Radical Care

Survival Strategies for Uncertain Times

Hi‘ilei Julia Kawehipuaakahaopulani Hobart

and Tamara Kneese

Caring for myself is not self-indulgence, it is self-preservation, and that is

an act of political warfare.
— Audre Lorde, A Burst of Light

Care has reentered the zeitgeist. In the immediate aftermath of the 2016
US presidential election, op- eds on #selfcare exploded across media plat-
forms.1 But for all the popular focus on self- care rituals, new collective
movements have also emerged in which moral imperatives to act — to
care — are a central driving force. In a recent interview, Angela Davis
explicitly tied social change to care: “I think our notions of what counts
as radical have changed over time. Self- care and healing and attention to
the body and the spiritual dimension — all of this is now a part of radical
social justice struggles. That wasn’t the case before.”2 Davis points to a
growing awareness that individual impulses and interior lives, the inti-
mate and banal details of family histories and personal experiences, are
directly connected to external forces. Care, then, is fundamental to social
movements. For examples we might look to the way that Indigenous peo-
ples and their allies have rearticulated their positions as protectors rather
than protesters, emphasizing the importance of caring for and being good
stewards of the earth, or how Occupy- style actions emerged at US Immi-
gration and Customs Enforcement detention centers to denounce the
separation of migrant children from their families in “tender age camps”
at the US border, positioning parental care (both to give and to receive it)
as a human right. 3 While the phenomenon of care as political warfare has
a long genealogy (one that we outline below), it has taken on fresh signifi-
Social Text 142 • Vol. 38, No. 1 • March 2020
Social© Text
DOI 10.1215/01642472-7971067 142 University
2020 Duke • March 2020
Press 1

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 cance since the election of Donald Trump and its global reverberations:
the rolling back of civil liberties, government denial of anthropogenic cli-
mate change, and human rights abuses serve as reminders that structural
inequity and disenfranchisement come with corporeal and emotional tolls
that care seeks to remediate.
Of course, the problem is much larger and older than Trump. Brazil’s
Jair Bolsonaro, Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines, and Israel’s Benjamin
Netanyahu all reflect the global rise of an authoritarian right wing that
threatens already vulnerable communities. For the purposes of this special
issue of Social Text, we define radical care as a set of vital but underappreci-
ated strategies for enduring precarious worlds. While radical care is often
connected to positive political change by providing spaces of hope in dark
times, the articles in this collection simultaneously acknowledge the nega-
tive affects associated with care. Because radical care is inseparable from
systemic inequality and power structures, it can be used to coerce subjects
into new forms of surveillance and unpaid labor, to make up for institutional
neglect, and even to position some groups against others, determining who
is worthy of care and who is not. Even so, in the face of state-sanctioned
violence, economic crisis, and impending ecological collapse, collective care
offers a way forward. In this issue, we look to histories of radical care in the
United States and beyond in order to better understand how radical care is
intervening in social and political movements today.

More than a Feeling

Broadly speaking, care refers to a relational set of discourses and prac-

tices between people, environments, and objects that approximate what
philosophers like Adam Smith and David Hume identify as “empathy,”
“sympathy,” or “fellow feeling.”4 Theorized as an affective connective
tissue between an inner self and an outer world, care constitutes a feeling
with, rather than a feeling for, others. When mobilized, it offers visceral,
material, and emotional heft to acts of preservation that span a breadth
of localities: selves, communities, and social worlds. Questions of who or
what one might care for, and how, can be numerous.5 While recogniz-
ing the pervasive use of care as an imperative for any number of social
and personal concerns, our focus here is on the instances where care is
employed against immediate crises and precarious futures.
Our framing of care as a critical survival strategy responds to two
emergent strains of care discourses that are coincident but vastly differ-
ent. On the one hand, self- care is both a solution to and a symptom of
the social deficits of late capitalism, evident, for example, in the way that
remedies for hyperproductivity and the inevitable burnout that follows
are commoditized in the form of specialized diets, therapies, gym mem-

2 Hobart and Kneese · Survival Strategies for Uncertain Times

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 berships, and schedule management.6 On the other hand, a recent surge
of academic interest in care and its metonyms across multiple disciplines
and subfields through recent or forthcoming volumes, symposia, confer-
ence panels, and keynote addresses — all announced between the time this
issue’s call for papers went out and the drafting of this introduction —
considers how our current political and sociotechnical moment sits at
the forefront of philosophical questions about who cares, how they do it,
and for what reason.7 Following recent theoretical interventions into the
importance of self- care despite its susceptibility to neoliberal co- optation,
calls to vapid consumption, and association with a wellness ideology, this
issue extends the potentialities of self- care outward to include other forms
of care that push back against structural disadvantage. 8
This issue examines the care strategies used by individuals and
groups across historical periods and in different parts of the world when
institutions and infrastructures break down, fail, or neglect. Reciprocity
and attentiveness to the inequitable dynamics that characterize our cur-
rent social landscape represent the kind of care that can radically remake
worlds that exceed those offered by the neoliberal or postneoliberal state,
which has proved inadequate in its dispensation of care.9 This may sound
like a naive proposition, particularly given the precarious circumstances
that are culminating in our current moment: anthropogenic climate change,
infrastructural ruin, mass extinction, growing wealth inequality, geopo-
litical failure, and others cataloged by this journal’s recent special issue
titled “Collateral Afterworlds.”10 When crisis and disaster are the relent-
lessly pervasive frameworks through which, for some, “redemption is not
recognized as immanent or expected as forthcoming,” despondence and
disorientation are rational outcomes.11 Despite such unavoidable circum-
stances, we find hope in locating spaces and enactments of care. Specifi-
cally, mobilizations of care allow us to envision what Elizabeth Povinelli
describes as an otherwise.12 It is precisely from this audacity to produce,
apply, and effect care despite dark histories and futures that its radical
nature emerges. Radical care can present an otherwise, even if it cannot
completely disengage from structural inequalities and normative assump-
tions regarding social reproduction, gender, race, class, sexuality, and citi-
zenship. To that end, the articles in this collection locate and analyze the
mediated boundaries of what it means for individuals and groups to feel
and provide care, survive, and even dare to thrive in environments that
challenge their very existence.

Care of the Self and Others: Collectivism and Commercialism

By the time people began turning to self-care as a mechanism for coping

with postelection political despair in 2016, a robust industry of neolib-

Social Text 142 • March 2020 3

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 eral wellness ideology trends offered individualized solutions to structural
problems. Digital health technologies, such as fitness and productivity
apps, and personal devices, such as Fitbits and smartphones, allow indi-
viduals to practice forms self-management embedded within neoliberal
logics. Furthermore, by incentivizing health behaviors through insurance
discounts, corporations can nudge their employees to stop smoking or
exercise more; corporate ideologies regarding self-management align with
new technologies intended to promote self- care.13 Through such tech-
nologies, self- care is reduced to the habitual and individual level: have
you attended to your own well-being by walking enough steps or eating
enough vegetables today? As a form of self-help, these technologies allow
individuals to maintain productivity in the face of adversity and exhaus-
tion, offering a New Age salve in a fresh iteration of the Weberian Protes-
tant work ethic. It is no accident that patients’ self- care is now a manda-
tory part of medical treatment plans, including hygiene, prescription drug
monitoring, proper sleep, and sex.
In the United States, where so many are without adequate health
insurance plans, cancer patients and accident survivors may outsource
their care to crowdfunding platforms, where individuals depend on the
kindness of internet strangers to help them meet their financial goals
before they can receive treatment.14 In turn, potential wellness solutions
are presented through new technologies, such as self-tracking wearables:
a mode of care that one must buy into that keeps the onus of care on indi-
viduals and often requires the sharing of personal data.15 A person’s life
is reduced to metrics, such as counted steps, heart rate, hydration status,
weight, and oxygen levels. Self- care is thus popularly associated with self-
optimization, or a way of preparing individuals for increased productivity
in demanding workplaces when, in reality, things like chronic illness are
incompatible with capitalist productivity and even visible forms of activ-
ism: it is difficult to join street protests if you are a caretaker, suffer from
depression or anxiety, or cannot get out bed.16 Those who fail to practice
self- care may indeed be labeled “noncompliant” and thus less deserving
of care.
In this way, the neoliberal model of care as one of moralized self-
management produces the body as a site in which idealized citizenship
coalesces as an unachievable goal that, simultaneously, glosses over the
political, economic, and ideological structures that do the work of margin-
alization.17 For example, Lana Lin describes her discomfort with survivor-
ship as a circumscribed identity, wherein the language of cancer survivor-
ship places the impetus on survivors to take care of themselves and losing
one’s “battle” with cancer becomes a mark of failure.18 Read through the
framework of Michel Foucault’s theories about discipline and the care of
the self, technologically mediated health practices might be seen as an

4 Hobart and Kneese · Survival Strategies for Uncertain Times

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 extension of modern biopolitics, in which neoliberal subjectivity at once
resists and reinscribes the power of the state.19 Importantly, this formula-
tion of the self operates under a false assumption of agency and choice
rather than an acknowledgment that such practices are a key locus that
produces some bodies as nonnormative and then, in turn, articulates them
as a problem. 20

Histories of Radical Care

Since the time Audre Lorde wrote A Burst of Light (1988), from which
we draw our epigraph, her words have become a mantra, or perhaps a
way of reminding ourselves that self- care is necessary for collective sur-
vival within a world that renders some lives more precarious than others.
Within the larger passage where Lorde describes her fight against cancer,
she conjures up images of Black activists coursing through her veins as
they fight against colonial powers; she connects the anonymity of cancer
to governmental neglect; and she jettisons the individualism of Foucault’s
self- care in favor of coalitional survival. 21 The fact that this quote is often
presented without its original context in its popular usage tells us much
about the difference between radical and neoliberal self- care. Radical care
is not, as Inna Michaeli explains, the kind of self- care that has been co-
opted by neoliberal imperatives to “treat yourself” but is, instead, a way
of understanding “a self which is grounded in particular histories and
present situations of violence and vulnerability.”22 A genealogy of radical
care is thereby aligned with the emergence of self- care, but certainly not
contained by it: within this formulation, the self is not a generic, philo-
sophical self but a situated self engaged in complex sets of relations. Dis-
abilities studies scholars dovetail with these arguments when they point to
the importance of recognizing subjects as inherently networked and inter-
dependent. When Laura Forlano, for example, describes the assemblages
of human and nonhuman caretaking devices that allow a disabled cyborg
body to function, she states that “in caring for myself, I am enlisted into a
practice of actively participating in, maintaining, repairing and caring for
multiple medical technologies (rather than using them passively).”23 This
section reconciles the historiography of care through two trajectories that
we see as overlapping and complementary: on the one hand, feminist self-
care, and on the other, Black and brown activist care work, both of which
have aimed to fill in the gaps between structural breakdown, failure, and
neglect.
The notion of feminist self- care emerged from the need for medical
practitioners — particularly therapists or other professionals who dealt
with trauma patients — to maintain a capacity to care for others and for
patients to better care for themselves. In her ethnography of faith- based

Social Text 142 • March 2020 5

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 workers in New Zealand and Uganda, for example, anthropologist Susan
Wardell focused on the ways that clergy members and other religious non-
profit workers thought of self- care as a way of replenishing the individual
after giving too much to others or as a way of keeping care for others
sustainable. 24 Arthur Kleinman, an instrumental proponent of self-care,
argued that “inasmuch as caregiving (and receiving) is done by individu-
als who themselves are complex and divided and who inhabit local worlds
that are also plural and divided, it needs to be understood as a process
that is affected by emotional, political, and economic realities.”25 In other
words, care does not happen in a vacuum; rather, care of the self promised
to sustain the social and personal costs of caregiving.
At the same time that self- care became important to the business
of caregiving, a pivot toward self- care as a radical praxis emerged as one
that was particularly attentive to the gendered power dynamics embedded
within “women’s work.” In the early 1970s, autonomist Marxist feminists
associated with the Italian anticapitalist Left pushed for the recognition of
domestic and reproductive labor in the Wages for Housework campaign,
during which Silvia Federici argued that “by denying housework a wage
and transforming it into an act of love, capital has killed many birds with
one stone.”26 The movement, which spread internationally, critiqued the
atomization and invisibility of women’s care work within the domestic
sphere that made it difficult for women to collectively organize like other
workers. By pushing for recognition in the public sphere, the individual-
ized care performed for a spouse, child, or home became tied to a larger
collective action.
Principles of collective care through self- care applied to antiracist
and feminist political movements. During the women’s movement and
civil rights era of the 1960s and 1970s, physical health became central to
maintaining community resiliency against racism, sexism, colonialism,
classism, and homophobia. In the United States, projects like Our Bod-
ies, Ourselves (1970) distributed information about women’s reproduc-
tive health through pamphlets and meetings in intimate spaces like living
rooms.27 Around the same time, the Black Panther Party implemented
key programs that sought to fortify community strength and power by
linking health advocacy and activism, including a free breakfast program
that fed over ten thousand school children per day and free medical clinics
that administered preventative health care, as well as housing and social
services. 28 These efforts reverberated transnationally, giving rise to global
consciousness about the important connections between physical well-
being and antiracism work. For example, Maria John has shown how the
establishment of urban Indigenous health clinics, from Seattle, Washing-
ton, to Sydney, Australia (both formed in the early 1970s), echoed the
practical and ideological model of the Black Panthers.29 To this day, grass-

6 Hobart and Kneese · Survival Strategies for Uncertain Times

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 roots medical and dietary health support services remain a cornerstone of
political movements that critique state and environmental racism, as evi-
denced in the free clinics and kitchens established by water protectors at
Standing Rock to protest the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline
in 2016, food justice programs like Soul Fire Farm that make explicit the
connections among dietary health, environmental justice, and state racism
by framing self- care as a liberatory imperative, and the women’s group
Las Patronas in Mexico, which prepares and distributes food to migrants
speeding by atop freight trains bound for the United States. 30

Gaps in Care: Institutional Failure and the Co-optation of Care

Our interpretation of radical care comprises underlying tensions. The

first, referred to above, is the symbiotic and at times contradictory rela-
tionship between self- care and care for others. The second tension reveals
the normative assumptions baked into care: it is both essential for social
reproduction and yet often invisible or undervalued, which means it is ripe
for exploitation and co- optation. Finally, a third tension within care is the
expression of solidarity versus charity, or the way that care is mobilized
as a response to neglect or catastrophe. In this section, we lay out these
considerations against the political and financial economies that shape
normative assumptions about who and what drive a practice of care.
Shannon Mattern suggests that the work of care can be easily over-
looked because of how its impact is cumulative: a process that requires
attentiveness and fortitude over innovation. Mattern also addresses the
possible pitfalls of romanticizing both maintenance and care, which are
often caught up in globalized development and urban renewal projects:

Across the many scales and dimensions of this problem, we are never far
from three enduring truths: (1) Maintainers require care; (2) caregiving
requires maintenance; and (3) the distinctions between these practices are
shaped by race, gender, class, and other political, economic, and cultural
forces. Who gets to organize the maintenance of infrastructure, and who
then executes the work? Who gets cared for at home, and who does that
tending and mending?31

Crucially, the process of extending self-care outward and building a collec-

tive capacity for substantive political change requires hard work. So often
this work is performed below the line, ignored by the media or narratives
about political leaders and social change agents. Following Michelle Mur-
phy’s cautioning “against the conflation of care with affection, happiness,
attachment, and positive feelings as political goods,”32 we acknowledge the
ways that fragile communities operationalize care toward liberatory ends
despite, through, and alongside unequal power structures by focusing

Social Text 142 • March 2020 7

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 our attention on the work of caring, but we also notice who is uncared for,
who receives care and who does not, and who is expected to perform care
work, with or without pay. Care is profoundly present for those perform-
ing its labor and — not uncoincidentally — those most easily overlooked by
the politically and socially privileged. Herein lie some of the central ten-
sions that surface in colloquial articulations of care, which presume indi-
vidualism, benevolence, or moral purity despite the fact that distributions
of resources, such as social services, fresh and affordable foods, or clean
water, shape the conditions by which emotional and physical capacities
for care are supported.
Finally, because care can be mobilized as a way to privilege some
groups at the expense of others, the “radical” aspect of care can bleed into
right-wing and white supremacist politics as much as it upholds leftist uto-
pian visions. In describing her current book project on machine learning
and segregation, Discriminating Data: Neighborhoods, Individuals, Proxies,
media theorist Wendy Hui Kyong Chun argues that social networking
platforms rely on a logic of homophily: birds of a feather flock together,
so you will want to date, love, and be neighborly with those who are just
like you, who share your fundamental values and interests. 33 The prob-
lem with care attached to fellow feeling or sympathy is that all too often it
means that care is reserved for those deemed worthy. As Cotten Seiler’s
article in this issue underscores, radical care is also potentially dangerous:
affective feelings of compassion and empathy toward poor whites dur-
ing the Great Depression, for instance, could be used as justification for
caring for fellow whites over others, despite the state-backed care offered
by the New Deal. What happens when images of suffering or violence
fail to inspire warm feelings and subsequent charitable action? Care is
unevenly distributed and cannot be disentangled from structural racism
and inequality.
In addition to the kind of commercialized co- optation of neoliberal
self- care we describe above, political leaders also take advantage of stereo-
types about caregiving to extract unpaid labor from citizens. Care is a col-
lective capacity to build an alternative to colonialism and capitalism, but
those in power can also instrumentalize empathy and care to their own
ends. For example, Andrea Muehlebach has shown how the post-Fordist
Italian state valorizes and manipulates compassion in order to absolve
itself of responsibility to its most marginalized citizens. 34 In the context
of the United States, the American health care and childcare systems are
kept afloat by a vast corpus of unpaid or devalued domestic work per-
formed by poor immigrant women and kin members.35 Domestic workers
are some of the most exploited workers, not just in the United States but
globally; in Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and Bangladesh they are often poor

8 Hobart and Kneese · Survival Strategies for Uncertain Times

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 migrant women and are without labor unions or other protections, often
subjected to sexual assault and other forms of violence. 36
To be clear, the problems that radical care seeks to remedy are not
just a product of neoliberal policy or the election of Donald Trump and
other authoritarian leaders. Older histories of settler colonialism and cen-
turies of exploitation inform the inequalities entangled with care today. As
Leanne Betasamosake Simpson and Dionne Brand put it, “The monster
has arrived, and the monster was always here.”37

Conclusion: Solidarity Not Charity

As global capitalism breaks down in various sites across the globe, we see
radical care emerge through collective action. While care is often fraught,
we end with a more hopeful depiction of radical care by highlighting the
work of some organizations that offer examples of what we theorize above.
Often the answer is through coalitional work: rather than looking out
only for those in your same social positions, coalitions inspire people to
work together across class, race, ethnicity, religious, and state boundaries
toward a common cause.
After state governments implemented austerity measures in the wake
of the 2008 global financial crisis, people organized to care for those who
were left in the cold. In Spain, the Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipo-
teca provides access to fair housing and social rents through mutual aid.
The organization was spurred by the collapse of the real estate market and
provides emotional as well as economic support to those who cannot pay
their mortgages. In Canada, austerity inspired a new wave of disability
rights activism that focused on allowing people with disabilities to directly
hire their attendants through the Direct Funding Program.38 Communi-
ties come together and use radical care to provide assistance to those who
are overlooked by the state and other institutions.
Relief collectives provide supplies and offer labor on a grassroots
level in response to the devastation wrought by hurricanes, intensified by
climate change. Occupy Sandy is one example of the collective organiz-
ing that emerges from catastrophe. Rather than merely donating supplies,
relief efforts included building more sustainable communities, bolstering
local businesses, and employing skill- sharing techniques. The work of
Mutual Aid Disaster Relief, which employs the slogan “Solidarity Not
Charity,” describes what radical care looks like:

Disaster survivors themselves are the first responders to crisis; the role of
outside aid is to support survivors to support each other. The privileges asso-
ciated with aid organizations and aid workers — which may include access to
material resources, freedom of movement, skills, knowledge, experience, and

Social Text 142 • March 2020 9

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 influence—are leveraged in support of disaster survivors’ self-determination
and survival in crisis, and their long-term resilience afterwards, ultimately
redistributing these forms of power to the most marginalized. 39

Charity relies on neoliberal discourses of moral obligation and individual

character. Solidarity, however, relies on working with communities and
asking them what they need rather than making paternalistic assump-
tions. Instead of following neoliberal, colonialist development models
around innovation and the mining of hope, mutual aid offers space for
true collaboration.40
Through examples of neglect and exploitation across manifold com-
munities and places, care contains radical promise through a grounding
in autonomous direct action and nonhierarchical collective work. Instead
of only acting as a force for self-preservation, care is about the survival
of marginal communities because it is intimately connected to modern
radical politics and activism. As Maria Puig de la Bellacasa notes, caring
is “an ethically and politically charged practice.”41 During moments of
crisis, radical care allows communities to live through hardship. Despite
the different time periods and cultural contexts covered in this special
issue, the articles develop key points of connection that can begin the
work of assessing disparate histories of care and their implications today
and to ask what we can learn from previous mistakes or contemporary
injustices when it comes to radical care. Importantly, the articles in this
issue provide complicated, critical depictions of radical care rather than
simply romanticizing care.
The first article provides a historical perspective on how care
became racialized within nineteenth- and early twentieth-century thought.
Using the iconic image of Dorthea Lange’s Migrant Mother, Cotten Seiler
shows how New Deal – era deployments of eugenics emerged within social
welfare programs in the United States. To do so, he carefully unpacks
Charles Darwin’s and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s popular theories of evo-
lution and follows them through policy making that employed white
supremacist discourses of care, in which sympathy came to be aligned
with affective modes of whiteness. In turn, these discourses had impli-
cations for government policy, which embedded ideas of deservedness
(and, by extension, produced the ideal subjects of care) into social wel-
fare programs. By connecting a history of ideas to their ongoing and
violent material effects, Seiler importantly foregrounds the inverse of a
politically utopian form of radical care: a care that is “radical” in its alli-
ance with right-wing, white supremacist forces. Seiler calls this “ ‘white
care’: a surround of institutions and infrastructure dedicated to the edu-
cation, health, security, mobility, and comfort of the white citizenry,”
and in doing so shows how romanticizing radical care is dangerous,

10 Hobart and Kneese · Survival Strategies for Uncertain Times

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 because it can be used to exclude and subject some groups to institutional
neglect.
When Seiler’s article is paired with Micki McGee’s article on the
“care problem” of the capitalist economy, the failures of institutional care
(or, rather, care’s institutionalization) become painfully clear. The phe-
nomenon that we know as the “care economy” comprises an overlooked
bedrock of patriarchal capitalism: without an army of low- or no-wage
care workers to support the cleaning, coddling, organizing, and mending
of homes, children, the elderly, and the underserved, our fragile systems of
productivity would collapse. She turns to self-help and “life-hacking” liter-
atures that shift the burden of care onto the individual rather than attend-
ing to the structural challenges that unfairly burden women (and even
more so women of color) in order to reveal how women in academia who
“expose a problem . . . pose a problem” (to use the words of Sara Ahmed)
through uncompensated and labor-intensive child-rearing.42 Indeed, while
putting together this special issue of Social Text, each of the editors con-
ceived, birthed, and nursed new babies, requiring each to channel specific
forms of care across our personal and early- career professional lives.
Child-rearing and motherhood alternatively become exploitative
props for negligent institutions or become sites for creative forms of radi-
cal care. Through her ethnographic study of Argentinean women who are
serving their sentences under a special house arrest program for pregnant
women or women who are the caretakers of young children, Leyla Savloff
identifies radical care as a tactic for dealing with a punitive state appara-
tus. Women under house arrest are oppressed through normative assump-
tions about motherhood as well as the carceral logics of the prison system.
Through this program, the home becomes a site of incarceration that
allows limited forms of creative freedom. Savloff shows how domestic and
reproductive care can be instrumentalized and appropriated by the state,
which subjects women under house arrest to new forms of labor, coer-
cion, and surveillance. At the same time, the women’s collective YoNoFui
provides women with opportunities for forming community and learning
how to craft, offering a space for radical care rather than reproducing
neoliberal individualism. YoNoFui not only provides opportunity for skill
sharing and individual empowerment but also actively mobilizes for pris-
oners’ rights and against institutional violence.
Collective responses to institutional neglect are also reflected in Eli-
jah Adiv Edelman’s ethnographic research of the DC Trans Coalition
Needs Assessment. Opening with the case study of one woman’s death,
Edelman examines how trans life is constituted through necropolitics: liv-
ing a life worth living, and a death worth dying. Barbara’s death contrasts
with the experiences of many trans activists, who are often estranged
from birth family members or die violent deaths. Edelman uses her story

Social Text 142 • March 2020 11

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 “not because her death exemplifies or directly contrasts with trans lives
and deaths but because it is often through the messy and frequently trau-
matic incoherence of death and loss that we experience the full potential
of radical care.” Using a concept of “trans vitalities,” Edelman provides a
perspective of radical care that disrupts normative depictions of the good
life. For members of the coalition, “the personal and political transforma-
tive power of coalition-based trans social justice work functions as a form
of radical care and productive life force.” Edelman complicates notions of
normative care, risk, and resilience that are often attached to trans bodies
and experiences.
As highlighted in Edelman’s study of trans coalitional activism,
those with risky bodies endure coercive forms of care. Care in the form of
aid is complicated by the agency of its recipients: when is it strategically
and politically sound to resist care itself? Nicole Charles examines how
Barbadians treat human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines as suspicious
technologies within a postcolonial state. Charles shows how the impe-
tus to care, or the structural or moral positions that encourage people to
offer care, affect recipients’ reactions. Rather than blindly accepting bio-
medical aid, risk and prevention are negotiated instead by refusals of the
HPV vaccine. In acts of refusal, parents exhibit care by protecting their
children from an untrustworthy medical establishment. Charles uses the
legacies of slavery and colonialism in Barbados and the broader Carib-
bean to contextualize resistance against HPV vaccines in the twenty- first
century, considering them as “entangled factors of care, profit, science,
black female sexuality, and risk.” Through history and qualitative inter-
views with parents in Barbados, Charles shows how vaccine suspicion and
refusal are forms of radical care, as parents push back against biomedical
narratives that might label their children sexually promiscuous: “Suspi-
cion embodies a radical potential to teach of a care rooted in deep witness-
ing and reflection as a precursor to prescription, mediation, and medical
innovations.” Medical professionals, public health officials, and scholars
of science, technology, and society should all reconsider their assumptions
about care and vaccine acceptance.
Finally, Dean Spade approaches the topic of radical care through
mutual aid, examining community responses to climate catastrophe and
immigration raids. His contribution offers a practical primer in collective
organizing strategies. Mutual aid projects, including the Oakland Power
Project, which trains community members to perform health care without
calling 911, and Mutual Aid Disaster Relief, which provides relief to those
living in the aftermath of natural disasters, are examples of situated care
networks. Spade pays particular attention to mutual aid as the least visible
or celebrated kind of work in the context of capitalism, white supremacy,
and patriarchy because it is essentially reproductive labor. We have been

12 Hobart and Kneese · Survival Strategies for Uncertain Times

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 taught to valorize and glamorize other activities—giving speeches, pass-
ing legislation, bringing lawsuits, organizing marches — and to discount,
not notice, not care about care labor. Schüll argues that mutual aid is
necessary to mobilize large numbers of people, to build infrastructure for
survival that matters now and will matter more in coming disasters and
breakdown, and that engaging in mutual aid projects teaches us essential
skills that are denied in white patriarchal capitalism, such as collaboration,
feedback, and participatory decision making. Mutual aid projects can eas-
ily become appropriated in neoliberalism, so those engaged in them are
actively trying to resist this co- optation, advocating for solidarity rather
than charity.
Taken together, these articles work through the meaning of care as
a set of acts, ideologies, and strategies that offer possibilities for living
through uncertain times. With care reentering the zeitgeist as a reaction
to today’s political climate, radical care engages histories of grassroots
community action and negotiates neoliberal models for self- care. Studies
of care thereby prompt us to consider how and when care becomes vis-
ible, valued, and necessary within broader social movements. Rather than
romanticizing care or ignoring its demons, radical care is built on praxis.
As the traditionally undervalued labor of caring becomes recognized as a
key element of individual and community resilience, radical care provides
a roadmap for an otherwise.

Notes
1. Kisner, “Politics of Conspicuous Self-Care.”
2. Quoted in van Gelder, “Radical Work of Healing.”
3. Goodyear- Ka‘ōpua, “Protectors of the Future.”
4. Fennell, Last Project Standing, 22.
5. Martin, Myers, and Viseu, “Politics of Care in Technoscience.”
6. Bloom, “How ‘Treat Yourself’ Became a Capitalist Command.”
7. A short list, as most recent instances, includes the 2019 conference “Inter-
rogating Self Care: Bodies, Personhood, and Movements in Tumultuous Times,”
sponsored by the Consortium for Graduate Studies in Gender, Culture, Women, and
Sexuality (see www.gcws.mit.edu/gcws- events-list/selfcaregradconference); Maile
Arvin’s 2018 plenary talk for the Critical Ethnic Studies Association conference that
implored the audience, “We have to work less” (Arvin, “CESA 2018 Plenary Talk”);
and a forum on “Ethics, Theories, and Practices of Care” in Gold and Klein, Debates
in the Digital Humanities 2019. See also Puig de la Bellacasa, “Matters of Care in
Technoscience”; and Forlano, “Maintaining, Repairing, and Caring.”
8. Ahmed, “Self- Care as Warfare”; Penny, “Life Hacks of the Poor and Aimless.”
9. Simpson and Brand, “Temporary Spaces of Joy and Freedom.”
10. See Wool and Livingston, “Collateral Afterworlds.”
11. Wool and Livingston, “Collateral Afterworlds,” 2. Also see Buck, “Plea-
sure and Political Despondence.”
12. Povinelli, “Routes/Worlds.”

Social Text 142 • March 2020 13

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 13. Hull and Pasquale, “Toward a Critical Theory of Corporate Wellness.”
14. Berliner and Kenworthy, “Producing a Worthy Illness.”
15. Schull, “Data for Life.”
16. Gregg, Counterproductive; Hedva, “Sick Woman Theory.”
17. Guthman and DuPuis, “Embodying Neoliberalism.”
18. Lin, “Queer Art of Survival.”
19. Dilts, “From ‘Entrepreneur of the Self’ to ‘Care of the Self.’ ”
20. Guthman and DuPuis, “Embodying Neoliberalism.”
21. Lorde, Burst of Light, 130.
22. Michaeli, “Self- Care,” 53.
23. Forlano, “Maintaining, Repairing, and Caring,” 33.
24. Wardell, Living in the Tension.
25. Kleinman, “Caregiving as Moral Experience,” 1551.
26. Federici, Wages against Housework, 2 – 3.
27. Murphy, “Immodest Witnessing.”
28. Heynen, “Bending the Bars of Empire”; Nelson, Body and Soul.
29. John, “Sovereign Bodies,” 28.
30. Estes, Our History Is the Future; Penniman, Farming While Black; Icaza,
“Decolonial Feminism and Global Politics.”
31. Mattern, “Maintenance and Care.”
32. Murphy, “Unsettling Care,” 719.
33. Chun, “We’re All Living in Virtually Gated Communities.” In this short
article, Chun presents a major argument from her current book project, noting that
algorithms group people into online communities based on affinity or shared interest,
which leads to further segregation.
34. Muehlebach, “On Affective Labor in Post- Fordist Italy.”
35. Chang, Disposable Domestics; Armstrong, Armstrong, and Scott-Dixson,
Critical to Care; Winant, “Trumpcare.”
36. Falconer and Kelly, “Global Plight of Domestic Workers.”
37. Simpson and Brand, “Temporary Spaces of Joy and Freedom.”
38. Hande and Kelly, “Organizing Survival and Resistance in Austere Times.”
39. Mutual Aid Disaster Relief, “Core Values.”
40. Irani, Chasing Innovation.
41. Puig de la Bellacasa, “Matters of Care in Technoscience,” 90.
42. Ahmed, Living a Feminist Life, 37.

References
Ahmed, Sara. Living a Feminist Life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017.
Ahmed, Sara. “Self- Care as Warfare.” feministkilljoys (blog), August 25, 2014. feminist
killjoys.com/2014/08/25/selfcare- as-warfare/.
Armstrong, Pat, Hugh Armstrong, and Krista Scott-Dixon. Critical to Care: The
Invisible Women in Health Services. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.
Arvin, Maile. “CESA 2018 Plenary Talk by Maile Arvin.” Plenary talk for the Criti-
cal Ethnic Studies Association Conference, September 17, 2018. www.critical
ethnicstudiesjournal.org/blog/2018/9/17/cesa-2018-plenary-talk-by-maile-arvin.
Berliner, Lauren, and Nora Kenworthy. “Producing a Worthy Illness: Personal
Crowdfunding amidst Financial Crisis.” Social Science and Medicine 187 (2017):
233 – 42.
Bloom, Ester. “How ‘Treat Yourself’ Became a Capitalist Command.” Atlantic, Novem-

14 Hobart and Kneese · Survival Strategies for Uncertain Times

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 ber 19, 2015. www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/11/how-treat-yourself
-became- a- consumerist- command/416664/.
Buck, Marie. “Pleasure and Political Despondence.” Poetry Foundation Blog, January
2018. www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet/2018/01/pleasure-and-political-despondence.
Chang, Grace. Disposable Domestics: Immigrant Women Workers in the Global Economy.
2nd ed. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2016.
Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. “We’re All Living in Virtually Gated Communities and
Our Real-Life Relationships Are Suffering.” Wired UK, April 13, 2017. www
.wired.co.uk/article/virtual- segregation-narrows- our-real-life-relationships.
Dilts, Andrew. “From ‘Entrepreneur of the Self’ to ‘Care of the Self’: Neo-liberal
Governmentality and Foucault’s Ethics.” Foucault Studies, no. 12 (2011): 130 – 46.
Estes, Nick. Our History Is the Future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline,
and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance. London: Verso, 2019.
Falconer, Rebecca, and Annie Kelly. “The Global Plight of Domestic Workers: Few
Rights, Little Freedom, Frequent Abuse.” Guardian, March 17, 2015. www.the
guardian.com/global- development/2015/mar/17/global-plight- domestic-workers
-labour-rights-little-freedom- abuse.
Federici, Silvia. Wages against Housework. Bristol, UK: Falling Wall, 1975.
Fennell, Catherine. Last Project Standing: Civics and Sympathy in Post-Welfare Chi-
cago. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.
Forlano, Laura. “Maintaining, Repairing, and Caring for the Multiple Subject.”
Continent 6, no. 1 (2017): 30 – 35.
Gold, Matthew K., and Lauren F. Klein, eds. Debates in the Digital Humanities 2019.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2019.
Goodyear- Ka‘ōpua, Noelani. “Protectors of the Future, Not Protestors of the Past:
Indigenous Pacific Activism and Mauna a Wākea.” South Atlantic Quarterly 116,
no. 1 (2017): 184 – 94.
Gregg, Melissa. Counterproductive: Time Management in the Knowledge Economy. Dur-
ham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018.
Guthman, Julie, and E. Melanie DuPuis. “Embodying Neoliberalism: Economy,
Culture, and the Politics of Fat.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
24 (2006): 427 – 48.
Hande, Mary Jean, and Christine Kelly. “Organizing Survival and Resistance in
Austere Times: Shifting Disability Activism and Care Politics in Ontario, Can-
ada.” Disability and Society 30, no. 7 (2015): 961 – 75.
Hedva, Johanna. “Sick Woman Theory.” Mask, January 2016. maskmagazine.com/not
- again/struggle/sick-woman-theory.
Heynen, Nik. “Bending the Bars of Empire from Every Ghetto for Survival: The
Black Panther Party’s Radical Antihunger Politics of Social Reproduction and
Scale.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99, no. 2 (2009): 406– 22.
Hull, Gordon, and Frank Pasquale. “Toward a Critical Theory of Corporate Well-
ness.” BioSocieties 13, no. 1 (2018): 190 – 212.
Icaza, Rosalba. “Decolonial Feminism and Global Politics: Border Thinking and
Vulnerability as Knowing Otherwise.” In Critical Epistemologies of Global Poli-
tics, edited by Marc Woons and Sebastian Weier, 26 – 45. Bristol: E-International
Relations, 2017.
Irani, Lilly. Chasing Innovation: Making Entrepreneurial Subjects in Modern India.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019.
John, Maria. “Sovereign Bodies: Urban Indigenous Health and the Politics of Self-
Determination in Seattle and Sydney, 1950 – 1980.” PhD diss., Columbia Uni-
versity, 2016.

Social Text 142 • March 2020 15

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020
 Kisner, Jordan. “The Politics of Conspicuous Self-Care.” New Yorker, March 14,
2017. www.newyorker.com/culture/culture- desk/the-politics- of- selfcare.
Kleinman, Arthur. “Caregiving as Moral Experience.” Lancet 380, no. 9853 (2012):
1550 – 51.
Lin, Lana. “The Queer Art of Survival.” WSQ 44, nos. 1 – 2 (2016): 341 – 46.
Lorde, Audre. A Burst of Light. Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books, 1988.
Martin, Aryn, Natasha Myers, and Ana Viseu. “The Politics of Care in Technosci-
ence.” Social Studies of Science 45, no. 5 (2015): 625 – 41.
Mattern, Shannon. “Maintenance and Care.” Places, November 2018. placesjournal
.org/article/maintenance- and- care/.
Michaeli, Inna. “Self- Care: An Act of Political Warfare or a Neoliberal Trap?” Devel-
opment 60, nos. 1 – 2 (2017): 50 – 56.
Muehlebach, Andrea. “On Affective Labor in Post-Fordist Italy.” Cultural Anthropol-
ogy 26, no. 1 (2011): 59 – 82.
Murphy, Michelle. “Immodest Witnessing: The Epistemology of Vaginal Self-
Examination in the U.S. Feminist Self-Help Movement.” Feminist Studies 30,
no. 1 (2004): 115 – 47.
Murphy, Michelle. “Unsettling Care: Troubling Transnational Itineraries of Care
in Feminist Health Practices.” Social Studies of Science 45, no. 5 (2015): 717 – 37.
Mutual Aid Disaster Relief. “Core Values.” mutualaiddisasterrelief.org/core-values/
(accessed August 16, 2019).
Nelson, Alondra. Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical
Discrimination. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.
Penniman, Leah. Farming While Black: Soul Fire Farm’s Practical Guide to Liberation
on the Land. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2018.
Penny, Laurie. “Life Hacks of the Poor and Aimless.” Baffler (blog), July 8, 2016.
thebaffler.com/war- of-nerves/laurie-penny- self- care.
Povinelli, Elizabeth A. “Routes/Worlds.” e-flux journal, no. 27 (2011). www.e-flux.com
/journal/27/67991/routes-worlds/.
Puig de la Bellacasa, Maria. “Matters of Care in Technoscience: Assembling Neglected
Things.” Social Studies of Science 41, no. 1 (2011): 85 – 106.
Schüll, Natasha Dow. “Data for Life: Wearable Technology and the Design of Self-
Care.” BioSocieties 11, no. 3 (2016): 317 – 33.
Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake, and Dionne Brand. “Temporary Spaces of Joy and
Freedom.” Literary Review of Canada, June 2018. reviewcanada.ca/magazine
/2018/06/temporary- spaces- of-joy- and-freedom/.
van Gelder, Sarah. “The Radical Work of Healing: Fania and Angela Davis on a New
Kind of Civil Rights Activism.” Yes!, February 18, 2016. www.yesmagazine.org
/issues/life- after- oil/the-radical-work- of- healing-fania- and- angela- davis- on- a
-new-kind- of- civil-rights- activism-20160218.
Wardell, Susan. Living in the Tension: Care, Selfhood, and Wellbeing among Faith-Based
Youth Workers. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2018.
Winant, Gabriel. “Trumpcare Could Bring Back an Epidemic of Abuse.” New York
Times, June 28, 2017. www.nytimes.com/2017/06/28/opinion/trumpcare- senior
- abuse-nursing- obamacare.html.
Wool, Zoë H., and Julie Livingston. “Collateral Afterworlds: An Introduction.” In
“Collateral Afterworlds: Sociality besides Redemption.” Special issue, Social
Text, no. 130 (2017): 1 – 15.

16 Hobart and Kneese · Survival Strategies for Uncertain Times

Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/social-text/article-pdf/38/1 (142)/1/781472/0380001.pdf

by guest
on 25 March 2020