Final Year Project Group 9

FINAL YEAR PROJECT @ JU 2016
ABSTRACT
This paper concentrates on the modelling and designing uninterruptable hybrid power for
industrial load using fuzzy logic controller. Hybrid energy system is an excellent solution for
electrification for industrial load. Hybrid grid/ PV/Diesel generator system are highly
efficient and require very low maintenance. In this project the design and simulation a hybrid
/grid/ PV solar/diesel was studied and discussed to be used for industrial load.
Uninterruptable power system improving their life were electricity from the main grid has not
reached yet. The proposed connecting configuration is compared to select the one with the
best efficiency of uninterruptable power consumption for industry by considering each power
source independently. An average model of a hybrid /grid/PV/DG system has presented. The
main objective is to provide 24 hours demand quality power in industrial area. The method of
investigation concerns with the definition of the system topology, interconnection of the
various source with maximum energy transfer and fuzzy control. The proposed energy
management strategy was simulated using fuzzy logic controller by MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
The various models with the output waveforms are represented and discussed. The proposed
system has very high accuracy and efficient operation which leads to a reduced operating
cost.
Keyword: Fuzzy logic controller, solar/PV cell, Diesel generation, industrial load (light and
other machine)
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JIT SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our thankfulness to all those who gave our opportunity to complete this
project specially, for Jimma University JIT School of Electrical and Computer Engineering that
avail computer laboratory to get data from some references. Following this we would like to
express our deepest gratitude and profound thanks to our advisor Mr. Alebachow Tenna or his
tremendous effort to contribute for us by giving his positive idea, technical guidance, constant
encouragement and show to us the direction how to follow our work in a good way, and
counselling up to the end of this project. Finally special thanks for all our peer-group members
who participate without ambiguity to do this project.
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Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................................ii
LIST OF ACRONYMS ...........................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1Background ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem ....................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objective .......................................................................................................................... 4
1.3.1 General Objective .......................................................................................................... 4
1.3.2 Specific Objective...................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Scope of the Project.......................................................................................................... 5
1.6 Limitation of the Project .................................................................................................. 6
1.7 Significance of the project................................................................................................ 6
1.8 Organization of the Project .............................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................... 8
LITRATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................. 10
SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................................................................... 10
3.1 Block Diagram ............................................................................................................... 10
Figure 2 Block diagram of hybrid energy source for industrial application. ................... 12
3.2 Description of block diagram ......................................................................................... 12
3.2.1 PV array system ....................................................................................................... 12
Figure 3 Electricity generation by solar (PV) module ...................................................... 13
3.2.2 Battery source .......................................................................................................... 14
3.2.3 Grid source .............................................................................................................. 14
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3.2.4 Inverter..................................................................................................................... 14
3.2.5 Fuzzy Logic Control ................................................................................................ 14
Figure 4 Basic structure of Fuzzy Logic Controller. ........................................................ 15
3.2.6 Control junction ....................................................................................................... 16
3.2.7 Diesel Generator ...................................................................................................... 17
3.2.8 Bus bar ..................................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 18
SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 18
4.1 Major Assumptions Made for the Project ...................................................................... 18
4.2 PV system design and sizing .......................................................................................... 18
4.2.1 Determine Power Consumption Demand from PV system ..................................... 20
4.3 Selection of Diesel Generator ........................................................................................ 24
4.3.1 Generator sizing ....................................................................................................... 25
4.3.2 Motor starting considerations .................................................................................. 25
4.3.3 Load transient consideration .................................................................................... 25
4.3.4 Sizing selection ........................................................................................................ 26
4.3.5 Generator set control system ................................................................................... 28
4.4 Power Supply from the EEPCO ..................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................... 29
RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 29
5.1 Proposed model using of fuzzy logic controller hybrid power system .......................... 29
5.2 Algorithm of fuzzy logic controller ............................................................................... 29
5.3 Modelling of fuzzy inference ......................................................................................... 31
Figure 5 Modelling of fuzzy inference ............................................................................. 31
5.4 Membership function of PV solar .................................................................................. 31
Figure 6 Membership functions of PV solar. ................................................................... 32
5.5 Membership function of grid.......................................................................................... 32

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Figure 7 Membership function of grid. ............................................................................ 33
5.6 Membership function of diesel ....................................................................................... 33
Figure 8 Membership function of diesel........................................................................... 34
5.7 Membership function of output power ........................................................................... 34
Figure 9 Membership function of output power ............................................................... 35
5.8 Rule base of Fuzzy for Industrial Load Controller ........................................................ 35
Table 2 Rule base of fuzzy logic controller for output power. ......................................... 36
5.9 Rules of fuzzy logic controller ....................................................................................... 37
Figure 10 Rules of fuzzy logic controller. ........................................................................ 37
5.10 Rule viewer of fuzzy logic controller ........................................................................... 38
Figure 11 Rule viewer of fuzzy logic controller............................................................... 38
5.11 Overall Fuzzy Logic Controller System....................................................................... 38
Figure 12 Overall Fuzzy Logic Controller System. ......................................................... 39
5.12 MATLAB Simulation Result of Fuzzy Logic Control ................................................ 39
Figure 13 during the minimum constant output power of industrial load. ....................... 40
Figure 14 during the medium constant output power of industrial load. ......................... 41
Figure 15 during the peak constant output power of industrial load. ............................... 42
CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................................ 43
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................... 43
6.1 Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 43
6.2 Recommendation ............................................................................................................ 44
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 45
List of figures
Figure 1 Methodology of description ........................................................................................ 5

Figure 2 Block diagram of hybrid energy source for industrial application. ........................... 12
Figure 3 Electricity generation by solar (PV) module ............................................................. 13
Figure 4 Basic structure of Fuzzy Logic Controller. ............................................................... 15
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Figure 5 Modelling of fuzzy inference .................................................................................... 31

Figure 6 Membership functions of PV solar. ........................................................................... 32
Figure 7 Membership function of grid. .................................................................................... 33
Figure 8 Membership function of diesel. ................................................................................. 34
Figure 9 Membership function of output power ...................................................................... 35
Figure 10 Rules of fuzzy logic controller. ............................................................................... 37
Figure 11 Rule viewer of fuzzy logic controller. ..................................................................... 38
Figure 12 Overall Fuzzy Logic Controller System. ................................................................. 39
Figure 13 during the minimum constant output power of industrial load. .............................. 40
Figure 14 during the medium constant output power of industrial load. ................................. 41
Figure 15 during the peak constant output power of industrial load. ...................................... 42
List of table
Table 1 the main specification of generator set ....................................................................... 27

Table 2 Rule base of fuzzy logic controller for output power. ................................................ 36
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
AC……………………………………………….ALTERNATIVE CURRENT
AM…………………………………………………………….MODULE AREA
AH…………………………………………………………….AMPERE HOUR
CT…………………………………………..........CURRENT TRANSFORMER
DC………………………………………………………….DIRECT CURRENT
DG………………………………………………………DIESEL GENERATOR
EEPCO…………………….ETHIOPIA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION
FLC…………………………………………....FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
KG……………………………………………………………….....KILOGRAM
KV…………………………………………………………………..KILOVOLT
KW………………………………………………………………….KILOWATT
KWH………………………………………………….........KILOWATT HOUR
MW………………………………………………………………..MEGAWATT
MWH……………………………………………………MEGAWATT HOUR
NS…………………………………………………………...NUMBER STRING
PV…………………………………………….... PHOTOVOLTAICVOLTAGE
POUT…………………………………………………………..OUTPUTPOWER
UPS……………………………….. UNINTERRUPTABLE POWER SYSTEM
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VIN………………………………………………………….. INPUT VOLTAGE
VOUT…………………………………………………….... OUTPUT VOLTAGE
VM………………………………………………………. MODULE VOLTAGE
VDC………………………………………....... DIRECT CURRENT VOLTAGE
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background
One of the most problems to the economy growth of Ethiopia is the shortage and poor quality
of electricity. Frequently power failures and poor electricity quality are caused by voltage
surge and spikes, instability voltage and frequency, sustained under voltage and power
shutdown are currently occurring in both ruler and urban areas [1].
In Ethiopia, this cause considerable difficulty in day to day operation in offices, Hospitals,
Hotels, small and medium scale industries. Heavy losses in productivity and damage in
critical equipment occur because of frequently electricity supply problems. Standby Hybrid
power generator sets are alternatives. The function of uninterrupted power supply system is to
provide uninterruptable quality power [2].
Green energy, also called regeneration energy, has gained much attention now days. Green
energy, such as solar energy, water power, wind power, biomass energy, terrestrial heat, tidal
energy, etc. can be recycled. Among them, photovoltaic (PV) solar energy is the most
powerful resources that can be used to generate power. PV systems as standalone devices are
now the lowest cost option for satisfying most of the basic electrical energy needs of the areas
not served by distributed electricity, particularly in the developing countries located in the
tropics, where the amount of sunshine generally high. an autonomous PV power system with
battery back-up had been proposed earlier, to provide electrical power in the areas where grid
is either not available or extension is yet to be done. But this system is not viable for houses
located in industrial areas due to the heavy demand of the load energy consumption, resulting
in a steep rise in the cost of the PV power system. Hence the hybridization of PV power
systems where thought and developed by many authors, as reported, in the past leading to a
cost effective system, but in the most of the systems, the sustainability feature of power
supply from PV sources were not considered[3].
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In the present innovative project work, a hybrid PV power system, integrated with utility
(grid) has been proposed for home power supply, incorporating sustainability feature using
dual battery storage devices, diesel generators as a standby by source to the grid supply[4].
Electricity obtained from this hybrid system is more reliable and more cost effective as
compared to the standalone devices i.e. PV solar/diesel generator and grid system. This
system range is built around large UPS systems. The manufacturers of UPS products for
industries that cannot afford a power shortage have developed extensive know-how on energy
management between various AC and DC sources. The inverters/charger UPS units manage
the whole system in order to preserve the battery life and to maximize the use of solar energy.
This system can be linked to the paralleling controllers to govern generator sets operations
[5].
Standby Hybrid power generator sets or conventional uninterrupted power system are in the
alternatives. The function of uninterrupted power supply system is to provide uninterrupted
quality power. The battery capacity would be chosen in order to be able to shut down the
diesel component for a certain period. Suitable rated capacity of battery capacity is based on
the load level during that time the generator set will be shut down and desired duration of
shutdown [6].
Static uninterruptable power systems generally operate in two types: off-line and on-line. The
off-line system consists of rectifier charger, a static inverter and a static or relay transfer
switch. In this system, the load is normally supplied from the mains through the transfer
switch. In the event of main`s failure, the transfer switch transfers the load to the inverter
which converts the DC power from battery to AC power. With static transfer switch, the
transfer time can be within 1/4 cycles (typically 5 milliseconds for a 50 Hz supply). The
function of rectifier charger unit is to restore the charge to the battery after the grid power is
returned. For the online uninterruptable power system, the load is normally supplied by
battery through the inverter and uses the raw mains only when the transfer switch is in
operation. When the mains are available, the charger supplies the inverter and recharges the
battery. The charger and the inverter equipment in an off-line mode UPS need not be
continuously rated and is therefore smaller, simpler and less costly than an on-line UPS.
Though conventional electronic UPS systems are available in the market, they cannot support
long-term power interruption and have only limited surge capability [7].
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Out of renewable energy resources such as: wind geothermal, solar, ocean, biomass and
chemical resources. Solar resources has its advancement due to its reliability, simplicity etc.
Due to the frequent variation in the availability of these resources, the Hybrid concept of
power generation gains importance. Solar is inexhaustible renewable energy source and they
are widely available which has the good application prospect in terms of development. The
solar hybrid power system can increase reliability of power supply and reduces the system
cost according to load characteristics of residential use and local environment condition. The
production of pollution free electrical energy can be done and the advantage may extend up
to the benefits of economics and development. Battery units integrated with solar subsystems
can give a good reliability [8].
In this project the grid is used as a main source of power but grid energy is not sufficient of
all of the time. It can be combined with the PV/Diesel generator set power to meet the load
demand. Here battery is replaced by the grid power so the grid power management system
demand is reduced. The battery is used only during emergency condition. Hybrid energy
renewable energy systems, is system that combine more than one renewable energy
technology. The hybrid of photovoltaic and grid is one of the most applicable of renewable
energy technology in industry. In this project a PV solar/grid/diesel hybrid power for
industrial load is modelled and simulated on MATLAB software. Moreover, a fuzzy logic
control system has been designed and modelled on MATLAB [9].
1.2 Statement of Problem
In Ethiopian currently the power electric source is not continuously given fully power source
for industrial load, because of the interruptible power system and fluctuation of voltage. Due
to this reason, the interruptible power system is present and reducing power source for the
commercial, industrial load and house hold. The power interruption occurring in industries
cause non linearity and associated variation of frequency, voltage and current. This results
production lag, discontinuous production and unreliable workers safety. The other problem
that can be mentioned in the cost of electric power consumption relaying on grid source is
high for the industry to afford. The other problem faced in this regard to uninterruptable
hybrid power generation through industrial load is the high capital cost and the poor system
availability. Using a single renewable energy source is not reliable as it depends on season of
the year.
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1.3 Objective
1.3.1 General Objective

The main objective of this project is to model and design uninterruptable hybrid power
system for industrial load using of fuzzy logic controller.
1.3.2 Specific Objective
 To assess the potential of uninterruptable hybrid power for industrial loads.

 To model and simulate PV solar/grid/diesel hybrid power system on MATLAB
software.
 To design and model a fuzzy logic control system.
 To estimate the life cycle cost of the system.
1.4 Methodology
Our method of work are organized and accomplished through a sequence of stage. Before all,
we will review related literatures. Then we have made the general block diagram for our
system that enables us to easily analyse each components of the system. We carefully analyse
each part of the block diagram and do for their types identification explained in the body of
the project.
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Figure 1 Methodology of description
1.5 Scope of the Project

The scope of this project to modelling and designing of PV/grid /DG hybrid power systems
by fuzzy logic controller for industrial load and highlight of the main remaining issues from
the modelling and designing uninterruptable power prospective. Also it covers PV/grid/DG
hybrid and focuses on industry load, and the selection of the DG, PV solar, Battery sizing and
inerter sizing.
In this project, Fuzzy Logic Controller is proposed and designed for industrial load of an
isolated PV solar/DG/ hybrid power system. Intelligent control schemes and application of
fuzzy logic in power system are reviewed and with the brief introduction about the fuzzy
logic control, the uninterruptable power output is designed with rule base for the proposed
work. The Simulink model of the system with FLC is developed in Simulink package version
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64 available in MATLAB 2013. The model is simulated for constant power for industrial
load.
Fuzzy control offers simple but robust solutions that cover a wide range of system parameters
and adjust it-self for major disturbances. Still to improve the dynamic performance of the
hybrid for various step load disturbances.
1.6 Limitation of the Project

In this project there is some limitations faced on our work. These limitations
are:
 Lack of computer lab and internet access (WIFI).

 The fuzzy logic controller design is complex for our work in the first
time.
 Loss much time when we search and arrange the information about in our
project.
 Complex design (calculation) of our project.
1.7 Significance of the project

In this project the significance of hybrid power system to reduce of the interruptible power
system for industrial loads and other the electric energy sources. By the using of fuzzy logic
controller uninterruptable power system increases industrial load demands. To improving the
power quality for industrial load the hybrid power system is one significant. Some of the
significant of using PV/DG/ Grid hybrid power energy are:
 Gain an immediate access to reliable electricity at any time.

 Avoid long waits for grid extension and permit the connection it comes.
 Reduce the dependency from oil price fluctuations.
 Reduce the transportation costs of fuels.
 Increase economic productivity and create local employment opportunities.
 Reduce the cost of efficiency.
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1.8 Organization of the Project
The organization of the project of this project covers all the activities encountered during
project work. The first chapter focuses on introduction, objective, limitation and scope of the
project. Chapter two highlighted of the literature views, chapter three focuses on the system
design and analysis. Chapter five focuses on the result and discussion and chapter six is all
about the conclusion and recommendation of the project.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITRATURE REVIEW
Hybrid grid/ PV/diesel are highly efficient and required very low maintenance and
uninterruptable power system improving their life where electricity from the main grid are
not reach yet. Fuzzy logic controller is used to use the power efficiency and to serve the
power demand for industrial load.
J. M. Gurrero, L. G. De Vicuna (2007) [2] the high power range from <50KW to MW can
be addressed with the uninterruptable power supply (UPS) system. These are mainly used in
industries or active where potential power failures from grid supply cannot be afford.
According to the power need and response time, UPS generally constitutes battery bank and/
or diesel generator sets. Some of the major manufacturers of USP system have product or
activities linked to the solar PV market.
Mahmoud Salah Abdel- Qader (2008) [4] defined the solar is used as a main source of
power but some energy is not sufficient for all time. It can be combined with grid power to
meet the load demand. Here battery is replaced by the grid power so electric power
management system demand is reduced. The battery is used is used only during emergence
condition.
S. N. Singh, Pooja Singh, Swati, Swati Kumari (2011) [9] proposed the design of fuzzy
controller is one of the largest application areas of fuzzy set theory, where fuzzy logic is
described as computing with words rather than numbers, fuzzy control is described as control
with sentences rather than equations. Instead of describing the control strategy in terms of
differential equations, control is expressed as a set of linguistic rules. Have studied the
conventional integral and fuzzy logic controller in an interconnected hydro thermal system
and proposed asset of fuzzy the rules for improving the dynamic performance of the system.
Also presented a paper that attempts to review the concept of a fuzzy logic based controllers
provide a mathematical foundation for approximate reasoning, which has been proven to be
very successful in a variety of applications.
Nayer C.V,Phillips S.J, James (1993) [11] apply solar PV technology the reducing
generation cost in diesel plant requires significant capital/ investment amount compared to
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the more traditional types of the projects that industry funds and agencies have been familiar
with so far. PV/diesel/hybrid system brings the technical complexity in areas where skills are
generally lacking. The hybrid generation system is a system combining two or more energy
sources, operated jointly, including but not necessarily a storage unit and connected to local
AC distribution network or mini grid. As PV power output is DC and mini grids operate in
AC, at the heart of the hybrid system are the multifunctional inverter devices able to convert
DC to AC currents, control the generation and storage system and set up the voltage and
frequency of the mini grid.
Nayar C.V, Phillips S.J, James W.L, Pryor T.L and Remmer D (1993) [11] this document
addresses PV/Diesel hybrid systems consisting of a PV component, the diesel generator set
and a battery bank, connected to a grid of various: from small voltage grids to larger sizes
such as the independent of grid of small time. Micro hybrid PV/Diesel systems without the
mini grids are also included. Solar PV plants connected to national or regional grid, without
storage capacity, are not within the scope of this document.
Griffith (1989) [12] proposed the function of an uninterrupted power supply (UPS) system is
to provide uninterrupted quality power. Static UPS system generally operated two types: „off-
line‟ and „on- line‟. The off –line system consists of a rectifier charger, the static inverter and
a static or electromechanical transfer switch. In this system, the load is normally supplied
from the mains through the transfer switch. In the event of mains failure, the transfer switch
transfers the load to the inverter which converts the DC power from the battery to AC power.
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CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.1 Block Diagram

There are many parameters that have to be taken into account when designing a PV
solar/grid/diesel hybrid system. Identify the best option involves choosing technically
efficient option that is also optimized according to use of industrial load.
However, the power from the PV arrays face the DC/AC power converter before it is
connected to the AC bus. Thus, loses associated with this converter is considered even for the
directly consumed part of the power from the PV arrays. For the part of the power consumed
from the battery, those associated with the AC/DC converter, the battery and DC/AC are also
taken into account over and above the losses considered with the direct power consumption
cases.
A parallel uninterruptable power system connection is used to maintain the load output
voltage at constant value by automatically controlling the power converter to compensate for
any similarity between the grid voltage and the desired load voltage. When grid is available
and within specified tolerance of frequency and voltage, it will deliver the required real
power to the load with minimal power flow into or out of the battery. If the main supply
exhibits regularity such as a power interruption, too high or too low voltage, too high or too
low frequency, the system detects regularities and will isolates grid, the power converter, then
operates as standalone inverter. Long –term power availability is made possible by
incorporating a diesel generator which will be started and automatically synchronized with
the inverter and the supply load just like the grid.
Having investigated problem concerning uninterruptable hybrid power using fuzzy controller
for industrial load and reviewing related literatures, finally proposed to fuzzy logic controller
and application process and hybrid power system described in general block diagram shown
in figure 3.1 below.
Figure 1 shows the block diagram of four port energy source for industrial application
 PV cell.
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 Battery.
 Grid source.
 Diesel Generator.
 Fuzzy logic controller.
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Figure 2 Block diagram of hybrid energy source for industrial application.
3.2 Description of block diagram
3.2.1 PV array system
The PV array is constructed by many series or parallel connections of solar cells. Each solar
cell is formed by PN -junction semiconductor, which can produce currents by photo voltaic
effects. The solar irradiation varies daily with time and seasonally. These in turn result to the
reliability problems from such source of energy seeking energy conversion, energy storage
and load control etc. When compared with conventional source of energy.
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Figure 3 Electricity generation by solar (PV) module
Advantages
 Environmentally friendly and pollution free (emission free).

 No use of fuels and water.
 Requires minimum maintenance and low running cost.
 Long life time, up to 30 years.
Draw backs
 High initial cost.

 PV cannot operate without light.
 PV generates DC current: energy storage, like batteries and inverter are needed.
 Large area needed for large scale applications.
 Cannot always generate stable output with ever-changing weather conditions.
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3.2.2 Battery source
In renewable energy source like solar, fuel cell etc. are not stable output, it is not used
directly so the battery storage has been preferred. But in this paper only battery used in
emergency condition so that it reduces the initial cost. In the chare state each cell contains
negative plates of elemental lead and positive plate of lead oxide. The charging processed is
driven forcible removal of electrode from the positive plate and the forcible introduction of
them to the negative plate by the charging source. Discharged state both positive and negative
plates become lead sulphate and the electrolyte losses much of its dissolved sulphuric acid
and become primarily water. The discharge process is enforced by the conduction of
electrons from negative plate back to the cell at the positive plate in the external.
3.2.3 Grid source
An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from supplier to

consumers. It consist a group of generating station that produce electrical power, high-voltage
transmission feeders that carry power from distance sources to demand centre and
distribution lines that connect individual customers. In grid system power demand increased
day to day. So the renewable source is used by the individual customer. If renewable energy
is not sufficient, the grid source is used.
3.2.4 Inverter
Inverter converts DC output of PV panel into a clean AC current for AC appliance or

feedback into grid line. Inverter is a critical component used in PV system where alternative
current output is needed. It converts direct current power output from the solar arrays into
clean AC electricity for AC appliance.
3.2.5 Fuzzy Logic Control
Fuzzy logic controller is used to use the power efficiently and to serve the power demand for
industrial load. The controller looks first at the load and switches the appropriate source to
industrial load side.
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In our work, application of fuzzy logic controller for industrial load of an isolated PV solar
Grid-diesel hybrid power system. It has better adoptability towards change in load and
regulation than the conventional controller thereby providing improved performance with
respect to settling time and oscillations.
A fuzzy algorithm consists of situation and action pairs. Conditional rules expressed in AND
& OR statements are generally used. In fuzzy if the output is lower than the requirement and
the output is dropping moderately then the input to the system shall be increased greatly. The
conversion of rule can make into more general statement for the application of fuzzy
algorithms. In addition, it is necessary to quantize qualitative statements and the following
linguistic sets are assigned:
 Low
 Medium and
 High
The main objective in the controller design is to develop an intelligent FLC to take care of the
responses of the system output. The basic structure of FLC is shown in figure 4.
Figure 4 Basic structure of Fuzzy Logic Controller.
The fuzzy logic controller consists of three sections:
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 Fuzzifier
 Rule base fuzzy interference and
 De-Fuzzifier
The Fuzzifier block: Fuzzification plays important role in dealing with uncertain
information, which might be objective or subjective in nature. The fuzzifiction block in FLC
represents the process of making crisp quantity in to fuzzy. In fact, in the fuzzifier converters
the crisp input into linguistic variable using the membership functions stored in fuzzy
knowledge base. Fuzziness in a fuzzy set is characterized by membership functions.
Using suitable membership functions, the ranges of input output variable are assigned with
linguistic variable. These variables transform numerical value of the input of the fuzzy
controller to fuzzy quantities. These linguistic variables specify the quality of the control.
Triangular, Trapezoid and Gaussian are more common membership functions to use in fuzzy
control systems.
Rule base fuzzy interference block: The heart of fuzzy system is a knowledgeable base
which consists of information storage for linguistic variables definition and fuzzy rules. The
concepts associated with the database are used to characterize fuzzy control rules and fuzzy
data manipulation in fuzzy logic controller. A lookup table is made based on discrete
universe that define the output of controller for all possible combination of the input signals.
The heuristic rules of the knowledge base are used to determine the fuzzy controller action.
The interference mechanism determines how the fuzzy logic operation performed and work
together with the knowledge base determines the output of each fuzzy rules.
De-fuzzifier block: The purpose of defuzzification is to convert the output fuzzy variable to a
crisp value, so that it can be used for control purpose. It is employed because a crisp control
action is required in particular applications.
3.2.6 Control junction
A comprehensive controller is essential to efficiently manage operation of generation

subsystems i. e AC. The important requirement of the standalone hybrid system is availability
of renewable energy resources and then the combination has to be formulated.
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3.2.7 Diesel Generator
A diesel generator is a diesel engine combined with an electrical generator (alternator) via
rotating part to generate electric energy. The diesel engine converts the chemical energy
available in fuel into mechanical energy in which produced mechanical power rotates the
engine shaft connected to alternator.
The emergence diesel generator is a part of the stand by emergency onsite AC power system
and is required to be available as reliable source of AC power in the event of a loss of normal
AC power during all plant modes (operating or shutdown). Normally, each plant has to
satisfy related buses that power the electrical load required for safe shutdown and emergency
conditions.
This generator set has the following draw backs:
 Very heavy and difficult to handle.

 Noisy.
 Low efficiency.
3.2.8 Bus bar
A bus bar is used for a conductor carrying current to which many connections are made.
These are generally used in hybrid connection where the numbers of incoming and outgoing
lines are connected at the same voltage.
Bus bars and local distribution network are the list key elements within a hybrid mini grid.
The choose of AC or DC current in particular has impact on the system, its capacities and its
price, as well as on the devices that can be powered.
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CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Major Assumptions Made for the Project

To satisfy this demand 15%, 60% and 25% is assumed to be contributed from solar PV
system, Grid and Diesel generator respectively to produce 300KW from Solar system,
3.3MW from Grid and 400KW from Diesel.
First of all to designing power system is to determine the total power consumption of the
industry. The size and cost of hybrid system components are highly influenced by the size of
electrical loads. The necessary steps to estimate uninterruptable electricity required in the
industrial load is to list all electrical appliances, estimate energy consumption, multiply the
by the number of hours used each day and add up the watt hours for all appliances.
Accordingly the electric energy consumption of Industrial loads for machine, light and fan is
3300KWh, 300KWh, 20KWh respectively and the load factor is approximately around 60%.
Because, The load factor may be daily load factor, monthly load factor or annual load factor
if the time period considered is a day or month or year. Load factor is always less than 1
because average load is smaller than the maximum demand. The load factor plays key role in
determining the overall cost per unit generated. Higher the load factor of the power station,
lesser will be the cost per unit generated.
4.2 PV system design and sizing

Solar photo voltaic system or solar power system: is one of renewable energy system
which uses PV module to convert sunlight to electricity.
The electricity generated can be stored or used directly, feedback into grid line or combined
with one or more other electricity generator or more renewable energy source. Solar PV
system is very reliable and clean source of electricity that can suit a wide range of application
such as residence, industry agriculture, livestock, etc.
Major component of PV system
A. PV module.
Page 18
B. Solar charge controller.
C. Inverter.
D. Battery bank.
E. Load.
A. Solar PV module
It is assembly of photo voltaic cells, also known as solar cells, to achieve required voltage
and current. A group of PV module also called PV panels are varied into large array that
called PV array. PV modules can be varied together in series and/or parallel to deliver voltage
and current in particular system requires.
B. Solar Charge Controller
It is a charge controller that is used in the solar application and also called solar battery
charger. It is a function is to regulate the voltage and current from solar array to the battery in
order to prevent over charging and also over discharge. Solar charge controller regulates the
voltage and current coming from the PV panels going to battery and prevents battery over
charging and prolongs the battery life.
C. Inverter
Inverter converts DC output of PV panel into a clean AC current for AC appliance or

feedback into grid line. Inverter is a critical component used in PV system where alternative
current output is needed. It converts direct current power output from the solar arrays into
clean AC electricity for AC appliance. Inverter can be used in many applications. In PV or
other applications, inverter may also be called solar inverter.
D. Battery
Battery stores energy for supplying to electrical appliance when there is a demand. Electrical
storage batteries are commonly used in PV system. The primarily functions of storage battery
in a PV system are:
Energy storage capacity and Autonomy: To store electrical energy when it is produced by
the PV array and to supply energy to electrical load as needed or on demand.
Page 19
Voltage and current stabilisation: to supply power to electrical loads at stable voltage and
currents, by smoothing out transient that may occur in PV system. Supply Surge Current: to
supply surge or high peak operating current to electrical loads or appliance.
E. Load
Load is an electrical appliance connected to solar PV system such as lights, radio, TV,
computer, refrigerator, industry, etc.
4.2.1 Determine Power Consumption Demand from PV system
The first in designing solar PV system is to feed out the total power and energy consumption
of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system as follows.
Assume one industry has the following electrical appliance used.
 One 20 watt florescent lamp with electronics ballast used for 12 hour per day.
 One 60 watt used for 6 hour per day.
 One 20 kilo watt machine that run 12 hour per day.
The system will be powered by 48Vd, 300WP PV module.
1. Calculate total watt hour per day each appliance used
Add the watt hour needed for all appliances together to get the total watt hours per day which
must be delivered to the appliances.
The total appliance used = (20W 12 hrs + 60W 6 hrs +20KW 12hrs)
= 240Wh/day+360Wh/day+240KWh/day
= 240.6 KWh/day
2. Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules
Multiply the total appliances Watt-hours per day times 1.3 (the energy lost in the system to
get the total Watt hours per day which must be provided by the panels.
Total PV panels energy needed = 240KWh/day 1.3
= 312.78KWh/day
Page 20
3. Size the PV modules
Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To find out the sizing
of PV module, the total peak watt produced needs. The panel generation factor is 3.4 to
determine the sizing of PV modules, calculate as follows [].
Calculate the total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules
Divide the total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules by 3.4 to get the total Watt-
peak rating needed for the PV panels needed to operate the appliances.
The peak watt of PV panel capacity =
= 91.994KWp
Calculate the number of PV panels for the system
Divide the answer obtained in Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV
modules by the rated output Watt-peak of the PV modules available to you. Increase any
fractional part of result to the next highest full number and that will be the number of PV
modules required.
Result of the calculation is the minimum number of PV panels. If more PV modules are
installed, the system will perform better and battery life will be improved. If fewer PV
modules are used, the system may not work at all during cloudy periods and battery life will
be shortened.
Number of PV panels needed = = 306.6466 modules
Actual requirement = 307 modules.
Calculate string length, from the module voltage, (assume 12V; string with 307 modules)
, Where Ns = Number string length of PV modules, = modules voltage.
Page 21
= 4 is string length of PV modules.
Calculate number of strings we have is 300Wp then
= =
= 77 are number of string.
Calculate total number of modules (N) =
=4
= 307.
And calculate the area (Assume the modules area Am=0.4m2)
A = Am N
= 0.4m2 307
= 122.8m2
4. Inverter sizing
An inverter is used in the system where AC output power is needed. the input rating of the
inverter should never be lower than total watt of appliance. The inverter must have the sum
nominal voltage as battery.
For standalone system the inverter must be large enough to handle the total amount of watts
will be using at one time. The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger than total watt of
appliance [2]. The total appliance = 20.08KW then, the inverter size should be about
26.104KW or greater.
5. Battery sizing
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep
cycle battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid
recharge recharged or cycle charged and discharged day after day for years. The battery
should be large enough to store sufficient energy to operate the appliance at night and cloudy
days.
Page 22
To find out size of battery, calculate as follows
1. Calculate total watt hour per day used by appliance.
Total appliances use = (20W 12 hrs + 60W 6 hrs +20KW 12hrs)
= 240Wh/day+360Wh/day+240KWh/day
= 240.6 KWh/day.
2. Divide the total Watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss.
283.058KWh/day
3. Divide the answer obtained in item 5.2 by 0.6 for depth of discharge.
471.763KWh/day
4. Divide the answer obtained in item 5.3 by the nominal battery voltage 12V.
39.3136Kh/day
5. Multiply the answer obtained in item 5.4 with days of autonomy (the number of days that
you need the system to operate when there is no power produced by PV panels) to get the
required.
Ampere-hour capacity of deep cycle battery 39.3136KWh/day
Battery capacity 117,940.8Ah.
Choose charge regulator and the inverter relevant parameters
Page 23
Let, 48V
1916.54A
5012.54A
4.3 Selection of Diesel Generator

The nature of electrical power failures, interruption and their duration covers the range of in
time from microsecond to days. In the face of possible failures of normal electrical utility
power sources, a reliable alternate supply of electric power must be provided for facilities and
system cannot go without power must be provided e.g. Data processing, Life safety system,
mission critical operation, etc.
Standby and/or emergency power when generator sets are started to pick up stand by for
emergency loads when the normal utility supply fails. Automatic transfer switches self-acting
equipment for transferring one or more load conductor connection from one power source to
another. Some Automatic transfer switches also include provision for non-automatic manual
operation in the event of failure of the switches automatic features. Non automatic switches
require the manual action of an operator cannot be used for emergency power applications.
Diesel engine sets are available for 100KW to 10,000KW. Diesel Generator sets are rugged,
dependable and most suitable for continuous duty. When sizing and selecting generators for
emergency/ standby systems, the behaviour of both the generator output voltage and the
current it provides under steady state load and transient load conditions may become critical.
The generator output voltage may run out of the acceptable range for sensitive loads and
current demanded of generator may exceed the range that can deliver by the generator.
Page 24
4.3.1 Generator sizing
For some buildings, the maximum continuous generator load will be the total load when all
the equipment in the building is operating. For others it may be more practical or economical
to feed just selected circuits so that only the emergency or legally required loads are fed by
the generator.
4.3.2 Motor starting considerations
If the maximum momentary voltage dip that is acceptable to the loads fed by the generator is
known, it is possible to select the size of the engine generator that will be able to start given
sized motors without exceeding the allowable voltage dip. If it is possible that two or more
motors can be started simultaneously, the sum of considered horsepower ratings should be
used as the basis of the motor rating requirements or controls provided to do simultaneous
starting.
A time delay after enregization relay can be provided in motor starting control circuitry with
an adjustable time delay to provide unsteadily start of motors after receiving a start signal for
after restoration of power following an outage. Without such relay it is possible that all motor
that were on prior to a power failure would remain on line and all attempt to start once a
generator came on line and attempted to assume system load.
4.3.3 Load transient consideration
A voltage regulator with sufficient response is required to minimise sags or surge after load
transient (sudden changes in load). The engine generator set should be of sufficient capacity
and design capability to minimise the effect of load transients.
Generators are usually sized for the maximum continuous KVA demand. Should there be
unusually inertial loads to start without benefit of reduced voltage starting or if the voltage
and frequency regulation other than specified cannot be tolerated during the start-up period, a
higher rated generator may be required.
Page 25
4.3.4 Sizing selection
A standby engine generator set is needed to supply a maximum load of 400KVA with 10%
spare capacity [2]. Included in this load is an induction motor rated at 400HP with across the
line (full voltage) starting a power factor of 89% and 90% full load efficiency. The generator
sets manufacture selected by the owner state that their generator set cannot start an induction
motor across the line if the motor rating is more than 50% of generator set rating without
causing excessive voltage dip.
The generator set size based on maximum load would be:
Rating for load = 400 kVA x 1.1 (10% spare capacity)
=440KVA
440 0.89KW
391.6KW
The generator set size based on motor starting requirements would be:
Motor rating
372.5KVA
Rating for motor starting =
= 745.07 KVA or 745.07 0.89KW
=663.11KW
Note that: Reflecting that the particular generator set can only start a motor half of its rating.
Page 26
Main specifications of generator sets
Table 1 the main specification of generator set.
Page 27
Rating definitions continuous power operation at altitude ≤ 1000m, ambient temperature ≤

40℃. These ratings are applicable for supplying continuous electrical power at variable load.
There is no limitation to the annual hours of operation and this model can supply 10%
overload power for 1 hour in 12 hours.
4.3.5 Generator set control system
AC/DC control panel consist of emergency stop button, voltmeter and selector switch,
ammeter and selector switch and frequency meter.
Thus have control electrical equipment
 Start/stop button.
 Hour run meter.
 Monitoring engine temperature and provide shutdown protection.
 Monitor engine speed and provide optional shut down protection.
 Monitor oil pressure or level and provides shut down protection.
 Alarm output for abnormal operation.
4.4 Power Supply from the EEPCO

From the incoming line EEPCO supply 132KV stepped down transformer to 15KV for
industrial load and the power rating is 3.3MW and 75-150/5/5A C.T ratio is used for
industrial load.
Page 28
CHAPTER FIVE
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In order to verify the performance of the proposed of the uninterruptable hybrid power
system using fuzzy logic controller for industrial load is the most efficiency and low cost.
5.1 Proposed model using of fuzzy logic controller hybrid power system
The proposed hybrid system consists of solar, grid renewable energy combination along with
a complimentary diesel power generator which acts as the supplement. The capability of the
electric generation hybrid systems is to satisfy the power demand on the atmospheric
conditions. Fuzzy logic controller is used to use the power efficiently and to serve the power
demand of industrial load. The controller looks first at the load and switch is the appropriate
source to meet the demand from the industry side.
5.2 Algorithm of fuzzy logic controller

There are two types of fuzzy inferences systems the can be implemented on MATLAB Fuzzy
logic Toolbox: Mamdani types and Sugeno types. These two types of the inferences system
vary somewhat in the way output are determined. In MATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox, there are
five parts of the fuzzy inference process. Such as: AND method, OR method, Implication,
aggregation and defuzzification. The procedures in making the controller designs are:
 Setting the constraints

 Assigning the linguistic variables and
 Setting the rules for the controller
In this project work the FLC has three inputs and one output. The input linguistic variables of
FLC are:
 Grid power
 PV solar and
 Diesel generators.
Whereas the single output linguistic variable is load. Each input linguistic variables has three
linguistic values called LOW, MEDIUM and LARGE and the output power are PV solar,
Page 29
Grid, Diesel, PV+ Grid, PV+ Diesel, Diesel + Grid and PV + Diesel + Grid linguistic
variable has linguistic values.
A typical fuzzy system consists of a membership functions, rule base, inference procedures
and rule viewer which were explained in the following sections. After giving membership
function for each input output linguistic values and generating the possible operational rules
the next step is to evaluate the rules the controller for the input values if the output is
appropriate or not. To see the overall performance the hybrid system, the component is
assumed to produce random signal source.
Page 30
5.3 Modelling of fuzzy inference
Figure 5 Modelling of fuzzy inference
5.4 Membership function of PV solar

The PV solar is one of the input linguistic variables having three linguistic values called:
 Low = 0KW, 75KW, 150KW.

 Medium = 75KW, 150KW, 225KW and
 Large =150KW, 225KW, 300KW.
Page 31
Figure 6 Membership functions of PV solar.
5.5 Membership function of grid

The grid is one of the input linguistic variables having three linguistic values called:
 Low = 0KW, 825KW, 1650KW.

 Large 1650KW, 2475KW, 3300KW.
Page 32
Figure 7 Membership function of grid.
5.6 Membership function of diesel

The diesel is one of the input linguistic variables having three linguistic values called:
 Low = 0KW, 100KW, 200KW.

 Large = 200KW, 300KW, 400KW.
Page 33
Figure 8 Membership function of diesel.
5.7 Membership function of output power

The output power is one of the input linguistic variables having three linguistic values called:
 Grid only = 0KW, 660KW, 1320KW.

 PV + Diesel= 660KW, 1320KW, 1980KW.
 Diesel only = 1320KW, 1980KW, 2640KW and
 PV + Grid = 1980KW, 2640KW, 3300KW.
Page 34
Figure 9 Membership function of output power
5.8 Rule base of Fuzzy for Industrial Load Controller

It provides all the necessary definitions for the fuzzification process such as membership
functions, fuzzy set representation of the input-output variables and the mapping functions
between the physical and fuzzy domain. The rule base should cover all the possible
combinations of input value.
The combinational explosion in rules are given by
n
R = m , where R = Number of rules
m = Number of linguistic labels for each input variable
Page 35
n = Number of input variables.

In the present work, the value of „m‟ is 3 and „n‟ is 3, hence the number of rules R for power
output for industrial load of the hybrid system are 27. Each rule is mentioned in the Table 2
Table 2 Rule base of fuzzy logic controller for output power.
Page 36
In intersection rule configuration approach, the intersection of the input values that is related
to the output is achieved with an „AND‟ operation which are of if-then type. The basic
function of the rule base is to represent in a structured way, the control policy of an
experienced human operator in the form of a set of production rules such as:
IF (process state) then (control output)
The control rules are shown in Table 5.1, where every cell shows the output membership
function of a control rule with two input membership function.
5.9 Rules of fuzzy logic controller

From this rules of the fuzzy logic controller have three input linguistic variable and one
output linguistic variable. This rule is shown as below
Figure 10 Rules of fuzzy logic controller.
Page 37
5.10 Rule viewer of fuzzy logic controller
Figure 11 Rule viewer of fuzzy logic controller.
5.11 Overall Fuzzy Logic Controller System

The PV solar, Diesel generator and Grid power are the input parameters of the controller. The
power coming from each component of power sources is assumed to random source signal.
The multiport conditional switch will take an action according to the rules written in fuzzy
logic controller.
Page 38
Figure 12 Overall Fuzzy Logic Controller System.
5.12 MATLAB Simulation Result of Fuzzy Logic Control
The fuzzy logic switch is used to switch the load to the available power sources in accordance
to written fuzzy rules. From the MATLAB Simulation result of fuzzy logic controller we got
difference output power source, but we selected only three cases. These cases are identifying
the minimum, medium and high power output.
Case study one
If for example if the PV solar (75KW-150KW), Grid (825KW-1650KW) and diesel

(100KW-200KW) in fig 5.10 the constant output power in low case shown below.
Page 39
Figure 13 during the minimum constant output power of industrial load.
The figure 13 show that the minimum constant output power that mains the integration of PV
solar/DG/Grid input values are at low case starting 2825KW and varies starting between
minimum value 2550KW up to peak or constant maximum value for low case is 3500KW the
fuzzy logic is controlled depend on the fuzzy rule for the industrial load.
Case two
For example if the PV solar (150KW-225KW), Grid (1650KW-2475KW) and (200KW-

300KW) it is the medium value of the output power.
Page 40
Figure 14 during the medium constant output power of industrial load.
The figure 14 show that the minimum constant output power that mains the integration of PV
solar/DG/Grid input values are at medium case starting from 2810KW and varies between
minimum value 2500KW up to peak value o or constant maximum value for the medium case
is 3500KW the fuzzy logic is controlled depend on the fuzzy rule for the industrial load.
Case three
For example if the PV solar (225KW-300KW), Grid (2475KW-3300KW) and (300KW-

400KW) it is the maximum constant output power for industrial load.
Page 41
Figure 15 during the peak constant output power of industrial load.
Figure 15 show that the result of the maximum input of PV solar/DG/Grid value at 300KW,
3300KW and 400KW respectively and the constant maximum output power 4000KW. But
the fuzzy logic controller is depend up on the fuzzy rule controlled and adjust for itself
3500KW gives for industrial load.
Page 42
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion
A hybrid power system which consists of diesel generator set, grid and PV solar with energy
storing devices (battery bank) has been discussed in this project to achieve an efficient and
system configuration. So that hybrid power sources would improve uninterruptable power
system for industrial load where electricity from the main grid has not reached yet. The
proposed connecting configurations are compered to select the one with best efficiencies of
power consumption to the industrial load by considering each power sources in dependently.
An integrated PV solar/DG/ Grid system has been proposed for the sustainable power
generation for the industrial load, where the grid supply is available. Analysis of block
diagram with description and connected parallel method to interruptible power system has
been discussed.
Diesel is used has a standby for the grid during the emergence. The system adaptive to load
energy, when the load energy is high, the sharing time interval of PV/DG/Grid is low, and if
the load energy is medium or base, the sharing time interval is high. Simulated results show
that introducing a fuzzy logic controller optimizes the sharing of PV/DG/Grid. It also
optimizes the fulfilment of peak or medium load power requirement with PV/DG/Grid power
sharing resulting is less power loss and construction of fuel and hence reducing the cost of
electricity and level pollution. The successful of hybrid integrated PV/DG/Grid system model
has the following outcomes:
 Generating green electricity for meeting the increasing electricity demands of

industrial load, thereby, preserving and protecting the nature.
 Cost effectiveness with reduced the size of PV system due to power sharing by
Grid/DG.
 Minimal hours of use diesel generator set results in less fuel conception and reduces
the maintenances as well as operational cost of diesel generator.
Page 43
6.2 Recommendation
Any work and investigation on hybrid power system is very advantageous and challenging.
Based on the present time, it can be observed that the world‟s population is increasing
rapidly. Therefore demands on electricity will be high and these will reduced to
uninterruptable power system for industrial load. So the integrating hybrid power system
should be improved better in the future. Based on the work done in this project which using
hybridization the power, some improvements need to be made uninterruptable power in the
future work of industry area. It was noticed that use of fuzzy logic controller to control the
output power high performance application because the fuzzy logic controller needs control
some amount of power give for industrial load
During design of hybrid system it is needed to design efficient control system. If the control
system failed to switch to an appropriate power source at desired time, the recent advances on
energy, environment, and development the efficiency of the system will decrease. Hence
attentions should be given to the control system during designing of hybrid power system.
Page 44
REFERENCES
[1] Sharew Anteneh Mekonnen, “Solar Energy Assessment in Ethiopia Modeling and
Measurement” Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, 2007 [unpublished]
[2] J. M. Gurrero, L. G. De Vicuna, and J. Uceda, “Uninterruptible power supply systems
provide protection,” IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag.vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 28–38, 2007.
[3] IEEE, "IEEE Guide for Array and Battery Sizing in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV)
Systems." vol. IEEE Std 1562™-2007 New York, USA, 12 May 2008.
[4] Mahmoud Salah Ismail Abdel-Qader, “Simulation of a Hybrid Power System Consisting
of PV, Storage Battery and Diesel Generator with Compensation Network: Design,
Optimization and Economical Evaluation” An-Najah National University Faculty of
Graduate Studies, 2008.
[5] Griffith D.C (1989) Uninterruptible Power Supplies, pp.23-27. Marcel Dekker Inc, New
York.
[6] IEEE, "IEEE Guide for Array and Battery Sizing in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV)
Systems." vol. IEEE Std 1562™-2007 New York, USA, 12 May 2008.
[7] S. Baljit, S.Ranjit, “Simulation of an off-grid electrical lightening system powered by
photovoltaic technology” ARISE (2010).
[8] A. Mellit “Sizing of photovoltaic systems: a review” Renewable Energy Vol. 10 N°4
(2007) 463 – 472.
[9] S. N. Singh, Pooja Singh, Swati, Swati Kumari (2011) “Rural Home Energy
Management by Fuzzy Control Model for Autonomous Solar PV /Diesel Power System.
[10] Jhon A. Duffie and William A.Beckman, “Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes
book” 3rd edition, Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Medison John Wiley &
sons INC, 1997 Recent Advances on Energy, Environment, Ecosystems, and Development
ISBN:978.
[11] Nayar C.V, Phillips S.J, James W.L, Pryor T.L and Remmer D (1993). Novel
Wind/Diesel/Battery/Hybrid Energy System. Solar Energy. 65-78.
[12] T.L. Skvarenina, "The Power Electronics handbook": CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate
Blvd.NW, 2002, ISBN: 0-8493-7336-0.
[13] N. Phuangpornpitak and S. Kumar, "PV hybrid systems for rural electrification in
Thiland," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, ScienceDirect, vol. 11, Iss. 7,
pp. 1530-1543, September 2007.
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[14] J. Leuchter, P. Bauer, and V. Stekly, "System Variation of Electrical GEN-SET with
Energy Buffer," in Power Conversion Conference - Nagoya, 2007. PCC '07, 18 June 2007,
pp. 1401-1408, ISBN:1-4244-0844-X.
[15] W. Choi, J. W. Howze, and P. Enjeti, “Fuel-cell powered uninterruptible power supply
systems: Design Considerations,” J. Power Sources vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 311–317, 2006.
[16] R. Pecen, Salim MD, and M. Timmerman, “Hybrid solar-wind power generation system
as an instructional resource for industrial technology students,” Journal of Industrial
Technology, vol.16, no. 3, pp. 1-7, 2000
[17] Electropaedia, "Battery and Energy Technologies - Performance Characteristics by
Ragone Plots. ," http://www.mpoweruk.com/performance.htm
[18] Anca D. Hansen “Models for a stand-alone PV system” Danka Services International
A/S, 2001 [unpublished] ,"
Page 46

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FINAL YEAR PROJECT @ JU 2016

LIST OF ACRONYMS ...........................................................................................................vii

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Statement of Problem ....................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Objective .......................................................................................................................... 4

1.3.1 General Objective .......................................................................................................... 4

1.3.2 Specific Objective...................................................................................................... 4

1.4 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 4

1.5 Scope of the Project.......................................................................................................... 5

1.6 Limitation of the Project .................................................................................................. 6

1.7 Significance of the project................................................................................................ 6

1.8 Organization of the Project .............................................................................................. 7

CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................... 8

LITRATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 8

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................. 10

SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM ............................................................................................... 10

3.1 Block Diagram ............................................................................................................... 10

3.2 Description of block diagram ......................................................................................... 12

3.2.1 PV array system ....................................................................................................... 12

Figure 3 Electricity generation by solar (PV) module ...................................................... 13

3.2.2 Battery source .......................................................................................................... 14

3.2.3 Grid source .............................................................................................................. 14

3.2.5 Fuzzy Logic Control ................................................................................................ 14

Figure 4 Basic structure of Fuzzy Logic Controller. ........................................................ 15

3.2.6 Control junction ....................................................................................................... 16

3.2.7 Diesel Generator ...................................................................................................... 17

3.2.8 Bus bar ..................................................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 18

SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 18

4.1 Major Assumptions Made for the Project ...................................................................... 18

4.2 PV system design and sizing .......................................................................................... 18

4.2.1 Determine Power Consumption Demand from PV system ..................................... 20

4.3 Selection of Diesel Generator ........................................................................................ 24

4.3.1 Generator sizing ....................................................................................................... 25

4.3.2 Motor starting considerations .................................................................................. 25

4.3.3 Load transient consideration .................................................................................... 25

4.3.4 Sizing selection ........................................................................................................ 26

4.3.5 Generator set control system ................................................................................... 28

4.4 Power Supply from the EEPCO ..................................................................................... 28

CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................... 29

RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................ 29

5.2 Algorithm of fuzzy logic controller ............................................................................... 29

5.3 Modelling of fuzzy inference ......................................................................................... 31

Figure 5 Modelling of fuzzy inference ............................................................................. 31

5.4 Membership function of PV solar .................................................................................. 31

Figure 6 Membership functions of PV solar. ................................................................... 32

5.5 Membership function of grid.......................................................................................... 32

Figure 7 Membership function of grid. ............................................................................ 33

5.6 Membership function of diesel ....................................................................................... 33

Figure 8 Membership function of diesel........................................................................... 34

5.7 Membership function of output power ........................................................................... 34

Figure 9 Membership function of output power ............................................................... 35

5.8 Rule base of Fuzzy for Industrial Load Controller ........................................................ 35

5.9 Rules of fuzzy logic controller ....................................................................................... 37

Figure 10 Rules of fuzzy logic controller. ........................................................................ 37

5.10 Rule viewer of fuzzy logic controller ........................................................................... 38

Figure 11 Rule viewer of fuzzy logic controller............................................................... 38

5.11 Overall Fuzzy Logic Controller System....................................................................... 38

Figure 12 Overall Fuzzy Logic Controller System. ......................................................... 39