted to use natural conversation sound,
clothing, and make sure the but the wind was disrupting our voice recorder. We opted to dub
mic is close to his/her the dialogue, making sure that the separate voice recording was
done outdoors to avoid the enclosed room sound.
mouth. During editing, just
remove the sound from the
video recording and use the sound from the hidden recorder.
Dubbing, the process of syncing video with sound that is not recorded at the
same time, is an option, but I do not recommend it if you only have basic
equipment. It is a good way to get rid of unnecessary noise, but it entails a lot of
4
rehearsals so that the movement of the mouth goes at the same pace with the
vocal recording. We made a terrible mistake in dubbing, where in we recorded
sound in a room for an outdoor scene. The result was awkward. Therefore, if you
really have to dub and you do not have a good sound editing equipment, ensure
that your location is the same as with the video to be dubbed. If the scene is
internal, record in a room; if it is external, record outdoors, and remember to
stay away from distracting noise.
6. Balance layers of sound.
This is a problem we encounter when there is more than one layer of sound in a
video, say, a layer for voice, a second layer for music, and a third layer for
ambient sound. Remember to decrease the volume of the secondary and tertiary
sound in order to highlight the primary sound. For instance, your video may
begin with music, but lower its volume once the voice over enters. You may
increase the music volume again after the voice over narration.
What’s More
Motion Media
It is quite odd to teach the dynamics of movement in a printed medium (this module,
that is), but I guess we can manage through pictures and diagrams for now. If you
have access to the internet, you can watch related videos through YouTube. Check
out the links as we progress through this lesson.
Movement is another dimension that affects media and information. Every single
movement that is incorporated in a video production contributes to the storytelling
process or to elicit the desired emotions from the viewers. The Nashville Film
Institute (2020) lists down the following purposes of movement in a video.
1. Creating dynamic scenes

Consider the camera as the viewer’s eyes on a story; therefore, how the camera
moves dictates how the viewers see a scene. Movements can make a scene more
interesting. Say for instance a basketball scene wherein the camera moves inside
the court throughout the game. It conveys the idea that the viewer is one of the
players in the game. On the other hand, that same basketball scene shot from
afar makes the viewer a spectator of the game. Which of these two is more
exciting?
2. Influencing audiences’ emotional reactions:
5
As movement stands for the audience’s view, it can also influence emotions.
Shooting a gang war scene with shaky hand-held camera lets the audience feel
the chaos of the event, swaying the camera on a boat scene commands sea-
sickness. I remember watching “Saving Private Ryan” which begins with a
prolonged war scene perfectly executed with hand-held camera tracking the
struggle of soldiers in the epic Battle of Normandy. The movement was so
disturbing and dizzying, I just prayed war would stop soon.
3. Directing audiences’ attention:

Camera movements can hide audiences’ vision and pull audiences away from
certain elements on-screen.
4. Controlling reveals:
Adding camera movements is also a great way to provide narrative information,
reveal new subjects that were once offscreen, and even foreshadow or create
ironic tension that characters are unaware of.
Basic Camera Movement
The camera is the

basic equipment to
record movement.
Other devices, like
the tripod, sliders,
gimbal, dolly, and
drone contribute to
the quality of the
captured video. They
can be improvised,
though. All it takes in
a bit of creativity to
get things done.
Clark (2016) mentions https://help.sketchup.com/sites/help.sketchup.com/files/images/sketchup-1220896-

six basic movements CameraMoves.png
that are doable even

with minimal equipment:
1. Dolly The name comes from the tracks be laid down for the heavy camera to
move along. The phrase dolly-in means step towards the subject with the camera,
while dolly-out means to step backwards with the camera, keeping the zoom the
same. This type of camera movement is often used to focus on a character when
they’re lost in thought or when they’ve come to a sudden realization. (NFI, 2020)
2. Pedestal Moving the camera up or down without changing its vertical or

horizontal axis. A camera operator can do two types of pedestals: pedestal up
means “move the camera up;” pedestal down means “move the camera
6
down.”This movement is best used to shoot a tall character or subject. To use it
effectively, move the entire camera up or down on a tripod with respect to the
subject. (NFI, 2020)
3. Truck It is like dollying, but it involves motion left or right. Truck left means
“move the camera physically to the left while maintaining its perpendicular
relationship.”Trucking is often used during action sequences when you want to
keep the camera on a moving character. (NFI, 2020)
4. Pan Moving the camera lens to one side or another, as if you are looking
from left to right or vice versa. Panning can help you establish the location of a
scene or let you follow a moving character. Panning can also help you reveal
things that were previously off-screen. (NFI, 2020).
5. Tilt Moving the cameras lens up or down while keeping its horizontal axis
constant, as if you are nodding. Tilting the camera can also help you reveal an
object or person that was not on screen before and add an element of surprise to
the scene you’re setting. (NFI, 2020)
6. Roll Moving the camera onto its side is a roll, the way a dog does when he
doesn't understand. This is a very rare movement, and one you should only use
for very specific purposes.
Here are some other useful camera movement styles.
7. Zoom This technique allows you to move closer (zoom in) or farther an object
(zoom out) without physically moving the camera (Leu, 2020). Instead, the
camera’s lens does the job. This might lessen the image’s quality, that is why the
dolly becomes a better option.
8. Following shot This is a type of tracking shot in which the camera continuously
follows the subject’s action. (Leu, 2020). Following shots using handheld camera
results to bumpy or shaky video, which may convey a realistic sense. Steadicams
and gimbals may be used to create smoother following shots, but if you do not
have this, you can still opt for the hand-held style, but stay relaxed to avoid the
shakes. To execute this, I normally bend my knees a bit to lessen the impact of
walking.
7
What I Have Learned
Filmmaking may be difficult, but it is a very rewarding experience. The joy of seeing
my work on screen makes me feel that I have preserved something very precious,
which I can share to the whole world. I hope I can give you at least a bit of that joy
through this lesson.
Here are screen shots from “Ligaw,” a short film we produced in 2019. As we go
through the story, keep in mind also our previous lesson on visual media, as motion
and visuals in film go side by side. I will also provide some notes on why we decided
to use the shots. By the way, we used a couple of royalty free music from Kevin
MacLeod, but the main music is an original composition entitled “Agos.” Moreover,
the color is desaturated, almost in the sepia tone. What do you think is the purpose
of washing out the color from this film?
Briefly answer the questions that you will encounter.
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3
Music starts, and the scene fades in. Jim, a young biker, travels along the highway,
and it takes six different frames in one setting to show his travel, (We used GoPro
for this scene, either held by our cameraman-biker or attached in the Jim’s bike)
and while biking is a fun and trendy hobby with friends, we see Jim travelling
alone, with a dragging song that speaks of life’s troubles setting the mood. At this
point, we sense the problem.
QUESTION 1: What camera movement is seen on Frame 2?
Frame 4 Frame 5
8
Jim returns home and finds it empty again, with only notes on the wall from his
sister, instructing his to eat on his own and clean his bedroom which he always
lock. If you see the film, you will find this portion as a single take, showing how
the spacious house feels gloomy and lonely.
QUESTION 2: What camera angle is seen on Frame 4?
QUESTION 3: Are Frames 8 and 9 full shot? If not what are they?
Frame 9 Frame 10
Jim’s unkempt room is a mix of pointless light and shadows. Even the sound he
produces with his guitar is pointless. On the walls are the sketches he made. No
one (not even I) knows what is in his mind, but the visuals would give us a hint of
his troubled mind. (We were inspired by the drawings of a teen actress who
committed suicide. Her disturbing sketches were analyzed in order to help other
teenagers suffering from depression.) Then, Jim is seen on the streets again, biking
his way to darkness.
9
Frame 14 Frame 15
Morning comes and Jim wakes up in an unfamiliar place, with a mysterious lady
that appears from a distance, even if Jim begins to approach her.
QUESTION 4: Frame 14 is an establishing shot. What is its purpose?

(Shooting these scenes are challenging because we wanted the camera to follow
Jim through a demolished house, with the rough grounds and lack of camera
stabilizer resulting to shaky footage, which is what we really intended for this
sequence.)
Frame 22 Frame 23
10
After an exchange of words, Jim is able to come closer to the mysterious lady, as
if enchanted by her. They share a dance, and he wishes not to leave the place
anymore, but the lady reminds him that all must come to an end.
Frame 27 Frame 28
Observe how the shots of Jim and the lady together changes from long hot to
extreme close up
QUESTION 5: What do you think is the purpose of cropping the head in a close-up
shot?
Jim thinks of the people he will leave behind, his family, classmates and biking
circle. They move farther and farther away, as if saying goodbye for good.
QUESTION 6: Frames 29 to 31 are dolly shots? What do you call the dolly shot that
moves farther from subject?
11
Jim decides to leave, but the lady doubts if he could return. Jim promises he will
be back for her, and in one static shot, we see how slow and difficult moving away
is for Jim. He takes the long road away again and crosses the bridge.
Frame 34 Frame 35
QUESTION 7: Recall for a while the lesson on visual media. Why must the main
subject of the frame be moved away from the center, as seen on Frame 34?
QUESTION 8: Frame 35 shows Jim, partially hidden by the metal bars, riding his
bike from right to left? In a culture oriented to read from left to right, what does the
right-to-left movement mean?
Frame 36
In a sudden twist, we see what really happens to Jim.
QUESTION 9: In order to establish the twist of the story, Frames 35 and 36 are taken
in one shot, moving from the bridge, down to the river where we see Jim’s lifeless
body. Since our production team do not have a pedestal, what camera movement
did we use to capture this scene?
12
Jim finally “arrives” home, invisible to his sister and to his friends who drops by
to ask about Jim’s absence. It is at that moment when Jim realizes what has
happened to him and cries over his fate. The mysterious lady visits and concludes
the story with the words, “’Di ba ang sabi ko sa ‘yo, hindi ka na makababalik?
(Didn’t I tell you that you cannot come back anymore?”
Frame 40 Frame 41
QUESTION 10: Observe the orientation of Frames 40 and 41. What do you think is
the reason why the scene set like that?
What I Can Do
Sound Trip
Are you tired of reading? Why not take some time for sound tripping and take
a new perspective on our popular songs. Here is a list of 10 OPM songs to choose
from:
1. Hanggang sa Huli (by SB19)

2. Paubaya (by Moira Dela Torre)
3. Kathang Isip (by Ben and Ben)
4. Imahe (by Magnus Haven)
5. Hanggang Dito na Lang (by TJ Monterde)
6. Huling Sandali (by December Avenue)
7. Hindi Tayo Puwede (by The Juans)
13
8. Kahit Kailan (by South Border)
9. Bakit ba Ikaw (by Michael Pangilinan)
10. Kabilang Buhay (by Bandang Lapis)
Choose one song and listen to it intently. After listening, answer the following
questions:
1. What story does the song tell?
2. How does the song’s speed and accompanying instruments contribute to the
story?
The singer/s is the narrator of this story. Consider him/her/them as the voiced
character/s. Do the vocals effectively convey the story? How? (Take note: consider
only the voice and music, not the lyrics of the song.)
Assessment
Identify the term being defined.

YOUR ANSWER
1. synchronized on screen sound that is not the ________________________
original sound as what they appear to be
2. ambiance sound, or the sound incorporated ________________________
to establish the environment or surroundings
of a scene
3. the style of solo-narrator reading where all of ________________________
the characters are vocalized in a dramatic
fashion
4. an MPEG file format preferred for its small ________________________
size and near-flawless sound quality
5. type of music sourced from the internet that ________________________
does not require fees when used
6. moving the camera lens to one side or ________________________
another, as if looking from left to right or vice
versa
7. a type of tracking shot in which the camera ________________________
continuously follows the subject’s action
8. moving the camera up or down without ________________________
changing its vertical or horizontal axis
9. moving the camera lens up and down as if ________________________
nodding
10. A movement similar to dolly but with ________________________
sideward motion
14
Literacy
Manipulative and Multimedia
Dimensions of Information
and Media
What I Need to Know

• manipulative information and media
• multimedia information and media
OBJECTIVES

1. Explain what manipulatives / interactive media are.
2. Compare the different platforms and uses of manipulatives / interactive
media software
3. Define multimedia and its characteristics.
4. Summarize the design principles and elements in different forms of
information and media (text, audio, visual, motion and manipulative
/interactive).
5. Identify the advantages and limitations of multimedia.
1
What I Know
Identify the dimensions involved in the following multimedia content. Check the
corresponding boxes.
Media Content Text Visual Audio Manipulative

1 “HirayaManawari” an e-novel by
Chris Oca, accessed through
Wattpad
2 Magic Microphone advertised by a
singing salesperson in a mall.
3 Instructions on how to cook
pancit canton on a packaging
4 TV advertisement of a shampoo
brand featuring Sarah Geronimo
5 Textbook for the blind
2
Lesson Manipulative and
1 Multimedia Dimensions of
I have said this before and I will say it again: in this age, information is just right in
our fingertips. Gone are the days when researching involved flipping thick pages of
printed materials; today, a click or a tap brings us information stored from all over
the globe. Before, we tend to miss a movie, TV or radio program if it is out of our
leisure time and prayed for occasional replays to get the chance to see them. But
now, content is offered right in front of us, ready to be viewed at our most convenient
time and replayed as long as we wish. And if before, ordering food while seated in
our cars was the most convenient food service we could get, today, we just have to
click on the menu from our restaurants of choice and food will come delivered to our
doorsteps. Practically, everything is just a click away, customized as to how we want
them to be.
However, we forget that long before the development of the internet, the world was
already in our fingertips, right from the very start of a person’s consciousness, and
the world comes in the form of toys. Isn’t it that children learn the basics of living
while playing, and toys are the most essential tool that allows them to feel that sense
of control, hone their creativity and widen their imagination? Even a folded paper
boat that a child sets afloat in a puddle of water becomes a massive ship sailing the
Pacific Ocean, created by the best engineer in the world. Forgive me for being too
poetic, but the concept of toys is just like any other manipulatives, traditional or
digital, for the young or for the old. They let you hold on to reality, allow you to take
control, and gain information.
In this lesson, we will explore the manipulative and multimedia dimensions of

information and how these speed up our way of living and widen our perspectives. I
believe you would agree with me that during the months that we are locked down,
manipulatives and multimedia have opened up opportunities of growth and
development. Physically, we might have been quarantined, but virtually, the sky is
our limit.
3
What’s In
This might look like a trip to a toy store, but then, everybody needs time to play. Sort
the toys to their proper bins. Take note, the bins are not labelled, so it is up to you
to determine how you will classify these toys. Enjoy!
IMAGE REFERENCES
1. "Lego ZBlocks" by sayamindu is licensed
under CC BY-SA 2.0
2. "Japan Bisque dolls" by Dressy Doll is
licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
3. "Rubic's Cube" by faruqseu is licensed under
CC BY 2.0
4. "soft toy crocodile and teddy bear" by Steve
A Johnson is licensed under CC BY 2.0
5. "Crayon Fence" by chrismetcalfTV is licensed
under CC BY 2.0
6. "Jigsaw puzzle (detail)" by James E. Petts is
licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
7. "finished puzzle box" by matthewvenn is
licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
8. "Play-Doh (Flash)" by GIANTsqurl is licensed
under CC BY 2.0
9. "Wooden Hammering Toy" by
byzantiumbooks is licensed under CC BY 2.0
4
What’s New
So how did you go with the activity? Were you able to classify the toys well? There
may be various answers here, but let me share how I did it. I classified the toys based
on their purpose, which I categorize as follows:
1. Simulators – those that allow you to practice an actual task (taking care of
babies, as in the case of dolls, and pretending to be a carpenter, as in the case
of the toy hammer;
2. Builders – those that allow you to create something out of plain material, as in
the case of clay, and Lego; and
3. Puzzles – those that allow you to solve a code, as in the case of the jigsaw puzzle
and Rubik cube
I hope you can share your work with your teacher. Take note, answers may vary, but
everything points out to one thing: there is so much more in toys than play.
Every child has this particular toy that he/she would go crazy about. My favorite is
Lego. Through these tiny building blocks, my first ambition to become an architect
blossomed. (I did not become an architect, but that is another story). For me, creating
Lego houses was a pleasant experience. I got to design my little dream houses and
imitate structures I found in books. It might sound funny, but I haven’t outgrown
my love for Lego, and even to this day, my reaction upon getting hold of these blocks
is automatic. I will build a house.
I play other games too, and now, I have a confession to make: I was an addict – a
Pokemon Go addict. I just could not help it. Pokemons are cute and plenty and I just
couldn’t resist catching them all. I did not engage in Pokemon battles (even if there
was an arena a walking distance away from our house), but I spent so much time
and money loading my smart phone, walking and commuting to reach PokeStations,
gain mileage to hatch eggs, and search for wild Pokemons together with my trainer-
avatar in the augmented world. Unfortunately, (but fortunately) my phone hanged,
thus ending my Pokemon quest and my addiction.
Why don’t you share your experience on your favorite toys, both traditional and
digital? Here is a matrix for you to fill up:
MY FAVORITE MANIPULATIVES
TRADITIONAL DIGITAL
(A childhood toy or non-digital (A game app and the likes)
manipulative)
5
WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THESE ON ME?
What is It
Manipulative Media
Manipulative media are tools or devices used

for hands-on developmental, educational,
information, leisure, therapeutic, and other
purpose that require kinesthetic sense.
Manipulatives, toys in particular, are essential
in early childhood development, where the
concept of play is a great factor for the child to
grow physically, mentally and emotionally.
Manipulative models allow simulation of
processes and explanation of abstract ideas.
Moreover, they supplement information for the
visually impaired, as in case of Braille "Quipu II" by A.Davey is licensed under CC BY-
materials with raised dotted code that allows NC-ND 2.0
reading through touch.
Ancient civilizations used manipulatives as aid in concretizing abstract ideas, such

as in mathematical computations. The Incas and other ancient civilizations who lived
in the Andes mountains of South America, used the quipu, a device with numerous
6
colored and knotted strings, in
order to keep records and
communicate information about
dates, statistics, accounts, and
even folklore during the time when
an alphabetic writing system was
not yet used. Although many quipu
records have been lost in time, this
device is still being used today by
shepherds to keep count of their "Soroban Japanese abacus, 2001. (abaci (Japanese))"
herd. (Cartwright, 2014). The is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
abacus, on the other hand, is a
beaded device used for mathematical computations, and was used in ancient Rome,
East Asia and Russia. These manipulatives are still being used in some areas, and
is still taught in school, such as in Japan, where it is called the soroban.
The idea that manipulatives can be used for educational purposes dates back to the
18th century, when Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi asserted that learning
takes place through the use of sense and physical contact. Friedrich Froebel, the
creator of the world’s first kindergarten in 1837, supported Pestalozzi’s idea and
made sure that his school are filled with play objects for his pupils. These objects
that Froebel packaged as a set of “20 gifts” were designed to help children recognize
and appreciate patterns and forms found in nature. Maria Montessori developed this
concept and came up with materials to help children develop their sensory abilities,
put them in control of the learning process, enable them to learn through personal
investigation and exploration. Lastly, Jean Piaget theorized that children must first
construct knowledge through concrete operations before moving to formal
operations. (Resnick, Martin, Berg, Borovoy, Colella, Kramer, and Silverman, 1998)
Classification of Manipulatives
Manipulatives can be classified into two: the traditional and the digital.
Traditional Manipulatives are those that does not require any digital component to
function.
Digital manipulatives, on the other hand, are computationally-enhanced versions of

traditional manipulatives. In a product development paper that discussed the
enhancement of traditional kindergarten educational toys, Resnick (1998) termed
these as the “new manipulatives” and are designed to enable children new sets of
concepts that were considered before as too advanced. These system concepts, such
as feedback and emergence. (Resnick, Martin, Berg, Borovoy, Colella, Kramer, and
Silverman, 1998). An example digital manipulative is Lego bricks embedded with
robotics technology, which students can program to move and perform certain
functions.
7
Digital manipulatives may also be classified into two, concrete and virtual. Concrete
manipulatives allow actual hands-on manipulation. On the other hand, virtual
manipulatives are “interactive, web-based, visual representation of a dynamic object
that provides opportunities for constructing mathematical knowledge (Moyer et al,
2002 on Hunt, 2008).
Interactivity, or the responsiveness one experiences from another entity, be it a

computer system or person (Lew, Walther, Pang, and Shin, 2018), is the most
important characteristic of digital manipulatives. Take note that in this age, people
need to establish wide connections and demand quick responses, and today’s
websites, apps and video games answer to this demand.
In 1996, a Japanese invented the Tamagotchi, a virtual pet simulation game. It was
meant for leisure, but the effect went beyond its goals. This is one clear proof of the
power of manipulatives to “manipulate one’s behavior.”
Read this article from the New York Times, published in 1997. As you go along, think
about your personal engagements with similar apps. Have you ever felt the same way
the “Tamagochi parents” felt, or are virtual pets today designed differently?
Tamagotchi: Love It, Feed It, Mourn It

By Carol Lawson
May 22, 1997
A dog may be man's best friend, but a virtual pet can be a child's worst
nightmare. Children who are nurturing the tiny Tamagotchi cyberpet, a
popular Japanese digital toy that went on sale in the United States three
weeks ago, are discovering that virtual death can be nearly as traumatic as
the real thing.
Christine Glickman said her son, Keith, 9, "cried hysterically and went
crazy" when his Tamagotchi expired. Susan Gliedman described her
daughter Mia, also 9, as "extremely sad and depressed" over the demise of
her cyberpet.
The pet hatches from an egg on a liquid-crystal screen the size of a watch
face, set in a case like an egg. It requires continuous care, feeding and
attention, much as a real pet does. It expires if left unattended for more
than five or six hours during the day. Bandai, the manufacturer, says the
toy does not actually die. Instead, its life cycle ends when it sprouts wings
and, the packaging says, "returns to its home planet" millions of miles
away.
8
Try telling that to a teary-eyed child who has spent days caring for the toy,
who has watched it hatch from an egg and then assumed responsibility for
helping it to grow into a lively, healthy digital creature.
The toy can be reset to hatch a

new creature, but the one that
has sprouted wings is gone
forever. (The Japanese version
shows the pet's demise with a
gravestone and a cross -- the
angel wings are for Americans.)
"The toy creates a real sense of

loss and a mourning process,"
said Dr. Andrew Cohen, a "My 1997 Tamagotchi" by h2dh is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
psychologist at the Dalton
School in Manhattan. "Kids want to nurture and take care of pets -- it gives
them a feeling of empowerment and self-importance -- but here the
consequences are too high. It's out of control."
For teachers, too, Tamagotchi is creating unpleasant side effects. Joanne

Emery, Keith's third-grade teacher at Dalton, has banned Tamagotchi from
class, and so have teachers at other schools in the New York area. "It
became very disruptive," Ms. Emery said. "The children were checking it
every five seconds."
The Greenville Elementary School in Edgemont, N.Y., banned Tamagotchi

last week after third graders who were taking a standardized test put down
their pencils to feed the pet. "The children were more concerned with the
toy than with succeeding in the test," said Andrea Silverman, a special-
education teacher.
The toy has three control buttons and numerous icons for the many kinds
of care it needs. The creature must be fed, played with and disciplined. It
needs medicine when it is sick, and the caretaker must clean up its
droppings. It sleeps during the night, and it beeps during the day when it
wants attention. There is even a happiness meter to give feedback on the
owner's parental skills.
Dr. Sylvia Rimm, a psychologist and author of "Dr. Sylvia Rimm's Smart
Parenting" (Crown), said, "We try to bring up kids to be caring and loving,
and those are the ones who are hurt the most by this toy."
9
Tamagotchi, which means "cute little egg," entered the world last November
in Japan. Bandai, which also makes the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
and knows something about mass marketing, says more than four million
Tamagotchis have been sold in Japan.
The toy was introduced in the United States at F.A.O. Schwarz on May 1
and is now at Toys "R" Us and other stores. F.A.O. Schwarz said it sold
30,000, at $17.99 each, in its stores in the first three days. QVC, the
television retailer, says it sold 6,000 in five minutes.
In Japan, where mothers tend to stay home, they often look after the
Tamagotchi during the school day.
Ms. Glickman baby-sat for Keith's Tamagotchi when it became cyberpet

non grata at Dalton. "Keith gave me a one-hour lesson, but I didn't do such
a wonderful job," Ms. Glickman said. Two days later, the pet sprouted
wings.
Will Tamagotchi become a post-Beanie Babies craze? "It's safe to say it's
going to be very successful, but we don't know yet if it's going to be a
megasuccess," said Sean McGowan of Gerard Klauer Mattison, a securities
research and brokerage firm in Manhattan. "To be up there with Beanie
Babies, kids will have to collect them." (The Tamagotchi is on a key ring,
another hot item with schoolchildren.)
Gene Morra, the vice president of marketing for Bandai America, in

Cypress, Calif., said a carefully nurtured Tamagotchi can "live" about 30
days, but in Japan some are said to have lasted nearly three months.
Dr. Cohen called Tamagotchi a breakthrough of sorts. "It's the most

powerful product I've ever heard of, in terms of what it demands from a
child," he said. "I never heard of a toy that makes you stay engaged with it
all the time."
But some children get disillusioned. In the beginning, said IlyssaMeren, 9,

a third grader in Manhattan at the Nightingale-Bamford School (which has
also banned Tamagotchi), the toy was easy to take care of. But now it beeps
constantly, and one morning it woke her at 4 a.m. "I want it to die," she
said. "It's driving me crazy." But Ilyssa will not commit virtual murder.
"When it dies, I won't reset it," she said.
10
Courtney Glickman, 13, also said it was too much. "It beeped every five
minutes and was getting on my nerves, so I turned off the sound," she said,
not seeming at all sad that her pet sprouted wings one day.
"It was too much work -- like a real child," her mother said.
But psychologists say that for a teen-ager, Tamagotchi-style parental

responsibility can be an effective learning experience.
Some high schools around the country already teach how demanding a
baby can be by giving teen-agers real eggs to carry around for a week: the
egg must go everywhere, and it is the student's job to make sure it doesn't
break.
"I can see the Tamagotchi as a teaching tool about pregnancy for young
women and men," Dr. Rimm said. "It could help them understand reality."
Meanwhile, Bandai says it is coming out with a new improved Tamagotchi

in the fall: it will have a "pause" button.
Today, there are much more virtual pets developed, but I believe none has had an
impact like that of the 1996 Tamagotchi design. People have learned their lesson:
trends come and go and innovations are born day by day, but in the end, we have to
keep in mind that technology is made for the good of the people.
Concrete and Virtual Manipulatives: A Comparison
Hunt, Nipper and Nash (2011) probed the advantages and disadvantages of concrete
and visual manipulatives in education. Here are their findings:
11
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Simpler, more moveable  Limited
 Tactile (concrete) experience  Not very challenging
adds a dimension of learning
 Fosters creativity
 Process is traceable
 Allows trial and error
 Units are easier to distinguish,
CONCRETE MEDIA
making the whole easier to see

 Easier to relate to real-world
applications
 Less expensive than digital
technology
 Requires more thinking
 Self-paced
 Multi-sensory approach
increases memory retention
 Clarifies misconceptions and
builds connections concepts
and representations,
encouraging more precise and
richer understandings
 Feedback is immediate Cannot be actually touched
 Easier to maneuver and keep Sometimes forces one to think
together abstractly
 Offers a larger variety of More suitable for use after a student
experiences has already mastered the concept
 Allow more complex operations Some make it too easy
to be learned Computers do the work for the
 Catches the attention of the students so they are able to guess the
“technology generation” correct answer
 More accessible at home May limit the teacher’s ability to
 Gives step-by-step instruction follow the students’ thought
VIRTUAL MEDIA
 Often provides explicit processes

Takes away the notion that the hands
connections between visual and
and mind must work together
symbolic representations
Might feel like “do” vs. “learn/explore”
Doesn’t really make one find the
answer on his/her own
Take note that this was the scenario almost a decade ago in a particular
setting about a particular function of manipulatives. This does not reflect the whole
idea of the effectiveness of concrete and visual manipulatives. In fact, there are many
other factors that can affect a person’s perception on the effectiveness of this media,
and in the case of many living the Philippines, the most relevant factor to consider is
the digital divide.
12
What’s More
Multimedia
Gathering the ideas discussed in the three latest chapters, we

come up with this illustration.
Before proceeding, briefly observe its form and reflect on its

implications. Keep in mind that every formation matters.
Collectively, these dimensions make up multimedia, which

Christenson (2006) defines as “the integration of multiple forms
of media.” While multimedia generally include text, graphics,
audio and video set in digital format that enables virtual
manipulation, the concept has been evident centuries ago,
when newspapers began featuring text, and images to inform
the public, and if you would consider the newspaper hawkers
(children who peddle newspapers), then audio media enters
the scene. But then, looking into the diagram, it must be noted
that at the center of all these dimensions is the top agent of
media and information: people. Therefore, understanding
multimedia will be incomplete without considering that at the
"The Chicago Daily News in 1901 relied on
very center of all these are the people through which and for
newsboys hawking the headlines." is licensed which media exists.
under Public Domain.
13
What I Have Learned
We are almost in the middle of the school year, and you have realized the need for
interactive media in your studies. Do you belong to the small fraction that is capable
of learning through interactive digital platforms, or are you part of the majority who
cannot maximize the power of internet connectivity? Think about your experiences
in using interactive manipulatives and answer the questions that follow.
What are the concrete

manipulatives that you use
to access and pass
information?
What are the visual
manipulatives that you
commonly access?
What do you prefer?
Concrete or virtual
manipulatives? Support your
answer.
What I Can Do
Identify the PRIMARY dimension of the following apps. Write text, visual, audio,
motion or manipulative. Practically, all this apps are manipulatives, but two needs
intensive manipulation to be enjoyed.
ICON NAME YOUR ANSWER
1 Spotify
2 Instagram
14
3 Twitter
4 Talking Tom
5 Gmail
6 Viber
7 Wattpad
8 Mobile Legends
9 YouTube
10 Pinterest
Assessment
Design Your Own Game App

At the beginning of this lesson, we talked about toys. Now that we are close to its
end, let’s talk about game apps. Nope, we are not going to analyze an existing game
app; you will conceptualize your own.
Gamedesigning.org posts: “Humans are engaged when they feel like they’re learning.
The trick, then, is to incorporate learning right into the game mechanics (2020). It is
good to keep this in mind, so I want you to visualize a game that is fun and
educational.
Here is a checklist of what you have to accomplish. As an example, I used another

personal favorite game app, Subway Surfer.
15
 Name
(example: Subway Surfer)
 Concept. Explain the main premise or story of your

game.
(example: In this virtually endless game, a subway
graffiti artist vandalizes a train and the Grumpy
Inspector and his dog chases him / her.
 Objectives
(example: Earn points and prizes by picking up
coins and items on the subway track. Avoid
obstacles along the way.
 Educational value.
(example: Subway Surfer can help you improve
your reflexes, improve your precision, and practice
quick thinking. Remember to establish your target
audience – who would most likely play this game.
 Interface. Design how your game would look:
characters, items (tools, weapons, gadgets, prizes,
etc.), and background. You may refer to the screen
shot on the right for your example. It would be nice
if you could digitize your interface, but if it is
possible, you can just draw this on a piece of paper
for hard copy submission, or take a picture of your
drawing for online submission.
RUBRIC
COMPONENT 5 points 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point

Completion 5/5 parts 4/5 parts 3/5 parts 2/5 parts 1/5 parts
completed completed completed completed completed
Concept and Creative, Creative, Adapted Adapted Direct copy
Objectives original, and original, but from a from a from a
well needs further previous previous known
explained explanation source, well source, game app
explained further
explanation
needed
Educational Highly Enhances at Enhances Justification None
value substantial, least 2 skills at least 1 is confusing
enhances at skill
least 3 skills
Interface Masterfully Creatively Basic, but Mediocre, Incomplete
presented presented, clear much
with room for improvement
enhancement needed
16
Literacy
Producing Multimedia Content
What I Need to Know

Analyze how the different dimensions are formally and informally produced,
organized, and disseminated
OBJECTIVES
1. Discuss the stages of creating multimedia content;
2. Identify the factors considered in content creation;
3. Relate forms of media to relevant concepts.
What I Know
Identify the three stages of multimedia production. Then classify the following steps
into their respective stages. Follow the format below.
User Testing Graphics designing Editing

Storyboarding Sound recording Creative briefing
Scriptwriting Shooting
STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3

Lesson
Producing Multimedia
1 Content
We have had a lengthy discussion of the different dimensions of media. This time
around, we will have shorter lessons in preparation for your final performance task.
Integration is the key concept for this lesson because we will now look into the
different dimensions of information and media as a whole and analyze them based
on some given standards. We will explore the process of creating content and
disseminating it through relevant platforms. Through these examples, we hope to
reach the expected goal of contributing meaningful content in social media, and to
realize this, we got to start planning now.
What’s In
Let’s review the different dimensions of media and information. Identify the
dimension most related to the items below. Write text, audio, visual, motion or
manipulative.
_____________ 1. Rubik cube _____________ 11. infographics

_____________ 2. truck _____________ 12. modelling clay
_____________ 3. hip hop beat _____________ 13. mp3
_____________ 4. script _____________ 14. century gothic
_____________ 5. photograph _____________ 15. AAC
_____________ 6. FLAC _____________ 16. zoom
_____________ 7. rule of thirds _____________ 17. rolling shot
_____________ 8. sans serif _____________ 18. haptics
_____________ 9. game app _____________ 19. ttf
_____________ 10. tilt _____________ 20. point of view
Are you positive that you will get a perfect 20 here? If you are in doubt, I suggest that
you review the previous lessons.
What’s New
Prior to the discussion of our topic today, it is imperative that you must familiarize
yourself with the typology of media language. Understanding the definite end of your
discourse through mass media is of the essence to determine the rudiments of your
interpersonal correspondence.
Gets n’yo? O Malabo? Just think: if you’ll talk like that with your tropa in a party,
they’d think you’re possessed. Hirap e. May binabagayan ang salita. ‘Pag nagpost ka
sa FB at anlabo mo, asa ka pang magka-likes. Suwerte mo na pag naging meme ka.
Kung hindi, nganga ka lang dun.
Ito ay sa kadahilanang napakahalaga ng pagpili ng angkop na wika sa

pakikipagtalastasan, at upang masasabing tama ang iyong pagpili, kinakailangang
kilalanin kung sino ang makikinig sa iyong mga pahimakas.
Ok, enough of this. I guess you find it awkward to switch from technical English to
casual Taglish to formal Filipino, not this time when you well know that this module
is supposed to be in conversational English.
We cannot say that one language style is better than the other. It all depends on who
is at the other end of the conversation line. What good would it do to be as eloquent
as Shakespeare or as endearing as Huseng Sisiw, when we are talking to toddlers
who befriend Barney and Dora? Media content may be formal or informal, exclusive
or universal and this must be reflected on the different media components of your
content. We cannot say that one is better than the other, as they are of equal footing.
Formal media like webinars, newscasts, textbooks, documentaries, and the like are
as important as their informal counterparts, like vlogs, video games, texting, and TV
variety shows. What matters is that the content must have the ability to connect to
the defined audience and serve its purpose.
What is It
What’s Cooking?
The process of producing media content, whether traditional or new, is long and
tedious. Take for instance the actual process of writing distance learning modules: it
takes hundreds and even thousands of man hours to plan, write, illustrate, layout,
review, edit, review, reedit, finalize, and print one learning module before it is packed
and handed to learners. After that, more time is needed for the users to read the
materials and give feedback to the publishers, who will then find means to enhance
content for further use. Indeed, the quest for quality content is practically endless.
I tried Googling the phrase “how to produce good media content” in search of a good
material to share, and I ended up seeing dozens of articles to choose from. I
encourage you to check out those websites if you have available internet connection,
but in case you don’t, here are factors to consider in producing a good content.
1. Establish your THESIS STATEMENT
This may look like a piece of your Practical Research subject but establishing
the thesis statement is the first concern of any storyteller. Every content has
a story, even if it is not text based. The content is the message the source
wishes to inform the audience, and this must be clear at the very start. Before
creating a content, think first: what message do I want to impart to my
audience?
2. Know your AUDIENCE
These are the people you are conversing with through your work. Identify their
preferences, their level of understanding, their biases, their manner of
thinking. For instance, there are a hundred and one strategies of creating an
instructional material in science, but the strategies are reduced and organized
if you give focus to a particular group, say for instance Grade One pupils,
which obviously do not have the level of understanding of senior high school
students.
3. Determine your PURPOSE
Once you have identified your audience, you must determine the purpose why
you are producing a content. Do you want to entertain, teach, correct wrong
perceptions, call somebody’s attention, advertise, make an appeal, etc.? You
may combine purpose, for instance, your content may be entertaining and at
the same time, informative; you may advertise a product and call the attention
of your audience about a certain social issue. However, if you are dealing with
a simple or short content, limit your purpose to one or two, or you might end
up presenting a hodge-podge of ideas and confuse your audience.
4. Choose your STYLE
What will be your approach in relaying your content? Definitely, you must be
guided by the profile of your audience and the nature of your platform. Decide
on the genre that you will employ. Would you go for an academic discussion
or a storytelling session? Would you relay your song through hip hop or
through rock? Would your audience find infographics more appealing than
comic strips? Is face-to-face focus group discussion already allowed, or would
a discussion via Zoom more feasible? Would a short narrative film be better
than a documentary? Check the platform through which you will
communicate with them. Does your audience rely heavily on social media for
information? What app do they access most? In case your audience do not
have access to new media, what traditional media do they prefer most?
5. Think of an INNOVATION
Today’s generation is always in search for novelties – things they have never
seen before and ideas that are fresh and new. Back in New Year’s Eve 2000,
when all nations attempted to celebrate the new millennium with a
tremendous twist, performers from Australia performed an extraordinary
production number right on top of the Sydney Opera House. That was a new
sight to behold, very apt for the turn of the century. As you plan your work,
think of new possibilities. Open new doors; think out of the box.
6. Decide your LANGUAGE
A person’s foreign language hits the mind; his or her native language hits the
heart. Would you rather stimulate the thinking of your audience, or would you
want your content to be heartfelt? But then, a common language spoken by a
vast majority across nations would ensure maximum understanding. Would
you go for this idea?
7. Explore other OPTIONS
Is a single medium enough for you to inform, or would multimedia help in

gaining wide audience? Remember that media convergence is a trend. If you
follow a certain vlogger, you will notice that aside from YouTube, he or she will
use Facebook, Instagram and TikTok as alternative content platforms, some
even publish books, appear on TV and speak over the radio. Do you intend
your content to be delivered that way also?
8. Think of what others can GIVE back.
This is not about getting paid for your work; this is all about the effect on your
audience upon viewing your content. Consider this: netizens will not shower
you with emojis just because there is a button available to react. They will do
so because they appreciate the message you wish to convey. Consider yourself
as an advocate of change for the community and for the world through your
content.
So what’s cooking? Get the first letter of the words in all caps and you will get…
TAPSILOG! I hope the code will help you remember the concepts that you can use as
you plan for your project. Remember: for you to ensure reaching your communication
goals, you must strategize.
The U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Effective Healthcare
(EHC) continuously fund research to improve information dissemination of their
health advocacies. In one of their research, AHRQ and EHC were able to come up
with four effective communication techniques (2012). Below is the table of the
techniques and their corresponding effectiveness.
Technique Definition Observations

Tailoring the Communication Tailored communication delivered
message designed for an via print or the Internet is more
individual based on effective than nontailored
information from the communication in increasing
individual. knowledge and changing behavior.
Effect sizes can vary based on
length of follow-up, variables
tailored, type of behavior,
population studied, and number of
intervention contacts.
Targeting the Communication Communication that is targeted to
message to designed for audience segments is a strategy
audience segments subgroups based on used to make information more
group membership or relevant based on group
characteristics such membership characteristics.
as age, gender or sex, Characteristics can be determined
race, cultural by role, demographic, or social
background, psychological variables. Meta-
language, and other analysis shows its practice is more
“psychographic” common in large-scale
characteristics such communication efforts due to its
as a person’s potential effectiveness.
attitudes.
Using narratives Communication Narrative forms of communication
delivered in the form increase information processing
of a story, and increase the persuasiveness of
testimonial, or messages; people become
entertainment transported into a situation that
education. can enhance emotions, attitudes,
and behaviors.
Framing the Communication that Messages framed as emphasizing
message conveys the same the benefits of preventive action are
messages in alternate significantly better than loss-
ways (e.g., what is framed messages, although the
gained or lost by difference is small.
taking an action or
making a choice).
What’s More
Stages of Production in Multimedia
After all that has been discussed, we are just in step one. This goes to show that
careful planning is the key, not just to achieve our set communication goals, but also
to facilitate our production process. You don’t want to end up with useless materials
at the end of your production, do you?
Basically, production of multimedia has three stages, pre-production, production

and post-production. If you are a creator, you must pass through these stages to
ensure the quality of your content and maximize your time and resources.
Smith (2019) explained the stages of production in multimedia in the context of small
business. The six steps she enumerated are practical because it is close to what you
can actually do, given all the limitations that we have. As you read along, consider
the situation of content creators working for a client.
Pre-Production Stage
1. Planning Meeting
This kicks-off the multimedia production process. The main goal of this stage
is to unify the project team members in a common vision for the project and
to lay out the lines of action each member must do.
2. Creative Brief and Script Writing

A creative brief is a short, yet detailed summary of a company’s background
and the campaign goals it aims to achieve (Turits, 2019). This may be used
for any type of project and may serve as a blueprint for all creative content
projects needed.
Since most multimedia projects entail a story, scriptwriting comes next in the
process. A good script will serve as an outline for content creators to convey
the prescribed message to the specified audience within the definite time.
Scripts may be full detailed or may come in the form of sentence outline.
3. Storyboarding to Tie the Elements Together
The ideas laid out in a script needs to be concretized through images and
sound. Thus, to accomplish this, content creators need a story board.
A storyboard is a visual
representation of a film
sequence and breaks down
the action into individual
panels. It sketches out how a
video sequence will unfold. A
storyboard is similar to a
trial-run for your finished
film, video, or commercial,
laid out in a comic book-like
form. (Studiobinder, 2019)
A storyboard panel for a

scene includes a sketch of the
visual elements, the voiceover
or title text, and any
production notes. It guides
"Storyboard" by FngKestrel is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
the process, keeps everyone in
check and gives structure to
the project. (Smith, 2019)
Production Stage
4. Production and Designing the Visual Aspects
During the design stage, designers take over the visual aspects of the project
to determine how it looks and feels. Aided by the storyboards, the production
staff create graphics, shoot photo stills or videos, record sound, and collect all
necessary images. Design is always done with an eye toward the audience.
(Smith, 2019)
In my team’s experience in making short films, proper planning results to a

well-executed production stage, allowing us to economize our time and
resources in the process. Documentaries normally take a longer time for
shoots, because the script only serves as guidelines and the creators rely on
actual, unrehearsed and spontaneous footage that characterizes the
documentary genre.
Post-Production Stage
5. Review and Editing
This is also called the post-production stage, and it is the most complex of the
multimedia development process. All the sound and visual components are
combined in a logical sequence. Editing a one-minute content can even take
hours depending on the requirements specified in the storyboard. Creators
who specialize on same-edit videos such as those done in weddings and other
social occasions need intensive planning and technical preparations to
produce the required product. The client always has the final say on the look
of the content, that is why rounds of client review and editing may also
happen.
6. User Testing
During this stage, test members of the audience use the multimedia piece
while team members observe. Depending on the goals of the project, the staff
might observe users' reactions or have them answer questions to see if the
project hits the right marks. After user testing, there are usually further
adjustments to the project. Once the team and clients are satisfied, the project
goes out for distribution.
For instance, the children’s TV show

“Sesame Street” has been a proponent
of early childhood development
worldwide, and many countries have
obtained franchise for this show to
come up with their national versions,
like “Batibot,” its Filipino counterpart,
which came out in the 1980s. Before
airing an episode, the producers must
test it with a group of preschoolers to
gauge its formative aspect. As a result,
stories and characters change, such as
Cookie Monster, the character to eats
anything. To educate preschoolers on
healthy eating habits, episodes were
created under the “Healthy Habits for
Life” curriculum, with Cookie Monster "Cookie Monster Avatar" by @NonprofitOrgs is licensed
learning about “sometimes food” and under CC BY 2.0
“anytime food” (Merrill, 2019).
What I Have Learned
Although multimedia is almost synonymous to new or digital media. The process

discussed above applies to al media conventions. For this exercise, we will be using
traditional media content.
Let us work on the first three things to consider in preparing a creative content: TAP
(thesis statement, audience, purpose).
Analyze these two posters and answer the following.
POSTER A
"[title is removed]" by Original:
DenitzaTchacarova Derivative: ‫ باسم‬is licensed
under CC BY-SA 2.0
1. What is the thesis statement?
2. Who are the main audience of this

poster?
3. What do you think is the purpose of

this poster?
POSTER B
"We Can Do It! Poster" by DonkeyHotey is
licensed under CC BY 2.0
1. What is the thesis statement?
2. Who are the main audience of this

poster?
3. This poster was first released during

the Second World War to boost the
morale of women factory workers, but
this remains popular until today.
What is the purpose of this poster
that remains relevant up to the
present times?
What I Can Do
View these screenshots of the 2014 National Council for Children’s Television (NCCT)
Sine Pambata Film Festival awardee for Best Story and Best One-minute Video,
“Robot ang Tatay Ko,” and read its narrative under each frame. Then, answer the
questions that follow. If you have internet connection, you may view this video
through this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFapLoC9MtM
ROBOT ANG TATAY KO
A. (INTRO MUSIC) B. Siya ang tatay kong hindi ordinaryo.
C. Kapag nagagalit, nagiging robot na D. Pati si Nanay, na may super powers

macho. Takot sa kanya ang mga din, dahil sa lakas ni Tatay, hindi siya
kapitbahay… umaaray. At ang balat niya, nagbabago
ang kulay sa bawat hataw at aray.
E. Sabi niya sa akin, tiis-tiis na lang. F. Isang araw, noong ako ay nasa
Balang araw, lalabas din daw ang aking bahay, naging robot uli si tatay. Hindi
kapangyarihan. Ako, may powers din? nagpatalo ang kalaban. Kaya bago pa
Ang galling naman! ang hatawan, lumabas na ang aking
kapangyarihan. Aaaaah! Super scream
na abot kung saan-saan.
G. Dumating ang pulis at sinama si H. “Saan siya dadalhin?” Ang tanong

tatay. ko kay nanay.Aayusin daw nila ang
buhay ni tatay, at sa kanyang
pagbalik, hindi na siya robot na
matapang, kundi tanging pagmamahal
ang kanyang kapangyarihan..
ITEM INSTRUCTION
1 (2 points) Identify the THESIS STATEMENT of the film
2 Who are the expected AUDIENCE?
3 What is its PURPOSE?
4 What is the STYLE or genre of this content?
5 In what way does the story show INNOVATIVE ideas in form and
content?
6 What is the LANGUAGE used?
7 Propose an OPTION for
a. an alternative platform where the content can be viewed
b. another style of storytelling
8 (2 points) What can your audience GIVE BACK (what do you expect your
audience would do after watching this video)?
TOTAL POINTS: 10
Assessment
1. The core of any media content

a. philosophy
b. production plan
c. thesis statement
d. visual storytelling technique
2. A summary of a company’s background and goals used in pre-production
a. company profile
b. creative brief
c. prospectus
d. vision-mission
3. A visual guide used in producing a media content
a. idiot board
b. outline
c. script
d. storyboard
4. The production stage when editing takes place
a. pre-production
b. production
c. post-production
d. review
5. A step in media production wherein sample audience views and comments on
the produced material prior to mass release.
a. critiquing
b. editing
c. focus-group discussion
d. user testing
Additional Activities
Reflection:
Take your stand as a young Filipino dreaming big for every young Filipino. Reflect
on this question and answer.
What is the most important lesson Filipino children need to learn and how can media
help in teaching this?
Walang Himala!
If you have reliable internet connections,
you are highly encouraged to do this
activity.
In 2008, a Filipino film was hailed as “the

CNN Asia Pacific Screen Awards Viewers
Choice Award for Best Asia-Pacific Film of
all Time.” This movie is National Artist
Ishmael Bernal’s 1982 opus “Himala,”
starring Nora Aunor. It tells the story of a
simple village girl named Elsa who sparked
controversy after allegedly seeing an
apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary giving
her the power to heal ailments. "Elsa sculpture by Gerry Leonardo-20140509-
20140509_173845" by IlocosNorte is licensed under CC BY-NC-
ND 2.0
30 years after its first release, filmmakers
Sari Lluch Dalena and Keith Sicat made a
documentary about Himala. Fortunately, this is available for viewing through the
CinemaOne YouTube Channel. Visit the channel and search for “Himala Ngayon” or
click this link below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X56Ac94gPoY
This documentary will provide you with information on how one of the greatest
Filipino films of all time was made from the point of view of the producer, scriptwriter,
assistant director (Bernal has long passed away), production designers, actors, and
even the bit players from Ilocos Norte. Through their stories, you will gain insights
on the details of film production. Hopefully, this will inspire you to dream big and
aim for really great things in your chosen fields. Happy viewing!
A Story in a Story
Let’s talk “Filipino Millennial” this time, although later on, we will end with
something else. One of my mentors in storytelling always quipped: “Ano ang hugot
sa istorya mo?” (What are the sentiments in your story?) I just used the term
sentiments as the closest I can to translate “hugot,” But the latter is of a different
level. (Recall our discussion on the difference of native language to other languages.)
I see “hugot” not just as a personal sentiment. It is an outpouring of emotions that
you want to make public. Your content is a big bundle of “hugot,” and unless you
want to be misunderstood, your content must be carefully planned so that your
audience will share what you feel.
Literacy
Evaluating Multimedia
What I Need to Know

Evaluate a creative multimedia form (living museum, electronic portfolio, others)
OBJECTIVES
1. Discuss principles in evaluating online content
2. Assess the credibility of online content based on the dimensions of critical
evaluation
3. Apply media and information literacy principles in evaluating multimedia
form
4. Write a critique paper evaluating a multimedia or online content
1
What I Know
How well do you know credibility of information? Check the space that corresponds
to the correct response to the following situations.
You are researching about the recent Believe it. Verify it. Disregard it.
breakthroughs in science, and you Googled
an information that…
1. comes from a blogging site.
2. gives an opinion that is different from
the majority.
3. is sourced from a reputable
institution.
4. shows mathematical errors.
5. comes from an anonymous sender.
6. is posted in a freshly opened social
media account.
7. is plagiarized.
8. comes from an identified fake
account.
9. is a public opinion.
10. is 15 years old.
2
Lesson
1 Evaluating Multimedia
One of the characteristics of the Connected Age is the possibility for immediate
feedbacks of media and information content. Gone are the times when you have to
wait for days, weeks or even months just to get a response from a letter sent. Today,
feedbacks can come in a matter of seconds, and consequently, feedback analysis can
be also instantaneous.
Feedbacks are necessary in the communication process. It is the way for the
communicator to assess whether the information is effectively relayed. It assures the
attainment of desired information goals, as well as any unfortunate
miscommunication. Lastly, it allows proper evaluation of the underlying information
processes, which serves as the basis for improvement.
For this lesson, you will act as media and information critics. You will assess the
credibility of media content following specific evaluation procedures. In the long run,
you are expected to be critical media and information literates who will never be
swayed by undesirable content that infiltrates different media platforms.
What’s In
Does It Sell?
Here are five media content. If you were the content creator, how would you know
that the message you wish to convey had reached your target audience? Identify
possible evidence that the content relayed has attained their set goals. I have
provided two examples for your guidance.
Content Evidence of Effectiveness

Example 1 Online survey delivered All, if not a significant majority of the
through Google Forms expected number of respondents sent
back their replies on or before the set
deadline.
Example 2 Surplus clothes being A significant number of netizens are
promoted by an online viewing the live feed, and a good
seller via Facebook Live number of items are availed by
“miners” (“Mine” is an online selling
term used to signify intent to buy a
product being sold.)
3
1 A brand of detergent soap
being advertised by a
promodizer (a product
endorser who promotes an
assigned product on the
spot) in a grocery.
2 Fake news posted by social
media trolls
3 A vlog recently uploaded in
a YouTube channel
4 A new teleserye or
telenovela starring the
newest love team on TV
5 A flyer distributed in your
neighborhood promoting
affordable meals of a newly
opened fast food restaurant.
What’s New
So, how was the activity? Were you able to list down possible evidence? Perhaps you
were able to include any or all from my personal list, which is practically the
significant increase in number or frequency of the following:
1. Consumers who availed of the product being endorsed
2. Paid advertisements (TV and online commercials) shown during the
broadcast or streaming.
3. Likes, comments, and shares of online content
4. People expressing their reactions about the product or content, whether
online or through other means
You might have been confused in listing down evidence of fake news. If you listed
down the evidences above, then you are correct, but if you listed down counter-
reactions, such as “angry” or “thumbs down” emojis, rants, and counter posts, then
you might have defeated the goal of media trolls, but you have commendably acted
as media and information literate individual who knows how to evaluate content.
Congratulations!
4
What is It
Is This Legit?
“Legit ba ‘to? (Is This True)” This must be the first question to ask in evaluating media
content. In the millions of fresh news and information found in the internet every
day, not all can be considered legit, and with the advancements in technology, fake
information can look very authentic in the eyes of unwary netizens. Therefore, it is
very much needed to give sound judgment of media content before we evaluate it
further, or we might fall in the same trap that many unguided people have fallen –
continuing the cycle of misinformation and believing what is supposed to be wrong.
The Sheridan Libraries of Johns Hopkins University post some items to consider that
can help determine authenticity of an online content (2020):
1. Location of the source (Where does the content come from?)
Check whether the source is a reliable enough. Be mindful if the content just
comes from a blog-publishing service (blogger.com), from a free and open source,
(wikipedia.org) or from any site you can easily guarantee.
2. Network (Who are the followers of this site?)
Just recently, while monitoring the School’s Division DepEd Tayo FB Page, I
notice a ranting message from another FB page carrying the name of a public
elementary school. It can be easily dismissed as fake because that FB page has
only three members, which does not even include the school’s principal.
3. Content (Can the information be confirmed from other sources?)
While you must be careful with content coming from sources that I have stated
in item number 1, you can still trust them as long as you verify them from other
more credible sources. If the content is constant in many sources, then it is
factual. For instance, you can refer to the references posted at the end of a
Wikipedia item as a counter checker.
Pictures and other graphics can be verified as well through image verification
sites such as tineye.com. By simply uploading the image or pasting its URL, you
can check its origin and which other websites has used the picture.
4. Contextual updates (Is the content updated or is it lost in time?)
5
As connectivity progresses, the timeliness of a content also shortens. In research,
content published more than five years ago might not be relevant for current
use. Such is a case to case basis, though. News, current demographics, statistics
and scientific discoveries needs constant updating. However, historical accounts
and literary and artistic archives may still be factual.
5. Age (What is the age of the account in question? Be wary of recently created
accounts.
Sometimes, when an issue surfaces, new social media accounts surface as well.
Most likely, these are created by other netizens who wish to support or bash the
issue. For instance, when a person gets caught in viral video misbehaving in
public, fake accounts of that person gets created, becoming the hub for bashers
who post ranting comments and offensive memes.
6. Reliability (Is the source of information reliable?)
What are the factors that determine the reliability of a source? You have to check
if it is an official site for a network (.net), non-profit organization (.org), military
(.mil), educational institution (.edu) and government (.gov), but be careful,
because it is still possible for sites to have misleading suffixes. Be wary of
commercial sites (.com). Assess also if the site poses bias. Also consider the
author of the content and doubt anonymously authored content. It pays to
Google the name of the author to check his or her credentials. Even the site’s
interface or look matters. If it looks too amateurish, or if it contains errors in
textual and visual content, doubt it. Lastly, check if the site contains links to
other undesirable sites.
What’s More
Dimensions of Critical Evaluation
Coiro (2017) stressed the need for adolescents to be critical in viewing online
information, having noticed that more students are concerned with content relevance
than content credibility. This is alarming because doing so, students become agents
in spreading fake news, a concept which media scholars have categorized into two:
misinformation or “false information which is unintentionally disseminated on online
platforms”, and disinformation or “information intended to convince online users to
favor a group or individual political perspective” (Quilinguing, 2019). If fake news
goes viral, it becomes relevant information, which, when left unguarded, becomes
false truths.
6
However, critical evaluation is not solely a spot-the-error procedure. It is meant to
find the value of a certain content and how this value can affect the user. Do you still
recall the activity where I gave you ten songs to choose from? These songs may be
good –brilliantly written by composers, wonderfully interpreted by musicians and
singers, and perfectly mastered by sound engineers – but if its message does not
touch you, it will just be another untouched option in the playlist. Remember, it
takes a lover to love a love song.
Filtering content may be seen as a massive endeavor, but this is not impossible if
critical evaluation is done right at the very start by the information user. Coiro (2017)
presents four dimensions of critical evaluation:
Relevance: the information’s level of importance to a particular purpose or

explicitly stated need for that information
Accuracy: the extent to which information contains factual and updated

details that can be verified by consulting alternative and/or
primary sources
Bias/Perspective: the position or slant toward which an author shapes

information
Reliability: the information’s level of trustworthiness based on information

about the author and the publishing body
A 4-Step Test
Closely related to Coiro’s dimensions of critical evaluation is Caulfield’s four-

step test in evaluating content. You’ll find this relatable to the filtering process,
as it comes in a synonymous acronym: SIFT. The following material is lifted
from Caulfield’s website, hapgood.us (2019).
SIFT (The Four Moves)

JUNE 19, 2019 / MIKECAULFIELD
So if long lists of things to think about only make things worse, how do we get
better at sorting truth from fiction and everything in-between?
Our solution is to give students and others a short list of things to do when
looking at a source, and hook each of those things to one or two highly effective
web techniques. We call the “things to do” moves and there are four of them:
7
Stop
The first move is the simplest. STOP reminds you of two things.
First, when you first hit a page or post and start to read it — STOP. Ask yourself
whether you know the website or source of the information, and what the
reputation of both the claim and the website is. If you don’t have that
information, use the other moves to get a sense of what you’re looking at. Don’t
read it or share media until you know what it is.
Second, after you begin to use the other moves it can be easy to go down a
rabbit hole, going off on tangents only distantly related to your original task. If
you feel yourself getting overwhelmed in your fact-checking efforts, STOP and
take a second to remember your purpose. If you just want to repost, read an
interesting story, or get a high-level explanation of a concept, it’s probably good
enough to find out whether the publication is reputable. If you are doing deep
research of your own, you may want to chase down individual claims in a
newspaper article and independently verify them.
Please keep in mind that both sorts of investigations are equally useful. Quick
and shallow investigations will form most of what we do on the web. We get
quicker with the simple stuff in part so we can spend more time on the stuff
that matters to us. But in either case, stopping periodically and reevaluating
our reaction or search strategy is key.
Investigate the source
We’ll go into this move more on the next page. But idea here is that you want
to know what you’re reading before you read it.
Now, you don’t have to do a Pulitzer prize-winning investigation into a source

before you engage with it. But if you’re reading a piece on economics by a Nobel
prize-winning economist, you should know that before you read it. Conversely,
if you’re watching a video on the many benefits of milk consumption that was
put out by the dairy industry, you want to know that as well.
This doesn’t mean the Nobel economist will always be right and that the dairy
industry can’t be trusted. But knowing the expertise and agenda of the source
is crucial to your interpretation of what they say. Taking sixty seconds to figure
out where media is from before reading will help you decide if it is worth your
time, and if it is, help you to better understand its significance and
trustworthiness.
Find trusted coverage
Sometimes you don’t care about the particular article or video that reaches you.
You care about the claim the article is making. You want to know if it is true or
8
false. You want to know if it represents a consensus viewpoint, or if it is the
subject of much disagreement.
In this case, your best strategy may be to ignore the source that reached you,
and look for trusted reporting or analysis on the claim. If you get an article that
says koalas have just been declared extinct from the Save the Koalas
Foundation, your best bet might not be to investigate the source, but to go out
and find the best source you can on this topic, or, just as importantly, to scan
multiple sources and see what the expert consensus seems to be. In these
cases, we encourage you to “find other coverage” that better suits your needs
— more trusted, more in-depth, or maybe just more varied. In lesson two we’ll
show you some techniques to do this sort of thing very quickly.
Do you have to agree with the consensus once you find it? Absolutely not! But
understanding the context and history of a claim will help you better evaluate
it and form a starting point for future investigation.
Trace claims, quotes, and media back to the original context
Much of what we find on the internet has been stripped of context. Maybe
there’s a video of a fight between two people with Person A as the aggressor.
But what happened before that? What was clipped out of the video and what
stayed in? Maybe there’s a picture that seems real but the caption could be
misleading. Maybe a claim is made about a new medical treatment based on a
research finding — but you’re not certain if the cited research paper really said
that.
In these cases, we’ll have you trace the claim, quote, or media back to the
source, so you can see it in its original context and get a sense if the version
you saw was accurately presented.
It’s about Recontextualizing
There’s a theme that runs through all of these moves: they are about
reconstructing the necessary context to read, view, or listen to digital content
effectively.
One piece of context is who the speaker or publisher is. What’s their expertise?
What’s their agenda? What’s their record of fairness or accuracy? So we
investigate the source. Just as when you hear a rumor you want to know who
the source is before reacting, when you encounter something on the web you
need the same sort of context.
When it comes to claims, a key piece of context includes whether they are
broadly accepted or rejected or something in-between. By scanning for other
coverage you can see what the expert consensus is on a claim, learn the history
around it, and ultimately land on a better source.
9
Finally, when evidence is presented with a certain frame — whether a quote or
a video or a scientific finding — sometimes it helps to reconstruct the original
context in which the photo was taken or research claim was made. It can look
quite different in context!
In some cases, these techniques will show you claims are outright wrong, or
that sources are legitimately “bad actors” who are trying to deceive you. But in
the vast majority of cases they do something just as important: they reestablish
the context that the web so often strips away, allowing for more fruitful
engagement with all digital information.
What I Have Learned
Identify which dimension of critical evaluation is evident in the following statements.

Write relevance, accuracy, bias or reliability.
1 Members of the Flat Earth Society claim to believe the

Earth is flat. Walking around on the planet's surface, it
looks and feels flat, so they deem all evidence to the
contrary, such as satellite photos of Earth as a sphere,
to be fabrications of a "round Earth conspiracy"
orchestrated by NASA and other government agencies.
(Wolchover, 2017)
2 It’s hard to claim that “Boys’ Love” (BL) or Yaoi, a genre

of fictionalized media that features homoerotic
relationships between male characters, has reached
mainstream Filipino pop culture consciousness. But it
also feels inaccurate to say that it hasn’t been noticed.
(Smith, 2020)
3 Outdoor air pollution is a risk to children, especially

with growing rates of urbanization in high-burden
pneumonia countries. But indoor air pollution –
generated by unclean fuels for cooking and heating –
poses a greater global threat. Indoor pollution
contributes to 62 per cent of air pollution-related child
pneumonia deaths. (UNICEF, 2020)
4 Much of the data in this publication was collected before

the virus hit many of the countries featured in this
survey, so to a large extent this represents a snapshot
of these historic trends. But to get a sense of what has
10
changed, we repeated key parts of our survey in six
countries (UK, USA, Germany, Spain, South Korea, and
Argentina) in early April. These responses confirm
industry data which show increased consumption of
traditional sources of news, especially television, but
also some online news sources. (Newman, 2020)
5 In many ways, the biggest question that emerges from

the deployment ban [of Filipino health workers] is
whether health workers are truly human resources that
the Philippine government intends to retain and uphold,
or simply like the masks and personal protective
equipment stockpiled in national reserves — important
in times of emergency, yet discarded once used. (Ortiga,
2020)
What I Can Do
Best Practice Checklist
Analyze this list of practices. Only five of these can be considered as best practices
in the light of critical content evaluation. Check these five best practices.
1. Emailing the blogger to confirm the reliability of his/her post
2. Citing Wikipedia as a convenient source of academic information
3. Using a reverse image search engine to confirm the authenticity of

a picture
4. Liking and sharing a popular social media post
5. Confirming accuracy of information through various websites
6. Considering Creative Commons as a reliable source of accurate

content
7. Searching for data in government websites (.gov)
11
8. Considering an expert consensus whether an information is
accepted or rejected
9. Looking for the original context of a quote posted in social media
10. Supporting an opinion without looking at the other side of the issue
Assessment
Write an essay that evaluates any of the following:
 An interactive educational blog of your choice

 A YouTube history or science and technology channel of your choice
For those without internet connection, you may evaluate the following:
 A printed learning material

 A news and public affairs TV program
 An educational TV or radio program
Briefly describe what you have chosen to evaluate. Cite its positive features as well
as parts that need to be improved. Use Coiro’s four dimensions of critical evaluation
(Relevance, Accuracy, Bias/Perspective, and Reliability) and Caufield’s SIFT moves
as your basis.
Lastly, write how the content you are evaluating creates an impact on you personally.
RUBRIC
4 3 2 1
Thesis Clear, Relatively Present, but No
Statement concise, and clear and too insufficient in distinguishable
effective in general presenting the thesis
introducing argument statement
the argument
Introduction Engaging and Satisfactorily Distinguishable, Not present,

contains an gives a although not confusing or
effective hook preview of the interesting unclear
essay enough to hook
the readers
12
Support Contains Contains Lacks Confusing or
sufficient and sufficient and information to illogical
insightful interesting support the
information to information to statement; does
support the support the not follow the
statement statement, prescribed basis
from cited but uncited; for evaluation
sources; follows the
follows the prescribed
prescribed basis for
basis for evaluation
evaluation
Closing Ends with Ends with Lacks personal Unconcluded
interesting insightful insights in the
and insightful personal ending
personal reflection
reflection
Command Exhibits Exhibits Exhibits weak Filled with
of chosen excellent satisfactory command of distracting
language grammar, grammar, language errors in
sentence sentence expression
structure and structure and
variety variety with
minimal
errors
13
Literacy
Creative Content Creation
What I Need to Know

Produce a creative text-based, visual-based, audio-based, motion-based, and manipulative-
based presentation using design principle and elements
OBJECTIVES
1. Produce a creative content based on the previously created project plan;
2. Promote Filipino values and other positive information;
3. Disseminate the created content using the most feasible means.
What I Know
Before we discuss our final lesson, take time to do this simple puzzle that will acquaint you
with previous knowledge that you must keep in mind as you craft a creative content.
S
I T
R 1 C N
D
2 C P H
M E D I A A N D I N F O R M A T I O N L I T E R A C Y
ACROSS 1C a way in which something is usually done within a particular area or activity
2C a legal means of protecting an author's work
H common sounds that appear on screen or are used as they are
ACROSS R repeated pattern of movement, sound, and even visuals

P camera movement to track a moving subject
I anything that is native or traditional
N a system of interconnected people or things
S a typeface ideally used for posters
T a legal recognizable sign, phrase, or symbol that identifies a product or service
D camera movement that goes forward or backward
Lesson
Crafting a Multimedia
1 Presentation
Congratulations!
You have reached the final lesson in Media and Information Literacy. This may be the last,
but this is the most substantial part of MIL. This time, I will not act as your teacher. Rather,
I will be your student, or should I say, I will be one of the thousands and possibly millions
who are eager to learn from your outputs.
The different portions of this lesson will serve as your guide in strategizing your final
presentation, so make sure you will not miss a single activity. Break a leg (but not literally)!
What’s In
What Will I Impart?

Consider yourself as an MIL expert planning for a creative a content for your student (that’s
me) and for the Filipinos of your generation, in particular, the millennials and those who
come after them. You are very passionate about spreading positivity though your creations.
List down three current social issues in the Philippines that you wish to tackle.
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
What’s New
Self-Check
As creative content creator, you have to dream on and dream big. Take caution, though
because you have to stay grounded to reality. Before starting on your project, think of what
you can and what you cannot do. Check you also have to check your resources and stay
low-cost. Here are self-check questions for you to answer:
1. What are your interests? To make the task easier for you, think of something closest
to your heart. Doing so, half your work will look like one leisure activity.
2. What are your limits? Remember that we are still in the quarantine period, and we
have protocols to follow. Think about your financial limits as well. Take note of these
as you conceptualize.
3. What are your resources? Think about everything and anyone to help you realize your
goals. Do you have the necessary technical equipment, like a camera, computer, or
editing software? Are there available indigenous materials that you can use, more so,
do you have indigenous knowledge to invest on? Do you have a family member or a
friend who can collaborate with your work? Perhaps your learning facilitators can
mobilize you into groups. If that’s the case, you have to keep in mind all safety
measures and restrictions.
What is It
Some Reading Materials to Aid You
Let’s face it. You have a difficult but doable task, and you have to be wary of your greatest
enemy: time. By this time, you might be brewing something in your mind, and you are
preparing to unleash your creative juices. But then, at this time, you might still be asking
yourself what you will do and how you will do it. Allow me to share with you five articles in
crafting different creative content, namely, short film, photo essay, poster, Power Point
presentation, and vlog. These are lifted directly from the internet, so you might find some of
the tips too technical, but generally, these serve as good resource material for newbies in
the field. You may read them all or focus on just one that is most doable for you.
A. The Best Tips for Making a Short Film in a Short Amount of Time
Posted on May 10, 2019 by New York Film Academy
There are any number of reasons you might have a limited amount of time to create
a short film (even from scratch. Time is one of the most valuable resources a
filmmaker can have, so creating a short film in a crunch can be quite the challenge.
New York Film Academy has pooled advice from the chairs and faculty of our many
different departments—including Cinematography, Producing, Filmmaking, and
Digital Editing—to give a well-balanced list of offered tips and best practices for
creating the best possible short film in a short amount of time:
Story
Try to come up with a great idea that works in a few minutes. Keep the concept simple
and focused. A good logline can help you focus your idea and keep you from
wandering too far off course.
Come up with a story that can believably occur in a very short amount of time, even
ten minutes. Your actual film’s running time doesn’t need to be that long, but you
will be able to dramatize shorter events in a more grounded way.
Actors
Cast carefully. Some actors may be more comfortable with ample rehearsal time, so
make sure they know the time restrictions of your shoot.
Allow your actors to contribute. If they’re inventive, give them a chance to improvise.
Shoot takes with alternate lines of dialogue. This can be especially effective in
comedies.
When directing your actors, remember these tips:
Let your actor know what their objective in each scene is.
Make sure you and your actor are on the same page about their character and their
motivations. If you disagree, take a few minutes to discuss, listen, and compromise.
Be there for your actor. While some actors may prefer to do things their own way,
most seek and thrive on direction, even if it’s just pointing them the right way,
metaphorically speaking.
Or literally speaking! Blocking is very important not just for your framing but for the
intensity of the scene itself. Work with your actors to find the right blocking for each
scene–what feels right for them and what looks best for the camera.
Producing
Make sure your schedules are detailed out to the minute and remember that
communication between cast and crew is key. By having everyone’s contact
information and by communicating clearly where everyone is expected to be and
when, you can avoid unnecessary delays in production. Give them directions and
expected travel times to the set.
Organize your days so you can shoot several scenes in one day. If you have multiple
locations, select the key location for the day and then find your other locations in the
immediate area. Moving locations can be a killer and waste tons of time. Try to group
scenes together that use the same cast members and costumes. Be efficient in your
scheduling and don’t be afraid to shoot out of order or out of sequence. Schedule your
exteriors first—that way, if it rains you have the option of delaying those scenes until
the following day. And have a cover set (or interior) waiting to go, so you can move
inside and not lose a shooting day
Equipment
Put together an inexpensive but effective equipment list. Your story won’t be improved
with more pixels, but you also don’t want your camera breaking down in the middle
of your shoot. Test all the gear before you leave for the set.
Once you’re on location, if something breaks and has to be replaced, you’re going to
lose valuable time. Don’t be afraid to be inventive. You may not have a professional
dolly but some of the most inventive directors come up with novel solutions that
actually make their shots more interesting.
Make sure all batteries and other accessories are charged before the shoot, and spares
are being charged during the shoot. Remember, with only three days to shoot, every
minute counts and every delay needs to be avoided at all costs.
Cinematography
Don’t be afraid of using natural lights and don’t be afraid if not everything is lit and
bright. Often enough, beauty lies in the darkness. Silhouettes, high contrast,
backlighting, and dramatic shadows can create a very dynamic and powerful
cinematographic look.
When shooting a scene, start with your biggest shot first and then shoot all your
closer shots looking in the same direction. Then turn around and, again, start with
your biggest shot and work progressively closer.
Sound
Sound, on the other hand, is another issue. Bad sound is often said to be the hallmark
of amateur filmmaking. If your audience is struggling to understand what your actors
are saying, there won’t be much room left for emotional involvement. So do everything
you can, within your limitations, to get the best sound/dialogue recorded on the set.
Whoever said, “we’ll fix it in post,” must have had tons of money, so erase those words
from your vocabulary.
Keep sound in mind before you even begin filming–make sure the locations you choose
and even the story you tell will be make your sound recording as easy as possible. If
you can, have a good portion of your film dialogue free, with scenes that can use
music or non-sync sound in their stead, as sync sound will always take longer to
shoot.
Digital Editing
When working in post-production, remember it’s ok to be ruthless–do not be afraid to

cut, even if it means undoing hours of work. Always, always, always back up your
project and footage in different locations. Save often so you don’t lose any time due to
a computer error. Learn to say goodbye to your mouse and learn keyboard shortcuts
to become a faster and more efficient video editor–with only three days to make your
film, every second counts!
General Production Do’s and Don’ts
Keep your productions simple. Limit the number of cast members. Limit the number
of locations. Avoid big scenes with elaborate sets, costumes and props. Stay away
from period pieces, children and animals—they are far too unpredictable. And be as
professional as you can be. Although you may want to break the rules when it comes
to content, there’s a good reason professional shoots are organized the way they are.
The better prepared you are, the more likely you will capture your vision.
B. How to Create a Photo Essay: Step-by-Step Guide With Examples
Written by MasterClass
Last updated: Nov 8, 2020
Photo essays tell a story in pictures, and there are many different ways to style your
own photo essay. With a wide range of topics to explore, a photo essay can be thought-
provoking, emotional, funny, unsettling, or all of the above, but mostly, they should
be unforgettable.
What Is a Photo Essay?

A photographic essay is a form of visual storytelling, a way to present a narrative
through a series of images. A great photo essay is powerful, able to evoke emotion
and understanding without using words. A photo essay delivers a story using a series
of photographs and brings the viewer along your narrative journey.
4 Photo Essay Examples

There are plenty of interesting photo essay ideas that offer endless avenues to tell a
powerful photo story. Some examples of areas you could cover are:
1. Day-in-the-life photo essay: These kinds of photo essays tell the story of a day in
the life of a particular subject. They can showcase the career of a busy farmer or
struggling artist, capture parents’ daily chores and playtime with their children,
or memorialize the routine of a star high school athlete. A day-in-the-life photo
series can be emotionally evocative, giving viewers an intimate glimpse into the
world of another human being.
2. Historic site photo essay: Taking pictures of historic landmarks offers a variety of
different perspectives—the use of unique angles, depths, and lighting. The use of
drones and reflections are also useful in your quest to find the ideal vantage point
and display a variety of scenes of the same subject.
3. Behind-the-scenes photo essay: Behind-the-scenes photo essays are great ways
to capture what goes into events from start to finish. With this type of photo story,
you can see the working parts of a production and how it all moves together in
harmony.
4. Local event photo essay: Local events like fundraisers, art shows, or festivals are
great places to document a photography project. Candid photos of people working,
performing, or taking in the sights can be compiled into a photo essay along with
background objects to help paint a scene.
4 Tips for Creating a Photo Essay
Creative photography can be fun, sentimental, eye-opening, or gut-wrenching. It can

expose a truth or instill a sense of hope. With so many possibilities to share a good
photo essay, it’s important to keep the following tips in mind:
1. Do your research. There may be many types of photo essay topics available, but
that doesn’t mean your specific idea hasn’t already been tackled by a professional
photographer. Look up the best photo essays that have already been done on your
topic to make sure the narrative can be executed in a new and interesting way.
2. Follow your instincts. Take photos of everything. Overshooting can be helpful for
photojournalism. You never know what you’ll need, so the more coverage you
have, the better.
3. Only use the best images. From your lead photo to the final photo, you’re creating
a visually vivid story. However, if you use too many images, you risk diluting the
impact of your message. Only include the key photos necessary.
4. Be open-minded. Your project may evolve past its initial concept, and that’s okay.
Sometimes a photo essay evolves organically, and your job as a photojournalist is
to extract the right narrative from the images you’ve captured—even if it wasn’t
the original idea.
How to Create a Photo Essay in 7 Steps
Before you get started, think about these questions: How are you going to make it all
happen? What are the budgetary and schedule issues that you’ll have to overcome to
make the assignment work? Once you have those answers, you can start working on
a photo essay of your own. Here’s how to do it:
1. Tell a diverse, confident story. Know what you’re shooting and why. It’s important
to figure out what your message is and shoot with a purpose.
2. Make sure you have a wide variety of images. Getting a multitude of shots during
your photoshoot can ensure you’ve covered your bases. You may need a wider
angle, a close-up detail shot, or different lighting—you may even decide to steer
your photo essay in another direction altogether. With a large collection of images
to choose from, photographing everything can give you a wide pool to choose from
when compiling your photo series.
3. Be a ruthless photo editor. Your editing process should be blunt. If a shot is
beautiful but won’t work in your essay, don’t use it. However, don’t edit any images
on the same day you shoot; it’ll be easier to be objective if you let a little time pass
between shooting and editing. Learn Jimmy Chin’s photo editing tips here.
4. Choose your top 10 images. Once a few days have passed, pick the best 100 photos
from your shoot to start with. Then, a day or more later, look at those 100 images
and narrow them down to the top 25. Finally, narrow the 25 down to the top 10
images, making sure each photo serves your original concept for the story.
5. Ask for outside input. Get a trusted, visually sophisticated friend to help you: Give
them the top 100 photos and a written description of the overall story, and let
them select what they think are the top 10 photos. Compare how their choices
align with the 10 photos you selected. Where did they differ? Ask your friend why
they chose photos that were different than yours, making sure you listen to what
they say without arguing about any of their choices; your job is to listen and
understand what they saw in the images, and why they made the choices they
did.
6. Make your final selections. Keeping in mind your discussion with your trusted
friend, make your final selections for the 10 best images that tell your story.
7. Write captions. Your final 10 images can be captioned to help enhance your visual
narrative, but it isn’t necessary. If you feel like your images could use some text,
add it. However, if you think the images can stand on their own, then you can
present them as they are.
C. 10 Tips for Perfect Poster Design

On: 8 July 2020
By: Carrie Cousins
Almost everyone has designed a poster or flier at some point. Whether it was for self-
promotion or a client, posters can be a fun way to present a message and do some
interesting things with design.
Poster design starts with a common canvas. Common poster sizes are 8.5 by 11-inch
letter (or A4), 11 by 17 inches and 22 by 34 inches. Large format poster sizes are
commonly 24 inches by 36 inches. Posters can be designed vertically or horizontally, but
are most commonly designed with a vertical orientation. Today we’re taking a look at ten
useful tips for improving your next poster design!
1. Make it Easy to Read from a Distance
The top priority of a poster is generally to expose someone to an event. Key information
should be easy to read from a distance to help draw people to the poster and create a
hierarchy in the text.
When it comes to poster design you can think of text as having three distinct layers:
Headline: This is the main (and largest) text element in the design. It can be in
addition to an art element or it can be the art element. Opt for a readable typeface
that is interesting and demands attention.
Details: What, when, where? Answer these questions in the second level of the text.
What information does someone need to do what your poster is asking of them?
Provide the information here in a concise manner. As for sizing, there are two options
– drop the size to about half of the main headline for very clear hierarchy or continue
to use a larger size and use another technique for contrast. (The choice often depends
on other elements and importance of secondary text.)
The fine print: This one explains itself. Commonly seen on posters to promote movies,
it’s everything else that someone decided needed to be on the poster. Make it small
and keep it out of the way.
2. Amp Up the Contrast
You have one glance to grab someone’s attention with a poster. High contrast between
elements can help you do that. Forget a monotone color palette with pale gradients;
go bold with color and type options. Poster design is a great time to try a typeface or
color palette that might be too “crazy” for other projects. Experiment with it.
Think about a big color background as well. Many times poster designers start with
a white canvas. If your printer allows, use a high color background with a full bleed
to make your poster stand out from all the rest.
3. Consider Size and Location
This is important: Where is your poster going to be located? This factors in several
ways, including the size of the poster (and possibly aspect ratio), visual clutter around
the poster and will the people who see it appreciate your call to action?
Knowing where the design will live can help you make choices about how to create it.
Not only is visual contrast important within your design, it is an important external
factor as well. Think of it this way: If your poster is going to hang on a green wall, you
probably want to use a contrasting color scheme so the design does not blend into
the environment.
4. Make a Mini Version
While poster design is primarily a print project, create mini versions that can be used
in other places as well. Remember one of those basic principles of marketing – a
person needs exposure to something 20 times to remember it. The multiple poster
versions can help you accomplish just that.
5. Use One Big Visual
Whether you choose a photo, illustration or text, a dominant image is key. And just
like the text, it needs to be readable from a distance.
When designing posters, think tight — close-up crops of faces or elements, single item
illustrations, a common scene with a sharp focal point, novelty typography with high
intrigue. After you select a visual be careful about layering elements. Type and images
need to have enough contrast so that they are independently readable.
6. Use Plenty of Space
When it comes to posters, use exaggerated spacing between elements. It may look a
little funny to you at first, but the extra spacing will dramatically increase visual
impact and readability at distances.
 There are a few places where extra space can work wonders in poster design:
 Between individual letters. Tight kerning can cause letters to blur at distances.
 Between lines of text.
 Around interior margins of the canvas.
 Between elements of different types, such as images and text.
Around the most important element in the design. What do you want people to see
first?
7. Include a Call to Action
The goal of every poster is to expose people to something. Most of these “touches”
involve inviting someone to something, such as a concert or movie or another event.
For that reason, a call to action is vital. Think of it in the same way you would if
designing a call to action for a website or app – give it a high-level of prominence in
the design.
The difference from web design is that the call to action might not be as simple. (In
websites “sign up” or “email us” are common actions that you can’t get on a poster.)
The call to action is often the event information or a contact point in poster design.
Once you know what users are supposed to do when they see the poster, then you
can design the call to action. (Some designers really like elements such as QR codes
to encourage users to scan for information; only use this tool if it is popular in your
market.)
8. Create Focus with Typography
Poster design is one of those places where you can really go crazy with beautiful
typography. Some of the best posters are made with type and color, with no images
or illustrations.
Keep the same typography principles in mind that you would with any other project
– this is not the time to use 10 fonts in one location. But do experiment with bolder,
wider, bigger typefaces that you might feel comfortable with otherwise.
Set the tone for the project with these type options. Use type that conveys an
appropriate mood for the event. You might find this challenging at first, but it can be
a quite invigorating exercise.
9. Use a Cool Printing Technique

Depending on the location and audience for your poster a cool printing technique
might be in order. There are a lot of things you can do on paper that just don’t work
on digital projects. This might be the perfect opportunity to try out something like
letterpress, screen printing, foiling or use of a UV layer.
Many of these techniques are often reserved for higher-end projects or events with a
certain level of prestige.
Talk to your printer in advance of settling on any special technique to make sure they
can make the prints at the size you need. When it comes to printing techniques, there
can be budgetary considerations as well. Some printing processes can be pricey; so
make sure you have enough wiggle room with the budget before you get started.
10. Have Fun
Poster design is a place where designers can have a lot of fun. While there are plenty
of things to think about and consider, this is an area where you can break the rules
and go a little crazy with design.
So go for it. Try something that you’ve wanted to do or take the opportunity to learn
a new technique or skill. Stretch your imagination to create something new and fresh.
The goal of a poster is to grab attention from afar; get creative!
Conclusion
In an age with so much design talk centering around websites and apps, the art of poster
design is often an afterthought. Poster design can be fun and give you plenty of room to
stretch your design muscles.
Posters can work in a variety of ways for almost any project. They are a great form of
promotion and can help expose the masses to your personal, business or client message.
D. 10 Tips for More Effective PowerPoint Presentations

Dustin Wax
“Oh no! Not another boring PowerPoint presentation! My eyes, my eyes…!!!”

How much does it suck to be in the audience for yet another drawn-out, boring, lifeless
slideshow? Worse yet, how much does it such to be the one giving it?
The truth is, bad PowerPoint happens to good people, and quite often the person giving
the presentation is just as much a victim as the poor sods listening to her or him.
Here are ten tips to help you add a little zing! to your next presentation. They are, of
course, far from comprehensive, but they’re a start. Feel free to share your own tips in
the comments.
1. Write a script.
A little planning goes a long way. Most presentations are written in PowerPoint (or some
other presentation package) without any sort of rhyme or reason.
That’s bass-ackwards. Since the point of your slides is to illustrate and expand what
you are going to say to your audience, you should know what you intend to say and then
figure out how to visualize it. Unless you are an expert at improvising, make sure you
write out or at least outline your presentation before trying to put together slides.
And make sure your script follows good storytelling conventions: give it a beginning,
middle, and end; have a clear arc that builds towards some sort of climax; make your
audience appreciate each slide but be anxious to find out what’s next; and when
possible, always leave ‘em wanting more.
2. One thing at a time, please.
At any given moment, what should be on the screen is the thing you’re talking about.
Our audience will almost instantly read every slide as soon as it’s displayed; if you have
the next four points you plan to make up there, they’ll be three steps ahead of you,
waiting for you to catch up rather than listening with interest to the point you’re making.
Plan your presentation so just one new point is displayed at any given moment. Bullet
points can be revealed one at a time as you reach them. Charts can be put on the next
slide to be referenced when you get to the data the chart displays. Your job as presenter
is to control the flow of information so that you and your audience stay in sync.
3. No paragraphs.
Where most presentations fail is that their authors, convinced they are producing some
kind of stand-alone document, put everything they want to say onto their slides, in great
big chunky blocks of text.
Congratulations. You’ve just killed a roomful of people. Cause of death: terminal

boredom poisoning.
Your slides are the illustrations for your presentation, not the presentation itself. They
should underline and reinforce what you’re saying as you give your presentation — save
the paragraphs of text for your script. PowerPoint and other presentation software have
functions to display notes onto the presenter’s screen that do not get sent to the
projector, or you can use notecards, a separate word processor document, or your
memory. Just don’t put it on the screen – and for goodness’ sake, if you do for some
reason put it on the screen, don’t stand with your back to your audience and read it
from the screen!
4. Pay attention to design.
PowerPoint and other presentation packages offer all sorts of ways to add visual “flash”
to your slides: fades, swipes, flashing text, and other annoyances are all too easy to
insert with a few mouse clicks.
Avoid the temptation to dress up your pages with cheesy effects and focus instead on
simple design basics:
Use a sans serif font for body text. Sans serifs like Arial, Helvetica, or Calibri tend to be
the easiest to read on screens.
Use decorative fonts only for slide headers, and then only if they’re easy to read.
Decorative fonts –calligraphy, German blackface, futuristic, psychotic handwriting,
flowers, art nouveau, etc. – are hard to read and should be reserved only for large
headlines at the top of the page. Better yet, stick to a classy serif font like Georgia or
Baskerville.
Put dark text on a light background. Again, this is easiest to read. If you must use a
dark background – for instance, if your company uses a standard template with a dark
background – make sure your text is quite light (white, cream, light grey, or pastels) and
maybe bump the font size up two or three notches.
Align text left or right. Centered text is harder to read and looks amateurish. Line up all
your text to a right-hand or left-hand baseline – it will look better and be easier to follow.
Avoid clutter. A headline, a few bullet points, maybe an image – anything more than that
and you risk losing your audience as they sort it all out.
5. Use images sparingly
There are two schools of thought about images in presentations. Some say they add
visual interest and keep audiences engaged; others say images are an unnecessary
distraction.
Both arguments have some merit, so in this case the best option is to split the difference:
use images only when they add important information or make an abstract point more
concrete.
While we’re on the subject, absolutely do not use PowerPoint’s built-in clipart. Anything
from Office 2003 and earlier has been seen by everyone in your audience a thousand
times – they’ve become tired, used-up clichés, and I hopefully don’t need to tell you to
avoid tired, used-up clichés in your presentations. Office 2007 and non-Office programs
have some clipart that isn’t so familiar (though it will be, and soon) but by now, the
entire concept of clipart has about run its course – it just doesn’t feel fresh and new
anymore.
6. Think outside the screen.
Remember, the slides on the screen are only part of the presentation – and not the main
part. Even though you’re liable to be presenting in a darkened room, give some thought
to your own presentation manner – how you hold yourself, what you wear, how you move
around the room. You are the focus when you’re presenting, no matter how interesting
your slides are.
7. Have a hook.
Like the best writing, the best presentation shook their audiences early and then reel
them in. Open with something surprising or intriguing, something that will get your
audience to sit up and take notice. The most powerful hooks are often those that appeal
directly to your audience’s emotions – offer them something awesome or, if it’s
appropriate, scare the pants off of them. The rest of your presentation, then, will be
effectively your promise to make the awesome thing happen, or the scary thing not to
happen.
8. Ask questions.
Questions arouse interest, pique curiosity, and engage audiences. So ask a lot of them.
Build tension by posing a question and letting your audience stew a moment before
moving to the next slide with the answer. Quiz their knowledge and then show them how
little they know. If appropriate, engage in a little question-and-answer with your
audience, with you asking the questions.
9. Modulate, modulate, modulate.
Especially when you’ve done a presentation before, it can be easy to fall into a drone,
going on and on and on and on and on with only minimal changes to your inflection.
Always speak as if you were speaking to a friend, not as if you are reading off of index
cards (even if you are). If keeping up a lively and personable tone of voice is difficult for
you when presenting, do a couple of practice run-throughs. If you still can’t get it right
and presentations are a big part of your job, take a public speaking course or join
Toastmasters.
10. Break the rules.
As with everything else, there are times when each of these rules – or any other rule you
know – won’t apply. If you know there’s a good reason to break a rule, go ahead and do
it. Rule breaking is perfectly acceptable behavior – it’s ignoring the rules or breaking
them because you just don’t know any better that leads to shoddy boring presentations
that lead to boredom, depression, psychopathic breaks, and eventually death. And you
don’t want that, do you?
E. 12 Unique Vlogging Tips for Beginners
Vlogging has become a very popular topic recently and more and more people have been
asking for vlogging tips for beginners. Before we get into it more I first just want to say
that you don’t need to become a daily vlogger to be successful. Some vloggers find
success with as little as 1 video per week, but others require 4 to 5 videos per week to
achieve the same level of success.
As a vlogger you will be responsible for keeping your YouTube channel updated
regularly, have great content, and be there when people expect to see you. This might
sound simple enough, right? Well, there is more to it than that and I want to give you
some tips for getting your vlog started.
12 Vlogging Tips for Beginners
1. Keep Your Videos Interesting
One of the very first tips that you need to know about is keeping your videos interesting.
When people do vlogging the biggest problem that they have is they don’t have enough
stuff in their life to keep their audience entertained. It is because of this that you need
to figure out ways to keep your videos interesting. Make different types of videos, get
people to vlog with you, maybe go somewhere different. Whatever you do, make your
videos interesting or people will simply stop watching.
2. Plan Activities and Promote Them
Something that people have been doing more often lately is planning special activities
and then telling their audience about that activity. For example, Roman Atwood told his
viewers that he was going to be doing a Smart Car VS. Human Challenge in the coming
days and then he did it. He planned an event and told people about it so that they would
be more interested in watching it. As you build a little bit of hype around an activity of
event you will see the initial surge of people that watch it is higher. This also provides
you with some creativity to add to your vlogs.
3. Collaborate with Other Vloggers
Collaborating with other vloggers is one of the ways that most high-profile vloggers get
their big breaks. They collaborate, which means that they are getting in front of another
person’s audience as well as their own. What happens is not only do they build up their
subscribers, but the content is usually different. When you partner with somebody to
bring new content the videos are always different. If you want to get a new style of video,
then collaborate with another vlogger and I guarantee that your style will change.
4. Ask Viewers for Recommendations
One of the hardest parts about becoming a vlogger is the fact that you are always
creating content. What kind of content though, that is what is up for debate? This is
why I strongly recommend you ask your viewers for their recommendations. When
people let you know what they want to see, it makes your job that much easier.
5. Edit Your Videos
This is probably something that you already do, but you need to go one step further.
With vlogging you must provide a lot of unique content inside your videos, which means
you can’t simply leave the video on the same clip for the entire time. Edit different angles
into the clips, use music, add in pictures, and just make your video stand out. With
vlogging, the biggest issue you will face is that too many of your videos look the same,
so spice them up a bit with edits.
6. Mix Life into Your Niche
Let’s talk about a particular vlogger, Christian Guzman. He started his YouTube channel
by talking about fitness. Now, he talks about fitness, relationships, business, and life.
When you mix your life into your vlog you will see more people actually connect with
what you are saying. He started when he was not well known, now he is very well known
all over the world. My advice is to have a video each week or every couple of weeks that
shows more about your day to day life and what you do.
7. Set a Goal for Yourself
What are your goals? Do you want to vlog every day to give people an inside look into
your life? Do you want to vlog just for the fun of it? Whatever your reasoning is, make
sure you set this as a goal. Make sure your audience knows your goals as well. The more
people know about you and what you want to accomplish, the more they will be willing
and able to help.
8. Be Consistent
Sticking to an actual publish time is the best way to get people to come back each time
you post a new video. Everybody wants to see what you have going on, but they can’t
see that if you don’t publish regularly. Now, if you publish hours or days after you
normally do then what happens is the people that came to the channel to watch your
video they might just leave and not watch for a long time.
9. Interact with Your Viewers
If you are not commenting on what other people comment, then you are missing out.
The people that commenting are adding value to your channel, so make sure you show
your appreciation to them. You don’t have to write a huge amount, but sometimes a
simple thank you is more than enough.
10. Participate in Trends
When the ice bucket challenge went viral, this would have been a good time to do this
on your channel. Another idea is to do a video about current events going on in the
world. Participate in the trends that people are doing. You don’t need to create an entire
video on these topics, but at least have a short clip in there about them.
11. Give Your Channel a Weekly Theme/Series
So many people forget about this simple trick. All you need to do is give your vlogging
channel a topic and stick to that each week. For example, Grant Cardone does something
where every Monday he answers questions on real estate. People call in with deals or
questions and he answers them live. I am not saying this same topic is going to work for
you, but you can at least try something similar to it and stick to it each week.
12. Practice, Practice, and Practice
This is a bit of an obvious one but the more you practice the better you’ll get. You can
practice how to Vlog before you even start uploading your videos on YouTube. Do not
feel rushed to upload the video, if you want to make a video that is fun to watch,
entertaining, and informative then you need to take some time, although try not to take
forever.
One way to practice is in front of a mirror, just sit and start talking. Do not take your
camera straight away. Once you’re feeling comfortable you can switch the mirror for
your camera and start recording some footage. Practice speaking into the lens and try
not to look at your screen to much while you’re recording, this will help you engage with
your viewer.
Conclusion
As you can see, vlogging entails quite a bit, but there is a lot that you can get out of it.
What you need to remember is that those people watching your videos want to see some
unique content, so above all else, unique and engaging content will always win out.
What’s More
Your task is to produce short but meaningful multimedia content. Below are some suggested
outputs together with specifications. You may opt to do other content format, but make sure
that:
1. It contains at least two dimensions of media;
2. It should not exceed 5 minutes for audio visual project;
3. It should be cost-effective. You do not have to spend much.
DIMENSIONS OPTIONS SPECIFICATIONS SUBMISSION

PLATFORM
Text, Audio, AVP (Audio Use Power Point to create a 3 YouTube
Visual Visual to 5-minute AVP that includes
Presentation) text and visual components.
Provide applicable background
sound and music. You must be
the off-screen narrator of this
AVP. Incorporate your Schools
Division and School logo at the
beginning.
Text, Visual Digital Poster Produce 2 posters featuring a Facebook
different topic each. This must
be A4-sized in portrait
orientation. Include original
pictures and other appropriate
text and visual components.
Incorporate your School
Division and School logos.
Text, Visual Digital Photo Create an electronic portfolio of Email
Essay original pictures. Each
photograph must have text
component for more detailed
explanation. Remember that
this photo essay must have a
story appeal. You may use
PowerPoint, Publisher or any
related app. Incorporate your
Schools Division and School
logo on the first page.
Text, Visual Hand-drawn Produce 2 posters featuring a Hand-
Poster different topic each. This must delivered to
be A4-sized in portrait your learning
orientation. Visuals must be in hubs
full color and appropriate text
must be incorporated. Include
your School Division and
School logos.
Motion, Short Film This must be 1 to 5 minutes YouTube
Audio, Visual long and must feature you as a
character. Remember to use
original or royalty free music.
Incorporate your Schools
beginning.
Motion, Vlog This must be 1 to 5 minutes YouTube
Audio, Visual long and must feature you as
the host or on-screen narrator.
Incorporate your Schools
beginning.
If possible, you are to upload your work in social media, so always keep in mind the copyright
terms. It is best to use original music and visuals, but you may also opt for royalty free and
Creative Commons materials.
What I Have Learned
I expect that by this time, you get a clearer idea of what you want to accomplish. Let us
return to the framework introduced in a previous lesson and fill out each row with details
of your plan.
ITEM ANSWER
THESIS STATEMENT
Take note: this is your statement, not your

topic. Decide on which of the three social
issues you have identified beforehand will
you develop into a creative content and write
down your stand on that.
Who is your expected AUDIENCE?
Generally speaking, your audience will be

the Filipino youth of your generation, but
this time write down the specifics. Think of a
particular group as your target audience. Do
they belong to a specific community, class or
sector in society? I suggest that you think of
a particular person, a friend (or basher)
perhaps, whom you wish to support or
enlighten.
What is the PURPOSE of your work?
State the reason why you want to share

your creative content. Do you wish to
inspire, correct wrong perceptions, alert
your audience about a problem, suggest a
new idea, etc.?
What is the STYLE or genre of your

content?
As the saying goes, “There are many ways
to skin a cat.” Think of the most
appropriate strategy that you will use to
communicate. Do you intend to be
humorous, tear-jerking or hard-hitting?
Do you want it to be more visual or
auditory?
What INNOVATION or new stuff will you

offer?
I want you to think always “think out of the
box.” The world is in need of fresh ideas. Get
out of your comfort zones and think of
something new in presenting your content.
What LANGUAGE will you use?
Think of the language your audience will be

most comfortable with. You may use
English, Filipino or any other Philippine
language or dialect that you find relevant to
your content.
What would be my OPTIONS?
Think of the best format of your content.

Because we are dealing with multimedia,
there must be at least 2 dimensions that you
will use. Your options are text, audio, visual,
motion and manipulatives.
What would I expect my audience to

GIVE BACK after seeing my work?
Never ever think of projects such as this as

mere compliance. That defeats the purpose
why we communicate. After viewing your
content, what will you expect your audience
to do? Also, what will be your strategy to
widen the reach of your content?
What I Can Do
As you go over the process of crafting a creative content, you must keep track of your
realizations and learnings. Write a short journal that chronicles the challenges you
encountered, the fun moments you enjoyed, and the insights you got. Do not forget to
note down even the mistakes that you committed and the strategies you employed to
correct these. Share this to your teacher as you submit your final creative content
output.
Assessment
We’re inches away to the finish line, and usually, the final stretch is the toughest
moment of the journey. But don’t worry; we’re getting there.
Here is a checklist of what you must submit:
1. Your plan of action as shown in the “What I Have Learned” section;

2. Your short journal as stated above; and
3. Your final creative content output, which will be graded using this rubric:
Component 5 points 4 points 3 points 2 points

Completion Submitted Submitted Submitted Output is barely
of work output is output bears output is only completed.
complete. signs of partial half-completed.
incompletion
Form The various The The components The components
components components are are satisfactory have much room
are executed well but with major for improvement.
masterfully but with minor corrections.
executed corrections.
and
flawless.
Content Content is Content is Content is Content presents

correct, correct, well- correct but not a misinformation.
well- developed but fully presented
developed not compatible and is not
and with its form. compatible with
compatible its form.
Engagement with its
The output Generally, the The output lacks The output is
form.
is highly output is impact. mediocre.
engaging satisfactory but
and is less engaging.
worth
sharing.

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MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Write your pretest here.

Write T if the statement is true; otherwise, write F.

____________ 1 A citizen journalist must be equipped with high-end cameras

You Got the Power

"Graffiti on a wall" by Welsh Icons (Dom) is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0

Notes to the Teacher

Responsible Voting (PPCRV), a group that aimed to

To simplify matters, citizen journalism empowers anybody through modern

IMPACT-DRIVEN JOURNALISM DURING THE PANDEMIC

Apr 29, 2020

An impact-driven model becomes ever-more critical in the context of the present

To increase the number of solutions — and impact reports — we embarked on an

We started with a workshop in Mumbai in September 2017 consisting of urban

However, we couldn’t rely on in-person events, and wanted to find a technological

One of our volunteers in Raipur, Snehil Saraf, discovered a case of 90 migrant

The Online Selling Phenomenon

HOW ONLINE SELLING IS THRIVING IN THE NEW NORMAL

June 15, 2020 | 1:44 pm

By Hannah Mallorca, Features Writer, The Philippine STAR

With the absence of traditional shopping channels, customers have flocked to e-

Growth of e-commerce platforms

Even though various e-commerce platforms were established pre-pandemic, its

Transitioning from traditional shopping methods to online

What I Have Learned

When was it published?

Where did it happen?

Now, here’s your task:

What do you consider as your hometown? Promote your hometown as a tourist

Along the shores of Laguna de Bay in

So if you want an inexpensive way to

Write only the letter of your corresponding choice.

____________ 1 Will Dasovich, a Filipino-American vlogger, narrates his

One of the most memorable quotes for 1.

What I Know Assessment

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT an example of modern wearable technology?

2. Technology that takes advantage of the user’s sense of touch using

4. Refers to a type of learning that happens anytime, anywhere and with

5. A technology that provides a big picture of learning outcomes through

Here are the answer guide questions:

"Harry Grant Dart: Aerostatic cabriolet of tomorrow, ca.

The 10 New Paradigms of Communication in the Digital Age

PARADIGM 1: FROM AUDIENCE TO USER

The communication process in the actual scenario is user centered: users

PARADIGM 3. FROM MONOMEDIA TO MULTIMEDIA

The multimedia identity of the actual environment allows all media

PARADIGM 4. FROM PERIODICITY TO REAL-TIME

PARADIGM 5. FROM SCARCITY TO ABUNDANCE

PARADIGM 6. FROM EDITOR-MEDIATED TO NON-MEDIATED

PARADIGM 7. FROM DISTRIBUTION TO ACCESS

PARADIGM 8. FROM ONE WAY TO INTERACTIVITY

PARADIGM 9. FROM LINEAR TO HYPERTEXT

PARADIGM 10. FROM DATA TO KNOWLEDGE

Trends in Digital Technology

Voice and tone recognition