RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING, AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES AND ALLIED SUBJECTS [34%, 6

hours]

LINKS
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q
I=
t
I = current, A
q = charge, C
t = time, sec

joule (J )
volt (V )=
coulomb(C)
*joule is a unit of energy

L
R=ρ
A
R = resistance, Ω
L = length of wire, m
A = cross-section area of wire, m2
ρ = resistivity, Ω-m

Rt = Ri (1 + αT)

Rt = resistance at a specified temperature, Ω

Ri = resistance at reference temperature, Ω
α = temperature coefficient of resistance, ℃
T = temperature difference between specified ad reference, ℃

E = IR
E = voltage, V
I = current, A
R = resistance, Ω

P = IE
P (1.3) = IE
P = power, W
I = current, A
E = voltage, V
1.3 = 30% standard motor power surge
 output power
eff = x 100
input power

W = IEt
W = energy, W
I = current, A
E = voltage, V
t = time, s

K h x no . of disk revolutions
Power usage (W −hr)=
time

P = EI x power factor
P = power, W (AC circuit)
E = voltage, V (rms)
I = current, A (rms)
θ = phase-shift angle

True power EI cos θ watts

cosθ = power factor = = =
Apparent power EI VA

Voltage drop = amperage x total length of wire x 2 wires x unit voltage drop
*5.26m2 copper wire, single phase, 100% pf, unit voltage drop is 0.00761 v/m-A

E
I=
Z
I = current, A
E = voltage, V
Z = impedance, Ω

XL = 2 πfL
XL = inductive reactance, Ω
f = frequency, Hz
L = inductance, H

Inductors in series: LT = L1 + L2 + …+ Ln
1 1 1 1
Inductors in parallel: = + +…+
L T L1 L 2 Ln

1
X c=
2 πfC
XC = inductive reactance, Ω
f = frequency, Hz
C = capacitors, F
 1 1 1 1
Capacitors in series: = + + …+
CT C 1 C 2 Cn

Capacitors in parallel: CT = C1 + C2 + …+ Cn

ZT =√ R +( X c −X L )
2 2

ET =√ E R +( E c −EL )
2 2

I S= √ I R +( I c −I L )
2 2

Pc x T o
Eo =
Wi
Eo = energy consumption, kWh/kg
Pc = power, W
T = time, h
W = weight, kg

9 bags of cement concrete volume

Bags of cement=safety factor x x x m length
3
m concrete m

bags of cement concrete volume

Budget=safety factor x x x unit cost
m3 concrete linear m

bags of cement concrete volume

Truck loads of material=safety factor x x x mlength
m 3 concrete linear m

1m3 concrete = 9 bags = 40 kg cement

1m3 concrete = 0.5m3 of sand

1m3 concrete = 1m3 gravel

Resisting moment
factor of safety=
Overturning moment

P
N=
MG

N = no. of heads
P = biogas production
M = manure production
G = specific gas production of the manure for a specific retention period
Amount = carbon cost per tonne x [(tonnes of carbon/year + 21 (tonnes of methane/year)]
*considering that methane is 21 times more destructive than carbon

16 T
Torsional stress= 3
πD

spacing distance
Spacing criterion =
mounting height

Lamp lumens per luminaire x CU x LLF

Maintained illumination=
Area per luminaire

F40 T12 WW = 3200 lumens

5
℃= ( ℉−32 )
9
K=℃+273.15
° R=℉ + 459.69
9
° R= K
5

Lx W x t
board foot=
12
L = length, ft *even length
W = width, inches
t = thickness, inches

PN
f=
120
f = frequency, Hz
P = number of poles
N = speed of rotation, rpm

Ww
% MC wb= x 100 %
W w +W d
MCwb = moisture content, wet basis
 Ww = weight of water
Wd = weight of dry matter

Ww
% MC db = x 100 %
Wd

MC wb
% MC db = x 100 %
100−MC wb

MC db
% MC wb= x 100 %
100 + MC db

W MR
%MR= x 100
Wp

%MR = milling recovery, %

WMR = weight of milled rice, %
WP = weight of paddy, kg
 # of CHB = pieces x layers
1 CHB = 20 x 40 cm

pieces wall height

¿ of reinforcement bars= =
layers CHB height

P1V1 = P2V2
9.8 QH
P=
Eff
P = power
Q = discharge
H = total pumping head

W
P=
T
P = input rate
W = weight
T = time

No. of gallons = A/coverage

∆T
Q=kA
∆x
 Q=hA ∆ T

4 4
Q=εσ (T 2 −T 1 )

Q=mC p ∆T