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Lecture 1

The document discusses an introduction to hydrology, irrigation, and flood management lecture. It covers definitions of irrigation, types of irrigation projects in Bangladesh, components of irrigation systems like drip and sprinkler, and major irrigation projects in the country. It also summarizes Bangladesh's water law and policy which aim to ensure efficient water use and water rights.

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Mahmudul Hasan Pathik
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
206 views

Lecture 1

The document discusses an introduction to hydrology, irrigation, and flood management lecture. It covers definitions of irrigation, types of irrigation projects in Bangladesh, components of irrigation systems like drip and sprinkler, and major irrigation projects in the country. It also summarizes Bangladesh's water law and policy which aim to ensure efficient water use and water rights.

Uploaded by

Mahmudul Hasan Pathik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WRE 451

Hydrology, Irrigation and Flood Management


L4/T1 (Civil Engineering Department)

Sara Ferdousi
Assistant Professor, WRE, BUET

Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview, Water Law of Bangladesh

Date: May 16, 2022


Irrigation Definition

• Irrigation is the controlled application of water for agricultural purposes through


manmade systems to supply water requirements not satisfied by rainfall.
• Crop irrigation is vital throughout the world in order to provide the world's ever-
growing populations with enough food.
• Throughout the world, irrigation (water for agriculture, or growing crops) is
probably the most important use of water (except for drinking).
Irrigation Definition

• Irrigation has been around for as long as humans have been cultivating plants.
• Man's first invention after he learned how to grow plants from seeds was probably a
bucket.
• Ancient people must have had strong backs from having to haul buckets full of water
to pour on their first plants.
• Pouring water on fields is still a common irrigation method today—but other, more
efficient and mechanized methods are also used.
Water Use

• Human use of water increased more than 35 times over the past three centuries.
• In Asia, 86% of water is used for irrigation.
• About 69% of the world's water catchment is used in farming, which continues to
make increasing use of irrigation.
• In most irrigation systems 50 to 60% of the water used does not benefit the plants.
• The choice of irrigation method depends on the type of crop and economic context.
Benefits of Irrigation

• Increase in crop yield


• Protection from famine
• Cultivation of superior crops
• Elimination of mixed cropping
• Economic development
• Hydro power generation
• Domestic and industrial water supply
Types of Irrigation Projects

• Major irrigation projects: projects which have a culturable command area (CCA) of
more than 10,000 ha, utilize mostly surface water resources.
• Medium irrigation projects: projects which have CCA less than 10,000 ha. But more
than 2,000 ha, utilizes mostly surface water resources.
• Minor irrigation projects: projects with CCA less than or equal to 2,000 ha, utilizes both
ground water and local surface water resources.
Soil-Plant-Water Relationship
Soil-Plant-Water Relationship

Water Uptake by Plants


Schematic Diagram of Irrigation System
Types of Surface Irrigation Systems
Components of Drip Irrigation System
Components of a Typical Sprinkler Irrigation System
Drip method Sprinkler method
Flooding method Furrow method
Design of irrigation structures
Sl no Functions Name of structures

1 Water storage / diversion structures Dam, Barrage

2 Water control structure Regulator

3 Water distribution structures Canal

4 Water measuring structures Weir, Flume

5 Water crossing structure Siphon/Aqueduct, Super passage

6 Sediment control structure Silt trap, Silt excluder, Silt ejector


Dam

Barrage
Canal

Regulator
Weir

Flume
Aqueduct
(Canal above
the river)

Super passage
(Canal below
river)
Silt trap

Silt
Excluder
Major Irrigation Projects in Bangladesh

1. Teesta Barrage Project (1979-1990)


2. Ganges-Kobadak (G-K) Irrigation Project (1962-1981)
3. Coastal Embankment Project (1960-1990)
1. Teesta Barrage Project (1979-1990)

o Located in Lalmonirhat, Nilphamri and


Rangpur districts

o Construction 1979-1990

o Barrage length 615m (44 gates)

o Head Regulator 110m (8 gates)

o - Main canal 34 km
o Branch canal 290 km
o Tertiary Canal 325 km
o Irrigation structures 1120 nos

o Silt trap 1 no.


(G-K) Irrigation Project (1962-1981

o Located in the districts of Kushtia, Chuadanga,


Jhenaidaha and Magura.
o The project was into partial operation in 1962 and
finally completed in 1981
o A pumping station is located at Bheramara, Kushtia
for lifting water from the Ganges.
o 3 main pumps, having a total capacity of 110
cumec and 12 subsidiary pumps having a total
capacity of 42 cumec are used.
o Water is carried to 142,000 ha of paddy fields
through 193 km of main canals, 467 km of
secondary canals, 631 km of tertiary canals and
3,500 field outlets
3. Coastal Embankment Project
(1960-1990)

o 139 polders

o 5100 km earthen embankment

o Embankment Height = 3 - 5m

o They were built mainly to


protect the coastal low lying
areas from salinity intrusion,
tidal & monsoon flooding
Water Law(purpose)

o The balance between public rights and private rights to use water

o The relative rights of individual water users

o Water quality and the regulations of discharges to water.


Water Policy (1999)

o Support of private development of groundwater irrigation for promoting agricultural


growth will continue, alongside surface water development where feasible.

o But there will be a renewed focus towards increasing efficiency of water use in
irrigation through various measures including drainage-water recycling, rotational
irrigation, adoption of water conserving crop technology where feasible, and
conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water.

o Water allocations in irrigation systems have to be done with equity and social justice.
At the same time, serious consideration should be given to non-point pollution of
water systems by fertilizer and pesticides that are either leached to the groundwater
or washed off the fields to rivers and lakes.
Water Policy (1999)

For this purpose, the policy of the Government is to:


o Encourage and promote continued development of minor irrigation, where feasible,
without affecting drinking water supplies
o Encourage future groundwater development for irrigation by both the public and the
private sectors, subject to regulations that may be prescribed by Government from time
to time.
o Improve efficiency of resource utilisation through conjunctive use of all forms of surface
water and groundwater for irrigation and urban water supply.
o Strengthen crop diversification programmes for efficient water utilisation.
o Strengthen the regulatory system for agricultural chemicals that pollute ground and
surface water, and develop control mechanism for reducing non-point pollution from
agro-chemicals.
o Strengthen appropriate monitoring organisations for tracking groundwater recharge,
surface and groundwater use, and changes in surface and groundwater quality.
Bangladesh Water Act(BWA) (2013)

Bangladesh Water Act (BWA) 2013 will ensure:

o best use of Water Resources

o integration of the acts of different organizations

o legitimize water rights of poor and disadvantaged

o control of uncontrolled/unaccounted abstraction, diversion, pollution

o an optimal, efficient way of using scarce water resources.


Key measures of the Water Act

o Right to water

o Adoption of National Water Policy and National Water Resources Plan

o Clearance Certificates

o Water Stressed Areas and Safe Yield

o Restricting abstraction, Protection Orders and Compliance Order

o Right to information and false information

o Water resource protection / pollution control and water quality standards.

o Source: http://old.warpo.gov.bd/index.php/home/project_details/45, 24 page pdf


document for further reading
Multipurpose Irrigation Projects
Objectives of Irrigation

o Ensure enough moisture essential for plant growth.

o Provide crop insurance against short duration drought.

o Cool the soil & atmosphere to provide a suitable surrounding.

o Wash out/dilute harmful salts, chemical in the soil.

o Reduce hazards of soil piping.

o Soften the tillage pan.


Irrigation: An engineering Perspective

o Planning and designing on efficient and low cost irrigation system.


o Controlling the various natural sources of water by the construction of dams
and reservoirs, canals and head-works and finally distributing the water to
the agricultural land.
o Drainage of water-logged areas and generation of hydroelectric power.
Irrigation: Concept
o Plants need water for proper growth and development.
o The crop demand for water must be met by the water in the soil, via the root system.
o If the crop water demand is met by other ways (such as rainfall, capillary rise from
groundwater table, etc.), there is no need of irrigation.
o Irrigation requirement for cereals and noncereals are not the same.
o Among cereals, irrigation requirement of rice is the highest, whereas for wheat it is
less.
o Proper irrigation scheduling also affects the irrigation requirement of different crops.
Irrigation: Challenges
Challenges in irrigation and water management for world food security and agricultural
trade arise from several aspects:
o Domestic resources condition
o Restriction of economic development level
o Climate change
o Pollution of water resources due to industrial and agricultural effluents
o Competition of water among different sectors of users
o International markets and price
Irrigation: Challenges
o Agriculture is acknowledged as the principal source of income about 84% population
involved.
o The existing land to man ratio for Bangladesh is 0.058 ha/person, cultivable land.
o Arable land is declining per year at the rate of about 1%.
o Land use intensity has already reached about 200%, perhaps the highest in the
world.
o The excess water during the monsoon causes wide spread flooding, which damages
crops.
o The inadequate flow in the river system during the dry months hampers irrigation
Irrigation: Impacts
Water maintains a host of natural ecosystems. Withdrawal of water from upstream can
reduce the flow at downstream needed to sustain natural ecosystem. The offtake and
diversion structures often deprive downstream users of their water.

Some noted impacts of irrigation may be:


o Water quality degradation
o Groundwater abstraction
o Water-logging and salinity
o Health risk
o Simplification and homogenization of the world’s ecosystem

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