Informe Materiales - Poliuretano
Informe Materiales - Poliuretano
5801065
5801062
5801070
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
FEBRUARY, 2021
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PRACTICE WITH EXPANDED POLYURETHANE
5801065
5801062
5801070
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
FEBRUARY, 2021
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………..………………………………………. 4
OBJECTIVES ……………………………………………………………….………………………... 4
INTRODUCTION ………………...……………………………..…………………………………… 4
OBJECTIVES …………………………………………………………………………..…………….. 4
CONCLUSIONS …………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………………… 17
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ABSTRACT
Polyurethane Foam is a polymer widely used in numerous industrial processes, synthetic and
hard material, highly cross-linked and non-fixable, which is obtained from the mixture of two
components generated by chemical processes from oil and sugar: isocyanate and polyol. This material
is used in different industries thanks to its thermal insulation properties, acoustic insulation,
impermeability and moisture control, fire behavior, health, sustainability, mechanical resistance,
adhesion.
INTRODUCTION
The following work was carried out with the purpose of knowing, differentiating, and mainly
knowing when to use the different polyurethane foams in today's industry, consulting each of the
questions raised in the laboratory guide corresponding to the practice with expanded polyurethane,
with the help of experimental videos and databases taken from the internet, in order to familiarize this
material as a thermal and acoustic insulator in a residential and industrial context.
OBJECTIVES
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
● How to choose polyurethane foams and their different applications for surface sealing,
thermal insulation and acoustic insulation thermal insulation and acoustic insulation.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
● To observe the design and handling of surfaces for the manufacture of expanded polyurethane.
● To observe the handling of materials used to produce expanded polyurethane.
● To learn how to manipulate the elements and to have the industrial safety precautions for them
● for bits manipulation.
● To observe and analyze the chemical reactions that occur in practice.
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QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED IN THE REPORT
Polyurethane has a multitude of properties that work very well in the construction sector: water-
repellent insulator, thermal insulator and as a moisture-resistant material. In this way, the polyurethane
foam acts as a thermal bridge and, in addition to strengthening the structure, eliminates the transmission
of cold and heat. This means considerable savings in terms of cooling and heating.
2. What is expanded polyurethane, what are its components, what are its physical and chemical
properties?
Expanded polyurethane foam is one of the main materials currently used in various branches,
such as building houses, buildings, boats or boats, airplanes, among others. This material is the main
insulator in the construction industry. Polyurethane is a compound of "isocyanate" and "polyol" through
a chemical reaction. This material is the main insulator in the construction industry. Thanks to its
properties, it is used as a thermal insulator, water-repellent insulator and as an anti-moisture material.
The polyurethane foam is white is a light and low-density material, can be in liquid, solid or
foam this has a high insulating capacity due to the low thermal conductivity possessed by the foam gas
of its closed cells, which can be set at 10 ºC according to UNE 92202, although this value rises slightly
over time until it finally stabilises. The polyurethane foam has a high resistance to the effects of the
passage of time and has a long service life, maintaining without deteriorating for more than 50 years. It
is also highly recommended for its waterproof properties.
The polyurethane foam is an intermediate continuous coating because it meets the aspects
established in the DB-HS1 for these materials related to tightness, resistance to cracking, adhesion,
permeability, and physico-chemical stability. In the face of moisture, polyurethane foam, unlike other
products used, has two very important characteristics for a material used in insulation because it is
waterproof and allows perspiration, in any climate and without the need for a vapor barrier. There are
some varieties of polyurethane foam with fire protection.
3. How is the process of curing expanded polyurethane, what is the curing time of expanded
polyurethane?
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2. Insert the applicator nozzle into the container.
3. Before reversing the packaging, some gas/propellant should be removed from the product....
Once this activity is done, we are ready to apply the product!
4. Reverse the spray and you should press gently. Test for cord width and pressure.
5. Fill in spaces at 50%. When the thickness to be applied exceeds 5 cm, apply in several
layers/passes waiting for the previous layer to expand and harden. The hardening process can
be accelerated by spraying the foam with water.
6. Once the foam is hardened, it can be cut, sanded and painted. If the entire container is not
used, clean the valve and cannula thoroughly with acetone.
The top layer dries literally in 20 minutes, the complete configuration occurs within 24 hours.
In this case, the excess material can be cut after 4 hours from the time of application.
For the use of polyurethane chemical components follow the following recommendations with
great caution. Stay away from heat, heat sources, sparks, open flame, and other sources of ignition.
Avoid smoking. Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source. Do not puncture or burn, even
after use. Do not breathe dust, smoke, gas, fog, fumes, aerosol. Use respiratory protection. If you have
inadequate ventilation, use breathing protection. Wear protective gloves. Avoid releasing it to the
environment.
6. To which of the engineering material families does expanded polyurethane belong? Record
its classification, applications and properties.
Polyurethanes are part of the so-called thermostable polymers, which are characterized by
having cross-linked polymer chains, forming a three-dimensional net that does not melt. This
differentiates them from thermoplastic polymers. In addition, polyurethanes irreversibly polymerize
with heat or pressure to form a rigid, hard mass. Polyurethanes are the best-known polymers for making
foams. But polyurethanes are more than foams. These polymers have a reticular structure based on
covalent bonds, with cross-linking of chains produced by heat or by a combination of heat and pressure
during the polymerisation reaction. Thermostable polymers are often obtained in the form of two liquid
resins.
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Thermostable polymers are often obtained in the form of two liquid resins. One contains curing
agents, hardeners and plasticizers, the other fillers and/or reinforcing materials that can be organic or
inorganic. When these two components are mixed, the cross-linking reaction is initiated, just as in others
it is initiated by heat and/or pressure. Because of this, thermosets cannot be reheated and recast like
thermoplastics. This is a disadvantage as the fragments produced during the process cannot be recycled
and used.
Urea
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Epoxis 28-103 0-6 2.8-3.4 1.25 Adhesivos, moldeados
eléctricos, matriz para
laminados aeronáuticos.
7. What is the procedure for removing the stain generated in the polyurethane foam?
This method is recommended if the recent and small stain, such as a drop. Remove all excess
expandable polyurethane using a thin board as a spatula. Soak a clean cloth in acetone* and touch the
stain until it disappears. Remove any remaining acetone with a cloth soaked in water. *When using
acetone, keep in mind that there are some materials, such as paint or some plastics, that are not
compatible with it.
If the stain is extensive it is better to let it dry, so as not to aggravate the problem if trying to
remove it we rub it even more. For tough metal surfaces: With the help of a cutter, cut dry foam as close
to the base as possible. Soak a scrubber in undiluted bleach and rub the stain vigorously until it
disappears. Don’t forget to put on gloves to handle the bleach. Wipe with a damp cloth to remove any
traces of dry foam and bleach.
For stains on delicate surfaces: Cut the leftover dry foam with a cutter. Impregnate a cloth in
dimethylformamide and moisten the stain. Wear neoprene gloves and goggles to handle the solvent.
Leave on for 5 minutes and then brush the area with a clean, dry cloth to remove the foam. Repeat the
process until the stain has disappeared
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Polyurethane foam is a good choice as a noise insulator, as it is an excellent acoustic insulator.
It achieves a great effectiveness in the absorption of noise and soundproofing of the house
According to a study by the Eduardo Torroja Institute of Construction Sciences, under the
Superior Council for Scientific Research, Science and Research (CSIC), its acoustic properties are
mainly due to its sealing capacity, which provides very good results in insulation from airborne noise,
no longer only in dwellings in urban centres, but also in discotheques, cafes, factories, and other places
where high noise levels are reached.
The durability of polyurethane will depend on the application and use of the product. For
example, under normal circumstances of wear and tear, a durability of more than 50 years can be
expected in insulating products for construction, more than 25 years in refrigerators, more than 20 years
in bumpers. Polyurethane normally outlasts the product in which it is used in terms of durability. [5]
High density polyurethane is a type of foam that has a higher level of rigidity, which is due to
its high density, which in turn maintains a good thermal insulation, high mechanical strength. They also
stand out for their light weight and easy machinability, on the other hand, the properties of low and
medium density polyurethane vary according to the density in a proportional relationship.
More specifically, when we talk about high density polyurethane foams, we should refer to
materials with more than 35 kg/m3, medium density foams would range from 25 to 30 kg/m3 and low-
density foams would be those with 10 to 23 kg/m3 density. [6]
Polyurethane foam has a good dimensional stability in a temperature range of -50ºC and +110ºC
and can reach 250ºC in short periods of time. [12]
* Drying time will depend on the type of surface, amount of product used, humidity level and
ambient temperature. [13]
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13. What are the characteristics of thermoplastic polyurethane?
14. List and explain the different types of polyurethane available on the market.
Foams
Its formulation is based on low hydroxyl number (OH) polyols combined with isocyanates of
low functional group (NCO) content, coupled with special propellants and a precisely measured amount
of water. The formula is stoichiometrically designed to achieve a fast curing material (foamed or not)
with a density between 10 and 80 kg/m³.
The most widely used applications in the flexible polyurethanes segment are the manufacture
of mattresses, pillows and seats for both the household industry (chairs and armchairs) and the industrial
industry (seats and seats for cars, buses, etc.). In this segment, foams of between 18-50 kg/m3 are
usually used. Other applications are in the packaging industry, where foams are used as anti-impact
protectors for packaging delicate parts. Their main characteristic is that they are open-cell and low
density (12-15 kg/m³).
Rigid polyurethanes of density 30-60 kg/m³ are widely used as thermal insulators. Their main
applications are thermal insulation of refrigerators, freezers, cold rooms and sheets for sheds and
industrial roofs (foam molded into a matrix). They are also used as projected thermal insulation for
industrial sheds already built (for example, to insulate farms where chickens, pigs, etc. are raised).
Flexible Foams
Flexible polyurethanes are mainly used in the manufacture of soft foams, elastomers and paints.
Their mechanical properties can vary greatly due to the use of different isocyanates or diols such as
polyethylene glycol. The addition of varying amounts of water causes the generation of a greater or
lesser amount of carbon dioxide, which increases the volume of the product in the form of bubbles, in
different ways depending on the case. Unlike natural sponges, these are usually materials with
somewhat more closed pores.
Solid materials
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Rigid non-porous or high-density polyurethanes (500-1200 kg/m³) are used to manufacture
automobile components, shoe soles, yacht parts, skateboard parts or furniture and decorated by injection
molding, casting or even RIM (Reaction Injection Molding) techniques. In copolymer form,
polyurethanes are also produced as fibers for the textile industry, such as elastane or lycra.
Liquid materials
Some polyurethanes are used in the manufacture of insulating paints, abrasion resistant coatings
or media insulating coatings, or glues or adhesives that are marketed in liquid form.
Industrial polyurethane
There are also single-component polyurethanes, formulated for ease of application, such as
those commonly used in the construction industry. [15]
15. What forms or procedures exist to apply polyurethane, record it with a picture of each
application procedure. a picture of each application procedure.
The projection of polyurethane requires a series of conditions, resources and knowledge for the
result to be professional. With its application a relevant energy saving is achieved, since it is an excellent
thermal insulation, as well as acoustic. Knowing how to project polyurethane correctly is key to achieve
maximum performance of the installation.
To achieve different performances, it can be applied in two ways: projection or injection. These
two types of polyurethane are a material applied in situ, which offers great advantages on site. [16]
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16. What can be done with polyurethane? Describe the different types of applications and uses.
Pressurized liquid has the property that it expands as it is applied. It starts as a viscous liquid,
and when it is injected into an empty space or sprayed on a surface, its volume begins to increase,
covering much more. It is because of this property that it is ideal for sealing.
Polyurethane foam is a soft and consistent material, the one we know in synthetic sponges. It
is an excellent filler for furniture as it has a fairly acceptable degree of firmness.
17. What are the monomers of polyurethane and what is the monomer formula?
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Polyurethane is a polymer obtained from hydroxyl bases combined with diisocyanates
(generally TDI or MDI). [15]
18. Does polyurethane foam suffer from any kind of degradation outdoors?
Rigid polyurethane foam applied in-situ by projection does not degrade outdoors. What's more,
it has excellent behavior against atmospheric agents such as water, wind or extreme temperature
variations.
The attack by exposure to UV rays results in a dusty and orange appearance on the surface of
the foam, which produces a decrease in thickness at a regime of 1 or 2 millimeters per year, depending
on the combined effect of rain and wind. [18]
Insulation systems help reduce or prevent energy losses in buildings, resulting in energy savings
and increased energy efficiency.
For this reason, they have acquired an essential role in the construction or renovation of
buildings that seek to have moderate energy consumption, such as passive houses or near-zero energy
buildings.
On the other hand, thanks to its excellent durability, it is most likely that it is not necessary to
replace polyurethane-based insulation throughout the life of the building, so it will be greater energy
and resource savings. [19]
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Polyurethane usually adheres perfectly to many materials that are generally used in construction
Polyurethane is an easy, fast and inexpensive way to insulate all kinds of spaces, including the
most difficult to access
Polyurethane is a very resistant material and stands out in the following aspects.
● Resistant to solvents normally used in adhesives, paints, bituminous pastes, wood preservatives
and sealant putty
● Resistant to aging, to the action of the roots, and is biochemically inert against fungi
● Is stable against fuels, mineral oil, diluted acids and alkalis
● Resists the action of exhaust gases or the most aggressive industrial atmosphere
● Is imputrescible (does not rot easily), stable against detritus (result of decomposition of a solid
mass) and odorless (no odor)
● It's chemically neutral [21]
They are known polyurethane paints that are made from urethane type resin, its main feature is
that it has excellent adhesive properties and dyes.
Using this type of paint can create a durable, uniform, and glossy coating. [22]
In soil two types of density are considered: apparent density and actual density.
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Apparent density (da): is the mass contained in a unit of volume of a soil sample as it is,
including the volume occupied by pores. To determine this, the weight of a given volume of wood dried
to stove is divided by that volume of soil, and the result is expressed in kg/m3
The apparent density of the soils varies depending on the texture and structure between 1,100
and 1,900 kg/m3.
Actual density (dr) is the density of solid soil particles. It is determined by dividing the weight
of the stove-dried floor by the volume occupied by the solids
The actual density of the most common mineral soils varies from 2,500 to 2,700 kg/m3.
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CONCLUSIONS
Polyurethane is one of the materials that we as engineers will use or see in any work and
social environment, a good material that lends itself to anything, so to speak. It is very good that we
learn about its properties, capabilities and most importantly the precautions and first aid that must be
provided for the health of the handler.
Polyurethanes, like all other plastics, are chemically polymeric chains of three-dimensional
structures formed by repeated links called polyol and isocyanate monomers. These monomers are
made up of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. To make the chains, said links are polymerized
by condensation, that is, they join each other.
Polyurethane is undoubtedly the material with which we live most in our daily lives, from the
moment we get up to the moment we go to sleep, so it is vital to know its origins, types and certainly
where it is used in the industry, in order to familiarize ourselves with it for a professional environment
nearby.
Many specific aspects were studied according to the polyurethane foam, in order to know how
to choose which one, in a situation of professional work or simply entrepreneurship in a field that we
believe relevant.
Through the help of didactic material such as videos, blogs and web pages we developed this
extensive laboratory, with the objective of understanding this material from all its daily ambits.
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REFERENCES
[1] Rai Pintores Industriales. (s. f.). QUÉ ES Y PARA QUÉ SIRVE LA ESPUMA DE
POLIURETANO. Raipintores. Retrieved 20 de febrero de 2021, from
https://www.raipintores.com/blog/espuma-poliuretano
[3] Atepa. (s. f.). Espuma de Poliuretano. Construmatica. Recuperado 20 de febrero de 2021,
de https://www.construmatica.com/construpedia/Espuma_de_Poliuretano
[5] Synthesia Technology. (2019, Julio 11). La durabilidad del poliuretano. La durabilidad
del
poliuretano y la durabilidad del edificio. Retrieved Febrero 23, 2020, from
https://blog.synthesia.com/es/durabilidad-del-poliuretano-edificios
[6] Obiform. (n.d.). Espumas de alta, media y baja densidad. Espumas de alta densidad.
Retrieved Febrero 22, 2020, from https://www.obiform.com/Espumas-alta-densidad.
[9] Unidad 15. Materiales Poliméricos y Compuestos. (s. f.). UPV. Recuperado 23 de
febrero de 2021, de https://www.upv.es/materiales/Fcm/Fcm15/fcm15_6.html
[11]I. (2019, 3 enero). La espuma de poliuretano como aislante acústico. aisla con
poliuretano! https://aislaconpoliuretano.com/el-poliuretano-en-nuestra-vida-el-aislamiento-
acustico/
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[13] Griffon.eu. (2016). Espuma de poliuretano. www.griffon.eu.
http://www.griffon.es/static/products/assets/asset_3632_5.pdf
[16] I. (2019b, agosto 27). Aprende cómo proyectar poliuretano correctamente. aisla
con poliuretano! https://aislaconpoliuretano.com/aprende-como-proyectar-poliuretano-
correctamente/#:%7E:text=Para%20conseguir%20un%20aislamiento%20%C3%B3ptimo,co
n%20tubos%20a%20la%20pistola.
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[20] I. (2016, 8 enero). El Poliuretano Proyectado aplicado sobre otros materiales.
aisla con poliuretano! https://aislaconpoliuretano.com/el-poliuretano-proyectado-aplicado-
sobre-otros-materiales/
[22] 5 pasos para lograr un acabado reluciente con pintura de poliuretano. (2021).
pintura de poliuretano. https://www.axalta.com/blog_mx/es_ES/repintado-
automotriz/proceso-repintado/como-lograr-acabado-con-
poliuretano.html#:%7E:text=Se%20le%20conoce%20como%20pintura,revestimiento%20dur
adero%2C%20uniforme%20y%20brillante.
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