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Essential Oil Composition of Lavandula dentata, L. stoechas and L. multifida

Cultivated in Tunisia

Article  in  Journal of essential oil-bearing plants JEOP · January 2012

DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2012.10662608

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 Jeobp 15 (6) 2012 pp 1030 - 1039 1030

Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants

ISSN Print: 0972-060X Online: 0976-5026
www.jeobp.com

Essential Oil Composition of Lavandula dentata,

L. stoechas and L. multifida Cultivated in Tunisia

Kamel Msaada 1*, Nidhal Salem 1, Sonia Tammar 1, Majdi Hammami 1, Mohamed
Jamal Saharkhiz 2, Nizar Debiche 1, Ferid Limam 1, Brahim Marzouk 1

1
Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Biotechnology Center in Borj-Cedria Technopol,
BP. 901, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
2
Department of Horticultural Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
Received 28 July 2011; accepted in revised form 11 January 2012

Abstact: The chemical composition of the essential oils of dried aerial parts of Lavandula dentata L.
stoechas and L. multifida were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. A total of 52 compounds were identified
representing 89.62 ± 9.56, 99.94 ± 9.88 and 98.21 ± 10.23 in Lavandula dentata L. stoechas and L. multifida
oil, respectively. Essential oil yield varied significantly (P < 0.05) among the three studied Lavandula species
and there were (1.96 ± 0.22 %), (1.62 ± 0.15 %) and (1.04 ± 0.11 %) on dry weight basis in L. dentata, L.
multifida and L. stoechas, respectively. Essential oil extracted from aerial parts of L. dentata was dominated
by linalool (47.30 ± 5.34 %), linalyl acetate (28.65 ± 3.26 %), bicyclogermacrene (3.40 ± 0.41 %), camphor
(2.32 ± 0.28 %) and δ-terpineol (1.47 ± 0.16 %). Linalyl acetate (64.30 ± 7.55 %), linalool (20.25 ± 3.21 %)
and β-thujone (8.97 ± 0.99 %) were the predominant compounds in L. stoechas essential oil. L. multifida oil
was characterized by the predominance of linalool (50.05 ± 6.52 %), camphene (10.06 ± 1.21 %), linalyl
acetate (7.30 ± 0.65 %), α-thujene (3.83 ± 0.41 %), bornyl acetate (3.03 ± 0.41 %), β-caryophellene (2.13 ±
0.25 %), nerol (2.01 ± 0.22 %) and terpinolene (2.05 ± 0.23 %). This finding indicates that Lavender was rich
in natural component which could be used as a source of natural antioxidants.

Key words: Lavandula dentata: Lavandula stoechas: Lavandula multifida: Lamiaceae: Aerial
parts: Essential oil composition: Linalool: Linalyl acetate.

Introduction family Labiatae (Lamiaceae). Lavandula species

Nowadays, it has been an increasing interest in are widely distributed in the Mediterranean region
the use of natural substances and some questions and cultivated in France, Spain and Italy. The
concerning the safety of synthetic compounds essential oil of Lavandula species is important for
have promoted more detailed studies on plant the perfume, cosmetic, flavouring and
resources 1, 2. Aromatic plants and their essential pharmaceutical industries. The primary use of
oils, used since antiquity in folk medicine and in lavender oils however is as raw ingredients in
preserving foods, provide a wide range of industrial perfume and fragrance materials, with
compounds possessing pharmacological activities the bulk of this market filled by lavandin oils 4.
3
. Lavandula genus is an important member of Lavender essential oil is characterized by high

*Corresponding author (Kamel Msaada)

E-mail: < msaada_kamel@yahoo.com > © 2012, Har Krishan Bhalla & Sons
 Kamel Msaada et al. / Jeobp 15 (6) 2012 1030 - 1039 1031
levels of linalool, and linalyl acetate, moderate 02, 2011). Lavandula species were propagated
levels of lavandulyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol and through axillary budding. Aerial parts (flowers,
lavandulol. The amount of 1,8-cineole and leaves and stems) were randomly collected by
camphor often varies between very low to hand (three times) at full flowering stage. A
moderate 4. This is a somewhat simplified voucher specimen has been deposited in the
description; indeed lavender oil typically contains Herbarium of the Laboratory of Bioactive
many more than 100 individual components Substances, Biotechnology Center in Borj-Cedria
(many minor ones often unidentified and/or not Technopol, Tunisia (CBBC) for future reference.
quantitated), each contributing to the chemical and The botanical identification was performed by
sensory properties of the oils. On the other hand, Prof. Abderrazek Smaoui (CBBC) and according
the medicinal importance of the plant is well to the morphological description in Tunisian flora
documented 5,6 and the drugs prepared from this 12
. Plant materials were air dried at room
plant are registered in many Pharmacopeia 7. The temperature (20-25°C) for 2 weeks until constant
plant is used as expectorant, antispasmodic, weight, and subsequently essayed for essential oil
carminative, a good stimulan, deobstruent, extraction.
resoluent and wound healing. The essential oil
obtained from its flowering twigs has been used Essential oil extraction
as a remedy against colic and chest affections, to The air-dried aerial parts of each Lavandula
relieve nervous headache, biliousness and for species were cut into small pieces and 100 g (three
cleansing wounds 8,9. In addition, Lavandula times) were subjected to conventional
stoechas, Lavandula dentata and Lavandula hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type
multifida were an important ornamental and apparatus for 3 hours in accordance with European
essential oil producing plant. Lavender can be Pharmacopoeia method 13. The obtained neat
propagated by seeds or by stem cuttings. The essential oil was stored at -20°C prior to analysis.
propagation by seeds is slow and the plants exhibit
too much variation in growth rate and oil Gas chromatography-flame ionization detec-
composition to be commercially used. The tor (GC-FID) analysis
propagation by woody stem cuttings is slow, with The essential oils were analyzed by gas
poor rooting of several clones, and risks of chromatography (GC) using a Hewlett-Packard
modification of morphological and chemical 6890 gas chromatograph (HP, Palo Alto, CA)
characteristics by repeated vegetative propagation equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID)
10,11
. Thus, micro-propagation through axillary and an electronic pressure control injector. A polar
budding is proposed to be an alternative for HP Innowax (polyethylene glycol) column (30 m
vegetative propagation, allowing for the x 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness; HP) and an
multiplication of selected genotypes and apolar HP-5 column (30 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm
chemiotypes. To the best of our knowledge, there film thickness; HP) were used. The flow of the
are no reports on the Lavandula essential oil carrier gas (N2) was 1.6 mL/min. The split ratio
composition cultivated in Tunisia. Therefore, in was 60:1. The analysis was performed using the
this study, we aimed to determine the essential following temperature program: oven kept
oil yield and composition of the above mentioned isothermally at 35°C for 10 min, increased from
Lavandula species cultivated in Tunisia. 35 to 205°C at the rate of 3°C/min and kept
isothermally at 205°C during 10 min. Injector and
Material and methods detector temperature were held, respectively, at
Plant material 250 and 300°C. The injected volume was 1 μL of
The aerial parts of cultivated L. dentata, L. diluted (10 times in hexane) essential oil.
stoechas and L. multifida were collected from
Grombalia greenhouse (North-Eastern Tunisia; Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
latitude 36°362 11.262 2 (N); longitude 10°302 (GC-MS) analysis
1.902 2 (E), altitude 42 m) in the same day (May GC-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was
 Kamel Msaada et al. / Jeobp 15 (6) 2012 1030 - 1039 1032
performed on a gas chromatograph HP 5890 (II) content from dried aerial parts of L. dentata was
interfaced with a quadrupole HP 5972 mass 0.26 % v/w 18. On the other hand, Vokou et al. 19
spectrometer (Palo Alto, CA) with electron impact reported that the oil yield from L. stoechas leaves
ionization (70 eV). A HP-5MS capillary column was 2.3 ml/100g dw whereas Hassiotis 20 showed
(30 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness; HP) that oil yield was 1.46 %; w/w, dw. Concerning
was used. The column temperature was L. multifida, to the best of our knowledge, there
programmed to rise from 50°C to 240°C at a rate are no previous investigations dealing with aerial
of 5°C/min. The carrier gas was helium with a parts essential oil yields of cultivated plants. These
flow rate of 1.2 mL/min; split ratio was 60:1. Scan variations on essential oil yields could be due to
time and mass range were 1s and 40-300 m/z, the changes in the environmental factors such as
respectively. temperature, rainfall and humidity during plant
The identification of the oil constituents was development and to the physiological maturation
based on a comparison of their retention indices process of leaves, flowers and stems. Variation in
relative to (C8-C22) n-alkanes calculated on HP-5 oil yield could be attributed to some factors like
and HP-Innowax columns with those of the conditions of cultivation especially the extent of
literature or with those of authentic compounds use of fertilizers and irrigation 21. It seems that oil
(Analytical Reagent, LabScan, Ltd.) available in yield during plant growth is particularly
our laboratory. Further identification was made susceptible to environmental conditions (light,
by matching their recorded mass spectra with nutrient availability, and day length) 22,23. In
those stored in the Wiley/NBS mass spectral addition, these variations could either be due to
library of the GC-MS data system and other difference of the plant genotype 24 or to the altitude
published mass spectra 14. Quantitative data were and microclimate of the cultivation area.
obtained from the electronic integration of the FID
peak areas. Essential oil composition
Statistical Analyses The components identified from Lavandula
Results are presented as means ± SD from three dentata L. stoechas and L. multifida essential oil,
replicates of each experiment. A P value < 0.05 their retention indices and their percentage
was used to denote significant differences among composition are summarized in Table 1, where
mean values determined by analysis of variance all the compounds are arranged in order of their
with the assistance of ‘‘Statistica v 5.1" software elution on the HP-5 column. Essential oil of L.
15
. The means were compared by using the one- dentata was characterized by the predominance
way and multivariate analysis of variance of monterpene alcohols (52.10 ± 6.54 %), mono-
(ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range terpene esters (28.83 ± 3.25 %), sesquiterpenes
tests. A principal component analysis (PCA) was (4.63 ± 0.45 %) and monoterpene ketones (2.34
performed in order to discriminate between the ± 0.31 %), the main components were linalool
three Lavandula species on the basis of their (47.30 ± 5.34 %), linalyl acetate (28.65 ± 3.26
essential oil composition. %), bicyclogermacrene (3.40 ± 0.41 %), camphor
(2.32 ± 0.28 %) and δ-terpineol (1.47 ± 0.16 %),
Results and discussion the remaining compounds were detected at
Essential oil yield percentages less than 1 % (Table 1). Previous
As can be seen in Figure 1, Lavandula dentata report showed that the sample of L. dentata oil
show the highest essential oil yield (1.96 ± 0.22 contains linalyl acetate as a major component
%) followed by L. multifida (1.62 ± 0.15 %) and (43.5 %) followed by linalol (28.9 %), p-cymene
L. stoechas (1.04 ± 0.11 %) based on dry weight. (9.6 %) and camphor (2.3 %) 16 . The major
The essential oil yield of the aerial parts of L. constituents detected and identified by Imelouane
dentata was higher in comparison with previous et al. 17 in L. dentata essential oil aerial parts
reports of Chebil et al. 16 (0.70 w/w) and collected in Eastern Morocco (Taforalt, Talazart)
Imelouane et al., 17 (1.41 %). The essential oil in 2007 were 1,8-cineole (41.28 %), sabinene
 Kamel Msaada et al. / Jeobp 15 (6) 2012 1030 - 1039 1033

Figure 1. Essential oil yield (%, w/w) of L. stoechas, L. dentata and L. multifida.
Values with different superscripts (a-c) are significantly different at P < 0.05.

(13.89 %), and α-pinene (4.05 %). of Spanish lavender (Lavandula stoechas) 25. On
The essential oil extracted from Lavandula the other hand, the essential oil of L. stoechas
stoechas aerial parts was characterized by a large showed a very diverse composition and was
amount of monoterpene esters (64.45 ± 7.43 %) dominated by pulegone (40.37 %),
followed by monoterpene alcohols (31.93 ± 4.26 hexahydrothymol (menthol) (18.09 %), menthone
%). The main compounds were found to be linalyl (12.57 %) 26 while the essential oil from the Greece
acetate (64.30 ± 7.55 %), linalool (20.25 ± 3.21 was dominated by fenchone (30.85 %) and
%) and β-thujone (8.97 ± 0.99 %) (Table 1). Other pinocarvyl acetate (10.20 %) 27.
representative compounds were identified as α- Lavandula multifida essential oil was dominated
terpineol (0.97 ± 0.09 %), α-pinene (0.96 ± 0.08 by linalool (50.05 ± 6.52 %), camphene (10.06 ±
%), tricyclene (0.67 ± 0.07 %), nerol (0.53 ± 0.04 1.21 %), linalyl acetate (7.30 ± 0.65 %), α-thujene
%), geraniol (0.25 ± 0.03 %) and lavandulol (0.23 (3.83 ± 0.41 %), bornyl acetate (3.03 ± 0.41 %),
± 0.04 %) (Table 1). Hassiotis 20 showed that β-caryophellene (2.13 ± 0.25 %), nerol (2.01 ±
essential oil of L. stoechas extracts from fresh 0.22 %), terpinolene (2.05 ± 0.23 %), p-cymene
leaves and flowers by using the litter bag (1.77 ± 0.16 %), δ-terpineol (1.64 ± 0.18 %), neral
technique was dominated by fenchone (45.19 ± (1.61 ± 0.18 %), cis- linalool oxide (1.23 ± 0.14
2.71 %) followed by 1.8 cineole (16.30 ± 0.98 %), lavandulol (1.29 ± 0.15 %) and carvacrol (1.13
%), camphor (9.90 ± 1.49 %), p-cymene (4.90 ± ± 0.14 %) (Table 1). Chograni et al. 28 showed
0.74 %) and α-cadinol (4.20 ± 0.13 %). that the major components in the L. multifida
In addition, previous investigation showed that essential oil growing wild in Tunisia were
fenchone (55.79 %), camphor (18.18 %), 1.8 carvacrol (31.81 %), β-bisabolene (14.89 %) and
cineole (8.03 %) and myrtenyl acetate (6.25 %) acrylic acid dodecyl ester (11.43 %). These
were the main compounds in leaves and flowers variations in essential oil composition could be
 Table 1. Essential oil composition (%, w/w) of Lavandula dentata, L. stoechas, and L. multifida

Compound RIa RIb Lavandula Identification

dentata stoechas multifida

Monterpene hydrocarbons
Tricyclene 927 1014 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.67 ± 0.07a 0.11 ± 0.01b CG-SM
α-Thujene 931 1035 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.08 ± 0.01b 3.83 ± 0.41a CG-SM, Co-CG
α-Pinene 939 1032 0.06 ± 0.01c 0.96 ± 0.08a 0.45 ± 0.05b CG-SM, Co-CG
Camphene 954 1076 0.01 ± 0.00c 0.33 ± 0.02b 10.06 ± 1.21a CG-SM, Co-CG
Sabinene 979 1132 0.01 ± 0.00b 0.02 ± 0.00b 0.95 ± 0.08a CG-SM
β-Pinene 980 1118 0.01 ± 0.00b 0.32 ± 0.04a 0.34 ± 0.03a CG-SM, Co-CG
Limonene 1030 1203 0.08 ± 0.01b 0.03 ± 0.00c 0.10 ± 0.02a CG-SM
Terpinolene 1088 1290 0.04 ± 0.00b 0.03 ± 0.00b 2.05 ± 0.23a CG-SM, Co-CG
Total 0.25 ± 0.02c 2.44 ± 0.28b 17.89 ± 1.88a
Aromatic hydrocarbons
p-Cymene 1026 1280 0.04 ± 0.00c 0.06 ± 0.01b 1.77 ± 0.16a CG-SM, Co-CG
Total 0.04 ± 0.00c 0.06 ± 0.01b 1.77 ± 0.16a
Monterpene alcohols
1-Octen-3-ol 962 1453 0.13 ± 0.01b 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.25 ± 0.03a CG-SM, Co-CG
Myrcene 991 1174 0.48 ± 0.05b 0.46 ± 0.06bc 0.80 ± 0.09a CG-SM
3-Octanone 1019 1265 0.90 ± 0.08a 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.24 ± 0.03b CG-SM, Co-CG
Linalool 1088 1553 47.30 ± 5.34b 20.25 ± 3.21c 50.05 ± 6.52a CG-SM, Co-CG
β-Thujone 1115 1452 0.02 ± 0.00c 8.97 ± 0.99a 0.14 ± 0.01b CG-SM
Borneol 1165 1719 0.07 ± 0.01b 0.07 ± 0.01b 0.21 ± 0.02a CG-SM, Co-CG
Lavandulol 1166 1677 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.23 ± 0.04b 1.29 ± 0.15a CG-SM
Kamel Msaada et al. / Jeobp 15 (6) 2012 1030 - 1039

Menthol 1172 1628 0.04 ± 0.00b 0.02 ± 0.00bc 0.37 ± 0.05a CG-SM
Terpinene-4-ol 1178 1611 0.82 ± 0.09a 0.09 ± 0.01c 0.24 ± 0.03b CG-SM, Co-CG
α-Terpineol 1189 1709 0.67 ± 0.08b 0.97 ± 0.09a 0.26 ± 0.03c CG-SM
Myrtenol 1194 1804 0.12 ± 0.01b 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.27 ± 0.02a CG-SM, Co-CG
δ-Terpineol 1197 nd 1.47 ± 0.16b 0.03 ± 0.00c 1.64 ± 0.18a CG-SM, Co-CG
Nerol 1228 1797 0.04 ± 0.00c 0.53 ± 0.04b 2.01 ± 0.22a CG-SM, Co-CG
1034

Geraniol 1255 1857 0.02 ± 0.00b 0.25 ± 0.03a 0.25 ± 0.04a CG-SM, Co-CG
table 1. (continued).

Compound RIa RIb Lavandula Identification

dentata stoechas multifida

(E)-Isoeugenol 1447 2394 tr tr 0.27 ± 0.04 CG-SM

Total 52.10 ± 6.54b 31.93 ± 4.26c 58.29 ± 6.20a
Phenols
Thymol 1290 2198 0.79 ± 0.08a 0.01 ± 0.00c 0.20 ± 0.03b CG-SM, Co-CG
Carvacrol 1292 2239 0.03 ± 0.00b 0.02 ± 0.00b 1.13 ± 0.14a CG-SM
Total 0.82 ± 0.08b 0.03 ± 0.00c 1.33 ± 0.12a
Monterpene esters
Linalyl acetate 1257 1556 28.65 ± 3.26b 64.30 ± 7.55a 7.30 ± 0.65c CG-SM
Lavandulyl acetate 1289 1594 0.14 ± 0.01a 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.12 ± 0.01b CG-SM
Bornyl acetate 1295 1597 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.08 ± 0.01b 3.03 ± 0.41a CG-SM, Co-CG
α-Terpenyl acetate 1344 1706 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.05 ± 0.00b 0.11 ± 0.01a CG-SM, Co-CG
Total 28.83 ± 3.25b 64.45 ± 7.43a 10.56 ± 1.97c
Monoterpene ketones
Fenchone 1087 1406 tr 0.03± 0.00b 0.20 ± 0.03a CG-SM, Co-CG
Camphor 1143 1532 2.32 ± 0.28a 0.04 ± 0.00c 0.30 ± 0.04b CG-SM
Carvone 1242 1751 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.07 ± 0.00b 0.10 ± 0.01a CG-SM
Total 2.34 ± 0.31a 0.14 ± 0.02c 0.60 ± 0.08b
Monoterpene aldehydes
Neral 1240 1694 0.03 ± 0.00b 0.03 ± 0.00b 1.61 ± 0.18a CG-SM, Co-CG
Geranial 1270 1742 0.08 ± 0.01b 0.03 ± 0.00c 0.16 ± 0.02a CG-SM
Total 0.11 ± 0.01b 0.06 ± 0.01c 1.77 ± 0.20a
Kamel Msaada et al. / Jeobp 15 (6) 2012 1030 - 1039

Monoterpene ethers
1,8-Cineole 1033 1213 0.44 ± 0.06a 0.04 ± 0.00c 0.19 ± 0.02b CG-SM, Co-CG
cis-Linalool oxide 1074 1478 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.05 ± 0.00b 1.23 ± 0.14a CG-SM, Co-CG
trans-Linalool oxide 1088 1450 0.08 ± 0.01a 0.01 ± 0.00c 0.04 ± 0.00b CG-SM
Total 0.54 ± 0.06b 0.10 ± 0.02c 1.46 ± 0.15a
Sesquiterpenes
1035

β-Caryophellene 1418 1612 0.14 ± 0.01b 0.09 ± 0.01c 2.13 ± 0.25a CG-SM, Co-CG
 table 1. (continued).

Compound RIa RIb Lavandula Identification

dentata stoechas multifida

β-Farnesene 1458 1670 nd tr 0.13 ± 0.01 CG-SM, Co-CG

γ-Gurjunene 1473 1593 0.04 ± 0.00c 0.18 ± 0.02b 0.32 ± 0.04a CG-SM, Co-CG
Germacrene-D 1480 1726 0.11 ± 0.01b 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.84 ± 0.09a CG-SM
Bicyclogermacrene 1494 1755 3.40 ± 0.41a 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.14 ± 0.02b CG-SM, Co-CG
Cuparene 1498 1803 tr 0.02 ± 0.00b 0.54 ± 0.06a CG-SM
γ-Cadinene 1515 1757 0.13 ± 0.01b 0.03 ± 0.00c 0.20 ± 0.03a CG-SM
δ-Cadinene 1526 1773 0.02 ± 0.00b 0.02 ± 0.00b 0.43 ± 0.05a CG-SM, Co-CG
Elemol 1554 2069 0.04 ± 0.00b 0.02 ± 0.00c 0.14 ± 0.01a CG-SM, Co-CG
Caryophyllene oxide 1580 2008 0.26 ± 0.03a nd 0.10 ± 0.01b CG-SM
T-Cadinol 1640 2187 0.04 ± 0.00c 0.08 ± 0.01b 0.41 ± 0.05a CG-SM, Co-CG
α-Eudesmol 1652 2119 0.34 ± 0.04a 0.26 ± 0.03b 0.35 ± 0.03a CG-SM
Cadinol 1652 2211 0.08 ± 0.01b 0.03 ± 0.00c 0.43 ± 0.05a CG-SM
epi-α-Cadinol 1653 2211 0.03 ± 0.00b 0.02 ± 0.00b 0.15 ± 0.02a CG-SM, Co-CG
Total 4.63 ± 0.45b 0.79 ± 0.09c 6.31 ± 0.77a
Total identified 89.62 ± 9.56b 99.94 ± 9.88a 98.21 ± 10.23ab
Kamel Msaada et al. / Jeobp 15 (6) 2012 1030 - 1039

tr: trace (<0.01%); nd: not detected.

Volatile compounds percentages in the same line with different letters (a–c) are significantly different at P < 0.05.
a
Order of elution in apolar column (HP-5).bOrder of elution in polar column (HP-Innowax).
1036
 Kamel Msaada et al. / Jeobp 15 (6) 2012 1030 - 1039 1037
due probably to the cultivation conditions and/or essential oils are advocated for their use as an
to the environmental factors. antibacterial agent in both early and modern
Principal component analysis (PCA) was aromatherapy texts 29, 30. Gattefosse, for example
carried out in order to determine the relationship in his 1937 aromatherapy text describes the use
between the different Lavender species on the of essences of Laveander essential oils as an
basis of their essential oil composition. A better antiseptic mouthwash and in embalming 30.
discrimination was revealed on the three- Similarly, Lis-Balchin and Deans 31 and Lis-
dimensional visualization of the plotted scores. Balchin et al. 32 showed that lavandin, French
Results obtained from the PCA (Fig. 2) showed lavender, spike lavender, Bulgarian lavender and
the existence of one well-defined group generic ‘lavender’ (type unspecified) essential oils
represented by L. multifida and L. stoechas all have activity against a large number of bacteria
suggesting similar compositions. The L. dentata and fungi. For example, Bulgarian lavender
was clearly distinguished from the later group essential oil inhibited 23 of 25 different bacteria,
both in quality and in quantity. while lavandin inhibited 17 of 25 bacteria. So,
Data from literature, revealed that Laveander these investigations open the way for in depth

Figure 2. A three-dimensional visualization of PCA results of L. stoechas, L. dentata

and L. multifida based on their percentage of essential oil composition (Table 1).
 Kamel Msaada et al. / Jeobp 15 (6) 2012 1030 - 1039 1038
studies on antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal applications in food and beverage, pharmaceutical
activities of Lavender essential oils and organic and agricultural industries.
extracts. This preliminary research revealed that
numerous plants of the Tunisian flora such as Acknowledgement
Lavender could be of biological interest as a This work is dedicated to the memory of
source of essential oils which could have anti- Professor Bechir TRITAR (Faculté des Sciences,
bacterial, antioxidant and antifungal properties for Tunis) who passed away in June 1998.

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