Circles

Chapter 2
Circles
Prepared by
Cecilia Joseph
St. John De Britto’s, A.I.H.S,
Fortkochi
1
Circles
Online class 19 17.08.2020
Previous Knowledge:
 Circle is a collection of points which are
equidistant from a fixed point on a
plane.
 Radius is a line segment joining any point
on a circle to the centre of the circle.
 Diameter=2 times radius.
 The line segment joining any 2 points on
a circle is a chord.
 The maximum length of a chord is it’s
diameter.
 Arc is a part of a circle.
 The angle formed by the line joining the
endpoints of an arc to its centre is known
as the central angle of that arc.
 A sector is said to be a part of a circle
made by the arc and its two radii.
 When the central angle is 180°, the arc
will be a semicircle (half of a circle).
 Area of a circle =𝝅𝒓2
ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA
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 Perimeter of a circle =𝝅𝒅
-----------------------------------

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Activity1
 Draw a line of length 5 cm,
Construct a right angled triangle such
as that it becomes the hypotenuse?
Ans: Method1
Draw any angle on one end, and
construct 90-that angle on the other
side to make a triangle.
Like wise, we can construct as many as

triangles as we can , with 5cm as it’s
hypotenuse.
Method 2
Here, we can construct usind setsquare
Place it with the right angle on top amd
edges passing through the end of the
line as shown in the figure given.

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(another way of keeping the setsquare)
When we draw a circle with 5 cm as its

diameter, we can see that all the
vertices of the triangles with 90° will
fall on the circle as shown in the figure
below.

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--------------------------------
Q) Prove that angle in a semicircle is
always 90°?
Ans) for this let us consider the
following figure.
here, all of the

vertices are on the circle and AB is the
diameter. Join P to the centre of the
circle as shown,Let < 𝑨𝑷𝑶 = 𝒙° & <
𝑩𝑷𝑶 = 𝒚°

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while
considering∆𝑨𝑶𝑷, 𝒘𝒆 can say it is an
isosceles triangle, since
AO=OP (radii)
And hence it’s two angles will be equal ,
so< 𝑶𝑨𝑷 = 𝒙°
When we consider ∆𝑩𝑶𝑷, we can say
it is an isosceles triangle , since
BO=OP (radii)
And hence it’s two angles will be equal, so
< 𝑶𝑩𝑷 = 𝒚°
Now, let us consider ∆𝑨𝑩𝑷

Sum of angles of a triangle=180°
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< 𝑨+< 𝑩+< 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°……….(1)
We know < 𝑨 = 𝒙°
< 𝑩 = 𝒚°
< 𝑷 = 𝒙° + 𝒚°
𝒙° + 𝒚° + 𝒙° + 𝒚° = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝟐𝒙° + 𝟐𝒚° = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝟐(𝒙° + 𝒚°) = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝒙° + 𝒚° = = 𝟗𝟎°
𝟐
From the figure we get < 𝑷 = 𝒙° + 𝒚° and
hence < 𝑷 = 𝟗𝟎°
Therefore every angle formed on a semicircle
will be always a right angle.
====================================
Result:
If we join the ends of the diameter of a
circle, to any point on the circle, we always
get a right angle.

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Assignment

1
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Online class 20 19.08.2020
Previous Knowledge:
If we join the end points of a circle, to a
point of the circle, we get a right angle.
Home work of Online class 19
ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPSRED BY SWETHA

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Ans: Observe the picture carefully, we can
see that the right angled vertex of the set
square is on the circle.
The length of the two perprndicular sides

are being marked
The length of the perpendicular sides are
3cm & 6 cm. When we remove the set square
from the circle, we get a figure as shown .

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When we join these end points AB, we get
a chord AB .
Since these end points A & B , when joined
to a point C on the circle, the angle formed
is 90°, we can say that ABC IS A RIGHT
TRIANGLE.( If we join the end points of a
circle, to a point of the circle, we get a
right angle.)
Hence AB is the diameter of the circle.
Consider ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪
Base=3cm [ AC]
Height=6cm [BC]
Hypotenuse AB =?
Base2+altitude2= hypotenuse2

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AB2= AC2+BC2
AB2=32+62=9+36=45
AB2=45
AB=√𝟒𝟓=6.71cm
Diameter=6.71cm
𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝟔.𝟕𝟏
Radius= = =3.36cm
𝟐 𝟐
Perimeter=𝝅𝒅 = 𝟑. 𝟏`𝟒 × 𝟔. 𝟕𝟏 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝒄𝒎

Area=𝝅𝒓2=3.14x(3.36)2=3.14x3.36x3.36=
35.45cm2
------------------------------------
Activity
 Draw a line of 5 cm length
 Draw a circle through the endpoints of
this line
(by taking half of 5 in the compass and
drawing a circle)
 Mark some points inside the circle
 Join those points to the end points of the
diameter.
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 Measure the angles using a protractor.
 Note down the angles in your book.
Answer
We can see that all of these angles are

formed inside the cirlce, with
measurement greater than 90°.

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Activity
what is the pecuilarity of< P?

Ans)
To find the the pecuilarity, let us first
extend the line AP till it meets the circle and
name that point as Q.
Join Q & B

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Here, < 𝑨𝑸𝑩 = 𝟗𝟎°…………..(1)
Since AB IS THE DIAMETER & IT IS THE ANGLE

FORMED BY JOINING THE END POINTS OF THE
DIAMETER.
CONSIDER ∆𝑷𝑸𝑩
< 𝑨𝑷𝑩 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 ∆𝑷𝑸𝑩
In this figure , the red

angle is the outer angle , the two blue angles are the
interior angles.
Outer angle of a triangle= sum

of the inner angles of the other
two vertices,
< 𝐴𝑃𝐵 =< 𝑃𝑄𝐵+< 𝑄𝐵𝑃

=90+< 𝑄𝐵𝑃

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∴< 𝐴𝑃𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 90°
------------------------------------------------------
Result
If we join the end points

of the diameter of a
circle to any point inside
the circle, the angle
formed will always be
greater than 90°
------------------------------------
Activity
•Draw a line of 5 cm length
•Draw a circle through the endpoints of this
line
(by taking half of 5 in the compass and
drawing a circle)
•Mark some points outside the circle

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•Join those points to the end points of the
diameter.
Measure these angles.
Find the peculiarity of these angles?
Ans: all angles are less than 90
------------------------------------
Activity
What is the peculiarity of < 𝑷 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒆?

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Ans) In this figure, the line AP is meeting at
a point on the circle, lets name that point as
Q,
Join Q & B
<AQB=90° [ANGLE IN A SEMICIRCLE IS 90]
CONSIDER∆𝑩𝑸𝑷
< 𝑨𝑸𝑩 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 ∆𝑨𝑸𝑩
We know that one outer angle= sum of two inner angles

the other two vertices of the triangle.
< 𝑨𝑸𝑩 =< 𝑸𝑷𝑩+< 𝑸𝑩𝑷
90° =< 𝑸𝑷𝑩+< 𝑸𝑩𝑷
SO WE CAN SAY THAT < 𝑸𝑷𝑩 is less than 90°
------------------------------------
Result
If we join the end points of

the diameter of a circle to
a point outside the circle,
the angle formed will be
less than 90°


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 If a pair of lines drawn from the ends of
a diameter of a circle are perpendicular to
each other, then they meet on a circle.
Home work:

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Online class 21
Home work of class 20
2nd Ans)
the first vertex (from top): outside the
circle
Right angled vertex: on the circle
Third vertex :inside the circle
3rd ans)
ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORTKOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA

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We Know that Sum of angles of a

quadrilateral is 360°.
< 𝑨+< 𝑩+< 𝑪+< 𝑫 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
< 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓°
< 𝑩 = 𝟓𝟓°
< 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎°
𝟏𝟎𝟓° + 𝟓𝟓° + 𝟏𝟏𝟎°+< 𝑫 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
< 𝑫 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° − [𝟏𝟎𝟓 + 𝟓𝟓 + 𝟏𝟏𝟎]
=90°
Taking AC as diameter,
< 𝑩 = 𝟓𝟓 °( 𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒆) ,
𝒔𝒐 𝒊𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒃𝒆 𝒂 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆.
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< 𝑫 = 𝟗𝟎° (𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆)

So it would be a point on the circle.
Taking BD as the diameter,

< 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓° (𝑶𝒃𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒆)
So, it would be a point inside the circle.
< 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎° (𝑶𝒃𝒕𝒖𝒔𝒆)
So, it would be a point inside the circle.
Previous knowledge
1) If we join the end points of the
diameter of a circle, to any point on
it, we get a right triangle.
2) The angle forms inside the circle
will be obtuse(greater than 90)
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3) The angle formed outside the the

circle will be acute(less than 90)
In this figure, A is the point

where the two circles
intersect.

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Join CD & BE
NOW WE CAN SEE TWO
TRIANGLES.
∆𝑨𝑫𝑪 & ∆𝑨𝑬𝑩
< 𝑨𝑫𝑪 = 𝟗𝟎° ANGLE IN A SEMICIRCLE IS

90°
< 𝑨𝑬𝑩 = 𝟗𝟎°
Consider ∆𝑨𝑫𝑪 & ∆𝑨𝑬𝑩

∆𝐴𝐷𝐶 & ∆𝐴𝐸𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟
If
AB=2𝑥 (𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑔 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)
AC=𝑥 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑔 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒)
We know that sides opposite to equal

angles are proportional.

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In this figure CD & BE are parallel lines,

AB is the transversal.
So
< 𝑨𝑪𝑫 =< 𝑨𝑩𝑬 (𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔)
The side opposite to
< 𝑨𝑪𝑫 𝒊𝒔 𝑨𝑫 (𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆)
The side opposite to
< 𝑨𝑩𝑬 𝒊𝒔 𝑨𝑬 (𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒊𝒈 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆)
When we consider the sides opposite to
then right angles,[AC & AB]
𝑨𝑪 𝑨𝑫
we get =
𝑨𝑩 𝑨𝑬
𝒙 𝑨𝑫
=
𝟐𝒙 𝑨𝑬

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𝟏 𝑨𝑫
= (By cross multiplying)
𝟐 𝑨𝑬
AE x 1=AD x 2
AE=2AD
Hence Proved.
Ans)
i) From the figure we can see AQ is
the diameter of the big circle ,
AP is the diameter of the small
circle.

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Join BP, BA & BQ
< 𝑨𝑩𝑷 =< 𝑨𝑩𝑸 = 𝟗𝟎°

[𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝟎]
We have to prove that P, B, Q are in a
line.Since all the angles are of 90° ,
they all fall on a straight line. The sum
of these two angles will be

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180° (𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒓). Which means they

are all points of a straight line.
Hence Proved.
ii) Let “x” & “y” be the centres of
the small circle & the big circle
respectively.
We have to prove that XY is
parallel to PQ.
When we consider the ∆𝑷𝑨𝑸,

AP & AQ are two sides .
X is the midpoint of AP.
Y is the midpoint of AB.

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We know, that the line joining the

midpoints of any 2 sides of the triangle
is parallel to the third side.and will be
half of the third side.
∴XY is parallel to PQ
XY is half of PQ.
PQ=2 XY
Ans) We know in an isosceles triangle,

 2 sides are equal

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 The angles opposite to equal sides

will be equal.
 The perpendicular drawn from the
vertex joining equal sides of an
isosceles triangle passes through the
midpoint of the opposite side.
Here, ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an
isosceles triangle,
AB=AC
AD is the perpendicular
drawn from the vertex
joining the equal sides .
So, we have AD is perpendicular to

BC.
< 𝑨𝑫𝑩 = 𝟗𝟎°
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓 ∆𝑨𝑫𝑩, 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆.
𝑨𝑩 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆
If we draw a circle with AB as the
diameter, we will get that < 𝑫 on the
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circle. [since angle on a semicircle is

90]
Similarly if we draw a circle with AC

as the diameter , we get D as a point
in that circle.
The circles drawn with AB & AC as

diameters passes through D, which is
the midpoint of the third side.
Type equation here.

1
Circles
Online class 22
Previous Knowledge:
 When two circles drawn on 2 equal sides
of an isosceles triangle, the diameters
pass through the midpoint of the third
side
Q)
Ans)
In a rhombus
 All sides are equal
 Opposite angles are equal
 The diagonals are perpendicular
bisectors.

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Let us name the rhombus as
 ABCD , as shown in the figure
 Join AC & BD (diagonals)
When we joined AC as the diagonal,

we get two triangles ∆𝑨𝑫𝑪 & ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪
These two triangles are isosceles
triangles.{ The sides of the rhombus are
equal }
When we joined BD as the diagonal,

we get two triangles ∆𝑨𝑩𝑫 & ∆𝑩𝑪𝑫
These two triangles are isosceles
triangles.
From the previous Knowledge, we know
that “When two circles drawn on 2
3
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equal sides of an isosceles triangle,
the diameters pass through the
midpoint of the third side.”
Consider ∆𝑨𝑩𝑫
AB=AD (ISOSCELES)
Therefore, the circles with AD & AB as
diameters passes through the third side of
this triangle. The third side of this triangle
is BD , & O is the midpoint of BD. So the
Circles passes through the point O.
Simillarly when we consider the ∆𝑩𝑪𝑫 also we
can see that the circles with diameter DC
& BC, these circles also passes through the
point O

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Ans) The quadrilateral shown above is a kite.

Where 2 sides which are adjacent will be
equal.
Let us name this quadrilateral as ABCD
And join the diagonal BD such that the
triangle∆𝑨𝑩𝑫 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑨𝑫
& ∆𝑩𝑪𝑫 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑩𝑪 = 𝑩𝑫 becomes isosceles.

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By using the previous result, we can prove
that , when a circle drawn with all 4 sides as
diameters, the circles meet at the same
point.
Q)
Ans) We know that from Pythagoras

theorem, if a = base
b=altitude & c= hypotenuse

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Here, b=base
a=altitude
h=hypotenuse
the sum of the areas of the
squares (blue & red) will be as
equal to the sum of the grey
square.
This is true for all regular sided polygons. If

we attach the regular polygons also , we get
that the areas of the side of
hypotenuse=sum of areas of the base +
altitude.
Observe the picture given below

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In this figure, we have the hypotenuse is

AC , Its length is ‘a’
We have to prove that the area of the
semicircle with AC as the diameter= sum of
area of the semicircle with AB & BC as the
diameter.
Let us consider the semicircle with AC as
the diameter.
Diameter=a
𝒂
Radius=
𝟐
𝟏
Area of the semicircle= 𝝅𝒓2×
𝟐
𝒂 𝒂 𝟏
Area=𝝅 ( ) × ×
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅
= 𝒂2
𝟖
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Now let us consider the semicircle with BC
as the diameter
Diameter=b
𝒃
Radius =
𝟐
𝒃 𝒃 𝟏
Area=𝝅 × × x
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅
= b2……………….(1)
𝟖
Now let us consider the semicircle with AB as

the diameter
Diameter=c
𝒄
Radius=
𝟐
𝒄 𝒄 𝟏
Area= 𝝅 × × ×
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝝅
= c2………………………………(2)
𝟖
We know from pythagoras theorem,

=b2+c2 …………………….(3)
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By addind (1) & (2)
We get area of the two semicircles=
𝝅
= (b2+c2)
𝟖
From (3) we know that a2=b2+c2

𝝅
So we get, combined area= a2
𝟖
Which is the area of the semicircle with AC

as the diameter.
Assignment:

Circles 1
Chapter 2 – Circles
Online class – 23 26/08/2020
Chord, angle and arc
A diameter of a circle divides it into two equal parts,

and joining the ends of the diameter to a point in any part
gives a right angle.
When the chord is not a diameter
Here, AB is a chord, but not its diameter. So it

does not divide the circle into 2 equal parts.
There are 2 segments,
i) Major segment
ii) Minor segment
Activity1
 Draw a circle with radius 5 cm &draw a chord which is not the diameter.
 Mark 3 points in the major segment of the circle
 Mark 3 points in the minor segment of the circle.
Join these points to the end points of this chord.
 Measure these angles
St. John De Britto’s A.I.H.S , Fortkochi Prepared by Cecilia Joseph

Circles 2
When we observe this figure, we can see

that
all of the angles in the major segment
have same measurement as 64°
And
all of the angles in the minor segment
have same measurement as 116°
Angle formed in the major segment=64°

Angle formed in the minor segment=116°
Discussing the angles formed by the ends of a non diametrical chord to the
points on the smaller part of the circle are equal ?
Draw a circle centred at O . Draw a chord AB . Mark a point P on the
larger part of the circle made by the chord AB . Join the ends of the chord
to the point P .The following situations may arise .
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
Case 1 ( AP and BP are on the either sides of the centre )

Case 2 ( the line AP passes through the centre of the circle )
Case 3 ( AP and BP are on the same side of the centre )

Circles 3
Case 1
When the sides AP & BP are on either sides of the centre.
Consider the following figure
The end points of the chord AB joined

to the point P, the sides AP & BP are
on either sides of the centre.
Now we draw the radius AO, BO, PO .
We can see many triangles here.
Consider ∆AOP
Let < APO = x°
Since ∆AOP is an isosceles triangle < PAO = x°
∴ < AOP =180° - 2x°
Consider ∆BOP
Let < BPO = y°
Since ∆BOP is an isosceles triangle < PBO = y°
∴ < BOP =180° - 2y°
We know that the sum of the angles around a point=360°

So < AOP+< BOP+< AOB = 360°
Let∠ AOB = c°
∴ 180° - 2x° + 180° - 2y° + c° = 360°
360° - 2x° - 2y° + c° = 360°
c° = 2x° + 2y° < P =< APO+< BPO
< P = x° + y°
c° = 2 (x° + y°)
c° = 2 ∠P
∴ ∠P = c °
2

Circles 4
Case 1
When the the line AP passes through the centre of the circle
Let ∠APB = xo
Draw OB
Consider ∆ OPB
OB= OP (Radii of samecircle)
So ∆ OPB is an isosceles triangle.
∠OPB = ∠OBP = xo
∠POB = 180o-2xo
180o-2xo + co = 180o
co = 2xo
co = 2∠P
∴∠P = c °
2

Circles 5
Case 3
When AP and BP are on the same side of the centre.
Draw the lines OA , OB and OP.

OA = OB = OP ( Radii of a
circle are equal )
∆ AOP is an isosceles triangle .

Since OA = OP ,
< OAP = < OP A = xo
∴< AOP = 1800 - 2xo
∆ BOP is an isosceles triangle

Since OB = OP ,
< OBP = < OPB = yo
∴ < BOP = 1800 – 2yo
< APB = yo - xo
< AOB = < AOP - < BOP
Let < AOB = c o
c o= 180 - 2 x o - ( 180 - 2 y o )
= 180 - 2 x o - 180 + 2 y o
= 180 - 180 + 2 y o - 2 x o
= 2 y o - 2 x o = 2 ( y o - x o ) = 2 x < APB
∴ < APB = c °
2

Circles 6
From these three situations we can arrive at a conclusion as follows .
Conclusion
If we joining the ends of a non diametrical chord to any point

on the larger part of the circle ,we get an angle which is half the size of
the angle , we get by joining them to the centre of the circle .
Home Work
What is the relation among the angles formed by joining the ends of a non
diametrical chord to the points on the larger and smaller parts of the
circle ?

Circles 1
Online class – 24 04/09/2020
Looking at the angles in the larger part we have seen
Now looking at the angles in the smaller part:

Draw OA, OB, OQ
Let ∠AQO = x° & ∠BQO = y°
∠Q = x° + y°
Consider ∆ AOQ, AO =QO

∆ AOQ is an isosceles triangle.
∠AQO =∠QAO = x°
∠AOQ =180° - ( x° + x°)
=180° - 2x°
Consider ∆ BOQ, BO =QO

∆ BOQ is an isosceles triangle.
∠BQO =∠QBO = y°
∠BOQ =180° - ( y° + y°)
=180° - 2y°
∠AOB = ∠AOQ + ∠BOQ
Let ∠AOB = c°
So, c° = 180° - 2x°+ 180° - 2y°
= 360° - 2( x° + y° )
= 360° - 2∠Q
2∠Q = 360° - c°
360 °−c °
∠Q =
2
c°
∠Q = 180° -
2

Circles 2
Looking at the angles in the two parts of the circle and the angle at the
centre together we have
Any chord which is not a diameter splits the circle into un-
equal parts.
The angle got by joining any point on the larger

part to the ends of the chord is half the angle got by joining the
centre of the circle to these ends.
The angle got by joining any

point on the smaller part to the ends of the chord is half the
angle at the centre subtracted from 180 o .
Q) If the chord AB makes an angle 140° at the centre of the circle find ∠APB &
∠ AQB.
Ans.
∠ AOB
∠APB =
2
140 °
=
2
= 70°
∠ AOB
∠AQB = 180° -
2
140 °
= 180° -
2
= 180° - 70°
= 110°

Circles 3
Putting the above results in terms arcs and their central angles
Any two points on a circle divide it into

two arcs.
Here arc APB is the Major arc &
arc AQB is the Minor arc
Each of these two arcs can be called the

alternate arc or complementary arc of
the other.
Alternate arc of arc APB is arc AQB
Alternate arc of arc AQB is arc APB
* Consider following figure
We know c° + d° = 360°
d° = 360°- c°
d° 360 °−c °
=
2 2
d° c°
∴ = 180° -
2 2
Conclusion
The angle made by any arc of a circle on

the alternate arc is half the angle made at
the centre.

Circles 4
** Also we can see that
Sum of the angles on alternate arcs = ∠P +∠ Q

c° c°
= + 180° -
2 2
= 180°
We can see that sum of the angles on alternate arcs is 180 o .
Pairs of angles of sum 180 o are usually called supplementary angles.
Conclusion
All angles made by an arc on the alternate arc are equal;

and
a pair of angles on an arc and its alternate arc are supplementary
Home Work
T.B Page 53
*************************************

Circles 1
Online class – 25 07/09/2020
Answers of home work

T.B Page 53
Q1)Ans.
a)
Join OA
Since OA = OB & OC = OA ,
∆ OAB & ∆ OAC are isosceles triangles
Given ∠ OBA= 20° Given ∠ OCA= 30°

∴ ∠ OAB = 20° ∴∠ OAC = 30°
∠BAC = ∠OAB + ∠OAC

=20° + 30° = 50°
∠BOC = 2 x 50° = 100°
Since OB = OC , ∆ OBC is an isosceles triangle.

180−100 80
∴ ∠OBC = ∠OCB = = = 40°
2 2
Angles of triangle ABC are ∠BAC = 50° , ∠ABC = 60°, ∠ACB = 70°
Angles of ∆ BOC are ∠OBC = 40°, ∠OCB = 40°, ∠BOC = 100°
b)
∆OAC is an isosceles triangle.
Given ∠ OAC= 40°
∴ ∠OCA = 40°
∠AOC= 180° - 80° = 100°
100
∴ ∠ABC= = 50°
2
Join OB
Given ∠ OCB= 30°
∴∠OBC = 30°
So ∠OBA = 50° – 30° = 20° ∴ ∠ OAB= 20°
Angles of ∆ ABC are ∠ABC = 50°, ∠BAC = 60°, ∠BCA = 70°
Angles of ∆ OBC are ∠OBC = 30°, ∠OCA = 30°, ∠BOC = 180° – 60°=120°

Circles 2
c) Given ∠BOC = 70°

180−70 110
∠ OBC = ∠ OCB = = = 55°
2 2
Angles of ∆OBC are ∠OBC = 55° ,∠BOC = 70°, ∠OCB = 55°
Since ∠AOC = 40° , ∠ABC = 20°

Since ∠BOC = 70° , ∠BAC = 35°
∠ACB = 180° - (20° + 35°) = 180° - 55° = 125°
Angles of ∆ABC are 125°, 20°, 35°
T B Page 53
Q2)
Ans. a)
In a clock’s face
60 minute = 3600
360
1 minute = = 6°
60
5 minute = 30°
120
∠ BOC = 4 x 30° = 120° ∴ ∠ A = = 60°
2
150
∠ AOC = 5 x 30° = 150° ∴∠B= = 75°
2
90
∠ AOB = 3 x 30° = 90° ∴∠C= = 45°
2

Circles 3
b)
We can make 4 equilateral triangles by joining the numbers on the clock (1 , 5, 9),
(2, 6, 10), (3, 7, 11), (4, 8, 12)
Home work
Q)
In the figure O is the centre of the circle
and ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Find ∠BAC and ∠ABO.

Circles 1
Online class – 26 08/09/2020
Angles formed by an arc on the circle are

1. Angle within the arc
2.Central angle of an arc
3. Angle on the alternate arc.
T B Page 54
Q 5).
Ans). Join OC
Let ∠OAC = x0 and ∠ABC = y0
Then ∠OCA = x0 and ∠AOC = 2y0
In ∆AOC,
x0 + x0 + 2y0 = 1800
2x0 + 2y0 = 1800
2 ( x0 + y0 ) = 1800
180
∴ x 0 + y0 = = 900
2
So, ∠OAC + ∠ABC = 900

Circles 2
Construction 1
1 0
a) Draw an angle of size 22
2
Ans.
Method
Step1. Draw circle of radius 3cm ( Any radius can be taken)
Step2. Draw radius OA
1
Step3. Measure 450 angle at O (Because double of 22 0
is 450)
2
Step4. Draw OB
Step5. Extend AO to meet the circle at C
1 0
Step6. Join CB , we get ∠BCO as 22
2
1 0
b) Draw an angle of size 11
4
Ans.
Method
Step1. Draw circle of radius 3cm ( Any radius can be taken)
Step2. Draw radius OA
1
Step3. Measure 450 angle at O (Because double of 22 0
is 450 )
2
Step4. Draw OB
Step5. Extend AO to meet the circle at C
1 0
Step6. Join CB , we get ∠BCO as 22
2
Step7.With C as centre draw circle of radius 3cm .
Step8. Extend OC to meet the circle at D

Circles 3
1 0
Step9. Join DE , we get ∠EDC as 11
4
Construction 2
a) Draw a triangle of circumradius 3 centimetres and two of the angles
50 o and 60 o .
Ans.
Method
Step1. Draw circle of radius 3cm
Step2. Draw radius OC
Step3. Measure1000 angle at O (Because double of 500 is 1000 )
Step4. Draw OB
Step5. Measure 1200 angle at O (Because double of 600 is 1200 )
Step6. Draw OA
Step7. Join AB, BC, AC
Step8.We get ∆ ABC with ∠A = 500 , ∠C = 600

Circles 4
b) Draw a triangle of circumradius 3 centimetres and two of the angles

1 o 1 o
57 and 62 .
2 2
Ans.
1 0
Double of 57 is 1150
2
1 0
Double of 62 is 1250
2
T B Page 53
Q3)
Ans. i) Given all angles on one part 80°.

So the central angle is double of 800 is 1600
Draw a circle and draw

central angle 160°.
All angles on the part will
be 80° .

Circles 5
ii) Given all angles on one part 110°

If angle in an arc is 110° , then
angle in its alternate arc is 180°- 110°= 70°
Central angle is 2 x 70° = 140°

be 70° and
All angles on the other part
will be 110°.
iii)Given all angles on one part half of all angles on the other.
So if angle in one part is x ,then angle in other part is 2x.
We have x + 2x = 180°
3x = 180°
180 °
x= = 60°
3
angle in its alternate arc is 120°

be 60° and
will be 120°.

Circles 6
iv)Given all angles on one part, one and a half times the angles on the
other.
1 3
So if angle in one part is x ,then angle in other part is 1 x= x
2 2
3
We have x+ x = 180°
2
5x
= 180°
2
5x =180°x2 = 360°
360 °
x= =72°
5
Angle in one part is 72° so central angle is 2 x 72° = 144°

angle in its alternate arc is 180°- 72° = 108°

be 72° and
will be 108°.

Circles 1
Online class – 27 09/09/2020
T.B Page 54
Q4)
Arc length Central angle of arc

Ans. We know =
Perimeter ofcircle 360°
1 x°
∴ =
10 360 °
360 °
x° = = 36°
10
Arc length 72 °
=
Perimeter ofcircle 360 °
1
=
5
1
So part of the circle is within the rod.
5

Circles 2
Q 7)
Ans.
Draw AD
Let ∠ADC = x°
then ∠DAB=90°- x°
Central angle of arc APC =2 x°
Central angle of arc BQD =2(90°-x°)

=180°- 2x°
Sum of the Central angles of

= 2x° + 180°- 2x°
arc APC and arc BQD
= 180°
∴ Arc APC and arc BQD joined together to form a half circle.
Q8)

Circles 3
Ans.
To prove that
∠APB+∠AQB=∠AOB
Let ∠ACB = x°
Then ∠ADB = x° ,∠AOB =2x°
∠PCQ = 180°− x°
∠PDQ = 180°− x°
Consider quadrilateral PCQD

∠P +∠C +∠Q + ∠D = 360°
∠P +∠Q +180°− x° + 180°− x° = 360°
∠P +∠Q + 360°- 2x° = 360°
∠P +∠Q = 2x°
∠APB+∠AQB =∠AOB
Hence the proof
Home Work
Q. In the figure O is the centre of the circle. If ∠AOB = 80°, find the
measure of ∠OCB and ∠ OBC.
***********************

Circles 1
Online class – 28 11/09/2020
Circle and Quadrilateral

Look at this picture:
Finding the relation between the four angles A,B,C,D of this quadrilateral
Join AC Join BD
We get ∠B +∠D =180° We get ∠A +∠C =180°
Conclusion:
∠B +∠D =180°
∠A +∠C =180°
If all four vertices of a quadrilateral are

on a circle, then its
opposite angles are supplementary.

Circles 2
To check ,if the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, then all it
vertices are on a circle
Consider quadrilateral ABCD.
We can draw a circle passing through three of the vertices A,B,C

Then fourth vertex D may be
(i) Outside the circle
(ii) Inside the circle
(iii) On the circle
(i) (ii) (iii)
Case (i) When the fourth vertex D is outside the circle
Let CD intersect the circle at E.

Join AE
Consider quadrilateral ABCE
∠B + ∠AEC =180°..................... 1
Consider △ AED
∠AEC = ∠EAD + ∠D
So, ∠D < ∠AEC ...................... 2
From 1
&2 ∠B + ∠D < 180°

Circles 3
Case (ii) When the fourth vertex D is inside the circle
Extend CD to meet the circle at E
Join AE
Consider quadrilateral ABCE
∠B + ∠E =180°............................. 1
Consider △ AED
∠ADC = ∠E + ∠EAD
So, ∠ADC > ∠E ...................... 2
From 1
&2 ∠B + ∠ADC > 180°
i.e, ∠B + ∠D > 180°
Case (iii)
From case(i) & case(ii) we have seen,
When the fourth vertex D is outside the circle then
∠B + ∠D <180°
When the fourth vertex D is inside the circle tjhen
∠B + ∠D >180°
So,
If ∠B + ∠D = 180°
then ∠D must be on the circle
i.e, If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are

supplementary, we can draw a circle passing through all
four of its vertices.

Circles 4
If vertex D of quadrilateral ABCD is ,
(i) Outside the circle (ii) Inside the circle (iii) On the circle
drawn through the drawn through the drawn through the
other three veritces, other three veritces, other three veritces,
then then then
∠B + ∠D < 180° ∠B + ∠D > 180° ∠B + ∠D = 180°
Conclusion
If all four vertices of a quadrilateral are on a circle,

then its opposite angles are supplementary,
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary,

then all its vertices are on a circle
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are

supplementary, we can draw a circle passing
through all four of its vertices.
This quadrilateral can be called as a

Cyclic Quadrilateral

Circles 5
Cyclic quadrilaterals are those quadrilaterals with opposite angles

supplementary.
* All rectangles are cyclic quadrilaterals
Q) ABCD is an isosceles trapezium. Check whether it is a cyclic quadrilateral.
D C
A B

Circles 1
Online class – 29 14/09/2020
Answer of last class home work

Q) ABCD is an isosceles trapezium. Check whether it is a cyclic
quadrilateral.
Ans.
[ In an isosceles trapezium ABCD
AD = B C and also
AB is parallel to DC ]
We have to prove < A+< C=180° & < B+< D=180°

<A=<B ...........(1) (since ABCD is an isosceles trapezium)
< A+ < D =180°..........(2) ( Since AB // DC ,Co-interior angles are
supplementary)
From (1) & (2) we have
< B+ < D =180°
Also, < A+ < C =180°
Since the opposite angles are supplementary , ABCD is cyclic.
T. B Page 59
Q1).

Circles 2
Ans. Given < BDC =50°,

So < BAC = 50° ( All angles made by an
arc on the alternate arc
are equal )
Given < ACD = 30°
So < ABD = 30°
Given < CBD = 45°
So < CAD = 45°
Consider △ ABC,
∠ACB = 180° - ( 50° + 75° ) = 180° - 125° = 55°
So ∠ ADB = 55°
Consider △ AOD , ∠ AOD = 180° − ( 55° + 45° ) = 180° – 100° = 80°

∠DOC= 180° − 80° = 100° (Linear pair)
< AOD = < BOC = 80° ( opposite angles )
< DOC = < AOB = 100° ( opposite angles )
∴ Angles of the quadrilateral are Angles between diagonals are

< A = 45° + 50° = 95° < AOD = < BOC = 80°
< B = 30° + 45° = 75° < DOC = < AOB = 100°
< C = 55° + 30° = 85°
< D = 50° + 55° = 105°
Assignment
Q1) In the figure PQRS is an isosceles trapezium
and QR is extended to X .
If < SRX = 100o , find all angles of PQRS ?
Q2) Prove that any non- isosceles trapezium is not cyclic ?

Circles 1
Online class – 30 15/09/2020
Cyclic quadrilaterals are those quadrilaterals with opposite angles

supplementary.
Quadrilaterals which are always cyclic are

(i) Square
(i) Rectangle
(iii) Isosceles Trapezium
(Q) Prove that any non- isosceles trapezium is not cyclic ?

Ans.
Given ABCD is a non- isosceles trapezium
So ∠A ≠ ∠B ................... 1
Since ABCD is a trapezium AB // CD.
So ∠A +∠D = 180° .................... 2
From 1 & 2 we have ∠B +∠D ≠ 180°
So ABCD is not cyclic.
T .B page 59
Q2) Prove that any outer angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the
inner angle at the opposite vertex.
Ans.
In cyclic quadrilateral ABCD the side AB is extended to E.
We have to prove ∠CBE =∠ADC
Since ABCD is cyclic
∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180° ...................1
Since ∠ABC &∠CBE are linear pairs,
∠ABC +∠CBE = 180° .....................2
From 1 & 2 we have
∠ABC + ∠ADC = ∠ABC +∠CBE
∴ ∠ADC = ∠CBE

Circles 2
In a cyclic quadrilateral
any outer angle
is equal to
the inner angle at the opposite vertex.
∠ADC = ∠CBE
∠ABC = ∠GDA
∠DAB = ∠DCF
∠HAB = ∠DCB
T .B page 60
Q6) i)
Ans.
Join PQ.
Now ABQP and PQDC becomes cyclic
quadrilaterals.
Let ∠A = x° ,
Then ∠PQD = x° (any outer angle of a
cyclic quadrilateral is
equal to the inner angle
at the opposite vertex)

Circles 3
Since PQDC is cyclic ,∠C = 180°− x°
∠A + ∠C = x° + 180°− x°
∴ ∠A + ∠C = 180°
Since ∠A + ∠C = 180° ,
we can say AB parallel to CD ( Since ∠A & ∠C are co interior angles)
Since AB parallel to CD , quadrilateral ABDC is a trapezium and

if AC=BD then ABDC is an isosceles trapezium.
So ABDC is a cyclic quadrilateral.
Assignment
Q6) ii)

Circles 1
Online class – 31 17/09/2020
Answer of last class assignment

Q6) ii)
Ans.
Draw PQ & RS
Let ∠BAP=x°, then ∠PQS = x° (any outer angle of a cyclic
quadrilateraleral is equal to the inner angle at the opposite vertex)
Since ∠PQS = x° , then ∠PRS =180°−x° (opposite angles of a cyclic

quadrilateral are supplementary)
Since ∠PRS =180°−x°, then ∠SDC = 180°−x°

∠BAP + ∠SDC = x° + 180°−x°
= 180°
So considering quadrilateral
ABDC,
∠A + ∠D = 180°
∠B + ∠C = 360°− 180° = 180°
∴ ABDC is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Circles 2
T.B Page 59
Q5).
In the picture, bisectors of adjacent angles
of the quadrilateral ABCD intersect at
P, Q, R, S.
Prove that PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral.
Ans.
Consider △ ARB
∠A
∠RAB = Since given AR & BR are
2
∠B angle bisectors
∠RBA =
2
∠A ∠B
So ∠ARB =180° − ( + )
2 2
Consider △ CPD
∠D
∠PDC = Since given DP & CP are
2
∠C angle bisectors
∠PCD =
2
∠D ∠C
So ∠DPC =180° − ( + )
2 2
Consider quadrilateral PQRS

∠A ∠B ∠D ∠C
∠R +∠P = 180° − ( + ) + 180° − ( + )
2 2 2 2
∠A ∠B ∠D ∠C
= 360° − ( + + + )
2 2 2 2
∠ A+ ∠ B+∠C +∠ D
= 360° − ( )
2
360 °
= 360° − ( )
2
= 360° − 180°
= 180°
∴ PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Circles 3
T.B Page 60
Q7).
Ans.
Consider △ABC
Let ∠A = x° & ∠B = y°
∴ ∠C = 180°−( x°+ y°)
Draw MR, MP, MQ
Consider cyclic quadrilateral AQMR

∠QMR = 180°−x° M
Consider cyclic quadrilateral BPMR

∠PMR = 180°−y°
∴ ∠PMQ = 360° −(180°−x° + 180°−y°)

= 360° −(360°−x° −y°)
= 360° −360°+ x° + y°
= x° + y°
Consider quadrilateral PCQM

∠C + ∠M = 180°−( x°+ y°)+ (x° + y°)
= 180°
∴ Circumcircle of △PCQ passes through M

Circles 4
Assignment
Q). In he figure the length of arc CNB is 1/5 of the perimeter of the
circle and the length the arc AMD is 1/6 of the perimeter of the
circle.
a) What is the measure of central angle of the arc CNB?
b) Find the measures of ∠CDB, ∠ABD and ∠APD.

Circles 1
Online class – 32 17/09/2020
Two chords
* Any two diameters of a circle intersect at the centre, and the length of
the four pieces are equal.
PA =PB =PC =PD (Radii of a circle are equal)
* When two chords which are not diameters intersect within the circle
we get four pieces which are not equal.
* Finding the relation between the four parts PA,PB ,PC & PD, when the
chords AB & CD intersect at P.
Consider two chords AB & CD which
are not diameters of the circle.
The chords AB & CD intersect at P.
Draw AC & BD
We can see,
∠A = ∠D
All angles made by an arc on
its alternate arc are equal
∠C = ∠B
Cecilia Joseph , St. John De Britto’s A.I.H.S , Fortkochi

Circles 2
Consider △ APC & △ DPB

Since two angles of both triangles are equal, third angles are also equal.
So △ APC & △ DPB are similar triangles.
Since sides opposite to equal angles of similar triangles are in proportion.

PC PA
=
PB PD
Cross multiplying we get,

PA x PB = PC x PD
Here PA, PB are parts of the chord AB and

PC, PD are parts of the chord CD.
So we can say,
If two chords of a circle intersect within the circle, then the

products of the parts of the two chords are equal.
PA x PB = PC x PD
Q1). In the figure two chords AB and CD intersect at a point P . PB = 2 cm

PC = 3 cm , PD = 4 cm . Find the length of AB .
Ans.
PA x PB = PC x PD
PA x 2 = 3 x 4
12
PA =
2
PA = 6 cm
AB = PA + PB
= 6 + 2 = 8cm

Circles 3
Geometrical interpretation
We can interpret the product of two lengths as an area.
So,
PA x PB = Area of the rectangle with sides PA and PB
PC x PD = Area of the rectangle with sides PC and PD
So the relation PA x PB = PC x PD can be put in geometric language

as below:
If two chords of a circle intersect within a circle, then the

rectangles formed by the parts of the same chord have equal area.
PA x PB = PC x PD
Assignment
Q) The chords AB and CD of a circle intersect at a
point P .
If PA = 9 cm , PD = 12 cm , AB = 13 cm ,find the
lengths of PB , PC and CD ?

Circles 1
Online class – 33 22/09/2020

Q) The chords AB and CD of a circle intersect
at a point P .
If PA = 9 cm , PD = 12 cm , AB = 13 cm ,find
the lengths of PB , PC and CD ?
Ans) Given PA = 9 cm ,
So PB = AB − PA
= 13 − 9
= 4 cm
PA x PB = PC x PD
9 x 4 = PC x 12
9X4 36
PC = = = 3cm
12 12
CD = PC+ PD
= 3 + 12 = 15cm
Q) In the figure two chords AB and CD

intersect at a point P .
PA = 5cm, PB = 12 cm , PC = 8 cm .
Find the length of PD .

Circles 2
Ans) PA x PB = PC x PD
5 x 12 = 8 x PD
5 X 12
PD =
8
60
=
8
= 7.5 cm
Construction 3
Q1) Draw a rectangle of width 5 centimetres and height 3

centimetres.
Draw a rectangle of the same area with width 6 centimetres.
Ans) Steps:
1. Draw line AB of length 5cm.
2. Draw perpendiculars at A & B, measure 3 centimetres on
these lines. Complete rectangle ABCD
3. Extend AB to E such that BE = 3cm.
4. Since given length of new rectangle is 6 cm ,extend CB to P
such that BP = 6cm.
5. Join AP & EP to get △ AEP.
6. Draw perpendicular bisectors of AP & EP, they intersect
at a point say M. With M as centre draw circle which passes
through A, E & P.
7. Let this circle intersect BC at N.
8. Now we get two chords AE & PN.
On your compass measure BN , mark this measurement on
BE as BR.
9. With PB & BR as length and breadth complete the rectangle
BRQP .
Now area of rectangle ABCD & area of rectangle BRQP are same.

Circles 3
Assignment
Q2) Draw a rectangle of length 4 centimetres and width 3

centimetres.
Draw another rectangle of the same area with one side 5
centimetres.

Circles 1
Online class – 34 24/09/2020
Q) Draw a rectangle of length 4 centimetres and width 3

centimetres.
Draw another rectangle of the same area with one side 5
centimetres.
Ans)

Circles 2
Finding the relation between parts of two intersecting chords

when one chord is a diameter and other chord is pependicular
to this diameter
In the picture below,

AB is the diameter and CD is a chord perpendicular to AB.
Since the chords AB & CD

intersect at P.
PA x PB = PC x PD ........... (1)
We know, the perpendicular
drawn from the centre of a circle
bisects the chord.
So AP bisects CD
∴ PC = PD
Substituting in equation (1) we have,

PA x PB = PC x PC
2
PA x PB = PC 2
The product of the parts into

which a diameter of a circle is cut
by a perpendicular chord, is equal
to the square of half the chord.
PA x PB = PC2

Circles 3
2
The relation PA x PB = PC 2 can be put in geometric
language as below:
The area of the rectangle formed of parts into which a

diameter of a circle is cut by a perpendicular chord is
equal to the area of the square formed by half the chord.
PA x PB = PC2
Since AB is the diameter , by considering the semi circle

we can observe above relation as ,
PA x PB = PC2

Circles 4
Q1) In the picture PA = 4cm, PB = 2cm, find PC ?
Ans) Given PA = 4cm, PB = 2cm

2
PA x PB = PC
2
4 x 2 = PC
PC2 = 8
∴ PC = √ 8 cm
Q2) In the picture PA = 6cm, PB = 4cm, find PC ?
Ans) Given PA = 6cm, PB = 4cm

2
PA x PB = PC
2
6 x 4 = PC
PC2 = 24
∴ PC = √ 24 cm

Circles 5
Q3) In the picture PA = 9cm, PC = 6cm, find PB?
Ans) Given PA = 9cm, PC = 6cm

2
PA x PB = PC
2
9 x PB = 6
9 x PB = 36
36
PB =
9
∴ PB = 4 cm
Let PA = a , PB = b
2
PA x PB = PC
2
a x b = PC
PC2 = ab
PC = √ ab
If PA = a , PB = b
then PC= √ ab

Circles 6
We can use this relation to draw lines of

irrational lengths like √ 8 , √ 15 , √ 24 etc.
Construction 4
Q1) Draw a line of length √ 12 cm.
Ans) Find two numbers whose product is 12.

4,3 6,2 12 , 1 are the numbers.
Choose any pair, let us choose 6 , 2
Step 1: Draw line AB of length 6 + 2 = 8 cm.
Step 2 : Mark the mid point.
Step 3 : Draw a circle with AB as diameter
Step 4 : Mark the point P on AB such that AP = 6cm and
PB = 2cm.
Step 5: Through P draw line CP perpendicular to AB.
6 x 2 = PC2
PC2 = 12
PC = √ 12 cm

Circles 7
2
Q2) Draw a square of area 15cm 2
2
Ans) Given , area of square = 15cm 2
∴ side of square = √ 15 cm
Find two numbers whose product is 15.
5,3 15 , 1 are the numbers.
Choose any pair, let us choose 5 , 3
Step 1 : Draw line AB of length 5 + 3 = 8 cm.
Step 2 : Mark the mid point.
Step 3 : Draw a circle with AB as diameter
Step 4 : Mark the point P on AB such that AP = 5cm and
PB = 3cm.
Step 5 : Through P draw line CP perpendicular to AB.
5 x 3 = PC2
PC2 = 15
PC = √ 15 cm
Step 6 : Extend line PB, measure PC on your compass,
using this measurement with P as centre draw an
arc on this line and mark the point Q.
Step 7 : With the same measurement draw arcs by keeping
your compass at Q & C to obtain the point R.
Complete the square PQRC.

Circles 8
Assignment
1. Draw a line of length √ 7 cm.
2.
2. Draw a square of area 8 cm 2 .
3. Draw a square of area 24 cm2 .

Circles 1
Online class – 35 25/09/2020
Answers of last class assignment
1) Draw a line of length √ 7 cm.

7 , 1 are the numbers. 7x1=7
Draw line AB of length 7 + 1 = 8 cm and do the construction
as per the steps given under construction 4 (Q 1)discussed in
class 34.
2.
2) Draw a square of area 8 cm 2 .
2
8 , 1 are the numbers. 8x1=8
as per the steps given under construction 4 (Q 2)discussed
in class 34.

Circles 2
3) Draw a square of area 24 cm2 .

2
Let us take 6 & 4 6 x 4 = 24
as per the steps given under construction 4 (Q 2)discussed
in class 34.
Q ) Draw an equilateral triangle of side √ 12 cm .

Let us take 6 & 2 [6x 2 =12
1 . Draw line AB of length 6 + 2 = 8 cm.

Circles 3
2 . Mark the mid point.

3 . Draw a circle with AB as diameter.
4 . Mark the point P on AB such that AP = 6 cm and
PB = 2 cm.
5 . Through P draw line PQ perpendicular to AB.
now PQ = √ 12 cm
6 . Measure PQ on your compass, using this
measurement draw arcs with P & Q as centres
to intersect at R.
7 . Complete triangle PQR
Construction 5
Q) Draw a rectangle of width 5 centimetres and height
3 centimetres and draw a square of the same area.
Ans) Steps:
1. Draw line AB of length 5cm.
2. Draw perpendiculars at A & B, measure 3 centimetres on
these lines. Complete rectangle ABCD.
3. Extend AB to Y such that BY = 3cm.
4. Draw the perpendicular bisector of AY.
5. Mark the midpoint of AY as M
6. Now draw a semicircle below ,with AY as diameter.

Circles 4
Extend the right side CB of the rectangle to meet this

semi circle at P.
This line BP is the side of the required square.
7. Extend line BY, measure BP on your compass,
using this measurement with B as centre draw an arc on
this line and mark the point R.
8. With the same measurement draw arcs by keeping
your compass at P & R .Let these arcs meet at Q.
Complete the square BPQR.
3cm
5 cm 3cm
Q) Draw a square of area 5 square centimetres in three

different ways.
(Recall Pythagoras theorem)

Circles 5
Ans)
Method 1 ( Using PA x PB =PC2)
1. Area of square = 5 cm2 ∴ Side of square = √ 5 cm

2. Find two numbers whose product is 5.
5 , 1 are the numbers.
3. Draw line AB of length 5 + 1 = 6 cm.
4. Mark the mid point.
5. Draw a circle with AB as diameter.
6. Mark the point P on AB such that AP = 5 cm and PB = 1 cm
Through P draw line PC perpendicular to AB.
now PC = √ 5 cm
7. Extend line PB, measure PC on your compass,
using this measurement with P as centre draw an
arc on this line and mark the point Q.
8. With the same measurement draw arcs by keeping
your compass at Q & C. Let these arcs meet at R.
Complete the square PQRC.
Area of square PQRC = 5 cm2

Circles 6
Method 2 ( Using Pythagoras Theorem)

2 2 2
In right triangle , Hypotenuse 2 = Base 2 + Altitude 2
If base = 2cm & Altitude = 1cm then
2 2 2
Hypotenuse 2 = 2 2 + 1 2
2
Hypotenuse 2 = 4 + 1 = 5
Hypotenuse = √ 5
1. Draw line AB of length 2 cm.

2. Draw perpendicular to AB at B, mark BC = 1cm
3. Join AC, now AC = √ 5 cm
By Pythagoras Theorem
AC = √ 22+12 = √ 4+ 1 = √ 5
4. Draw perpendiculars at A & C, measure AC on your compass,

with this measurement draw arcs on these perpendiculars
and mark the points D & E
5. Complete the square ACDE

Area of square ACDE = 5 cm2

Circles 7
Method 3 ( Using Pythagoras Theorem)

2 2 2
In right triangle , Hypotenuse 2 = Base 2 + Altitude 2
2 2 2
Altitude 2 = Hypotenuse 2 − Base 2
If base = 2cm & hypotenuse = 3cm then
2 2 2
Altitude 2 = 3 2 − 2 2 = 9 − 4 = 5
Altitude = √ 5
1. Draw line AB of length 2 cm.

2. Draw a perpendicular at B.
3. Measure 3 cm on your compass, with A as centre draw
an arc on this perpendicular and mark point C.
Now BC = √ 5 cm
4. Draw perpendiculars at B & C, measure BC on your

compass, draw arcs on these perpendiculars with this
measurement and mark the points E &D
5. Complete the square BCDE

Area of square BCDE = 5 cm2

Circles 1
Online class – 36 28/09/2020
Text Book Page 67
Q1) In the picture, chords AB and CD of the circle are extended

to meet at P.
i ) Prove that the angles of ΔAPC

and ΔPBD, formed by joining
AC and BD, are the same.
ii ) Prove that PA × PB = PC × PD.
iii ) Prove that if PB = PD, then ABDC is an isosceles trapezium.
Ans)
i) Consider △ PBD and
△ APC
∠P is common
ABDC is a cyclic
quadrilateral
So,
∠PBD = ∠C
Outer angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal
∠PDB = ∠A to the inner angle at the opposite vertex.
∴ The angles of ΔAPC and ΔPBD are same.

Circles 2
ii) ΔAPC and ΔPBD are similar triangles.

PB PD
So =
PC PA
Cross multiplying we have
PA x PB = PC x PD
iii) PA x PB = PC x PD ...........(1)
Given PB = PD , substituting in (1) we have
PA x PB = PC x PB
PA = PC
∴ ΔPAC is an isosceles triangle.
∴ ∠A =∠C Angles opposite to the equal sides of isosceles
triangle.
Since ABDC is a cyclic quadrilateral

∠C + ∠ABD = 180° ∠A + ∠ABD = 180°
Since the co-interior angles are supplementary,
AC is parallel to BD
AB = PA – PB = PC – PD = CD AB = CD
∴ ABDC is an isosceles trapezium.
Q5) In the picture, a line through the centre of a circle cuts a

chord into two parts:
What is the radius of the circle?

Circles 3
Ans) Extend both ends of OP to meet the

circle at C & D.
Let the radius of circle be ‘ r ’ cm.
PA x PB = PC x PD
P
4 x 6 = (r+5) ( r-5) PA = 4cm
2 PB = 6cm D
24 = r2 − 5 2 PC = (r+5)cm
24 = r2 − 25 PD = (r-5)cm
r2 = 24 + 25
r2 = 49
r = √ 49
r = 7cm
Q6) In the picture, a line through the centre of a circle meets a

chord of the circle:
What are the lengths of the two pieces of the chord?
Ans) Extend both ends of OP to meet the circle at C & D.

Given radius is 7 cm
So ,OC = 7, PD = OD − OP
=7−3
=4

Circles 4
Let PA = x & PB = y
We know,
PA x PB = PC x PD
x x y = 10 x 4
xy = 40 ...............(1)
From the figure
x + y = 13 ...............(2)
We know
2 2
(x − y) = (x+y) − 4xy
From equations (1) & (2) we have
2 2
(x − y) = 13 − 4 x 40
x − y = √ 169− 160
= √9
= 3
x + y = 13 ..........(3)
x − y = 3 ..........(4)
(3) + (4) 2x = 16
16
x= =8
2
Substituting this value in equation (3)
8 + y = 13
y = 13 − 8
y= 5
∴ PA = 8 cm , PB = 5 cm

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Chapter 2

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA

Like wise, we can construct as many as

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA

(another way of keeping the setsquare)

When we draw a circle with 5 cm as its

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA

here, all of the

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA

Now, let us consider ∆𝑨𝑩𝑷

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA

Home work of Online class 19

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPSRED BY SWETHA

The length of the two perprndicular sides

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPSRED BY SWETHA

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPSRED BY SWETHA

Perimeter=𝝅𝒅 = 𝟑. 𝟏`𝟒 × 𝟔. 𝟕𝟏 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝒄𝒎

We can see that all of these angles are

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPSRED BY SWETHA

what is the pecuilarity of< P?

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPSRED BY SWETHA

Since AB IS THE DIAMETER & IT IS THE ANGLE

< 𝑨𝑷𝑩 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 ∆𝑷𝑸𝑩

In this figure , the red

Outer angle of a triangle= sum

< 𝐴𝑃𝐵 =< 𝑃𝑄𝐵+< 𝑄𝐵𝑃

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPSRED BY SWETHA

If we join the end points

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPSRED BY SWETHA

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPSRED BY SWETHA

< 𝑨𝑸𝑩 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 ∆𝑨𝑸𝑩

We know that one outer angle= sum of two inner angles

< 𝑨𝑸𝑩 =< 𝑸𝑷𝑩+< 𝑸𝑩𝑷

90° =< 𝑸𝑷𝑩+< 𝑸𝑩𝑷

SO WE CAN SAY THAT < 𝑸𝑷𝑩 is less than 90°

If we join the end points of

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPSRED BY SWETHA

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORT KOCHI PREPSRED BY SWETHA

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORTKOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA

We Know that Sum of angles of a

< 𝑫 = 𝟗𝟎° (𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆)

Taking BD as the diameter,

3) The angle formed outside the the

In this figure, A is the point

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORTKOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA

< 𝑨𝑫𝑪 = 𝟗𝟎° ANGLE IN A SEMICIRCLE IS

Consider ∆𝑨𝑫𝑪 & ∆𝑨𝑬𝑩

We know that sides opposite to equal

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORTKOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA

In this figure CD & BE are parallel lines,

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORTKOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORTKOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA

Join BP, BA & BQ

< 𝑨𝑩𝑷 =< 𝑨𝑩𝑸 = 𝟗𝟎°

ST JOHN DE BRITTO’S AIHS FORTKOCHI PREPARED BY SWETHA

180° (𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒂𝒊𝒓). Which means they

When we consider the ∆𝑷𝑨𝑸,