Study of Angiospermic Diversity of Bakhira Lake, Sant Kabir Nagar, Uttar Pradesh

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 6 Issue 5, July-August 2022 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
Study of Angiospermic Diversity of

Bakhira Lake, Sant Kabir Nagar, Uttar Pradesh
Avinash Kumar, Anil K Dwivedi
PEARL, Department of Botany, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Avinash Kumar |

As producers, aquatic and marshy angiospermic plants are most Anil K Dwivedi "Study of Angiospermic
important component in the Bakhira lake of Sant Kabir Nagar, Uttar Diversity of Bakhira Lake, Sant Kabir
Pradesh. It is therefore necessary to record and to assess the diversity Nagar, Uttar
and potentiality of the aquatic plant communities. In the present study Pradesh" Published
in International
on the Bakhira lake of Sant Kabir Nagar, Uttar Pradesh the aquatic Journal of Trend in
and marshy angiosperms here, 201 species belonging to 115 genera Scientific Research
of 50 families were identified. Out of total 201 species, 107 were and Development
dicot species belonging to 65 genera of 33 families while 94 species (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- IJTSRD50579
were monocot belonging to 50 genera of 17 families. During the 6470, Volume-6 |
survey of this study area Ceratophyllum demersum was first time Issue-5, August 2022, pp.870-874, URL:
reported. Two species were found to be new record viz. www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50579.pdf
Alternanthera sessilis and Ranunculus sceleratus was found to be
extending its distribution in the Bakhira lake of Sant Kabir Nagar, Copyright © 2022 by author (s) and
Uttar Pradesh. Due to rapid pace of urbanization, formation of new International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
human settlements and industrialization these aquatic habitat are in
Journal. This is an
severe threat of extinction. It is therefore an urgent and utmost need Open Access article
to record and to assess the diversity and potentiality of these aquatic distributed under the
plant communities before they will vanish forever. terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
KEYWORDS: angiosperm, Bakhira, Sant Kabir Nagar, species, (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
urbanization, extinction, aquatic, plant, diversity
INTRODUCTION
Aquatic angiospermic diversity is studied in the simply in damp ground. Examples: Phragmites karka,
Bakhira lake of Sant Kabir Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. The Cyperus papyrus, Typha angustata, Butomus junceus,
importance of these water flora in agriculture, Zizania sp. Floating-leaved angiosperms have root
pisciculture and as a source of food and medicine has systems attached to the substrate or bottom of the
not received much attention. Some species, such as body of water and with leaves that float on the water
purple loosestrife, may grow in water as emergent surface.
plants but they are capable of flourishing in fens or
Water lilies in Bakhira lake
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50579 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2022 Page 870
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Examples: Nymphaea pubescens, N. nouchali, Nelumbo nucifera, Victoria amazanica, Vallisneria spiralis,
Nymphoides indicum. Submerged angiosperms completely grow underwater with root attached to the substrate
like Ceratophyllum submersum, Hydrilla verticillata, Myriophyllum spicatum, Ceratophyllum demersum. Free-
floating angiosperms are aquatic plants that are found suspended on water surface with their root not attached to
substrate or sediment or bottom of water body. They are easily blown by air and provide breeding ground for
mosquito eg. Pistia stratiotes, Enhydra fluctuans, Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna purpusila, Wolffia microscopica
etc. Some aquatic plants are used by humans as a food source. Examples: Wild rice (Zizania sp.), water caltrop
(Trapa natans), Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis), lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), water spinach (Ipomoea
aquatica), watercress (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum). Phytochemical and pharmacological researches suggest
that freshwater macrophytes, [1] such as Nelumbo nucifera, Ipomoea aquatica and Ludwigia adscendens are
potential sources of anticancer and antioxidative natural products. Hot water extracts of the stem and root of
Ludwigia adscendens, and the fruit, leaf and stem of Monochoria hastata were found to have lipoxynase
inhibitory activity. Hot water extract prepared from the leaf of Ludwigia adscendens exhibits alpha-glucosidase
inhibitory activity.
Ceratophyllum demersum in Bakhira lake

Origin of aquatic angiosperms
Discussion
Aquatic macrophytes play a vital role in Bakira lake. They serve as primary producers of oxygen through
photosynthesis, provide a substrate for algae and shelter for many invertebrates, aid in nutrient cycling to and
from the sediments, and help stabilize river and stream banks. Biological filtration is an increasingly popular
method of sewage treatment; some aquatic plants are being used to remove nutrients and reduce concentrations
of phosphorus and nitrogen from raw sewage or from the effluent sewage treatment facilities. Aquatic plants are
also able to absorb other substances, including pollutants such as phenols. Aquatic plants supply a wide variety
of wildlife with food and suitable nesting habitats. Some, even help to control pest populations; duckweeds are
known to reduce mosquito numbers, which has the added benefit of decreasing the incidence of certain insect-
borne diseases. As macrophyte biomass increases, the mean water velocity of the Bakhira lake decreases. If river
discharge is constant, such a reduction in velocity will raise the water level, thereby presenting the possibility of
overflowing banks or raising water tables.
Nymphoides in Bakhira lake

Fishing and navigation is another concern, as tall emergent plants can prevent access for shoreline fishing.
Submerged species can also spoil the gravel spawning beds of some fish (salmonids, in particular) and high
densities of photosynthesizing macrophytes are capable of causing large fluctuations in oxygen; this can stress
many fish species. Similarly, fish mortality may ensue when photosynthesis does not exceed respiration (under
prolonged hot and cloudy conditions), thus resulting in oxygen depletion. [2]
While some aquatic angiosperms in Bakhira lake deter certain disease-carrying organisms, others provide an
ideal habitat. Several human diseases are transmitted through intermediate hosts that are either dependent upon
certain macrophytes for completion of their life cycle or inhabit stagnant water resulting from the obstruction of
water-courses by vegetation.
It has been reviewed that aquatic macrophytes tend to replace sexual reproduction with vegetative reproduction,
which may be related to the difficulty in raising the flowers above the water for aerial fertilization. Vegetative, or
asexual, reproduction is a vital key to survival among the aquatic plants. Some species in Bakhira lake rarely
generate viable seeds and those that are produced serve more as a "back-up" to ensure the species’ survival in the
event of a disaster. Vegetative reproduction occurs primarily via stem fragmentation, but some species use the
whole plant (Lemna, Eichhornia crassipes), shoot fragments (Ceratophyllum demersum), and specialized organs
such as tubers (Hydrilla, Potamogeton). Floating-leaved species are ordinarily fertilized in the same manner as
emergents, with their chief adaptation to the aquatic environment being the production of long peduncles (flower
stalks) capable of lifting the flower above the water (e. g. Nymphaea). These peduncles must often be longer
than the depth of the water to accommodate changes in water level and water velocity (in flowing waters) in the
Bakhira lake.
Thickets of aquatic angiosperms under water Bakhira lake
Results and Conclusions
Aquatic macrophytes have served humans well over the centuries, providing food, medicines, and building
materials. The tribals of Bakhira lake area regularly harvested water lilies (Nymphaea spp. ) for human
consumption. They used lilies as dried and seeds were pounded or ground into flour, which was used to make
bread. Other parts were eaten raw. [3] Various Nymphaea species are still cultivated in the Orient for their fruits,
seeds, and rhizomes. In Bakhira lake area various tribes dig up the starch-laden rhizomes for food.
Water chestnuts are cultivated in the lake area. The familiar Chinese water chestnut is actually the corm of an
Eleocharis sp., a member of the Cyperaceae family. [4]
Wild rice is an annual grass and is not related to the cultivated rice that first comes to mind. Its seeds are
regularly gathered and eaten in the Bakhira area by tribal and local community.
Although an introduced species, water cress provides fresh foliage for salads and as a garnish. It has been
naturalized throughout Bakhira lake area.
Lemna in Bakhira lake

Giant reeds grow to a height of 3 meters, thus yielding a viable option for construction materials. They are
frequently used in Bakhira area by tribal and local community for thatching roofs, building fences, making
musical instruments, and in pulp mills for paper, cardboard, cellophane, insulation, fiberboard, and even building
blocks. [5]
References American Journal of Botany. 91 (6): 997–1001.
[1] Lindley J (1830). Introduction to the Natural doi: 10.3732/ajb.91.6.997. PMID 21653455.
System of Botany. London: Longman, Rees, [4] APG (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm
Orme, Brown, and Green. xxxvi. Archived Phylogeny Group classification for the orders
from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved and families of flowering plants: APG IV".
29 January 2018. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181
[2] Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE (2005). (1): 1–20. doi: 10.1111/boj.12385.
Biology of Plants. W. H. Freeman. pp. 376–. [5] Ehrendorfer F, Krendl F, Habeler E, Sauer W
ISBN 978-0-7167-1007-3. (1 August 1968). "Chromosome Numbers and
[3] Soltis DE, Soltis PS (June 2004). "Amborella Evolution in Primitive Angiosperms". Taxon.
not a "basal angiosperm"? Not so fast". 17 (4): 337–353. doi:10.2307/1217392. JSTOR
1217392.

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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Study of Angiospermic Diversity of

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Avinash Kumar |

Water lilies in Bakhira lake

Ceratophyllum demersum in Bakhira lake

Nymphoides in Bakhira lake

Thickets of aquatic angiosperms under water Bakhira lake

Lemna in Bakhira lake

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