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    U1 M2 PHYS Formula Sheet

    Uploaded by

    David-Benjamin Ogilvie
    This document provides information on oscillations and waves, including: 1) Equations for simple harmonic motion involving displacement, velocity, acceleration, period, frequency, and energy. 2) Properties of waves such as period, frequency, wave speed, particle speed, and intensity. 3) Formulas for stationary waves in open and closed pipes, laws of reflection and refraction, and the refractive index. 4) Concepts related to sound including intensity, sound level, and the physics of the ear. 5) Optics topics like lens power, lens equations, magnification, and distance and orientation conventions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    U1 M2 PHYS Formula Sheet

    Uploaded by

    David-Benjamin Ogilvie
    29 views4 pages
    This document provides information on oscillations and waves, including: 1) Equations for simple harmonic motion involving displacement, velocity, acceleration, period, frequency, and energy. 2) Properties of waves such as period, frequency, wave speed, particle speed, and intensity. 3) Formulas for stationary waves in open and closed pipes, laws of reflection and refraction, and the refractive index. 4) Concepts related to sound including intensity, sound level, and the physics of the ear. 5) Optics topics like lens power, lens equations, magnification, and distance and orientation conventions.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    This document provides information on oscillations and waves, including: 1) Equations for simple harmonic motion involving displacement, velocity, acceleration, period, frequency, and energy. 2) Properties of waves such as period, frequency, wave speed, particle speed, and intensity. 3) Formulas for stationary waves in open and closed pipes, laws of reflection and refraction, and the refractive index. 4) Concepts related to sound including intensity, sound level, and the physics of the ear. 5) Optics topics like lens power, lens equations, magnification, and distance and orientation conventions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views4 pages

    U1 M2 PHYS Formula Sheet

    Uploaded by

    David-Benjamin Ogilvie
    This document provides information on oscillations and waves, including: 1) Equations for simple harmonic motion involving displacement, velocity, acceleration, period, frequency, and energy. 2) Properties of waves such as period, frequency, wave speed, particle speed, and intensity. 3) Formulas for stationary waves in open and closed pipes, laws of reflection and refraction, and the refractive index. 4) Concepts related to sound including intensity, sound level, and the physics of the ear. 5) Optics topics like lens power, lens equations, magnification, and distance and orientation conventions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CAPE PHYSICS UNIT 1 MODULE 2: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

    Harmonic Motion
    Equations of simple a = -ꞷ2x
    harmonic motion a – acceleration
    (SHM) ꞷ - angular frequency
    x – displacement

    x = A sin ꞷt (sine curve: oscillation begins at equilibrium


    point)
    x = A cos ꞷt (cosine curve: oscillation begins at maximum
    displacement)
    x – displacement
    A – amplitude
    ꞷ - angular frequency
    t – time

    v = -v0 cos ꞷt (cosine curve)


    v = -v0 sin ꞷt (sine curve)
    v – velocity
    v0 – maximum velocity
    ꞷ - angular frequency
    t – time

    v0 = ꞷA

    v2 = ꞷ2(A2 – x2)
    2𝜋
    T=
    𝜔
    T – period
    ꞷ - angular frequency

    ꞷ = 2πf
    ꞷ - angular frequency
    f – frequency

    Mass spring oscillator (vertical)


    𝑘
    𝑎=− 𝑠 𝑥
    𝑚
    𝑚
    𝑇 = 2𝜋√
    𝑘
    where m – mass
    ks, k – spring constant

    Mass spring oscillator (horizontal)


    𝑚
    𝑇 = 2𝜋√
    𝑘

    ½kA2 = ½kx2 + ½mv2

    EK = ½mꞷ2 (A2 – x2)

    When x = 0,
    ∴ ET = EK = ½mꞷ2A2
    EP = ½mꞷ2x2

    where EK – kinetic energy


    EP – potential energy
    ET – total energy

    Simple pendulum
    𝑔
    a = - ( )𝑥
    𝐿
    𝐿
    T = 2π√
    𝑔
    where g – acceleration due to gravity
    L – length
    Properties of Waves
    Period of a wave, T 𝑡
    T=
    𝑛

    1
    T=
    𝑓

    where
    n – number of oscillations
    t – time
    𝑛
    Frequency of a wave, f f=
    𝑡

    1
    f=
    𝑇

    where
    n – number of oscillations
    t – time
    Wave speed, v v=fλ
    Particle speed, vP vP = v0 sin ꞷt
    Wave intensity, I I = qA2 Watt per metre
    q – constant squared (W m-2)
    A – amplitude
    Harmonic mode 𝑛
    L = ( ) 𝜆𝑛
    formulae 2
    𝑣
    fn = n( )
    2𝐿
    where
    f – frequency
    L – length
    n – harmonic mode number
    v – velocity
    Formulae for Pipes open at both ends
    stationary waves in 𝑣
    𝑓 = 𝑛( )
    open pipes 2𝐿
    2𝐿
    𝜆=
    𝑛

    Pipes open at one end


    𝑣
    𝑓=𝑛 ( )
    4𝐿
    4𝐿
    𝜆=
    𝑛
    Laws of reflection 1. 𝑖̂ = 𝑟̂
    𝑖̂ – angle of incidence
    𝑟̂ – angle of reflection
    2. The incident ray, the reflected
    ray and the normal to the
    reflecting surface at the point
    of incidence are all in the same
    plane.
    Laws of refraction sin 𝑖̂
    1. = constant
    sin 𝑟̂
    𝑖̂ – angle of incidence
    𝑟̂ – angle of refraction

    2. The incident ray, the refracted


    ray and the normal at the point
    of incidence are all in the same
    plane.
    Refractive index, n sin 𝜃1 𝜆1 𝑣1
    𝑛= = =
    (Snell’s law) sin 𝜃2 𝜆2 𝑣2
    θ1 – angle of ray in medium 1
    (angle of incidence)
    θ2 – angle of ray in medium 2
    (angle of refraction)
    λ1 – wavelength of wave in
    medium 1
    λ2 – wavelength of wave in
    medium 2
    v1 – speed of wave in medium 1
    v2 – speed of wave in medium 2

    n1sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
    where n1 – refractive index of medium 1
    n2 – refractive index of medium 2
    Critical angle, θc or c n1 sin c = n2
    Fringe separation Path difference in
    formulae metres (m)

    δ = nλ
    δ = a sin θ
    𝑛𝜆𝐷
    𝑦 ≈
    𝑎
    δ – path difference
    a – slit separation distance
    D – distance between slit and viewing screen
    Diffraction grating nλ = a sin θ
    formula n – fringe order number
    λ – wavelength
    θ – angle made by light with central fringe
    Physics of the Ear
    Sound intensity, I 𝑃 Watt per metre
    𝐼 =
    𝐴
    squared (W m-2)
    P – power
    A – area

    𝐸 1
    𝐼 = ( )( )
    𝑡 𝐴
    E – energy
    A – area
    t – time

    𝑃
    𝐼 =
    4𝜋𝑟 2
    P – power
    r – distance from source
    Sound level, β β = 10 log ( )
    𝐼 Decibel (dB)
    𝐼𝑜
    I – sound intensity
    I0 – threshold intensity of hearing
    Physics of the Eye
    Lens power, P 1 Dioptres (D)
    𝑃 =
    𝑓
    f – focal length
    Lens equations:
    1 1 1
    + =
    𝑢 𝑣 𝑓
    u – object distance
    v – image distance
    f – focal length

    ℎ𝑖
    Magnification, m 𝑚=
    ℎ𝑜
    hi – image height
    ho – object height

    ℎ𝑖 −𝑣
    𝑚= =
    ℎ𝑜 𝑢
    Distance conventions 1. Distances to real objects/images are positive
    2. Distances to virtual objects/images are negative
    Orientation 1. Upright heights are positive
    conventions 2. Inverted heights are negative

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