Inadequate Earthing Grounding in Distrib

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Vol. 9, No. 1 - January 2020 (Half Yearly Journal)
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CIGRE India Journal
Volume 9, No. 1 January 2020
CONTENTS
Page No
Editor’s Note 2
Articles
• Inadequate Earthing (Grounding) in Distribution Sector– Root Cause for Many Maladies
– Dr. Rajesh Kumar Arora 3
• Transformer Bushings: Current Technology Trends, Developments & it’s Relevance in
Monitoring of Bushings in Service – Pramod Rao, Nirav Patel, Keyur Shah, Gautam Nikam,
Laurent Vlesik and Boris Nisslé 13
• Power Quality Analysis in Power Distribution Network – Ashish Joshi and Gaurav Sharma 19
• Innovative Solutions Using Steel Tapered Poles for Utility – Dayanand Swamy Kuna 22
• Development of 1 MWh Battery Based Energy Storage System for Renewable Integration
– Deepak Gehlot, S. Eswara Rao, Ajay. K, Shoubhik Mukherjee, Prashant Jain and S. Gautam Kumar 26
Activity of the Society 31
CIGRE Members from India in 2019 58
Technical Data 67
News 69
Editorial Advisory Board • Dr. Konstantin O. Papailiou, CEO, PFISTERER Holding

• I.S. Jha, President, CIGRE-India & Hon’ble Member, AG and Chairman of CIGRE SC B2 on Overhead Lines
CERC • Ivan De Mesmaeker, Swedan, Former Chairman CIGRE
SC B5 on Protection & Automation
• R.P. Sasmal, Former Director, POWERGRID & Chairman
Tech, CIGRE-India Editors
• N.N. Misra, Former Director (Opn.), NTPC & Vice-Chairman • V.K. Kanjlia, Secretary & Treasurer, CIGRE India &
(Tech.) CIGRE-India Secretary, CBIP
• P.P. Wahi, Director Incharge CIGRE India & CBIP
• A.K. Gupta, Director, NTPC, & Vice President, CIGRE-
India Associate Editor
• Prof. S.C. Srivastava, Deptt. of Elect. Engg. IIT, Kanpur • Vishan Dutt, Chief Manager, CIGRE India & CBIP
• Philippe Adam, Secretary General, CIGRE HQ, Paris All communications to be addressed to:
• Amitabh Mathur, Former Director, BHEL The Secretary & Treasurer
CIGRE India
• Dr. Mohinder S. Sachdev, University of Saskatchewan, CBIP Building, Malcha Marg
Canada Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110021
Disclaimer : The statements and opinions expressed in this journal are that of the individual authors only and
not necessarily those of CIGRE-India.
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Editor’s NotE
CIGRE the International Council on Large Electric Systems founded in 1921, is leading worldwide
Organization on Electric Power Systems, covering technical, economic, environmental, organisational
and regulatory aspects. It deals with all the main themes of electricity. CIGRE is the unique worldwide
organization of its kind - 14,000 equivalent members in around 90 countries. CIGRE is focused on
practical technical applications. The main aim of CIGRE is to facilitate and develop the exchange of
engineering knowledge and information, between engineering personnel and technical specialists
in all countries as regards generation and high voltage transmission of electricity. CIGRE achieves
its objective through the 16 Study Committees, each consisting of about 30 members from different
countries. It is a matter of pride for India that we are representing in all the 16 Study Committee
of CIGRE.
V.K. Kanjlia Besides National Committees in about 60 Countries CIGRE has also constituted its regional chapters
Secretary & Treasurerin the world. The chapter created for Asia is named as CIGRE-AORC (Asia Oceans Regional
CIGRE India Council). CIGRE-AORC is a forum for sharing experience and knowledge regarding pertinent
technical issues particularly those affecting power systems in the Asia-Oceana Region. The countries
from Asia Oceana Region, who are associated with the forum are Australia, China, Cambodia, Gulf Cooperative Council,
Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Taiwan and Thailand.
It is a matter of great honour for India that CIGRE AORC has been chaired by India during 2016-2018. Dr. Subir Sen, ED,
POWERGRID was Chairman and Shri P.P. Wahi, Secretary of CIGRE AORC for two year during 2016-18.
CIGRE (India) has been in the administrative Council of CIGRE since 1970 and got seat in Steering Committee in 2018.
CIGRE India functions as the National Committee, for CIGRE HQ (Paris). The CIGRE (India) coordinates interest of Indian
members; organises National Study Committee (NSC) meetings. It recommends appropriate persons for CIGRE Study
Committees. The National representatives are instrumental in providing feed back to CIGRE Study Committees at Paris.
The aims and objectives for which the committee, i.e., CIGRE (India), is constituted, is to implement and promote objectives
of the International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRE) and accelerate its activities, which include the interchange
of technical knowledge and information between all countries in the general fields of electricity generation transmission
at high voltage and distribution etc.
All-out efforts are being made to increase the CIGRE membership and activities in India. CIGRE India has regularly been
making efforts to invite various CIGRE study committees and their working groups to hold their meeting in India. We in
the recent past have already hosted SC D2 on Information and telecommunication in 2013; SC B4 on HVDC - in 2015
and SC B1 on HV Insulated cables in 2017 in India. In the Year 2019 we have hosted four Study Committees SC A1 on
Rotating Electrical Machines in Sept. 2019 & SC A2; SC B2 & SC D1 on Transformers, Overhead Lines and Materials &
test techniques respectively in Nov. 2019. This is done with the aim to provide opportunities to professional to exchange &
share views / knowledge with international experts. For the year 2021 we have already got approval from CIGRE to host
study Committee B5 on Power System protection & SC A3 on high voltage equipment’s. There was excellent participation
from India in CIGRE session 2018 at Paris. Total 22 papers were presented and more than 150 officers from India including
CEOs & Sr. Officers from various PSUs, State Electricity Corporation and various Regulatory Commissions participated
in CIGRE session 2018 besides six exhibitors.
For CIGRE Session 2020, CIGRE India received 240 Abstract for consideration. Out of the 45 Abstracts were recommended
to CIGRE HQ for their consideration 37 abstracts have accepted.
The Membership of CIGRE from India is also on the rise and in the year 2018 we achieved membership count to 827 Nos.
and the same was maintained for 2019 also.
We are bringing out this Journal on half yearly basis. The last issue was published in the month of July 2019.
This issue covers the informative and useful technical articles and statistical data on the subject.
I am thankful to the Governing Council and the Technical Committee of CIGRE-India for their valuable time and guidance, but
for which, it would not have been possible to achieve the above significant progress, appreciated by CIGRE HQ Paris.
I am also thankful to all the senior experts from India and abroad and also to one and all who have supported in the past
to realize the goal set forth for CIGRE India and expect the similar support in future too.
V.K. Kanjlia
Secretary & Treasurer CIGRE India
Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020 2

inadequate Earthing (Grounding) in distribution sector
– root Cause for Many Maladies
Dr. Rajesh Kumar Arora

Delhi Transco Limited
ABSTRACT
Earthing facilitates the efficient and quick operation of protective relays in case of any earth fault and
provides safety to costly equipments as well as working personnel. This paper presents the basics, types
and purposes of earthing system. A low voltage (LV) distribution system may be identified according to
its earthing system. These are defined using the five letters T (Direct connection to earth), N (Neutral), C
(Combined), S (Separate) and I (Isolated from earth). Paper provides information about applications and
importance of different system of earthing like TT, IT, TN-S, TN-C, TN-C-S. The paper also highlights the
importance of grounding in the distribution system.
Keywords : Earthing (Grounding), Low Voltage Distribution System, System Earthing, Protective Earth
(PE), PEN Conductor, Step & Touch Potential, GPR.
1. INTRODUCTION
The process of transferring the immediate discharge
of the electrical energy directly to the earth by the help
of the low resistance wire is known as the electrical
earthing. The electrical earthing is done by connecting
the non-current carrying part of the equipment or neutral
of supply system to the ground.
Every building, equipments, power plants, substation
facilities included in electricity require earthing
(grounding), either directly or through grounding system, Fig. 1 : Electrical System without Earthing
the main objective of doing earthing in electrical network
is safety.
But when the neutral for any system is not connected
with the earth then it will be known as electrical system
without earthing as depicted in Fig. 1.
Mostly, the galvanised iron is used for the earthing.
The earthing provides the simple path to the leakage
current and fault current in the system. The short-circuit
current of the equipment passes to the earth which
is assumed to have zero potential. Thus, protects the Fig. 2 : Electrical System with Earthing
system equipments and personnel working with these
equipment from damage as well as shock current as The system earth resistance should be such that which
shown in Fig. 2. any fault occurs against which earthing is designed to
give protection, the protective gear will operate to make
Earthing is not likely to reduce the total magnitude of over the faulty main or plant harmless. In most cases, such
voltages produce by lightening or switching surges, it can operation involves isolation of the faulty main or plant,
however mitigate the possibilities of excessive voltage for example by circuit breaker or fuses.
stress on the phase to ground insulation of particular
phase. Distribution Transformer is the key element in the
distribution system where the neutral point of the system
is grounded. This transformer with the help of distribution
lines distributes the electricity to the consumers. The
actual picture of distribution transformer and role of
3 Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

4 CIGRE India Journal
DT in distribution system are shown in Figure 3 and 4 2.2 Equipment Earthing (Grounding)
respectively. Such type of earthing is provided to the electrical
equipment. The non-current carrying part of the
equipment like their metallic frame is connected to the
earth by the help of the conducting wire as shown in Fig.
5. If any fault occurs in the apparatus, the short-circuit
current to pass the earth by the help of wire. Thus, protect
the system from damage.
3. IMPORTANCE / PURPOSE OF EARThING

The main objective / purpose of earthing are:
 To Protect the workers who regularly come in contact
with electrical devices that might give them a shock.
Fig. 3 : Distribution Transformer
 To keep the voltage of the device constant in the
healthy phase in case of single of single phase to
ground fault.
 A good grounding path which has a low impedance
value ensure that faults in the electrical path are
cleared quickly. If the faults stay within the system
for a long time, they can pose a serious threat to the
stability of the system.
 Many modern electronic devices generate a form
Fig. 4 : Role of Distribution Transformer in Distribution of ‘electrical noise’ that can cause damage to the
Network device and reduce its efficiency, unless the device
is property grounded.
2. TyPES OF ElECTRICAl EARThING  Surge protection device function better with the help
(GROUNDING) of proper grounding.
The electrical equipment mainly consists of two non-  Malfunctioning electric devices often leak electricity,
current carrying parts. These parts are neutral of the which has the potential to start a fire if not redirected
system or frame / support structure of the electrical safely.
equipment. From the earthing of these two non-current The main objective of grounding electrical systems is to
carrying parts of the electrical system, earthing can be provide a suitably low resistance path for the discharge
classified into two types: of fault current which ultimately provide safety to
1. Neutral Earthing working personnel and costly installed equipments in
2. Equipment Earthing the substation. The flow of heavy fault current results in
rise of potential in the substation area and with respect to
2.1 Neutral Earthing (System Grounding) remote ground. There is need to ensure that the ground
In neutral earthing, the neutral of the system is directly potential rise, and touch and step voltages are within
connected to earth with the help of some metallic permissible limits.
conducting wire. The neutral earthing is also called the 4. R O l E O F A D E Q U AT E E A R T h I N G I N
system earthing. Such type of earthing is mostly provided PREVENTION OF hAZARDS
to the system which has star winding. For example, the
neutral earthing is provided in the generator, transformer, In order to understand the role of adequate earthing
motor etc as shown in Fig 5. design, abstract of IS 3043 are given below:
4.1 Basic Objective of System Earthing
 Earthing of system is designed primarily to preserve
the security of the system by ensuring that the potential
on each conductor is restricted to such a value that is
consistent with the level of insulation applied.
 From the point of view of safety, it is equally
important that earthing should ensure efficient and
fast operation of protective gear in the case of earth
faults.
Fig. 5 : Neutral and Equipment Earthing
Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

Inadequate Earthing (Grounding) in Distribution Sector – Root Cause for Many Maladies 5
 The system earth-resistance should be such that, fire or explosion. The total impedance of the fault circuit
when any fault occurs against which earthing is including the grounding conductor should also permit
designed to give protection, the protective gear will the required current amplitude to cause operation of the
operate to make the faulty main or plant harmless. In protective system.
most cases, such operation involves isolation of the Preservation of System Performance : The earthing
faulty main or plant, for example, by circuit-breakers conductor must return the ground fault current on a
or fuses. circuit without introducing enough additional impedance
to an extent that would impair the operating performance
of the over current protective device, that is, a higher
than necessary ground-circuit impedance would be
acceptable if there is no impairment of the performance
characteristics of the protective system.
Picture of fire of distribution transformer is shown in
Figure 7.
Fig. 6 : Earthing Layout of Distribution Transformer
4.2 Equipment Earthing

The basic objectives of equipment grounding are:
 to ensure freedom from dangerous electric shock
voltages exposure to persons in the area;
 to provide current carrying capability, both in
magnitude and duration, adequate to accept the
ground fault current permitted by the over current
protective system without creating a fire or explosive Fig. 7 : Distribution Transformer on Fire
hazard to building or contents; and
 to contribute to better performance of the electrical 5. UNGROUNDED AND GROUNDED NEUTRAl
system. SySTEM
Generally earthing of neutral point of the transformer and
Neutral and equipment earthing of distribution transformer
the generator is called the system earthing. Now, if the
are shown in Figure 6.
neutral point for any system is connected to the earth
Further, let us try to understand the above concepts as then it will be called grounded system.
follow :
But when the neutral for any system is not connected
Voltage Exposure : When there is unintentional contact with the earth then it will be called ungrounded system
between an energized electric conductor and the metal as shown in Figure 8. Connecting the neutral point to the
frame or structure that encloses it or is adjacent, the earth through a resistance means resistance earthing
frame or structure tends to become energized to the and reactance earthing means connecting the neutral
same voltage level as exists on the energized conductor. point to the earth through a resistance. When the neutral
To avoid this appearance of this dangerous, exposed point connected to the earth directly it will call solidly
shock hazard voltage, the equipment grounding grounded as shown in Figure 9.
conductor must present a low impedance path from
the stricken frame to the zero potential ground junction.
The impedance should also be sufficiently low enough
to accept the full magnitude of the line-to-ground fault
current without creating an impedance voltage drop large
enough to be dangerous.
Avoidance of Thermal Distress : The earthing conductor
must also function to conduct the full ground fault current
(both magnitude and duration) without excessively raising
the temperature of the earthing conductor or causing
the expulsion of arcs and sparks that could initiate a Fig. 8 : Ungrounded Neutral System

5.1 Disadvantage of Ungrounded Neutral Earthing 6. EARThING SySTEM FOR lV NETWORK

System A low voltage (LV) distribution system may be identified
 System Voltage Increase: When the earth fault according to its earthing system. These are defined
occurs in line then the potential of the faulty phase using the five letters T (direct connection to earth), N
becomes equal to ground potential. However, the (neutral), C (combined), S (separate) and I (isolated
voltages of the two remaining healthy phases rise from earth). The first letter denotes how the transformer
from their normal phase voltages to full line value. neutral (supply source) is earthed while the second letter
This may result in insulation breakdown. denotes how the metal work of an installation (frame) is
 Protection Complicacy: In this system earth fault earthed. The third and fourth letters indicate the functions
is not easy to sense and troubleshoot will become of neutral and protective conductors respectively.
complicated. There are three possible configurations.
 Arcing Ground: Sudden temporary fault can caused TN: transformer neutral earthed, frame connected to
by failing of a branch creates an arc between the neutral.
overload line and the ground. Arc extinguished and
 The TN system includes three sub-systems: TN-C,
can re strike in a repeated regular manner. This is
TN-S and TN-C-S
called arcing ground.
 TT: transformer neutral earthed and frame earthed.
 Static Induced Voltage: Over voltage due to the
static induced charges are not conducted to the  IT: unearthed transformer neutral, earthed frame.
earth.
6.1 TN Earthing System
In a TN earthing system, the supply source (transformer
neutral) is directly connected to earth with one or more
conductors and all exposed conductive parts of an
installation are connected to the neutral or protective earth
conductor. The three sub-systems in TN earthing system
are described below with their key characteristics.
6.1.1 TN-C Earthing System

Fig. 9 : Grounded Neutral System TN-C system has the following features:
5.2 Advantage of Grounded Neutral Earthing  Neutral and protective functions are combined in
System a single conductor throughout the system. (PEN -
Protective Earthed Neutral).
 The System Voltage Will not Increase in Case of
Ground Fault: When the healthy line of a grounded  The supply source is directly connected to earth
system i.e earthed the voltage of the healthy line will and all exposed conductive parts of an installation
not increase w.r.t. earth as in the case of ungrounded are connected to the PEN conductor as shown in
earthing system. Fig. 10.
 Arcing Grounds are Eliminated: If the neutral point
of the system is earthed then the distribute capacitive
current from the lines to earth will neutralized by the
current from the neutral point to earth and the arcing
grounds will eliminated.
 It will be a stable neutral point.
 Life of the insulation will increase.
 It will give general safety to personnel and the
equipments due to operation of the fuses.
 Over voltage due to sudden lightning will discharged
to the earth.
Fig. 10 : TN-C Earthing System
 Earth fault relaying will relatively simple.
Advantages of TN-C Earthing System

 Earth fault loop impedance of TN-C earthing system  It does not requires earth electrode at site
is low.  TN-S earthing system could work with simple over
 It does not requires earth electrode at site. current protection.
 It is economical. Disadvantages of the TN-S Earthing System
Disadvantages of the TN-C Earthing System  Low power factor (high inductance of long cable)
 TN-C earthing system is least safest as compared  Requires extra equal potential bonding.
to other earthing systems  On occurrence of an insulation fault, the short-circuit
 TN-C system is less effective for Electromagnetic current is high and may cause damage to equipment
Compatibility (EMC) problems. or electromagnetic disturbance.
 A fault in the LV network may cause touch voltages
at other LV customers.
6.1.2 TN-S Earthing System

TN-S System has the following features:
 A TN-S System has separate neutral and protective
conductors throughout the system.
 The supply source is directly connected to earth.
All exposed conductive parts of an installation are
connected to a protective conductor (PE) via the Fig. 12 : TN-C-S Earthing System
main earthing terminal of the installation as shown
6.1.3 TN-C-S Earthing System
in Fig. 11.
TN-C-S earthing system has the following features:
 Neutral and protective functions are combined in
a single conductor in a part of the TN-C-S system.
The supply is TN-C and the arrangement in the
installation is TN-S as depicted in Fig. 12.
 Use of a TN-S downstream from a TN-C.
 All exposed conductive parts of an installation
are connected to the PEN conductor via the main
earthing terminal and the neutral terminal, these
Fig 11 (a) : TN-S Earthing System terminals being linked together.
This type of distribution is known also as protective
multiple earthing and the PEN conductor is referred to
as the combined neutral and earth (CNE) conductor.
The supply system PEN conductor is earthed at several
points and an earth electrode may be necessary at or
near a consumer’s installation.
Advantages of TN-C-S Earthing System

 This system is a safe system
 This system is less expensive
Disadvantages of the TN-C-S Earthing System

Fig. 11 (b) : TN-S Earthing System In the TN-C-S system, the TN-C (4 wires) system
must never be used downstream of the TN-S (5 wires)
Advantages of TN-S Earthing System system, since any accidental interruption in the neutral
 Earth fault loop impedance is low on the upstream part would lead to an interruption in
the protective conductor in the downstream part and
 TN-S is the safest system therefore a danger.
 Electromagnetic interference is low

6.2 TT Earthing System

In this system, the supply source has a direct connection
to earth. All exposed conductive parts of an installation
also are connected to an earth electrode that is electrically
independent of the source earth as shown in Fig. 13. The
fault loop impedance is higher, and unless the electrode
impedance is very low indeed.
Fig. 14 (a) : IT Earthing System
Advantages of IT System
The main advantages of IT system are the followings;
 It improves the energy availability: this is interesting
Fig. 13 : TT Earthing System for applications where a loss of electricity supply can
cause a risk to people (in hospitals for example), or
Advantages of TT System
a financial risk (for some process in industry).
 No risk of failure and suitable for premises where all  It can also eliminate the risks of fire or explosions in
AC power circuits are residual current device (RCD) case of insulation fault, as the faulty current is very
protected. low.
 Faults in the LV and MV grid do not migrate to other  It will increase electrical device life time, as
customers in the LV grid. faulty current is low, it causes less stress on the
 Simple earthing of the installation and the easiest to equipment.
implement.  Finally, it is possible to do preventive maintenance on
Disadvantages of the TT Earthing System the IT installation. Through the permanent insulation
 Each customer needs to install and maintain its own monitor device, we can detect insulation drops before
ground electrode. Safety and protection depends they become insulation faults.
on the customer, thus complete reliability is not Disadvantage of IT System
assured.
 This system experience repeated arcing grounds.
 High over voltages may occur between all live parts
and between live parts and PE conductor.  Insulation failure occurs during single phase to
ground faults.
 Possible overvoltage stress on equipment insulation
of the installation.  Earth fault protection for unearthed system is
difficult.
6.3 IT System Earthing  Voltage due to lightning surges do not find path to
In this system, the supply source is either connected earth.
to earth through deliberately introduced high earthing
impedance (Impedance earthed IT system) or is
isolated from earth. All exposed conductive parts of
an installation are connected to an earth electrode as
shown in Fig. 14.
The conductive parts including metal body of the
installations are connected to earthed through one or
more local earth electrodes. These local electrodes
do not have any direct connection to the source. It is
pertinent to mention here that single phase IT system
shown in Fig. 14 is not used in India.
Fig. 14 (b) : IT Earthing System

7. COMPARISON OF All EARThING SySTEMS at site, PE conductor cost, etc. has been carried out as
Comparison of all earthing systems based on earth fault follows (Table 1):
loop impedance, RCD preferred, need earth electrode
Table 1 : Comparison of all Earthing Systems

EARThING SySTEM CONDITIONS TN-C TN-S TN-C-S TT IT
1. Earth Fault Loop Impedance (EFLI) Low Low Low High Highest
2. RCD Preference No Optional Optional Yes N.A.
3. Need of Earth Electrode at Site No No Optional Yes Yes
4. PE Conductor Cost Least Highest High Low Low
5. Risk of Broken Neutral Highest High High No No
6. Safety Least safe Safest Safe Safe Less safe
7. Electromagnetic Interference High Low Low Least Least
8. Safety risks Broken Broken Broken High loop Double
neutral neutral Impedance fault, over
Neutral
(step voltages) voltage
We may also refer the Figure 15 to understand the protection system involved in three types of earthing system.
Fig. 15 : Protection Tripping in Different Earthing Systems

8. CONCEPT OF GPR STEP AND TOUCh potential in the substation. This transferred potential is a
POTENTIAl hazard to people and equipment outside the substation.
In electrical engineering, earth potential rise (EPR) also Various dangerous potential which may be encountered
called ground potential rise (GPR) occurs when a large in any substation are depicted in Figure 16.
current flows to earth through an earth grid impedance.
The potential relative to a distant point on the Earth is
highest at the point where current enters the ground, and
declines with distance from the source. Ground potential
rise is a concern in the design of electrical substations
because the high potential may be a hazard to people
or equipment.
The change of voltage over distance (potential gradient)
may be so high that a person could be injured due to
the voltage developed between two feet, or between
the ground on which the person is standing and a metal
object. Any conducting object connected to the substation
earth ground, such as telephone wires, rails, fences, or Fig. 16 : Various Dangerous Potentials during Fault
metallic piping, may also be energized at the ground

Many factors determine the level of hazard, including:  Touch Potential : Touch potential is the touch
available fault current, soil type, soil moisture, temperature, voltage between the energized object and the feet of
underlying rock layers, and clearing time to interrupt a a person in contact with the object. It is equal to the
fault. difference in voltage between the object and a point some
An EPR event at a site such as an electrical distribution distance away. The touch potential or touch voltage could
substation may expose personnel, users or structures to be nearly the full voltage across the grounded object if
hazardous voltages. (Figure 17) that object is grounded at a point remote from the place
where the person is in contact with it. (Figure 18)
An engineering analysis of the power system under fault
conditions can be used to determine whether or not
hazardous step and touch voltages will develop. The
result of this analysis can show the need for protective
measures and can guide the selection of appropriate
precautions.
Fig. 18 : Illustrations of Step & Touch Potential

The more current that is pumped into the ground, the
greater the hazard. Fault clearing time is an important
factor to consider as well. The more time it takes the
electric utility company to clear the fault, the more likely
it is for a given level of current to cause the human heart
to fibrillate.
A few engineers believe that Fibrillation Current for Step
Potentials must be far greater than Touch Potentials, as
current will not pass through any vital organs in the former
case. This is not always true as personnel that receive
a shock due to Step Potentials may fall to the ground,
only to be hit again, before they can get up, when the
automatic re-closers activate.
The impact of step and touch potential may become the
cause of deaths of many living stock (animals) also as
depicted by Figure 19 .
Fig. 17 : Concept of ESP and Danger of Touch &

Step Potential
 Step Potential : Step potential is the step voltage
between the feet of a person standing near an energized
grounded object. It is equal to the difference in voltage,
given by the voltage distribution curve, between two Fig. 19 : Electrocution of Elephants in the Field
points at different distances from the electrode. A person how to Control hazardous Potentials: Several methods
could be at risk of injury during a fault simply by standing may be used to protect employees from hazardous
near the grounding point. (Figure 18) ground-potential gradients, including equipotential zones,
insulating equipment, and restricted work areas.

1. The creation of an equipotential zone will protect a

worker standing within it from hazardous step and touch
voltages. Such a zone can be produced through the
use of a metal mat connected to the grounded object.
Usually this metal mat (or ground mesh) is connected
to buried ground rods to increase contact with the earth
and effectively reduce grid impedance. In some cases, a
grounding grid can be used to equalize the voltage within
the grid. Equipotential zones will not, however, protect
employees who are either wholly or partially outside
the protected area. Bonding conductive objects in the
immediate work area can also be used to minimize the Fig. 20 : Accident Triangle & Pyramid of
voltage between the objects and between each object Prevention of Accidents
and ground. (Bonding an object outside the work area
can increase the touch voltage to that object in some The accepted minimum value of body resistance is 500
cases, however.) ohms for electric shock hazard analysis. Although the
resistance between hands with dry skin can range from
2. The use of insulating personal protective equipment, 5,000 to 50,000 ohms, punctured skin reduces the body
such as rubber gloves, can protect employees handling resistance to about that of salt water which is very low.
grounded equipment and conductors from hazardous Voltages above 240 volts readily penetrate dry skin,
touch voltages. The insulating equipment must be rated leaving a small, deep burn.
for the highest voltage that can be impressed on the
grounded objects under fault conditions (rather than for The maximum safe body current for short periods of
the full system voltage). time is given by Dalziel’s equation of IEEE-80 and is an
inverse function of time. Higher currents are permitted
3. Workers may be protected from hazardous step or for shorter periods of time. Shock durations, or human
touch voltages by prohibiting access to areas where exposure times for temporary personal protective
dangerous voltages may occur, such as within substation grounding applications are determined from typical 50/60
boundaries or areas near transmission towers. Workers Hz power system fault clearing time.
required to handle conductors or equipment connected
to a grounding system may require protective gloves The fault clearing time is based on typical protective
or other measures to protect them from accidentally relaying and circuit breaker operating time. Plants and
energized conductors. switchyards generally are protected by high-speed
current differential relays with faster operating times
In electrical substations, the surface may be covered compared to transmission lines employing zone distance
with a high-resistivity layer of crushed stone or asphalt. relaying.
The surface layer provides a high resistance between
feet and the ground grid, and is an effective method to 10. CONClUSION
reduce the step and touch voltage hazard. When a fault occurs in the distribution system, the
9. ElECTROCUTION TRIANG lE & SAFETy current will enter the earth. This heavy fault current will
EFFECTIVENESS PyRAMID develop hazard potential around earth electrode due to
distribution of varying resistivity in the soil near earth
In substation whenever fault occurs resulting in the flow electrode. The voltage drop in the soil surrounding the
of heavy current in the grounding system which may pose grounding system can present hazards i.e. Step and
problems of GPR, step and touch potential in the vicinity. touch voltage for personnel standing in the vicinity of
If the grounding system is not adequate may result in the grounding system.
the electrocution of the working personal or passerby.
The electrocution triangle and effectiveness of electrical Adequate designing of grounding system will help in
safety in any system are depicted in Fig. 20 : mitigating or eliminating fire and accident hazard.
It is very important for an electrical engineer to understand
the fundamental and importance of grounding system for
the safety of staff and installed equipments in the network.
Soil resistivity and proper measurement of resistivity &
interpretation of results are prime factors for accurate
designing of grounding system. Other important factors
are fault current, grid current, surface material resistivity

and type of protection system play crucial roles in the 5. CEA ‘Measures relating to Safety and Electric
effective designing of grounding system of substation. Supply’ and ‘Technical Standards for Construction of
Electrical Plants and Electrical Lines and Connection
From the information provided in this paper it can be
to Grid under Regulations 2010.
concluded that for LV system
6. Notes of Zero Sequence Earthing
 An improper grounding results in higher potential
being created in the equipment that can damage 7. R Kumar, K Bansal, D K Saini, I P S Paul,
equipment and pose safety threat to working “Importance and Need of Accurate Modelling of Soil
personnel. of High Voltage Substation for Optimal Designing of
Grounding System”, IJEC, 7(1), pp. 29-44, 2015.
 It can delay in clearing of faults that will result in
insufficient current flow. 8. Books of Power System by V K Mehta and C L
Wadhwa.
 The dangers of a fire caused by leaking electricity
are increased exponentially BIOGRAPhICAl DETAIlS OF ThE AUThOR
 It can cause reduction in the operational efficiency Dr. Rajesh Kumar Arora obtained the B.
of the machine. Tech. & Master of Engineering (ME) degrees
in Electrical Engineering from Delhi College
Besides above, the choice of earthing system depends
of Engineering, University of Delhi, India in
on the priority given to many aspects mentioned in Table
1999 and 2003 respectively. He completed
1 by the relevant distribution company and regulatory
his Ph.D. in grounding system design from
authority of county.
UPES, Dehradun. He is also certified Energy
REFERENCES Manager and Auditor. He has worked in 400 kV and 220
kV Substation for more than 14 years in Delhi Transco
1. IEEE Std. 80-2013, IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Limited (DTL). He has also worked as Deputy Director
Substation Grounding, New York, NY: IEEE (Transmission and Distribution) in Delhi Electricity
2. IEEE: 81: 1983, IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Regulatory Commission (DERC) for 03 years and 06
Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and Earth Surface months. He has also given his contribution in the OS
Potentials of a Ground System department of DTL for more than 2 years and rendered
3. Manual on,” Grounding of A C Power Systems,” his services in the SLDC of Delhi Transco Limited (DTL)
Publication No 302, C.B.I.P. New Delhi, Oct. 2007 also. Presently he is working in OS (Operation Services)
department of DTL. His research interests include
4. I.S.3043 Indian Standard Code of Practice for high voltage technology, grounding system, protection
Grounding. system, computer application and power distribution
automation.
save one unit a day

Keep power cut away

transformer Bushings: Current technology trends, developments
& it’s relevance in Monitoring of Bushings in service
Pramod Rao, Nirav Patel, Keyur Shah and Gautam Nikam
Yash Highvoltage Limited, India
laurent Vlesik and Boris Nisslé
Mgc Moser Glaser, Switzerland
ABSTRACT
Transformer Bushings are expected to be highly reliable components of Transformers. In the event of
Failure of Transformer Bushings, usually the result is downtime of several weeks of a power transformer
accompanied by financial losses & urgency to restore the system at the earliest. Majority of the Bushings in
service (for past many years) are Bushings with OIP (Oil Impregnated Paper) Insulation System. In India,
major usage of RIP (Resin Impregnated Paper) Insulated Bushings commenced in 2011-12 & recently in
2018 RIS (Resin Impregnated Synthetics) Insulated Bushings have been also introduced in Indian Grid.
OIP Bushings are well established up to 800 kV & RIP Bushings are now in use up to 420 kV and RIS
Bushings are reported to be available up to 245 kV. This paper reviews the Current Technology Trends.
In view of Various Insulation Technologies in use, it is essential to understand technical aspects of Insulation
Degradation Mechanism and their effects on Service Behaviour of Bushings. This paper describes these
aspects in detail. Tan Delta has been considered as a vital health monitoring parameter for OIP Bushings
& different utilities have adopted stringent limits for Tan Delta (when compared with IEC Limits of 0.007).
Data based evaluation & trend analysis of increase in Tan Delta gives a preliminary clue about Bushing
Health, however this needs to be supplemented by DGA Analysis of Oil Sample. This paper describes
it in detail.
For dry RIP & RIS Bushings, however Capacitance and Partial Discharges Monitoring reveals the
information about health of these Bushings. Tan Delta reveals status of pre-commissioning health.
This paper describes in detail, associated technical aspects to help identify more relevant/reliable and
safe practices for condition monitoring and interpretation of tests in case of dry RIP/RIS bushing fleet.
Described in detail are the difference in Tan Delta behaviour between OIP Bushings & RIP Bushings. The
experimentation results of Temperature Dependence of Tan Delta of OIP & RIP are shared in this paper.
Various site conditions which influence the Tan Delta measurements & the precautions to be taken to
prevent wrong conclusions are described .
Keywords : Transformer, Transformer Bushings, Condenser bushings, OIP, RIP, RIS, Tan Delta, Bushing
condition monitoring.
INSUlATION SySTEMS IN USE FOR BUShINGS Type Application Commenced in @ 2011. RIS (Resin
OIP (Oil Impregnated Paper): It’s use is reported since Impregnated Synthetics): This is a truly Paperless
1950 & OIP Bushing manufacturing Technology is Bushing (free of cellulose) and is also truly a Solid
now well established for past 70 years up to 800 kV Insulation System like RIP Bushings & it has been a fairly
rating. Majority of Bushings in service still have OIP recent development and it’s reported to be undergoing
as insulation. RIP (Resin Impregnated Paper): Truly a field trials since 2012. First trial of RIS Bushings in India
Solid Insulation System. The Popular RIP Bushings in is reported to have started in 2018-19. These Bushings
the market are free of Insulating Oil. Although RIP has are readily available up to 170 kV Rating, trial usage
been developed for other applications such as Insulated RIS Bushings is also reported up to 245 kV class. RBP
Busbars, the bulk usage of RIP for Bushings is reported The earlier type of RBP (Resin Bonded Paper) is not
from around 1970. Now the RIP Bushings are available discussed, as the Technology is now obsolete and the
up to 420 kV mainly for Air to Oil Type Application & few manufacturing of RBP Bushings has already stopped
RIP Bushings are also reported to be available even at & hence is not discussed in the Paper. Now let us look
800 kV Level and for Oil to Oil & Oil to SF6 Application. at some of the Current Technology Trends in Bushings
In India, the bulk use of RIP Bushings for Air to Oil using OIP, RIP & RIS Technologies;

OIP BUShINGS Direct Moulding of Silicon Sheds on Higher kV Class

The OIP Technology is a mature technology from the RIP Condenser Cores. Also, manufacturers are working
Product & Process Viewpoint. However, in view of on enhancing yield of first-time pass from the viewpoint
service experience, where some of the explosive failures of PD Performance. Another aspect on which some
of the OIP Bushings have caused severe damage to developmental activities are taking place is on how to
Transformer and surroundings, the main focus in OIP reduce the moisture absorption during handling, transport
Technology has been to enhance in-service reliability & storage, although usage of Oil Filled / Dry Gas Filled
of OIP Bushings. Some of the Product Features like tank on Oil end is more popular nowadays. For in-service
“Shatterproof Resin Moulded Oil End Insulator” have condition monitoring, for RIP Bushings the main focus
been used by most of the Bushing Manufacturers is on developing a low-cost on-line health monitoring
around the world. In order to avoid shattering of Air End device based on Capacitance Variation Method. For
Insulator, Bushings with Polymeric Insulators have been RIS Bushings the main efforts are in developing and
designed, type tested and also are reported to be in use. productionising Air to Oil Type Bushings higher than 170
However, such Bushings with Composite Insulators as kV Class. Also, close monitoring of RIS Bushings installed
Air End Insulator, are yet to become popular. Besides about 6-7 years back, is being done in order to find out
these product features, the focus has been to ensure whether any unknown problems need attention. This will
and enhance reliability of Condenser Core and Drying of decide the further evolvement of RIS Bushings.
Paper Insulation to minimise remaining Moisture Content. CONDENSER GRADING CONCEPTS
So also, the focus of the manufacturers has been to
ensure good quality oil (Dried and Degassed) is filled in In order to understand the basics of Health / Condition
the bushing. In order to correctly assess the Bushings’ monitoring, it is essential to look at the condenser grading
quality, IEC Standard has undergone significant changes, concepts. The sketch shows a Typical Electrical Field
such as Routine Impulse Testing of Bushings above 72.5 (Equipotential Lines) Configuration of Oil to Air Type
kV in IEC60137:2017, Routine AC HV Testing at higher Bushing (OIP/RIP/RIS). As can be seen the Condenser
voltage (i.e. 10% higher than Transformer Insulation Grading is required to control & uniformly distribute
Level). Also, some customers have made the Tan Delta electrical field along the Air End Insulator and Oil End
limits stringent (e.g. 0.4% instead of 0.7%). The major Insulator. The main function of Condenser Grading is also
focus has been to evolve Tests to identify defective to control Radial Voltage Stress inside the Condenser
bushing & remove it from service before it causes Core, so that the Insulation System can be optimally
explosive failure & damage to Transformer. Some such and compactly designed. The condenser grading is
offline tests have been Low Frequency Tan Delta, DGA achieved by placing Wider Aluminium Foils of different
of Oil. There are few installations in the world and in lengths at different diameter locations. Typically, in 145
India, where On-Line Monitoring of Bushing health also kV OIP Bushing around 30 Nos. of Grading Foils are
has been implemented. These will be discussed later in used and whereas in 145 kV RIP / RIS Bushings around
the paper. 15 Nos. of Grading Foils are used. The lesser number
RIP / RIS BUShINGS 100%
RIP Bushing usage for Transformer Application is now

nearing 50 years & the Product and Manufacturing Process
has been mastered by few reputed manufacturers.
The main technology trend is towards developing
and establishing manufacturing capabilities for higher
kV Class (>420kV) RIP Bushings for Air to Oil Type
Application. Around 1970, when the RIP Bushings were
manufactured there were several types of constructions
i.e. Porcelain Housing + Oil Filling or Porcelain Housing
+ Foam etc. However nowadays the RIP Bushings
0%
available are all with Silicon Housings, unless end user
specifically calls for use of Porcelain. There are two
types of constructions in use at present. The first type
uses Hollow Composite Insulator & Gap between RIP
Condenser Core and ID of Insulator is filled with Dry
Insulating Foam & in second type the Silicon Insulator
is directly moulded on RIP Core. The challenge is in 100%

Transformer Bushings: Current Technology Trends, Developments & it’s relevance in Monitoring of Bushings in Service 15
of Grading Foils in RIP/RIS Bushings is due to fact that used in RIS.

Resin Impregnation requires more space between paper/ IEC-60137-2017, specifies a Limit for Tan Delta of
synthetic films (arranged between aluminium foils). The 0.007 (Maximum) for OIP, RIP and RIS Bushings at
outermost Grading foil is connected to Test Tap & then temperatures of 10 & 40 Deg. Cent.
externally connected to earth.
TAN DElTA VS TEMPERATURE
CAPACITANCE & TAN DElTA OF BUShINGS
The Air to Oil Type Bushings are mounted on the
In OIP Bushings, Insulating Kraft Paper Layers are
Transformer Tank & Oil End Part is immersed in Hot Oil
tightly wound on the Central Pipe / Central Rod and
Inside the transformer and thus based on the Transformer
at predetermined Diameters, Condenser Grading
Load conditions, oil side of bushings in service are
Aluminium Foils are inserted at predetermined Locations.
continuously exposed to surrounding temperatures of 60
The Tight and Compact winding is achieved by winding
Deg. Cent. to 90 Deg. Cent. Whereas the factory tests
the condenser core on a machine, this is necessary
are carried out on Bushings at Ambient Temperatures.
to minimise the oil film thickness and thus attempt to
reduce adverse effects of Oil Ageing. Insulating Kraft Thus, it is important to understand and appreciate the
Paper thickness used is in the range 0.075 mm to 0.125 variation of Tan Delta with reference to Temperature of
mm & the grammage used typically in the range of 60 OIP, RIP and RIS Bushings & assess its performance at
GSM to 80 GSM. The grade & quality of Insulating test bed and also during service. Based on the extensive
Paper used decides the dielectric constant & hence the experiments carried out on prototypes of OIP & RIP
Capacitance Value and thus the Capacitance values Bushings, we are sharing our findings on Tan Delta vs
for same kV Class can vary between various different Temperature.
designs / manufacturers. Since the Condenser Cores are
tightly wound, it takes few weeks for drying of the paper OIP: Typical Tan Delta vs
insulation (i.e. Removal of Moisture) under heat (@100 Temperature
Deg. Cent.) & finer vacuums (finer than 0.05mBar). After
the drying is completed, the Condenser is impregnated by 0.006
use of well dried and degassed Mineral Insulating Oil. The
dried & degassed oil at room temperature has a Tan Delta 0.004
of ~ 0.001 and the total tan delta of OIP Condenser Core
is mainly decided by the grade of paper used and the 0.002
winding technique used. The paper to oil ratio (typically 0
around 100:10, based on the compactness of paper 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
winding) is a critical parameter to decide Capacitance &
Tan Delta. Typical Tan Delta values of OIP Bushings is Typical Tan Delta vs Temperature Characteristics of
in the range of 0.003 to 0.004. OIP Bushings is shown in the Graph. As can be seen
In RIP Bushings, Insulating Crepe Paper Layers are there is a variation in Tan Delta when the temperature
wound on Central Pipe / Central Rod and at predetermined is increasing. Lowest value is observed in between 20
Diameters, Condenser Grading Aluminium Foils are Deg. Cent. and 50 Deg. Cent.
inserted at predetermined Locations. The optimum
For OIP Bushings, the varying Moisture Content in Paper
winding tightness is ensured to achieve impregnation

Insulation (Balance after the Drying Cycle), the Tan Delta
by Resin Mix & also to ensure the Condenser Grading
is observed to be higher at Temperatures in excess of
Aluminium Foils stay in position during handling and
60 Deg. Cent. This is illustrated in the representative
during the process of Drying and Impregnation. The
typical paper to resin ratio is around 60:40. Since the 2,3%XVKLQJV
crepe paper winding is not as tight as Condenser Cores 7DQ'HOWDYV0RLVWXUH
for OIP, the drying (i.e. Moisture Removal) process is Ϭ͘ϬϭϮ
,QFUHDVHG0RLVWXUH&RQWHQW
shorter and lesser in time than ~ 50% of Condenser Ϭ͘Ϭϭ
Cores for OIP. The resin component itself has a relatively Ϭ͘ϬϬϴ
higher tan delta when compared with Oil. In view of higher Ϭ͘ϬϬϲ
resin content in RIP the Typical Tan Delta Values is in Ϭ͘ϬϬϰ
the range of 0.004 to 0.005 at room temperature. The Ϭ͘ϬϬϮ
only difference between RIP & RIS Bushings is, Crepe Ϭ
Paper is used in RIP whereas Synthetic Film is used in Ϭ ϮϬ ϰϬ ϲϬ ϴϬ ϭϬϬ ϭϮϬ
RIS. Thus, in case of RIS an elaborate drying of Paper
similar to OIP/RIP is not required as Synthetic Film is

graph given below;

RIP : Tan Delta vs Temperature
As can be seen, the higher the Moisture Content, the (Typical Manufacturing Variation)
Tan Delta can reach very high Tan Delta values at 0.008
Temperatures 60 to 90 Deg. Cent. and can result into 0.007

0.006
thermal runaway and cause OIP Insulation & ultimately 0.005
Bushing Failure. 0.004
0.003
In case of RIP Bushings, in view of the Inherent Resin 0.002
Material Characteristics, higher Tan Delta variation (when 0.001
compared with OIP) is observed w.r.t. Temperature, as 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
shown below;
Min Max
RIP : Typical Tan Delta vs Temperature

From the above description, it is essential that the users
0.008 seek the data of Tan Delta vs Temperature from the
Bushing Manufacturer and use it as a guidance during
0.006 health assessment based on site measurements. Also, it
0.004 can be concluded that for OIP Bushings, a Stringent limit
on Tan Delta such as 0.004 can be adopted, however
0.002 for RIP / RIS Bushings being Solid & has practically non
ageing insulation, Tan Delta limit does not need to be
0 stringent and limit of 0.007 can be adopted for RIP & RIS.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100110 So also, the variation in Tan Delta with Temperature has
to be given consideration while evaluating measurements
As can be seen from the graph, the RIP Bushing has carried out at Bushing Factory, Transformer Factory &
lowest Tan Delta value at Temperature of @ 60 Deg. Site Measurements.
Cent. The Tan Delta keeps increasing as Temperature
goes below 60 Deg. Cent. A similar Tan Delta behaviour CAPACITANCE VS TEMPERATURE
is reported in RIS Bushings also with slightly lower values Capacitance has a linear variation with temperature &
than in RIP Bushings. Based on statistical analysis of is mainly decided by variation of Composite Dielectric
data on variations in manufacturing processes of OIP & Constant variation with Temperature. The typical
RIP Bushings, below mentioned Minimum & Maximum variations of Capacitance of OIP, RIP & RIS are 0.025%
limits have been arrived at; per Deg. Cent. for OIP; 0.08% per Deg. Cent. for RIP &
0.03% per Deg. Cent for RIS. If we consider, a Bushing
OIP : Tan Delta vs Temperature
has a Capacitance Value of 350pF at 20 Deg. Cent., and
(Typical Manufacturing Variation)
if we estimate Capacitance at 50 Deg. Cent. based on
0.007
0.006
above Temperature Coefficients; in case of OIP Bushings
0.005 the Capacitance will be 352.6pF, for RIP Bushings it will
0.004 be 358. 4pF, for RIS Bushings it will be 353.2pF. Another
0.003 consideration is, if we have 50 nos. of Condenser Foils
0.002 for 245 kV Bushing (this means we have 50 capacitors
0.001
in series) & in case there is a puncture of one foil (i.e.
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 short of one capacitor), the change in capacitance
Min Max expected is approx. 350pF x 1/50 = 7pF. Thus, during
site measurements, we need to take into account
Temperature of Insulation at the time of Capacitance
measurement & change in capacitance caused by
puncture of one foil segment and then decide health and
status of Bushing. An easy method to decide whether
puncture or temperature effect caused the variation is to
compare similar bushings in similar conditions, typically
the 3 phases on a same transformer: same increase
on 3 phases is most probably due to temperature or
environment; variation on one phase is probably due to
a puncture.

Transformer Bushings: Current Technology Trends, Developments & it’s relevance in Monitoring of Bushings in Service 17
INSUlATION DEGRADATION IN SERVICE • Adverse Effects of Surface Contaminations on

As it has been reported in several technical papers Tan Delta measured at site. This effect is more
and confirmed by our experience, for OIP Bushings the pronounced for bushings of lower kV Classes (36 kV
Insulation Degradation is mainly caused by decrease in to 72 kV) and having been exposed to environmental
Insulation Resistivity caused by Moisture Ingress (caused condition for longer time.
by leakages thru sealing) & Contamination external to • Effect of Temperature at the time of measurement
Condenser Core (due to degradation of Oil). This causes at site. External ambient temperature may be lower,
increased resistive loss and thus increase in Tan Delta however the time gap between shutdown and
value. This results in increased dielectric heating thus measurement will decide the actual temperature of
further increase in Tan Delta & eventually breakdown condenser body & hence will affect results measured.
due to thermal runaway. PD (Partial Discharge) activities CIGRE Report 755 elaborates the method of
start in small segments but with periodic larger size assessing Actual Bushing Temperature.
discharges & these keep on increasing with time. As Tan Delta limits for New Bushings & for Bushings
the discharges increase, puncture holes of smaller size at Pre-commissioning and in Service
containing conducting path are created & these result in
increase of Capacitance Value. Thus, in OIP Bushings, New Bushings: IEC 60137 limits of Tan Delta for OIP,
all three parameters viz. “Capacitance”, “Tan Delta” & RIP & RIS Bushings of 0.007 (Maximum) between
“DGA” are important to be monitored. Whereas in case Temperatures of 10 & 40 Deg. Cent. is adopted by
of RIP/ RIS Bushings, the Insulation degradation takes most of the utilities in the world. This is due to the fact
place due to PD activity taking place over a smaller area that Tan Delta does not reflect healthiness of RIP &
in RIP / RIS Condenser Core. As PD Activities increase, RIS Bushings. Pre-Commissioning: In RIP Bushings,
tree like structure gets converted into small hole and as Condenser Core itself forms the Oil End Portion (similar
the discharges further increase, the hole size increases; in RIS Bushings). In view of Moisture Absorption by
ultimately resulting in creating a shorting / conducting RIP Condenser Core (i.e. by exposure of Oil End Part
path between two or more condenser foils. Thus, there is to ambient), there is an adverse effect on increase
an increase in Capacitance. The Condenser Core does of Tan Delta at pre-commissioning stage. Hence RIP
not have oil and hence does not interact with Oil like OIP Bushings are usually supplied fitted with Oil / Gas Filled
Bushings and thus no adverse effect on Tan Delta in case Metallic Containers fitted at Mounting Flange Level, to
of RIP/ RIS Bushings. In case of RIP / RIS Bushings, prevent the moisture absorption due to long exposures
during service Tan Delta remains steady and show to ambient. In case of OIP Bushings, there is a possibility
insignificant changes. Thus, for RIP/RIS, Capacitance of De-Impregnation (drying of OIP condenser core) if not
monitoring is an effective method. stored as per manufacturer’s recommendation. Hence,
some users follow the practice of vertical storage of OIP
hEAlTh MONITORING IN SERVICE Bushings to prevent the de-impregnation. To account for
In order to prevent Explosive failures of Bushings the difference between factory and site measurements, it
(causing severe damage to Transformers and is recommended to allow variation of +/-0.001 between
surroundings), health monitoring of Bushings has Factory and Pre-commissioning results at site and
gained significant importance. As reported in CIGRE comparable temperatures. This is aimed at taking into
Report 755 published in Feb-2019, about 83% of users account effects mentioned in above paragraphs. In
follow the Off-Line Diagnostic methods. About 96% Service: Tan Delta as a monitoring parameter is most
of these users still follow Capacitance & Tan Delta important for OIP Bushings and it is not important
measurement. The off-line diagnostic measurement monitoring parameter for RIP/RIS Bushings, as Tan
periodicity followed is between 2 & 4 years. Few of Delta remains steady during service. There can be two
critical aspects of measuring Capacitance & Tan Delta at methods of monitoring Tan Delta in service, first is the
Factory (Bushing & Transformer) vs Site Measurements absolute limiting value and second is the rate of increase
are listed below; of Tan Delta. Based on study of Technical Literatures
and our experience, limit of absolute Tan Delta as
• Factory measurements are more accurate due to 0.008 (and / or Double of Pre-Commissioning Value)
measurements in interference free environment is recommended for OIP Bushings. Rate of increase of
in shielded laboratory & use of loss free standard Tan Delta <0.0002 per year can be treated as healthy
capacitor. & however sudden increase of Tan Delta within two
• Site measurements are mainly dependent on readings from normal increase of 0.0002 to 0.001 should
characteristics of standard capacitor in the portable be treated as a sign of concern & as a “Warning” signal.
bridge & the measurement method used. Tan Delta measurements at Different Frequencies (15
Hz to 400 Hz at 2 kV or 4 kV): On account of difficulties

in correct assessment of Tan Delta in service based of Change of Tan Delta. Capacitance Change to provide
on 50 Hz measurement for OIP Bushings, through clue on Puncture of Foil Segments. DGA is a must for
research by experts around the world have evolved Tan 245 kV & 420 kV Bushings , Oil Volume Sampling to
Delta measurements at different frequencies. The Low be limited to 25 mL. PD Evaluation in a Laboratory can
Frequency Tan Delta measurements give a definitive be treated as a confirmation Test. RIP Bushings are
indication of Moisture Presence for OIP Bushings. popular since 2011 in India, due to distinct advantages.
About 13% of the users are reported to have followed Fool-proof Storage, to prevent Moisture Absorption &
these measurements as a tool to confirm degradation degradation of Tan Delta before commissioning. Limiting
of OIP Insulation. In recent CIGRE-Session 2018, Values of Tan Delta for RIP / RIS can be higher than OIP.
POWERGRID-India presented case studies on these Recommended to follow IEC Limits of 0.7% (Take into
measurements. It is established that lower frequency account Temperature vs Tan Delta behaviour). Lower Tan
measurements, show moisture content distinctively and Delta Limit at ambient temperature does not necessarily
thus more of a confirmation test. CIGRE document gives mean better quality product for RIP / RIS Bushings
guidelines on new and aged bushings. (provides no information regarding tan Delta at operating
temperature). Tan Delta not expected to reveal health of
DGA of Oil Sample from OIP Bushings: In order to
RIP/RIS in service, Hence Capacitance Change to be
supplement evaluation based on Tan Delta, DGA is
adopted as a health monitoring tool. For RIS Bushings,
more of a conclusive measurement. Broad Guidelines
more Service Experience needs to be gained to define
are available in IEC-61464 and limits on DGA are given
the health monitoring strategy, however till such time
in these standards. Oil Sampling from Bushings needs
Capacitance Based Monitoring like RIP Bushings can
extreme precautions to be exercised as recommended
be followed.
by manufacturers, to prevent moisture and Gas ingress
during sampling. Limiting quantity of Oil Sampled (less BIBlIOGRAPhy
than 25mL) is best suited for multiple analysis during
entire service without refilling of oil. Trend of Increase in 1. CIGRE : Doc No. 755 (2019) by Working Group
gases is the best method to follow rather than limits on A2.43 – Transformer Bushings Reliability.
gases. Refer limits given in IEC 60599. 2. CIGRE : Doc No. 445 (2011) ,642 (2015), 761
(2019) by Working Group A2.37 – Transformer
Online Capacitance Monitoring: This is practiced
Maintenance, Transformer Reliability Survey &
by few users around the world. The main principle is
Condition Assessment. IEEE C57.143 -2012
to assess variation in Capacitance of a set of three
Guide for Application for Monitoring Equipment –
bushings. There are some case studies where users
Transformers & Components
have reported success. The most efficient method to
conclude if changes are due to environment, to grid 3. INMR-Dec 2015 & Doble-2014 : Article by HSP
variations or to bushing failure is to couple a HV-voltage Experts on “Evaluating Reliability of Bushings &
divider with the bushing to be monitored and compare Related Case Histories”.
both values on real-time. However, these are only used 4. Evaluation and Identification of Typical Defects and
at kV Classes > 245 kV, in view of prohibitive costs of Failure Modes of 110-750kV Bushings by Victor
such devices. Sokolov and Boris Vanin, ZTZ-Service Co.
SUMMARy 5. Advanced Diagnostic Tests on High Voltage Bushings
by Dr. Michael Kruger, Omicron.
A larger population of OIP Bushings is in Service, &
Monitoring of the Healthiness of OIP Bushings is important 6. CIGRE Session Technical Paper “A2-203” by ABB &
to prevent Explosive Failures. Methods adopted are Swedish National Grid. & A2-208 by POWERGRID
Limiting Values of Tan Delta in Service or Detecting Rate India.

Power Quality Analysis in Power distribution Network
Ashish Joshi and Gaurav Sharma
BSES Yamuna Power Limited, Delhi
ABSTRACT
Untill now Distribution utilities are only concentrating on reliability and availability of power. Present
performance standards are also focusing on these two parameters. There is lot of improvement in
infrastructure of distribution utilities across India which has been resulted in improvement in reliability and
availability of power since last one decade. However there is almost negligible work done in the area of
power quality until now in distribution sector. This paper discusses power quality parameters manifested
in standards and measurement results carried out at 02 no site in BSES Yamuna Power Limited.
1. INTRODUCTION iii. Rapid Voltage Changes

There is no clear definition available for power quality. iv. Flicker Severity
This term is used differently by different domain expert. v. Supply Voltage Unbalance
As per utility, power quality is to provide reliable and
continuous power supply. Whereas as per customer, vi. Long Interruptions
power quality means power supply which enable smooth vii. Short Interruptions
operation (Uninterrupted) of their equipments. viii. Voltage Sags/ Voltage Dips
Electric Power consist of three parts Voltage, Current ix. Voltage Swells
and Phase Angle. Quantity that can be thought in the
control of utility is the voltage (Supply voltage at customer x. Transients
terminals). Current and phase angle depends upon type xi. Harmonic Voltages
of load used by customer and characteristic of this supply
voltage provided by utility. 2.1 Variation in Supply Voltage
This is Increase or decrease of root mean square
Hence from a perspective of utility power quality can be
(r.m.s.) voltage normally due to load variations. This
described as specified characteristic of supply voltage
parameter has been part of performance standards
in term of magnitude as well as waveform.
of a utility since many years. However voltage quality
Both IS 17036: 2018 and EN50160 defined characteristic standards (IS 17036) have made measurement analysis
of voltage quality as follow: of this parameter standardize as per IEC 61000-4-30.
i. Frequency Parameter taken for measurement is Mean r.m.s. valu of
the supply voltage over 10 min. Results of measurement
ii. Magnitude done at BYPL is summarized in Table 1.
iii. Waveform and
2.2 Variation in Frequency of Supply Voltage
iv. Symmetry of line voltages
This is repetition rate of the fundamental wave of the
Power quality measurement has been taken at 02 no’s supply voltage measured over a given interval of time.
sites in BSES Yamuna Power Limited for 03 months. Parameter taken for measurement is mean value of the
Results of same have been analysed with respect to fundamental frequency measured over 10 s. All the 10 s
different standards. These sites are as follow: values measured over a week shall be taken for threshold
i. Site A: 11 KV Outgoing feeder at Vivek Vihar 33/11 given in standards. These threshold and value measured
KV grid Substation of BYPL at BYPL has been given in Table 1.
ii. Site B: 33 KV Outgoing feeders at Shastri park East 2.3 Supply Voltage Unbalance
66/33 KV Grid Substation of BYPL
Condition in a polyphase system in which the root
2. POWER QUAlITy PARAMETERS mean square (r.m.s.) values of the line-to-line voltages
Power quality/ Voltage quality generally manifested in (fundamental component), or the phase angles between
term of following parameters: consecutive line voltages, are not all equal. This is
measured in terms of percentage of rms of positive
i. Variation in Supply Voltage Frequency phase sequence to –ve phase sequence of line voltages
ii. Variation in Supply Voltage follow:

rms of + ve Sequence gives rise in flickers values especially in Psti. Please

% of Unbalance = % 100 % refer Fig. 2.
rms of - ve Sequence
Following are the salient reasons and effect of voltage

unbalance in a distribution system.
Reasons Effects
• Unbalanced • Overheating of electric
Generations motors.
• Unbalanced load • Operation of power
electronic equipments.
• Unequal source
impedances.
• Single phase/
2 phase faults.
• Rapid voltage
chnages etc. Fig. 2
It is also observed that rapid voltage change (RVC), sag 2.5 harmonic Voltage at Point of Common Coupling
and Interruptions in power supply gives rise to voltage Every non sinusoidal but periodic signal can be divided
unbalance condition. Please refer Fig. 1. into several sinusoidal signals having frequency in the
Measurement done at BYPL has been provided in multiple integers of original signal’s frequency. These
Table 1. components are called harmonics.
Generation of harmonics is mainly due to presence
of non linear loads in the power system. A non linear
load draws a non sinusoidal current. This current will
produce a non sinusoidal voltage in the line impedances
of distribution system. Hence the terminal voltage at the
point of common coupling will also be non sinusoidal.
If other customer having linear loads will be connected
to this terminal then it will receive a distorted voltage
supply.
Effect of current harmonics over voltage of point of
common coupling will depend upon amount of harmonic
Fig. 1
components in current and value of line impedances
2.4 Flickers in Supply Voltage upstream to this point. More is the line impedances
more is the distortion effect on terminal voltage due to
This is Impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation
distorted current.
induced by a light stimulus whose luminance or spectral
distribution fluctuates with time. This is measured in long Measurements done at BYPL sites have been given in
term flickers (Plt) and short term flickers (Psti) as defined Table 1.
in IEC 61000-4-30. A flicker does not have any damaging Table 1
effect on power system or equipments. Their only effect Parameters standards
is irritation to the consumer. Some of its reason and its observations
effect have been summarized below. sL Parameter

is 17036 En50160 EiFs
Effects
site A site B
Reasons
• Sudden load • Irritation to consumer due fn ± 1 % for 99.5% of 01 +0.16% to
changes. to constant change of 99.5 %
year period -0.25%
+0.16%
Frequency Not
brightness of light bulb. 1 of 01 to -
• Rapid voltage
Variation +4%/-6% for 100% of the specified +0.33% to
Week 0.25%
changes. time -1.73%
• Faults,
interruptions etc.
It is also observed that rapid voltage changes also

Power Quality Analysis in Power Distribution Network 21
Parameters standards 3. VOlTAGE EVENTS

observations
sL Parameter
is 17036 En50160
3.1 Voltage Sag (Dip)
EiFs
site A site B
Temporary (10 ms to 1 min) reduction of the root mean
fn
LV± 1 % for 99.5% of 01 +0.16% to square (r.m.s.) voltage at a point in the electrical supply
Period MV HV MV MV system below 90% of nominal value. Voltage Sag
V< measured in Magnitude of voltage and time. Voltage sags
recorded at site A and Site b of BYPL has been provided
Un ± 10 in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 respectively.
95% of NA NA NA NA
%
01 week Un ± 10 % 3.2 Voltage Swell (Temporary Power Frequency Over
Voltage
2 for 100%
Voltage)
variation 99.5 % +5.06 %
Un ± of time +3.8 % to Temporary (10 ms to 1 min) increase of the root mean
of 01 NA
10 %
NA
-6.5 %
to -3.69
square (r.m.s.), voltage at a point in the electricity supply
week % system above 110% of nominal value. Voltage Sag
measured in Magnitude of voltage and time.
100% Un +6.49%
Un ± Un ± +5.1 % to
of the +10% to to - 3.3 Transients
15 % 10 % -9.2 %
time -15 % 4.53%
Short duration oscillatory or non-oscillatory over voltage
Supply <2% for
usually highly damped and with a duration of a few
3 Voltage <2% for 95% of 01 week 100% of 0.57% 0.62%
milliseconds or less.
Unbalance time 3.4 Rapid Voltage Change (RVC)
Plt<1% for RVC is a single rapid variation of the rms value of a
Flicker
4 Plt<1% for 95% of 01 week 95% of 01 0.6% 0.8% voltage between two consecutive levels which are
Severity
week
sustained for definite but un-specified durations.
Supply
≤ 8 % for
Voltage
5 ≤ 8 % for 100% of time 100% of 0.6% 1.52%
Harmonic
time ≤ As per
s (THD)
≤ As per Table for 95% of 01 fig 3 for

Supply
Voltage ≤ As per 100% of
Harmonic ≤ As per Table for 95% of 01 fig 3 for In

6 In Limits
s week 100% of Limits
(Individu all time

Fig. 4
al)
Individual Voltage Harmonics (% of Fundamental)

Individual Voltage Harmonics (% of Fundamental)
95 Percentile Yamuna Sport Complex
2.5 95 Percentile Yamuna Sport Complex
2.5
2 2
% of Fundamental
% of Fundamental
1.5
1.5
R Phase
1
Y Phase
R Phase
1 B Phase
Y Phase
0.5
B Phase
0.5
0
H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19 H20 H21 H22 H23 H24 H25
2 5 1 6 0.5 5 0.5 1.5 0.5 3.5 0.5 3 0.5 0.5 0.5 2 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.5
0
Harmonic Order
H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18 H19 H20 H21 H22 H23 H24 H25
Fig. 5
2 5 1 6 0.5 5 0.5 1.5 0.5 3.5 0.5 3 0.5 0.5 0.5 2 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 1.5
Harmonic Order
Fig 3
Fig. 3
3.
3.1
Fig 3
Temporary (10 ms to 1 min) reduction of the root mean square (r.m.s.) voltage at a
3. Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020
point in the electrical supply system below 90% of nominal value. Voltage Sag measured
innovative solutions Using steel tapered Poles for Utility
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Valmont India
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Innovative Solutions Using Steel Tapered Poles for Utility 23
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Life is a Combination of
success and Failure
Both are Needed

development of 1 MWh Battery Based Energy storage system
for renewable integration
Deepak Gehlot, S. Eswara Rao, Ajay. K, Shoubhik Mukherjee, Prashant Jain
and S. Gautam Kumar
Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited
ABSTRACT
Battery based Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are becoming more popular in view of advancement in
battery technologies together with reduction in price and penetration of renewable energy into the grid.
BHEL has developed 1 MWh BESS for renewable integration for ramp rate control and capacity firming.
As this pilot project also aims at evaluating very promising batteries, 1 MWh BESS has been realized
using 500 kWh Li Ion battery, 300 kWh advanced Lead Acid battery and 200 kWh Flow battery. The
developed BESS has been integrated with 500 kWp SPV plant and have been successfully operating
in ramp rate control and capacity firming applications. The performance of the three batteries are also
evaluated. System level design, development of Energy Management System (EMS), IGBT based Power
Conditioning System (PCS) and communication between various sub-systems were developed by BHEL
with in-house efforts.
1. INTRODUCTION challenges for country like India to leverage the full
India is a tropical country, where sunshine is available for benefits of ESS for penetration of solar energy in India.
longer hours per day and in great intensity. Solar energy, BHEL is always in the forefront in meeting the India’s
therefore, has great potential as future energy source energy requirements and to continue its legacy in
with environmental friendly. It also has the advantage of this field, it has indigenously developed 1 MWh grid
permitting the decentralized distribution of energy thereby connected Battery based Energy Storage System
empowering people at the grassroots level. However, due (BESS) for renewable integration. This is the first of its
to the intermittent nature of the solar power generation, kind in India. The developed system was commissioned
the increase in the share of solar generation in the total and integrated with 500 kWp SPV plant at Corp R&D
power generation will pose challenges in the grid stability for ramp rate control / output smoothening (mitigation of
and requirement of higher peak generation capacity. sudden change of solar power export to the grid due to
This poses a challenge for the penetration of renewable changes in solar irradiation). As each battery technology
energy resources into the grid and thus puts limitation has its own merits and demerits, the performance of three
on harnessing the solar energy. To mitigate this problem, different batteries were also evaluated and thus 1 MWh
grid level storage technologies are being evolved globally was realized using 500 kWh Li Ion battery, 300 kWh
for renewable integration. An appropriate Energy Storage advanced Lead Acid battery and 200 kWh Flow battery.
System in parallel with SPV power plant can smoothen Besides the renewable integration, the ESS finds its
its power output over a period of time and thus avoids applications in distributed generation, peak load shaving,
the fluctuating power output. load levelling, frequency regulation, spinning reserve and
In view of the advancement in various battery technologies power quality improvement.
and decreasing trend of battery prices, BESS is becoming 2. PRINCIPAl OPERATION OF BESS
popular for both power & energy applications, in particular
renewable integration for output smoothening. However, The applications of energy storage systems have broadly
the non-availability of indigenously developed grid level classified into two categories. (1) Power applications (2)
Energy Storage System (ESS) and its higher cost are Energy applications. The list of applications is given in
Table 1.
Table 1
Energy Application Power Application
(hours) (seconds) (minutes)
• Peak shaving • Voltage support • Spinning reserve
• Output smoothening of renewable energy resources • Frequency Regulation • Unbalanced load Compensation
• Energy trading/arbitrage • Flicker compensation • Uninterruptible Power supply
• Source leveling • Transient • Black start
• Grid reliability Islanded operation Line upgrade deferral • LVRT support

Development of 1 MWh Battery Based Energy Storage System for Renewable Integration 27
The SLD of a typical grid level BESS is as shown in 200 kWh Flow battery along with its associated Battery
the Fig. 1. The major sub-systems are (a) Battery & Management System (BMS) and Power Conditioning
BMS (b) Power Conditioning System (PCS) (c) Energy System (PCS) are housed in 40 Ft, 30 Ft and 20 Ft
Management System (EMS) (d) Switch gear. containers respectively. A view of the containerized 1
The grid level BESS will be designed to export / import MWh BESS is as shown in Fig 3. The existing SPV power
of active power to the grid as per grid requirement. plant is connected to 6.6 kV bus of R&D power system
EMS executes the ESS application such as frequency to exchange power with the grid. The IGBT based Power
regulation of the grid, renewable integration for ramp Conditioning Unit (PCU) of the SPV plant is connected to
rate control, time shifting, peak load shaving…etc and grid through a 320 V / 6.6 kV step-up transformer.
determines the amount of active power to be exchanged
(export / import) with the grid and thus generates the BMS BMS BMS
active power reference to the PCS. 500

kWp PV
500
kWh
Li-ion
300
kWh
Pb-C
200
kWh
Flow
Battery Battery Battery
The PCS is a Voltage Source Converter (VSC) which Modbus
is a bi-directional converter which will be controlled to 500

SCADA
500
TCP/IP
100 50
synchronize with the grid and exchange power with the kW kW kW kW
grid. If PCS injects power into the grid, it takes dc power

from the battery and converts into ac power in sync with 40 feet 30 feet 20 feet
grid; if PCS absorbs power from the grid, it converts ac 320 /6.6 kV
415V /6.6 kV
power into dc power and charge the battery accordingly. 650 kVA
650 kVA
The PCS will be connected to the grid through a suitable VCB-1 VCB-2
transformer, if the PCS voltage is different from grid 6.6 kV Main Substation
voltage.
Fig. 2 : SLD of the 1 MWh ESS along with existing 500 kWp
Battery is the storage element of ESS. It can be lead SPV power plant
acid, Nickel cadmium, Lithium Ion, flow battery, Sodium
sulphur etc. Battery will be charged and discharged
depending on the mode of operation of ESS.
BMS will ensure extended life of battery and safety of
operation. It measures voltage, temperature, current and
State of Charge (SOC) of the battery and communicates
the same to PCS and EMS for control and protection
purpose.
Battery BMS
Energy
Management
PCS controller
system(EMS) Fig. 3 : A view of the containerized 1 MWh BESS
PCS
The developed ESS system is connected in parallel to
Transformer the existing SPV power plant at 6.6 kV level to smoothen
Circuit
the power output from solar power plant such that the
breaker ramp rate of power change at 6.6 kV bus from both SPV
Grid plant and ESS system together is limited to 10% of 500
kW and thus power fluctuations at the point of common
Fig. 1 : Single Line diagram of BESS coupling are mitigated. Each battery is connected to the
grid through its independent IGBT based PCS through
3. DESCRIPTION OF 1 MWh BESS
suitable switch gear to exchange power independently
1 MWh containerized BESS was developed for ramp of other two batteries. The Energy Management System
rate control / output smoothening of the existing SPV (EMS) implements the ramp rate control / capacity
plant. The project was demonstrated for 500 kWp firming control algorithm and accordingly determines
grid connected SPV power plant at Corp R&D, BHEL the amount of power export / import from each battery.
Hyderabad for both ramp rate and capacity firming Based on the control logic implemented in the EMS, it
control. The SLD of the BESS along with existing SPV generates the command to the PCS either to absorb or
plant is as shown in Fig. 2. The 1 MWh ESS is comprises supply power from the grid. If the generated solar power
of 500 kWh Lithium Ion battery, 300 kWh Advanced is more than the pre-determined power output, PCS will
Lead acid battery and 200 kWh Flow battery. 500 kWh receive command to absorb the power i.e. charge the
Li Ion battery, 300 kWh Advanced Lead acid battery and battery and vice versa.

As the design of the ESS is modular, it can be scaled- discharging of the battery. It also receives the power
up to the any level depending on the size of the SPV reference from EMS through Modbus communication.
plant. Thus, ESS acts like a catalyst in increase of share PCS is controlled to exchange active power with unity
of renewables to 50 % of total generation as planned power pf at point of common coupling.
and enables our country to harvest solar energy to the 500 kWh Li ion battery, 300 kWh ADLA battery and 200
maximum. kWh Flow battery are connected to the grid through 500
The developed ESS meets the compliance requirements kW PCS, 100 kW PCS and 50 kW PCS respectively.
such as anti-islanding protections, EMI/EMC, grid The control functions of PCS have been realized using
harmonics …etc. as per UL1973 standard. the state of the art DSP and FPGA based control
hardware.
The user can also configure the ESS system to operate in
reactive power control / pf control mode through HMI. A view of in-house developed 500 kW PCS is as shown
in Fig. 4.
The ESS can also be configured for other grid
applications such as peak load shaving, load leveling,
frequency regulation, power quality improvement and
spinning reserve.
3.1 Energy Management System (EMS)

EMS is a centralized controller which determines the
power reference for the PCS for export / import of
power from battery by implementing either ramp rate
control / capacity firming. EMS applications and Human
Machine Interface (HMI) are realized on Metso DNA
control hardware. The user can choose the application
(either ramp rate control or capacity firming) through
HMI and accordingly EMS invokes that application and
implements the same
The following control Functions are implemented on
EMS.
(a) Real time monitoring of Solar Power generation by
communicating with Solar PCU through Modbus
(b) Determine the state of battery in terms of SOC and
healthiness by communicating with BMS of the
battery through Modbus Fig. 4 : A view of In-house developed 500 kW PCS
(c) Power reference generation to the PCS and
communicates the same to PCS through Modbus 3.3 Battery and BMS
(d) Control and monitoring of Balance of Plant (BoP) like Details of 500 kWh li Ion battery
VCB, transformer protections, Firing Fighting system Cell chemistry lithium iron phosphate
and thermal management…. etc.
Nominal Cell voltage & 3.2 v,80 AH (Max V 3.6v,
Besides these functions, EMS can also be configured AH Min V 2.7v)
to interact with grid side controller directly on real time
Module configuration, 6S2P, 19.2 v,160AH
basis for control of power export/ import.
voltage & AH
3.2 Power Conditioning System (PCS) No. of Modules connected 42
PCS is an IGBT based Voltage Source Converter which in series in a cluster
responsible for exchange of power between BESS and Cluster energy, nominal 129 KWh, 806.4v, 160AH
the grid. In the case of export of power as determined voltage and current
by the EMS, it draws dc power from battery and pumps No of clusters connected 4
AC power to grid. In the case of import of power, it draws in parallel
AC power from the grid and converts into DC power
Total Energy 516 KWh
and charge the battery. Thus, PCS is responsible for
grid synchronization, power conversion and charging/

Development of 1 MWh Battery Based Energy Storage System for Renewable Integration 29
Details of 300 kWh ADlA battery

Cell chemistry lead Carbon
Nominal Cell voltage & AH 2.0 v, 810 AH (Max V
2.4v, Min v 1.75 Vv)
No. of Modules connected in 36
series in a cluster
Cluster energy, nominal 584 KWh,720v,
voltage and current 810AH Fig. 6 : Performance of BESS in Capacity
No of clusters connected in 1 Firming operating mode
parallel (b) BESS is configured for capacity firming applications
Total Energy 584 KWh with a pre-determined committed power of 250 kW
from morning 7 am to 6 pm at 6.6 kV outgoing feeder
Details of 200 kWh Flow battery of Corp R&D. Fig. 7 shows the constant power of 250
kW at outgoing 6.6 kV feeder irrespective of change
Cell chemistry Vanadium + in solar irradiation / clouds movement.
sulphuric acid
400.000
Nominal Cell voltage & AH 1.35 v,1300 AH (Max 300.000
V 1.65v, Min V 1.00v) 200.000
100.000
No. of Cells connected in 39
0.000
series in a stack
6:58
7:18
7:38
7:59
8:19
8:39
8:59
9:20
9:40
10:00
10:21
10:41
11:01
11:21
11:42
12:02
12:22
12:43
13:03
13:23
13:44
14:04
14:24
14:44
15:05
15:25
15:45
16:05
16:26
16:46
17:06
17:27
17:47
-100.000
Cluster energy, nominal 52.5 KWh,52.5V, -200.000
ESS O/P 1 MWH 500 kW Solar PV Generation NET O/p to grid

voltage and current 1300AH
Fig. 7 : Performance of BESS in Capacity Firming operating
No of clusters connected in 4
mode
parallel
(c) BESS is configured for ramp rate control with a
Total Energy 273 Kwh pre-determined ramp rate limit of 10% per min of
SPV capacity i.e. ± 50 kW per min change at 6.6
Lithium Ion
Flow battery ADLA kV outgoing feeder of Corp R&D. Fig. 8 shows the
mitigation / limitation of power export rate within the
desired limits at 6.6 kV feeder irrespective of change
in solar irradiation / clouds movement.
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
Fig. 5 : Internal View of Li-Battery, 200.0
Flow Battery and ADLA BESS 150.0

100.0
50.0
4. PERFORMANCE RESUlTS 0.0
6:58
7:18
7:38
7:59
8:19
8:39
8:59
9:20
9:40
10:00
10:21
10:41
11:01
11:21
11:42
12:02
12:22
12:43
13:03
13:23
13:44
14:04
14:24
14:44
15:05
15:25
15:45
16:05
16:26
16:46
17:06
17:27
17:47
-50.0
The developed 1MWh BESS has been integrated -100.0
with 500 KWp Solar PV Plant and its performance is

500Kw Solar generation [KW] battery power cummutaive(Ppcc)
evaluated for response of three types of batteries, ramp
rate control and capacity firming for existing 500 kWp Fig. 8 : Performance of BESS in ramp rate control
SPV plant. operating mode
(a) The response of Li Ion battery + PCS for change (d) Fig. 9 shows the zoomed portion of the ramp rate
in input command to PCS from export of power to control performance. As it can be observed, within
import of power from grid, is given in the Fig. 6. It a short time step, SPV generation falls from 190
shows the change in direction of ac and dc currents. KW to 50 KW. During this disturbance PCC Power
The response of power reversal (i.e. Response of is reduced slowly with ramp rate control by injecting
(battery + PCS) ) is less than 20 msec. power from Battery energy storage system. Similarly,

during rise of solar PV power generation from 50 KW tested for Capacity Firming and Ramp Rate control
to 190 KW PCC, the net power change at 6.6 kV application. The performance of the system was found
feeder is limited to desired level by ramp rate control to be within the desired limits for fast variations in Solar
algorithm by absorbing Power in the BESS. PV generation as desired and successfully operating
for the last 6 months. The total system design,
250.000
development of PCS, EMS and communications with
200.000
PCC power BESS op power BESS Ramp rate contol cmd SPV pcc
various sub-systems were developed indigenously
150.000
within BHEL. Using In-house developed EMS, all
three types of batteries were centrally monitored and
100.000
controlled to achieve efficient and safe utilization of
50.000 storage system. Further BHEL is working on peak load
0.000
shaving, time shifting of energy consumption and micro
grid applications.
1
6
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96
101
106
111
116
121
126
131
136
141
146
151
156
161
-50.000
REFERENCES
Fig. 9 : BESS performance for Ramp Rate Control with time
step resolution of 1sec during cloud movement 1. S. Eswara Rao, Dr.Bishnu Prasad Muni, Prashant
Jain, CPV Krishna Reddy, Dr. PV Balasubramanyam
5. B E N E F I T S O F ThE SOlUTION “Development of 2.5MVAR STATCOM for Arc
IMPlEMENTED Furnace Applications” IECON 2012-38th Annual
The developed ESS technology can also be used for the Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics
following applications Society
2. M.J.E. Alam, K.M. Muttaqi, and D. Sutanto, “A
(a) Distributed power generation for powering remote
novel approach for ramp-rate control of solar pv
areas where grid is not available.
using energy storage to mitigate output fluctuations
(b) Peak load shaving and load levelling and thus
caused by cloud passing,” IEEE Transactions on
investments in the transmission sector can be
Energy Conversion, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 507–518,
deferred.
June 2014.
(c) Power quality improvements like improvement of
voltage profile and frequency regulation 3. M.J.E. Alam, K.M. Muttaqi, and D. Sutanto,
(d) Spinning reserve “Mitigation of rooftop solar pv impacts and evening
peak support by managing available capacity
6. CONClUSION of distributed energy storage systems,” IEEE
The Indigenously developed 1MWh system has been Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 4, pp.
3874–3884, Nov 2013.

Activities of the Society
International Tutorials and Colloquium on

rotating Electrical Machines in Conjunction with
Meeting of CiGrE study Committee sC-A1
– A Brief report
21st - 28th September 2019, New Delhi, India
Mr. I.S. Jha, Hon’ble Member CERC; Mr. Gurdeep Singh, CMD, NTPC and Mr. P.D. Siwal, Member (Thermal) CEA;
Mr. Nico Smith, Chairman SC A1 and Mr. V.K. Kanjlia, Secretary, CBIP, during CIGRE SC A1 Colloquium
26th September 2019 at New Delhi
SC-A1 held its Meeting and Colloquium 2019 at New Delhi from 21st September 2019 to 28th September 2019 in
Hotel Taj Vivanta, New Delhi. In beginning of event, a Working Group Meeting of SC-A1/C4 JWG 66 ‘Guide on the
Assessment, Specification and Design of Synchronous Condensers for Power Systems with High Levels of Renewable
Generation’ was held on 21st September 2019. This meeting was attended by members from USA, UK, Germany,
Australia, Hungry, France, Sweden, South Africa and India.
Mr. P.P. Wahi, Director, CIGRE India welcome all delegates and emphasized need of such interactive sessions.
He stressed the need of conducting such working group meetings with WEB conference, which will accelerate the
progress on Technical Brochure. During meeting emphasis was given on use of Synchronous Condenser to enhance
the Electrical System capability in respect of Inertia, Dynamic reactive power compensation, Fault ride through and
reactive power support, since the new renewable based power plant fed active power to electrical network through
inverters and lacks support to grid on above performance parameters.
On next day 22nd September 2019 an Advisory Meeting with the participation of Chairman, Secretary and Advisory
Group Conveners was held from 08:30 to 10:30 hrs.

Group Photo at Guest House, Dadri Power Station Golf yard on Fly Ash Mound at Dadri Power Station
DADRI POWER STATION VISIT

A full day site visit to Dadri Power Station was arranged 22nd September 2019. Members were shown 500 MW unit
of coal based power plant, Combined Cycle Gas based Power Plant, Integrated Solar Thermal Hybrid Plant, which
utilise solar thermal energy to heat feed water and enhance efficiency of the thermal power plant. Members were
also taken to ash mound, where a thick forest has been developed over Ash Mount with height of 30 metres. This
is a unique system for dry ash collection and disposal facility with Ash Mound formation set up for the first time in
Asia, which has resulted in progressive development of green belt besides far less requirement of land and less
water requirement as compared to the wet ash disposal system.
WORKING GROUP SESSION
The Working Groups discussions were held at Debate Hall, Hotel Taj Vivanta, New Delhi on 23 September 2019.
A total of 16 presentations were made on progress of each Working Group by Conveners. The task of following
Working Group have been completed and Technical Brochure is published:
• WG.50 Factory quality assurance testing requirements for turbo-generator components - stator bars
• A1.31 State of the art of stator winding supports in slot area and winding overhang of hydro generators
• A1.37 Turbogenerator stator windings support system experience
• A1.39 Dielectric dissipation factor measurements on new stator bars and coils.
• A1.34 Testing Voltage of Doubly - Fed Asynchronous Generator- Motor Rotor Winding for Pumped Storage
System
The Six week review of following working group will commenced from October 2019 to February 2020:
• A1.33 Guide for Cleanliness and Storage of Generators
• A1.49 Magnetic Core Dimensioning Limits in Hydro Generators
• A1.42 Influence of Key Requirements to Optimize the Value of Hydro Generators
• A1.54 Impact of Flexible Operation on Large Motors
• A1.53 Guide on Design Requirements of Motors for Variable Speed Drive Application.
ADVISORy GROUP AG A1.01 TURBO-GENERATORS
Convener of following Working Group gave presentation on the progress:
• A1.33 Guide for Cleanliness and Proper Storage of Generators and Components
• A1.48 Guidance on the Requirements for High Speed Balancing / Over-speed Testing of Turbine Generator
Rotors Following Maintenance or Repair.
A new working group proposal was presented by Monique Krieg on subject ‘Dielectric dissipation factor measurements
on Stator Windings’.
ADVISORy GROUP AG A1.02: hyDRO GENERATORS - WG PROGRESS OVERVIEW

Convener of following Working Group gave presentation:
• A1.55 Survey on Split Core Stators

Activities of the Society 33
• A1.56 Survey on Lap and Wave Windings and their Consequences on Maintenance and Performance
• A1.59 Survey on Industry Practices and Effects Associated with the Cutting Out of Stator Coils in
Hydrogenerators
• A1.60 Guide on Economic Evaluation for Refurbishment or Replacement Decisions on Hydrogenerators
• A1.62 Thrust Bearing For Hydropower – A Survey of Known Problems and Root Causes
• A1.67 State of the Art Methods, Experience and Limits in End Winding Testing for Hydro-Generators
ADVISORy GROUP AG A1.05 NEW TEChNOlOGIES
JWG Convener gave presentation on progress of Joint Working Group SC A1/C4 JWG 66 ‘Guide on the Assessment,
Specification and Design of Synchronous Condensers for Power Systems with High Levels of Renewable
Generation’.
ADVISORy GROUP AG A1.06 MOTORS
Presentation on following Working Group was made:
• A1.53 Guide on Design Requirements of Motors for Variable Speed Drive Application
• A1.54 Impact of Flexible Operation on Large Motors
• A1.58 Selection of Copper Versus Aluminium Rotors For Induction Motors
• A1.61 Survey of Partial Discharge Monitoring in Large Motors
• A1.64 Guide for Evaluating the Repair/Replacement of Operable Standard Efficiency Motors
• A1.68 Evaluating Quality Performance of Electric Motor Manufacturing and Repair Facilities.
STUDy COMMITTEE MEETING

The Study Committee meeting was held on 24th September 2019 in hall Tango-2 of Taj Vivanta, New Delhi. Chairman
SC-A1 appraise members on the rules and regulations to be followed in CIGRE contributions. The final draft of
Minutes of last Meeting in Paris 2018 was accepted by the Committee.
Chairman SC-A1 explained members the description of the structure of Study Committee A1 into Advisory Groups and
Working Groups, and the responsibilities of members of SC A1. He presented the complete list of the active Working
Groups, currently in progress and newly proposed working groups. Chairman appraised members the methodology
to be adopted for preparing Technical Brochure and stated the role of Working Group Conveners:
• Convener is leader of the working group
• He should not do all the work himself
CIGRE Study Committee Meeting on Rotating Electrical Machines (SC A1) in Progress

• All work group members must participate in writing the report or Technical Brochure.
• Working Group Members must Actively contribute to the Work Group by supplying information, completing
allocated Chapters, developing conclusions, etc.
• Only contributing Work Group Members will be listed as contributors on the Technical Brochure
• National Committees, Regular Members and Observer Members can indicate experts to participate in Work
Groups but Conveners should also identify experts that can actively participate in compiling the works
• Once Questionnaires are complete, it should be send to all Regular and Observer Members to be distributed in
their respective country for answering.
The Chairman presents the process of creating a working group, as summarized in this table:
Steps Activity Responsibility

1 A new WG is created by means of the Terms of Reference (TOR) that it is WG Convener
sent to the SC Chairman and respective Advisor for comments
2 The TOR is sent to the TC Secretary SC Chairman
3 The TOR is circulated within the TC for comments from other SC Chairmen TC Secretary
with a deadline
4 Considering the comments received a new version of the TOR is issued W G C o n v e n e r & S C
Chairman
5 The TOR is sent to the TC Chairman for final approval SC Chairman
6 The approved final version of the TOR is circulated to the National Secretary General
Committees
CIGRE KNOWlEDGE MANAGEMENT SySTEM

The Chairman gave a brief summary of the new CIGRE
Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) on screen by
logging onto the Study Committee A1 Space on the KMS
and going through and displaying some of the content
(pages) that exist within the Study Committee A1 Space.
Such as photos from Paris 2018 meeting, presentations,
minutes.
The KMS can be used for the following:
• Work Group Collaboration
• Minutes
• WG Presentations
• Papers Mr. P.P. Wahi, Director, CBIP, addressing the delegates during
Tutorial Session
Mr. Johnn Rocha; Ms. Monique Krieg-Wezelenberg; Mr. Nico Smit, Chiarman, CIGRE SC A1; Mr. Peter Wiehe, Secretary, CIGRE
SC A1; Mr. Ben Adams; Mr. Kevin Mayor; Mr. D.K. Chaturvedi, during opening Session for Tutorial

• Contribution presentations
• Photos
• Special Reporter Summary Report
TUTORIAlS SESSION
The SC-A1 Tutorial Session on 25th September 2019 in hall Tango 1&2 of Taj Vivanta, New Delhi. There were total
four tutorials presented. Tutorial sessions were attended by well over 170 delegates.
TUTORIAl 1 : Magnetic Core Dimensioning Limits in Hydro-generators - Johnny Rocha, Brazil
The tutorial first touch upon the fundamentals of magnetic saturation in salient pole machines. While analysing the
tutorial appraise on effect of pole shape, speed of machine, stator winding factor etc. on the air gap magnetic flux
density. Similar analysis has been done for saturation of stator core, pole and rotor rim.
TUTORIAl 2 : Application of Dielectric Dissipation Factor Measurements on New Stator Coils and Bars - Monique
Krieg-Wezelenberg, Netherlands
In the field of rotating electrical machines, the Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF) measurement is used for assessing
the manufacturing quality of individual stator bars/coils and the dielectric behaviour of the electrical insulation system
of a winding. To provide a better understanding of the use of DDF measurements in relation to the assessment of
the condition and quality of stator insulation systems, 20129 DDF measurements on newly manufactured stator bars
or coils concerning four different types of electrical insulation systems were collected and analysed.
Mr. Nico Smith, Chairman SC A1 Mr. V.K. Kanjlia, Secretary, CBIP
Mr. N.N. Misra, Vice Chairman (Tech.), CIGRE India and Mr. M. Roytgarts (Russia) during Technical Session of the Colloquium

TUTORIAl 3 : Guidance on the Requirements for High speed Balancing/Over Speed Testing of Turbine Generator
Rotors following Maintenance or Repair - Ben Adams, United Kingdom
The tutorial pertains to turbo-generator balancing requirement after repairs. The issue of balancing a turbo-generator
rotor (2P and 4P) after repair/ rewind was discussed in the Working Group. The results have been deliberated in
the Tutorial. The challenge is due to the geographic distance between the balancing facility and the Site and cost
overruns in transport and logistics have been indicated by the speaker. It is fairly agreed that if new copper is not
used during rewind/ repair, high speed balancing is not a recommendation.
TUTORIAl 4 : Guide for Cleanliness and Proper Storage of Generators and Components - Kevin Mayor,
Switzerland
The tutorial define methodology for storage of critical components of generator to guide utilities not sure on adequacy
of present procedures. It emerged from study that foreign particles including dust can clog the ducts and may cause
electric shorts. Specific discussion was carried out for storage of complete stator, complete rotor, stator bars, rotor
bars and insulating materials. Clean conditions, access control, proper usage of desiccant, dehumidifiers are to be
given due care. The Working Group has systematically organised the details making it a ready guide for utilities.
COllOQUIUM
The SC-A1 2019 Colloquium on 26th & 27th September 2019 in hall Tango 1&2 of Taj Vivanta, New Delhi. There
were total 24 papers were presented. Colloquium sessions were attended by 185 delegates. The program began
with lighting up the lamp ceremony. During inaugural session, President, CIGRE India stressed need of using high
A recognition from CIGRE India for exceptional contribution by Mr. A.K. Gupta, Director, NTPC and
Mr. D.K. Chaturvedi, Former GM, NTPC in CIGRE activities of SC-A1
A view of the participants

efficiency machines to reduce electricity consumption and role of large turbo-generators as Synchronous Condenser
for enhancing electrical network reliability and efficiency – a step towards Greening the Grid.
First Technical Session began with a lead paper ‘Electrical Machines Trends in Renewable Mix Scenario, GHG
Emission Reduction and High Reliability’ presented by Mr. A.K. Gupta, Vice President, CIGRE India. The paper
emphasized need to contribute more towards better environment through improved efficiency and reliability of
electrical machines.
He appraise delegates on phasing out of inefficient thermal plants and introduction of large-scale renewable generation
in the grid forcing fossil fuel based power plant operation on cyclic duty. He emphasized on development of new
designs and solutions to handle the thermal stress coming on the machine due to cyclic loading.
It was also suggested to explore possibility of using our retired machines as Synchronous Condenser, which might
find a wide application due to large renewable penetration in the grid. These synchronous condensers will help in
grid stability during sudden load changes. Important requirements of maintaining grid inertia, Short Circuit withstand
capability and dynamic voltage withstand capability can be very well meet by Synchronous Condenser.
In view of high renewal penetration in near future, the preferential subjects for SC-A1 2019 Colloquium were finalized
as follows:
Preferential Subject 1: High Renewable Penetrated Networks
(a) Methods and experiences for the evaluation of existing base load plant to handle new grid requirements such
as cyclic loads, high values in the rate of change of frequency (Hz/s), fault ride through capability, extended U/f
requirements, higher power factor requirements.
(b) Usage of new as well as decommissioned power plant generators as synchronous condensers to solve power
quality issues due to large scale renewable integration & comparison with other FACTs devices.
(c) Design improvements, technological advancement and operational experience of Hydro generators for
prolonged and efficient operation as low and very low speed generators, synchronous condensers and pump-
motors.
(d) Innovative trends in the field of Turbo generators, Hydro generators, wind turbine generators, large motors and
high efficiency motors.
(f) Suitability of generators and motors in a renewable energy mix environment from a harmonics point of view.
(g) Latest designs implemented or proposed for Rotating Electrical Machines to endure severe load cycling.
(h) Wind Turbine generator experience: Failures, design challenges, maintenance philosophies and maintenance
challenges.
Delegates at 800 kV HVDC Terminal, Agra

(i) Concentrated solar power, solid waste and Biomass power plants: Design, specification, construction, efficiency,
operation and maintenance experience.
Preferential Subject 2: Operational Experience and New Developments
(a) Operational experience on state of the art technologies used for large turbo generators, hydro generators, wind
turbine generators, high voltage motors and high efficiency motors.
(b) Latest designs and maintenance practices to improve efficiency, reliability, availability, robotic inspections, and
reduce maintenance costs.
(c) Performance and reliability comparison of different designs of large motors of same ratings and duty cycles with
regards to heating, efficiency, mean time to failure, life cycle costs.
(d) Advanced and optimised condition monitoring and analysis making use of latest technologies, taking digitization,
big data, advanced analytics, etc. into consideration.
(e) Experience with renovation, modernization and up-rating of aged power plants.
(f) Novel techniques to overcome known operational and design problems of hydro power plants especially for
operation in silt prone water.
There were 24 papers presented covering large turbo generators, machine insulation system, hydro generators and
motors. These papers were presented in six sessions on 26th and 27th September 2019.
TEChNICAl VISIT
A technical visit was arranged on 28th September 2019 to +800 Multi terminal HVDC station near Agra. Delegates were
given a detailed presentation on the +800 kV, 6000 MW HVDC Bi-pole Transmission between Biswanath Chariyali
(Assam) to Agra (Uttar Pradesh). Later delegates were shown +800 HVDC control room and equipments.
CUlTURAl EVENING
A cultural evening was organized on 26th September 2019 evening at Hotel Taj Vivanta New Delhi.
Glimpses of Cultural evening held on 26th September 2019

CIGRE Joint Tutorials
transformers (sC-A2), overhead Lines (sC-B2)
and Materials & test techniques (sC-d1)
(Under the aegis of CIGRE SC A2; B2 and D1)
20 November 2019 at New delhi, india

A : Eight Tutorials jointly held on the subject of three CIGRE Study Committees
Faculties for Tutorials on Transformers
Mr. R.K. Tyagi, CGM POWERGRID Prof. S.V. Kulkarni, IIT Mumbai Ms. Tara Lee, Australia
Faculties for Tutorials on Overhead lines Faculties for Tutorials on Materials
Mr. Pierre Van Dyke Mr. Peter Dulanthy Dr. Jens Seifert Dr. Ralf PIETSCH
TRANSFORMERS - (CIGRE-SCA2)
Tutorial 1 : Bushing Failure Mode Analysis – Mr. R.K. Tyagi, Chief GM, POWERGRID Corporation of India
Tutorial 2 : Latest Trends/ Advances in Transformer Design - Prof. S.V. Kulkarni, IIT Mumbai, India
Tutorial 3 : Health Indexing - Ms. Tara-Lee, MacArthur, Australia.
OVERhEAD lINES - (CIGRE-SCB2)
Tutorial 4 : Use of Robotics in Inspection and Maintenance of OHLs – TB 731, 2018 – The tutorial has been cancelled
due to unavailability of the presenter
Tutorial 5 : Experience with the Mechanical Performance of Non-Conventional Conductors - TB 695, 2017
- Mr. Pierre Van Dyke, Canada
Tutorial 6 : Transmission Line Structures with Fiber Reinforced Polymer - FRP, WG B2.61, 2018
- Mr. Janos Toth- Presented by Mr. Peter Dulhunty (Australia)
MATERIAlS & TEST TEChNIQUES - (CIGRE-SCD1)
Tutorial 7 : New Insulating Materials – Dr. Jens Seifert (DE), Germany
Tutorial 8 : High-Voltage On-Site Testing with Partial Discharge Measurement - Dr. Ralf PIETSCH, Germany

CIGRE Joint Colloquium
transformers (sC-A2), overhead Lines (sC-B2)
and Materials & test techniques (sC-d1)
(Under the aegis of CIGRE SC A2; B2 and D1)
21-22 November 2019 at New delhi, india
Dignitaries on the Dais during inaugural session of the colloquium
CIGRE India hosted annual meeting of CIGRE Study Committee A2 on Transformers; B2 on Overhead Lines and
D1 on Materials & Test Techniques and its various Working Groups at New Delhi, India from 16-18 November 2019.
In conjunction a Joint Tutorials on 20th November 2019 & parallel colloquium on these three Study Committees A2;
B2 & D1 were also held on 21-22 November 2019.

During the Common opening session of the colloquium on 21 November 2019, number of prominent Government
officials & industry figures from India and also the chair and secretary of the Indian National Committee addressed
the participants. Mr. P.P. Wahi, Director, CIGRE-India proposed vote of thanks. Dr. Konstantin Papaillou, Former
Chairman, CIGRE SC B2 also addressed during opening session.
CIGRE-India Awards
Special Appreciation Awards were presented during opening session to the following for their excellent contribution
in CIGRE activities at National & International level.
1. Mr. I.S. Jha, President CIGRE-India & CIGRE Steering Committee Member from India
2. Ms. Seema Gupta, Chairperson for CIGRE NSC A2, and Women in Engineering Forum
3. Mr. R.P. Sasmal, Chair-Tech, CIGRE-India
4. Mr. N.N. Misra, Vice Chair-Technical, CIGRE- India
5. Mr. Anish Anand, Chairman CIGRE NSC B2


B (i) Summary Report of the Technical Sessions for colloquium on SC A2 on Transformers
A special theme address for Study Committee A2 was delivered by Ms. Seema Gupta, the Observer Member for
India in Study Committee A2. She explains the main challenges facing transformer engineers in India.
• Preferential Subject 1 for Study Committee A2 was “Advances in Transformer Design, including use of new
materials”. The session co-chairs were Mr. Jan HAYEK and Mr. Virenda LAKHIANI. The keynote address was
given by Mr Martin STOESSL, who emphasised some of the points made previously in the special opening
address. A total of 13 papers were presented for this Preferential Subject. Subjects for the papers included
applications and design concepts (3); improvements in transformer design (4); improvements in modelling (3);
use of new materials (2); and risk assessment methodologies (1). The session co-chairs selected the following
as the best paper in this Preferential Subject: “Patrice HURLET, “Improvement of transformer specification to
enhance reliability of key power transformers (GSU for nuclear power plants)”
The following paper was also highly commended by the Study Committee chairman:
“Pramod RAO et al, “Transformer bushings: current technology trends, development and its relevance in
monitoring bushings in service”
• Preferential Subject 2 for Study Committee A2 was “Quality Assurance and Short-Circuit Withstand Capability
of Transformers”. The session co-chairs were Mr. Henk FONK and Mr. R.K, TIWARI. The keynote address
was given by Mr. P. RAMACHANDRAN, who used his experience to explain developments in the short-circuit
withstand capability of transformers from 1885 to the present day. He suggested that short-circuit type test
reports for power transformers should be valid for 10 years. He also suggested that transformer operators
should consider ordering a short-circuit test for series of more than 10 transformers. A total of 8 papers
were presented in this Preferential Subject. Subjects for the papers included improvements in transformer
construction (2), improvements in transformer safety (1), and short-circuit withstand capability (5). The session
co-chairs selected the following as the best paper in this Preferential Subject:
“Professor Vasily LARIN et al, “Russian practice on tests and confirmation of power transformers ability to
withstand short-circuits”

• Preferential Subject 3 for Study Committee A2 was “Operational Experience in the Field of Transformers”.
The session co-chairs were Dr Patrick PICHER and Dr Aradhana RAY. The keynote address was given by Dr
BN DE BHOWMICK, who gave more details on the main challenges facing transformer engineers in India and
recent steps taken to meet them. A total of 10 papers were presented in this Preferential Subject. Most of the
papers were on the subject of transformer field testing (7). The session co-chairs selected the following as the
best paper in this Preferential Subject: “Professor Stefan TENBOHLEN et al, “UHF sensor placement on power
transformers for PD monitoring”
Closing remarks were made by Ms. Seema GUPTA, the Observer Member for India in Study Committee A2, and by
Mr. P.P. WAHI, Director of CBIP and CIGRE-India. Special thanks were given to Mr. Vishan Dutt of CBIP, for his
role in organising the Joint Colloquium.
B (ii) Summary Report of the Technical Sessions for colloquium on SC B2 on Overhead lines

A theme address for Study Committee B2 was delivered by Mr. Anish Anand, Member for India in Study Committee
B2. A special Address on “The Truth about EMF and Health” was delivered by Dr. Konstantin Papailliou, Former
Chairman, CIGRE SC B2
• Preferential Subject 1 for Study Committee B2 was “Design Optimization and New Lines”. The session co-
chairs were Mr. Herbert Lugschitz, Chair, CIGRE SC B2 and Mr. Anish Anand, Sr. GM, POWERGRID, India.
The keynote address was delivered by Mr. Wolfgang Troppauer (AT)
• Preferential Subject 2 for Study Committee B2 was “Reliability and Economics, Maintenance”. The session
co-chairs were Mr. Oswaldo Regis (Brazil), and Mr. R.P. Sasmal, Tech. Chair, CIGRE -India. The keynote
address was given by Mr. Pierre van Dyke (CA)
• Preferential Subject 3 for Study Committee B2 was “New Materials and Products for Use on OHLs, Diagnostics”.
The session co-chairs were Mr. Vivek Chari (IN), Mr. B.N. De. Bhowmick, ED, POWERGRID and Mr. Herbert
Lugschitz, Chair, CIGRE SC B2. The keynote address was delivered by Mr. John McCormack (AU)
Total 19 presentations, presented in three sessions besides one theme paper for each of the session
Out of 19 presentations 13 were from INDIA and one each from Australia, Belgium, Hungary, Korea, Canada and
Slovenia.
At the end of each presentation there was a very informative and interesting discussions. Various clarifications were
asked by the participants and clarified by the presenters very effectively and nicely.
Two days Technical Program closed with thanks conveyed to everyone i.e presenters, participants’ Joint Chairs and
organizers.
B(iii) Summary Report of the Technical Sessions
for colloquium on SC D1 on Materials & Test
Techniques
A theme address for Study Committee D1 was delivered
by Dr. B.P. Muni, GM, BHEL. He emphasized the current
status of India’s power capacity and consumption per capita
with forecasted demand of electrical power equipment in a
context to global demand.
• Preferential Subject 1 for Study Committee D1 was
“Long Term Performance of Insulation Systems (AC
and DC)”. The session Chairs were Dr. Ralf Pietsch
(DE) and Dr. Joy Thomas, IISc Bangalore.
“Test techniques for UHV including HVDC”. The
session Chair were Dr. Ralf Pietsch (DE) and Dr.
Sukumar Roy, AGM, BHEL
“Advanced Diagnostic Techniques”. The session Chair
was Dr. Ralf Pietsch (DE) and Dr. Muni, GM, BHEL.
Total 15 presentations, presented in three sessions
including one Theme paper. Out of 15 papers 5 from INDIA
including one base paper 3 were from GERMANY, 2 from
SWITZERLAND, one each from ISRAEL, BRAZIL, JAPAN,
SERBIA and NETHERLANDS.
At the end of each presentation there was a very informative
and interesting discussions. Various clarifications were
asked by the participants and clarified by the presenters
very effectively and nicely.
There was a perfect time management by the joint chairmen.
Two days Technical Program closed with thanks conveyed
by Dr. Ralf Pietsch to everyone i.e. presenters, participants
and organizers. At last Mr. S.K. Lamba, Advisor (CBIP)
thanked Dr Pietsch for conducting chairing all the three sessions. He thanked all the presenters and organizers.

Glimpsis of CIGRE Study Committee Meetings at New Delhi (India)
CIGRE SC A2 Meeting
CIGRE SC D1 Meeting
CIGRE SC B2 Meeting

Glimpsis of Cultural Evening and Gala Dinner organised on

21st November 2019 for the Participants

Glimpsis of Technical Visit to 800 kV HVDC terminal at Agra
Visit to Taj Mahal

Activities of CiGrE india
About CIGRE-India 2. Participation in CIGRE Study Committee meeting
CIGRE-India functions as the National Committee for at various places in the world:
CIGRE and coordinates CIGRE activities in India. It All the study committees were attended by its
Organizes National Study Committee (NSC) meetings members / representatives except SC B1on HV
and Events at National Level. Affairs of CIGRE-India are Insulated cables.
administered by the General Body / Governing Council List of participants in CIGRE Study Committee at
Governing Body of CIGRE India various placed from India since 2016 is attached as
Annexure 1
President : Mr. I.S. Jha, Chairman & Managing
Director, POWERGRID 3. CIGRE Study Committee Meetings held in the
recent past, proposed in India and status of
Vice President : Mr. A.K. Gupta, Director,
approval by CIGRE
NTPC
: Ms. Seema Gupta, Director, D2 - Information & Held in 2013
POWERGRID Telecommunication
: Mr. S. Balakrishnan, Director, B4 – DC Systems and Power Held in 2015

BHEL Electronics
B1 - HV Insulated Cables Held in 2017
: Mr. Harish Agarwal, President
IEEMA A1 - Rotating Machines
Technical Chair : Mr. R.P. Sasmal, Former A2 - Power Transformers & Reactors
Director, POWERGRID B2 - Overhead Lines Held in 2019
Vice Chair-Tech. : Mr. N.N. Misra, Former Director, D1 - Materials & Emerging test
NTPC Techniques
Secretary& : Mr. V.K. Kanjlia, Secretary, B5 - Power System Protection &
Automation Allotted in
Treassurer CBIP
2021
Director, CIGRE India : P.P. Wahi, Director, CBIP A3 - T & D Equipment
B3 - Substations & Electrical
CIGRE AORC Installations
• CIGRE-India had a privilege to Chair CIGRE-AORC C2 - Power System Operation and Proposed in
During 2016-18. Control 2023
Dr. Subir Sen, was, Chairman of CIGRE-AORC and C4 - Power System Technical
Mr. P.P. Wahi was the Secretary. Performance
CIGRE-India Conducted CIGRE-AORC Administrative C1 - Power System Development &
Meeting at New Zealand in Sept 2017 and at Paris Economics Proposed in
in August 2018. We also organized CIGRE-AORC
C6 - Active Distribution systems & 2025
Technical meeting at Gangtok, Sikkim, India in May
2018. Distributed Energy Resources
MAJOR ACTIVITIES OF CIGRE – INDIA DURING 4. C I G R E S e s s i o n 2 0 2 0 – S t r a t e g y f o r

2019 participation
1. Growth of Membership (i) Total 240 abstracts were reviewed. Synopsis
accepted – 37 Nos. out of 45 recommended
In the year 2016 - 594 nos. equivalent members
(List attached- Annexure 2). Full papers to be
and
submitted to Paris by 14th Feb 2020.
(ii) NGN – Papers for CIGRE session 2020 :
• A call for synopsis from young engineers have
In the year 2019 – 827 nos. equivalent members been received from Paris
Student Membership : 95 Nos.

• CIGRE India is entitled to send four abstracts 7. Steering Committee Meeting – Nov. 2020
each on different study committee. • The dates proposed and notify on KMS are 16-
• We have sent our consent to participate before 20 Nov. 2020 at Goa
6th December and names to be sent by 14TH • A symposium on Renewable integration includ-
FEB. 2019. ing energy storage is also to be planned.
(iii) Participation in CEO Meet at Paris on 24
8. Representative on Study Committee for 2020-22
August 2020
from India.
The Following Were Proposed for participation
from India : The proposal from India being finalised from India
and to be sent to Paris by 15.01.2020
1. NTPC - CMD
2. POWERGRID - CMD 9. Distinguished Membership Award of CIGRE for
2020 – Proposal to be sent to 15.02.2020
3. Sterlite - Mr. Prateek Agarwal
4. POSOCO – Mr. K.V.S. Baba 10. CIGRE fellow Award from India – Proposal to
bent by 30 .04.2020
5. Tata Power - Mr. Praveer Sinha,
Invitation letter are being sent to above officers by 11. CIGRE Events held in India in 2019
CIGRE Paris • Meeting & Intl. Conf. of SC A1 on Rotating Ma-
(iv) Participation in Workshop in Grid Disturbance chines - proposed from 23 - 28 Sept. 2019 at
- Last Date for submission of presentation is New Delhi.
16 March 2020 • Meeting & Intl. Conf. of three Study Committee
Mr. K.V.S Baba, CMD, POSOCO & Mr. S.K. i.e. SC A2 (Transformers)/ B2 (Overhead Lines)
Chateerjee, Chief (regulations), CERC has /D1(Materials) – in 18-23 Nov. 2019 in New Del-
been requested to prepare a presentation for hi.
this workshop from India. • CIGRE-India plan to hold minimum one event by
(v) Reaction to Key note speech by India during each National Committee (tutorials /workshop/
Opening Panel on 24th AUGUST 2020 conferences) in a year at National Level.
Name of Madam Seema Gupta, Director Pow- 12. CIGRE-India - Events Planned
erGrid has been proposed from India (i) Conference on HV cables, Installation, O&M
(vi) India Pavilion in 2020 : Invoices already Sent and field Experience - 19-20 Feb. 2019 at New
to all concerned by CIGRE. Delhi.
(ii) International conference on Renewable En-
S p a c e d i r e c t l y • Scope (12 sqm) 12 sqm
booked by ergy- Issues & Challenges including Energy
Storage. – 23-24 April 2019 at Vadodara
• KEI (18 sqm); 36 sqm
• Taurus (9 sqm)
(iii) CIGRE
• Modern Insul. (9 Sqm) (iv) Conference on Power Sector Development –
Participation
Modern Trends & Innovations at International
Confirmed & Space • IEEMA (45 sqm) 45 sqm
booked Level on 23-24 July 2020, New Delhi
• NTPC- 18 sqm 39 sqm
(v) CIGRE Session at Paris – 23-28 August 2020
• BHEL – 9 sqm
• PowerGrid – 12 sqm (vi) International Conference on Renewable inte-
gration including energy storage – 16-20 Nov.
Total Space 132 sqm.
2020
5. CIGRE-India - Women in Engineering Forum (vii) CIGRE SC B5 Colloquium in India - Sept.
o 1st meeting held on 18/10/2019 at Power Grid 2021
o 2nd Meeting was held on 19/11/2019 at Hotel (viii) CIGRE SC A3 Colloquium in India - Nov.
Royal Plaza 2021
6. NGN Forum of CIGRE India : Being constituted

Activities of CIGRE India 51
CIGRE- India launches its Women in Engineering (WIE) forum on 18 Oct. 2019
CIGRE-India launces Women in Engineering (WIE) forum on 18.10.2019. Ms. Seema Gupta, Vice President,
CIGRE-India and Director (Operation) Power Grid has consented to lead the WIE forum of CIGRE-India as its
Chairperson. She addressed the participants during the occasion. Besides Mr. I.S. Jha, President CIGRE-India &
Hon’ble Member, CERC, Mr. R.P. Sasmal, Technical Chair, CIGRE-India, Mr. K. Srikant, CMD, POWERGRID, Mr. R.K.
Chauhan, Director (Projects), POWERGRID, Mr. V.K. Kanjlia, Secretary, CIGRE India and Mr. P.P. Wahi, Director,
CIGRE-India addressed the participants.
Vision of the Forum

CIGRE WiE is a forum for
women engineers to
interact, develop their
careers, increase their
self-confidence,
improve their
I.S. Jha K. Srikant R.P. Sasmal professional skills.
President, CIGRE-India CMD, POWERGRID Chairman –Tech., CIGRE-India
Mission of the Forum

CIGRE WiE inspires,
motivates women
engineers by helping to
provide links to global
thought leaders and
role models, as well as
to demonstrate the
influence and functions
of female professional
V.K. Kanjlia R.K. Chauhan P.P. Wahi communities.
Secretary, CIGRE India Director (Projects) POWERGRID Director, CIGRE-India
Around 100 Women Engineers participated from 25 different organisations on 18.10.2019

Glimpsies of Meeting of Women in Engineering Forum of CiGrE-india

on 19-11-2019, New delhi
Madam Seema Gupta, Chairperson, CIGRE- India WIE Forum, addressing the participants.
Ms. Khayakazi Doika, Global Chairperson for CIGRE Women in Engineering
and Ms. Terr Lee from Australia is also gracing the Dias.
Ms. Tara Lee (Australia), Moderator for the Session Ms. Khayakazi Doika, CIGRE WIE Chair, is
Addressing the Participants addressing the participants
Ms. Rachana Garg - IEEE India WiE Vice Chair, Ms. Sunita Chauhan, Sr. CIGRE member from India
addressing the participants addressing the participants

A view of the participants
Mr. P.P. Wahi, Director, CIGRE-India during inaugural session
Group Photograph

Participation in CiGrE study Committee Meetings since 2016
54
Study Committee (SC) 2016 - at Paris 2017 2018 - at Paris 2019
in August 2016 in August 2018
Date & Venue Participants Date & Venue Participants
1 A1: Rotating Machine Mr. D.K. 18-23 Sept.17 Mr. D.K. Chaturvedi, Mr. D.K. Chaturvedi, NTPC 24 Sept. 2019 Mr. D.K. Chaturvedi
Chaturvedi, NTPC Vienna, Austria NTPC Mr. N.N. Misra, CIGRE India New Delhi NTPC
2 A2 : Transformers Ms. Tanavi 29 Sept. to 6th Oct. Mr. B.N. De Mr. Selvakumar P. Victor, PG 19th Nov. 2019 Ms. Seema Gupta,
Srivastava, Alstom 2017, Poland Bhowmick New Delhi POWERGRID
3 A3 : high Voltage Mr. N.N. Misra, 30 Sept. – 6th Oct. R.K. Tyagi, PG Mr. N.N. Misra and 7-13 Sept. 2019 Mr. R.K. Tyagi, PG and
Equipment CIGRE-India 2017, Canada Mr. R.P. Sasmal, CIGRE Bucharest Romania Mr. Rakesh Kumar, PG
-India
4. B1 : hV Insulated Cables Mr. Dipal Shah, 9-13 Oct. 2017 Mr. Dipal Shah Mr. Lalit Sharma, KEI 9th Sept. 2019 Nil
Pfistrer India and Mr. Dipal Shah (Denmark)
5 B2 : Overhead lines Mr. Gopal Ji, 29-30 May 2017 Prof. C. Johnson Mr. A..K. Vyas, PG 19 Nov. 2019 Mr. Anish Anand, PG
POWERGRID Dublin, Ireland Excel Engg. college New Delhi
6 B3 : Substations Mr. Abhay Sept. 2017 Mr. Rajil Srivastava, Mr. R.P. Sasmal, CIGRE-India 20-25 Sept. 2019 Mr. Raji Srivastava, PG &
Choudhary, Brazil PG and Mr. Rakesh Kumar, China Mr. Abhay Kumar, PG
POWERGRID
CIGRE India Journal

7 B4 : hVDC link and Shri R.K. 30 Sept. – 6th Oct. Shri R.K. Chauhan Nil 28-30th Sept 19, Mr. R.K. Chauhan, Dir,
AC Power Electronic Chauhan, 2017 PG 1-5th Oct 2019- South PG and
Equipment PowerGrid Canada Africa Mr. B.B. Mukharjee, PG
8 B5 : Power System Mr. Subhash Sept. 2017 Mr. Subhash Thakur Mr. Subhash Thakur 24-28th June 19 Mr. Abhishek Khanna,
Protection and local Thakur New Zealand NTPC Norway Mr. Debashish Dutta,
Control NTPC -- Mr. Anand Pandey, NTPC
9 C1 : Power System Ms. Seema May 2017 Mr. K.V.S. Baba, Mr. R.K. Verma and Mr. R.P. 20-26th Sept. 2019 Ms. Seema Gupta,
Planning and Gupta, PowerGrid Dublin, Ireland POSOCO Sasmal, CIGRE -India Chengdu, China POWERGRID and Mr.
Development Ashok Pal, PG
10 C2 : Power System K.V.S. Baba May 2017 Mr. K.V.S. Baba, Mr. P.K. Agarwal 4-7th June 2019 Mr. KVS Baba, POSOCO
Operation and Control POSOCO Dublin, Ireland POSOCO Aalborg, Denmark
11 C3 : System Nil Sept. 2017 Mr. K.V.S. Baba, Nil 4-7th June 2019 Mr. B.N. De Bhowmick,
Environmental Seoul, Korea POSOCO Aalborg, Denmark PG
Performance
12 C4 : System Technical Mr. N.M. Seth, May 2017 Mr. K.V.S. Baba, Mr. Selvakumar P. Victor, 4-7th June 2019 Mr. B.B. Chauhan,
Performance GETCO Dublin, Ireland POSOCO Aalborg, Denmark GETCO
13 C5 : Electricity Markets K.V.S. Baba, May 2017 Mr. S.C. Saxena, Mr. P.K. Agarwal 16-19th Sept19 Mr. P.K. Agarwal,
and Regulation POSOCO Dublin, Ireland POSOCO Canada POSOCO
14 C6 : Distribution Dr. Subir Sen, May 2017 Mr. S.C. Saxena Nil (3-6 June 2019) Dr, Subir Sen, PG and
Systems and Dispersed POWERGRID Dublin, Ireland POSOCO Aalborg, Denmark Mr. Rajesh Kumar, PG
Generation
15 D1 : Material for Electro Mr. Jithinsunder, 30 Sept. – 6th Oct. Nil Mr. Jithinsunder, BHEL 18-23 Nov. 2019 Mr. B.P.Muni, BHEL
Annexure 1
technology BHEL 2017 Canada New Delhi
16 D2 : Information Systems N.S. Sodha, 20-22 Sept. 2017 Mr. N.S. Sodha Mr. N.S. Sodha 11-14th June 2019 Mr. N.S. Sodha
& Telecommunications PowerGrid Moscow Helsinki, Finland
for System
Annexure 2
S.No. Group PS Organisation Title Selected/Not

Selected
1. A1 PS3 NTPC Limited Failures of Large Turbo-Generators on Prolonged Selected
Site Storage - Case Studies of Indian Power
Utility
2. A1 PS2 Tata Power Pd Measurement of Rotating Machine For Selected
Mumbai Condition Monitoring
3. A2 PS3 CTR Reliability Evaluation of Ester Oil Filled Onload Selected
Manufactures Tap Changers Through Critical Tests
4. A2 PS3 GE An Innovative Solution to Assess The Reliability Selected
of Transformers by Integrated Transformer
Health Monitoring – A Pilot Project in GETCO
5. A2 PS3 Power Grid Powergrid’s Leap Towards Intelligent Condition Selected
Corporation of Monitoring of Assets
India
6. A3 PS2 Tata Power Delhi Approach & Experience of Iot Based Predictive Selected
Distribution Ltd. Maintenance Technologies in Power Distribution
Network
7. A3 PS1 Power Grid Case Study – Improving Reliability of Circuit Selected
Corporation of Breaker by Using Controlled Switching and
India Removing Pre Insertion Resistor (PIR)
8. B1 PS2 Tata Power Power Cables Insulation & Establishing Selected
Mumbai Relationship Between Insulation Level Selection
and Aging
9. B1 PS2 BHEL Design and Development of Back-To-Back Gas- Selected
to-Cable Termination for 420 kv Gas Insulated
Switchgear
10. B2 PS2 Sterlite Power Experience of Live Line or Zero Shutdown Selected
Transmission Ltd. Reconductoring In India
11. B2 PS1 Adani Indian Experience of Refurbishment Of Tower Selected
Foundation Located In Water Bodies
12. B3 PS2 GETCO Maintenance, Monitoring & Strengthening Selected
of Substation Grounding – Experience of
GETCO
13. B3 PS2 ABB Aeolian Vibration Challenges at Renewable Selected
Substation
14. B4 PS1 GE Fundamental Frequency Blocking Filters In Selected
HVDC Schemes- Design Considerations and
Practical Case Study
15. B4 PS3 Power Grid Operational Experiences and Study of STATCOM Selected
Corporation of for Emerging Grid with Renewable Power
India Network
16. B5 PS2 ABB Experience in Communication Network Design Selected
for High Performance Requirements in IEC
61850 Process Bus Based Substation
17. B5 PS2 Power Grid Engineering and Management of Selected
Corporation of Communication Networks in Powergrid’s
India First Digital Substation

18. C1 PS1 Power Grid Development of Power Transmission System Selected

Corporation of Interconnections in South-Asian Region
India
19. C1 PS1 Power Grid Fault Current Limiter Using Series Reactors in Selected
Corporation of Indian Power System
India
20. C2 PS3 GETCO-SLDC System Operation Challenges with Large and Selected
Distributed Generators
21. C2 PS1 POSOCO Capacity Building of Indian System Operators Selected
In The Emerging Environment
22. C2 PS3 Scope T&M Pvt. System Operation Challenges for Distributed Selected
Ltd. Wind Power Resources in India – A Case
Study
23. C2 PS3 POSOCO Lift Irrigation Projects for Better System Selected
Operation Under High Renewable Energy
Penetration
24. C2 PS1 POSOCO Use of Meteorological Radar Image To Improve Selected
Resiliency Of Indian Grid
25. C3 PS2 Power Grid POWERGRID’s Experience on Electric and Selected
Corporation of Magnetic Field Induction Under 765/400 Kv
India Power Transmission Lines
26. C4 PS3 POSOCO Power Quality Monitoring of HVAC Solar Selected
Power Station Using Sequence Voltages from
Synchrophasor – A Case Study
27. C4 PS1 GETCO Implementation of Emerging Techniques & Tools Selected
For Reliability, Stability And Flexibility of RE
Rich Modern Power Grid With Multidimensional
Approach – Indian Grid Context
28. C5 PS1 POSOCO Implementation of Security Constrained Selected
Economic Despatch Pan India
29. C5 PS1 POSOCO Experience of Implementation of Reserve Selected
Regulation Ancillary Services And Fast Response
Ancillary Services In India
30. C5 PS1 POSOCO Transition from Administered to Market Linked Selected
Imbalance Handling Mechanism in Indian
Electricity Market
31. C6 PS2 Power Grid Tapping of Power from overhead Earthwire of Selected
Corporation of EHV Transmission Line to Supply Remotely
India Located Load-Powergrid Experience
32. D1 PS3 IIS-Bengaluru Erosion Performance of Boron Nitride Filled Selected
Silicone Rubber Composite as an Outdoor
Insulator Weathershed Material
33. D1 PS2 ERDA Analysis of 400 kV Failed Silicone Rubber Selected
Insulators: Role of Micro-Cracks in Glass Fiber
Rod and Electric Field Distribution in Failure
Mechanism-Case Study
34. D2 PS1 ISGF Smart Grid Developments In India Selected

35. D2 PS1 POSOCO Impact of Big Data, Internet of Things and Selected
Analytics in Indian Power System - A Case
Study
36. D2 PS2 Scope T&M Pvt. Cyber Secured Grid Operations with Machine Selected
Ltd. Learning & Artificial Intelligence Implementation-
A Case Study
37. D2 PS1 POSOCO Facilitating Power Banking and Overarching Selected
Arrangement through Smart Contracts Based
on Block Chain Technology
38. A1 PS3 NTPC Design Improvement to Address Large Motor Not Selected
Termination Failures - Utility Perspective
39. A3 PS1 ERDA Development of Silver-Carbon Nano Tube Not Selected
Contact Tips and Study of Their Properties and
in Service Performance
40. A3 PS2 BHEL Optimization for Economic Design of Isolated Not Selected
Phase Bus Ducts: Simulations and Field Testing
- A Case Study
41. B1 PS2 NHPC Ltd. 400 kV Oil Filled Cables: Experience of Two Not Selected
Decades with EHV Cables
42. B2 PS2 Aditya Birla Testing of RTV Coated Porcelain Disc Insulators Not Selected
and Their Use in The Indian Power Sector for
Enhancing Network Performance
43. B4 PS3 Siemens Stability Improvement of Grid With SVC Not Selected
Controller & Comparison Between Rtds
Simulations with Actual Scenario
44. B5 PS1 NTPC Ltd. Integration of Testing Methodology of Numerical Not Selected
Relays with Life Cycle Management of All
Protection IEDS in Utility System – NTPC
Experience
45. C2 PS1 POSOCO Primary Frequency Response in Indian Grid: An Not Selected
Experience of Two Decades

CIGRE Members from India in 2019
(As on December 2019)
Institutional Members
S. No. Organisation 13 Joint Electricity Reg. Com.-for Goa &Uts
1 Andhra Pradesh Electricity Regulatory 14 Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory
Commission Commission
2 Bihar Electricity Regulatory Commission 15 Malaviya National Inst. of Tech., Jaipur
3 Central Electricity Regulatory Commission 16 National Institute of Technology, Calicut
4 CIGRE-India - COE,Centre of Excellence 17 Punjab State Electricity Regulatory
5 Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission Commission
6 Electrical Research and Development 18 Ramelex Testing & Research Institute
Association 19 Sikkim State Electricity Regulatory
7 Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission Commission
8 H P Electricity Regulatory Commission 20 U.P. Electricity Regulatory Commission
9 IEEMA 21 Uttarakhand Electricity Regulatory
Commission
10 Indian Inst. of Technology Kanpur
22 West Bengal Electricity Regulatory
11 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Commission
12 Jharkhand State Electricity Regulatory
Commission
Individual Members
S. Name Organisation 12 Apar Industries Ltd. Srimanta Kumar Jana
No. 13 Avaada Power Deepak Kumar
1 ABB Gaurav Kumar Kasal Saxena
2 ABB Global Sachin Srivastava 14 Bechtel India Private Ashish Bhatnagar
Industries & Limited
Services Ltd. 15 BHEL S.V.N. Jithin Sundar
3 ABB India Ltd. Biplob Sardar 16 BHEL Corporate R Mohana Rao
4 Adani Electricity Arvind Kumar Sharma &D Mandava
Mumbai Limited - 17 CBIP V K Kanjlia
Trans
18 CG Power and Vikrant Joshi
5 Adani Power Niraj Agrawal Industrial Solutions
Maharashtra Ltd. Ltd
6 Adani Transmission Bipin B Shah 19 Consultant Virendra Kumar
Ltd, Lakhiani
7 Adishaktyai- India Neeraj Khare 20 Consultant N S Sodha
8 Alfa Consultants Ramesh Dattaraya 21 Consultant N N Misra
Suryavanshi
22 Consultant Venkata Chalapathi
9 Amara Raja Power Venkata Krishna Chendur Venkatarao
Systems Ltd Marmavula Muni
23 Consultant R P Sasmal
10 Angelique Gopal Ji
24 Consultant Krishnan S.
International Limited
Balasubramanian
11 Anna University Usa Savadamuthu

25 Consultant Dhananjay Kumar 56 GETCO Rajeshkumar Amrutlal

Chaturvedi Patel
26 Consultant Sanjay Patki 57 GETCO Bhasmang N. Trivedi
27 Consultant Pramod Rao 58 GETCO Bhadreshkumar B.
28 Consultant Subhash Sethi Mehta
29 Consultant S K Soonee 59 GETCO Nilesh Sheth
30 CPRI Dr. Burjupati 60 GETCO Rameshchandra P.
Nageshwar Rao Satani
31 CPRI Devender Rao Karre 61 GETCO Bankim
32 CTR Manufacturing T P Govindan Pravinchandra Soni
Industries Ltd. 62 GETCO Dipak kumar Patel
33 Damodar Valley Abhijit Chakraborty 63 GETCO Chetan G Thakkar
Corporation 64 GETCO Bhadresh B. Chauhan
34 Damodar Valley Anil Kumar Jha 65 GETCO Yogesh Vishnu Joshi
Corporation
66 Gujarat Industries Rakesh Thakkar
35 DNV-KEMA Ravi Kumar Power Co. Ltd.
Puzhankara
67 Hindalco Kaushik Tarafdar
36 DTL Rajesh Kumar Arora
68 IIT- Bangalore Sudalai Shunmugam
37 Energy Infratech Madhuryya Prosad Sundaram
Pvt. Ltd. Chakravorty
69 IIT-Bombay Himanshu Bahirat
38 ERDA Satish Chetwani
70 India Infrastructure Anchal Pahwa
39 Erode Sengunthar K. Singaram Christian Publishing Limited
Engineering College Johnson
71 Indian Institute of Sarasij Das
40 Free Lance Hosalli Bhashyam Science
Mukund
72 Indian Institute of Joy Thomas Meledath
41 GE T&D India Ltd. Mahesh Raman Science
42 GE T&D India Ltd. Pandiyaraj Kalyani 73 Indian Institute of Udaya Kumar
43 GE T&D India Ltd. Madhu Sudan Science
44 GE T&D India Ltd. Santosh Kumar 74 J&K Power Habib Chowdhary
Annadurai Development
45 GE T&D India Ltd. Santosh Kumar Department
Annadurai 75 Kalpataru Power Nitin Kumar Patel
46 GETCO Pankajbhai Suthar Trans. Ltd
47 GETCO Nikunjkumar 76 Kalpataru Power Pervinder Singh
Makwana Trans. Ltd Chowdhry
48 GETCO Ashokkumar J. 77 Kalpataru Power Milind Nene
Chavda Trans. Ltd
49 GETCO Venu Birappa 78 KEC International Sunil Bhanot
Limited
50 GETCO Sachin D Patel
79 KEC-RPG E.V. Rao
51 GETCO Nishant Priyakant
Shah 80 KEI Industries Ltd Lalit Sharma
52 GETCO Jalpesh Trivedi 81 Laxmi Associates Aradhana Ray
53 GETCO Alpeshkumar 82 M.P. Power K. Kamlesh Murty
Jayantilal Soni Transmission Co.
Ltd
54 GETCO Zulfikarali M Vijapura
83 Mahati Industries Udaybabu
55 GETCO Vinay Rathod
Pvt.Ltd. Ratanchand Shah

84 Mahatma Gandhi Sheri Abhishek Reddy 116 Power Grid B N De Bhowmick

Institute of 117 Power Grid Biswajit Bandhu
Technology Mukherjee
85 Megawin Switchgear Muthuraj Ramaswamy 118 Power Grid Rajesh Kumar
P. Ltd.
119 Power Grid Anish Anand
86 Modern Insulators Ram Kumar
120 Power Grid Arbind Kumar
Limited Vaithilingam
Chaudary
87 National Inst. I R Rao
121 Power Grid Manish Kumar Tiwari
of Technology
Karnataka 122 Power Grid Nitesh Kumar
88 North East Harshal Maelwar 123 Power Grid Dr. Sunita Chohan
Transmission 124 Power Grid K S Rathore
Company 125 Power Grid Rajeev Kumar
89 NTPC Ltd. Nagesh Kondra Chauhan
90 NTPC Ltd. Subhash Thakur 126 Power Grid Rashmi Pant Joshi
91 Persotech Solutions Pravinchandra Mehta 127 Power Grid Chandra Kant
92 PFISTERER Deepal Shah 128 PRDC Bapuji Palki
93 Polycab Wires Pvt. Tony Martens 129 Primemeiden Vijayakumaran
Ltd. Limited Moorkath
94 POSOCO Subhendu Mukherjee 130 Protection Engg. Pradeep Kumar
95 POSOCO Santosh Kumar Jain & Research Gangadharan
Laboratories
96 POSOCO Shailendra Verma
131 Raj Petro Dr. Daya Shankar
97 POSOCO K V S Baba
Specialities Pvt Ltd Shukla
98 POSOCO Vivek Pandey
132 Raj Petro Sushil Chaudhari
99 POSOCO Aditya Prasad Das Specialities Pvt Ltd
100 POSOCO Rajiv Kumar Porwal 133 Raj Petro Baburao Keshawatkar
101 POSOCO S.R. Narasimhan Specialities Pvt.
102 POSOCO Samir Chandra Limited
Saxena 134 Rajasthan Test & Jaspaul Kalra
103 POSOCO Manoj Kumar Agarwal Research Centre
104 POSOCO Praveen Kumar 135 Raychem PRG Pvt. Subhankar Das
Agarwal Ltd.
105 POSOCO Anamika Sharma 136 Raychem RPG Pvt. P. Kirushnaraj
Ltd.
106 Power Grid Anantha Sarma
Boppudi 137 Regen Powertech Vinod Kumar Agarwal
Private Limited
107 Power Grid Brijendra Bahadur
Singh 138 Reliance Power Alok Roy
Transmission Ltd
108 Power Grid Subhash C Taneja
139 Shreem Electric Ltd. Vikas Shahaji
109 Power Grid Gyaneshwar Payasi
Jagadale
110 Power Grid Abhay Kumar
140 Silverline Electricals Santosh Vishwakarma
111 Power Grid R P S Rana Pvt. Ltd.
112 Power Grid Subir Sen 141 SJVN Ltd. Rashi Tyagi
113 Power Grid Ravindra Kumar Tyagi 142 SkipperSeil Ltd. Surinder Kumar Negi
114 Power Grid Seema Gupta 143 Sleepwalkers Sivaji Burada
115 Power Grid Arun Kumar Mishra 144 Sterlite Power Gopal Ji

145 Sterlite Power Grid Rajesh Suri 152 Taurus Powertronics Narasimhan
Ventures Ltd Pvt. Ltd. Ravinarayan
146 Sterlite Power Parantap Krishna Makaram
Transmission Ltd. Raha 153 Technical Associates Vishnu Agarwal
147 Suzlon Power Naresh Kumar 154 Telawne Cromptek Yogesh Telawne
Infrastructure Ltd. Panchal Electricals Pvt. Ltd.
148 Syselec Technologie Hrushaabh Prashaant 155 The Tata Power Co. Rajendra Vinayak
Private Limited Mishra Ltd. Saraf
149 TAG Corporation Vivek 156 TS Transco Arogya Raju Pudhota
Thiruvenkatachari 157 Vision Vidyut Jaywant Thorat
150 Takalkar Powerr Subhash Chandra Engineers Pvt. Ltd.
Engin & Consult. Pvt Takalkar 158 WAPCOS Ltd. Hillol Biswas
Ltd
159 Ziv Automation India R C Anand
151 Tata Consulting Ashish Kumar Nandi Pvt Ltd
Engineers
Organisational Members
Sl. No. Organisation 26 NHDC Limited
1 ABB India Limited 27 NHPC Limited
2 Adani Electricity Mumbai Limited - Tran. 28 NLC India Limited
3 Adani Transmission Limited 29 North Eastern Electric Power Corp. Ltd
4 APAR Industries Limited 30 NTPC - Dadri SSTP
5 Associated Power Structures Pvt. Ltd. 31 NTPC Limited - Koldam
6 Atlanta Electricals Pvt.Ltd. 32 NTPC Limited- Faridabad
7 BAJAJ ELECTRICALS LTD. 33 NTPC Limited, Anta GPS
8 Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. Bangalore 34 NTPC Limited, Auraiya
9 Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Bhopal 35 NTPC Limited, BARH
10 Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Haridwar 36 NTPC Limited, Bongaigaon TPP
11 Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, Hyderabad 37 NTPC Limited, H.Q.
12 Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., Noida 38 NTPC Limited, Jhanor
13 Central Electricity Authority 39 NTPC Limited, Kahalgaon STPS
14 Central Power Research Institute 40 NTPC Limited, Kawas GPP
15 CESC Limited 41 NTPC Limited, Kayamkulam
16 CTR Manufacturing Industries Ltd. 42 NTPC Limited, Korba STPS
17 Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. 43 NTPC Limited, Mouda STPP
18 Easun-Mr Tap Changers (P) Limited 44 NTPC Limited, Ramagundam STPS
19 Gupta Power Infrastructure Limited 45 NTPC Limited, Rihand STPP
20 India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) 46 NTPC Limited, Simhadri STPP
21 Karmatara Engineering Pvt. Ltd. 47 NTPC Limited, Singrauli STPS
22 KEI Industries Ltd. 48 NTPC Limited, SIPAT STPS
23 Larsen & Toubro Limited- Construction 49 NTPC Limited, Talcher STPS
24 LS Cable India Pvt. Ltd. 50 NTPC Limited, Tanda
25 National High Power Test Lab. Pvt. Ltd. 51 NTPC Limited, Vindhyachal STPS

52 NTPC Limited,Farakka STPS 73 Powergrid Corp. of India Ltd., Bangalore

53 NTPC Ltd.-Kudgi STPS 74 Powergrid Corp. of India Ltd-NRT-I
54 NTPC Sail Power Co. Pvt. Ltd. 75 Powergrid Corp. of India Ltd-Orissa
55 Olectra Greentech Ltd. 76 Powergrid Corporation of India, H.Q.
56 ONGC Tripura Power Company Ltd. 77 R.S. Infraprojects Pvt. Ltd.
57 Polycab Wires Pvt. Ltd. 78 Savita Oil Technologies Ltd.
58 POSOCO- ERLDC 79 Scope T&M Pvt Ltd
59 POSOCO- H.Q. 80 Siemens Ltd, EM TS
60 POSOCO- SRLDC 81 SJVN Limited
61 POSOCO- WRLDC 82 Sterlite Power Transmission Limited
62 POSOCO-NERLDC 83 Supreme & Co. Pvt. Ltd.
63 Power Research & Develop. Cons. Pvt. 84 Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
Ltd 85 Taurus Powertronics Pvt. Ltd
64 Powergrid Corp. of India Limited, WR-II 86 Techno Electric and Engineering Co. Ltd.
65 Powergrid Corp. of India Limited, Patna 87 THDCIL
66 Powergrid Corp. of India Ltd, Bangaluru 88 The Motwane Manufacturing Co. Pvt Ltd.
67 Powergrid Corp. of India Ltd, Kolkata 89 The Tata Power Company Ltd.
68 Powergrid Corp. of India Ltd, Lucknow 90 Toshiba Trans.& Dist. Systems (I) Pvt Ltd.
69 Powergrid Corp. of India Ltd, 91 Transformers & Rectifier (India) Ltd.
Secunderabad
92 Transmission Corporation of Telangana
70 Powergrid Corp. of India Ltd, Shillong Limited
71 Powergrid Corp. of India Ltd.,Jammu 93 Transrail Lighting Limited
72 Powergrid Corp. of India Ltd., Maharashtra 94 Universal Cables Limited
Young Members
S.No. Name Organistaion 10 Saibal Ghosh POSOCO
1 Animesh Moji Adani Group 11 Dwaipayan Sen Power Grid
2 Mohan Vadivel GE T&D India Ltd. 12 Manash Jyoti Power Grid
3 Aishwarya Dixit Hyosung T&D India Pvt. Baishya
Ltd. 13 Ankur Kumar Power Grid
4 Kummaragu K Indotech Transformer 14 Jeetesh Kumar Power Grid
Ltd. 15 Amit Kuma Power Grid
5 Dony C S Kerala State Electricity 16 Lokesh Kumar Power Grid
Board Ltd. Singh Chundawat
6 Atma Ram Gupta NIT Kurukshetra 17 Amandeep Singh Power Grid
7 Harshvardhan NTPC Ltd. 18 Ankit Prakash Power Grid
Senghani Vaishnao
8 Gourav POSOCO 19 Madhav Beni Power Grid
Mukherjee
20 Priyanka Swain Tata Consulting Engineers
9 Ankit Gupta POSOCO Limited

Student Members
S. Organisation Name 23 National Institute of Sarov Mohan S
No. Technology, Calicut
1 Indian Institute of Anamika Dubey 24 National Institute of Thalluri Chaitanya
Technology Kanpur Technology, Calicut Sai
2 Indian Institute of J G sreenath 25 National Institute of Vipul Kumar
Technology Kanpur Technology, Calicut
3 Indian Institute of Aasim 26 National Institute of Avinash Nelson
4 Indian Institute of Akhilesh Prakash 27 National Institute of Gowrishankar S
Technology Kanpur Gupta Technology, Calicut
5 Indian Institute of Vineeth V 28 National Institute of Joyce Jacob
6 Indian Institute of Piyush Warhad 29 National Institute of Emil Ninan Skariah
Technology Kanpur Pande Technology, Calicut
7 Indian Institute of P. Naga Yasasvi 30 National Institute of Jacob P Varghese
8 Indian Institute of Gaurav Khare 31 National Institute of Lakshmi Tharamal
9 Indian Institute of Priyanka Gangwar 32 National Institute of Anjitha V
10 Indian Institute of Saurabh 33 National Institute of Haritha G
Technology Kanpur Kesherwani Technology, Calicut
11 Indian Institute of Ankit Yadav 34 National Institute of Ravishankar A N
12 Indian Institute of Avinash kumar 35 National Institute of Athira Raju
13 Indian Institute of Rajarshi Dutta 36 National Institute of Subin Koshy
14 Indian Institute of Syed Mohammad 37 National Institute of Rahul S
Technology Kanpur Ashraf Technology, Calicut
15 Indian Institute of Arindam Mitra 38 National Institute of Rinsha V
16 Indian Institute of Bandopant Pawar 39 National Institute of T S Bheemraj
17 Indian Institute of Anamika Tiwari 40 National Institute of Sanila P
18 National Institute of Amararapu Satish 41 National Institute of Najda V M
Technology, Calicut Technology, Calicut
19 National Institute of Aswin Bhaskar P E 42 National Institute of Renuka V S
Technology, Calicut Technology, Calicut
20 National Institute of Cheemala 43 Indian Institute of Lokesh Kumar
Technology, Calicut Vaishnavi Technology Bombay Dewangan
21 National Institute of Divya P 44 Indian Institute of Vatsal Kedia
Technology, Calicut Technology Bombay
22 National Institute of K Vamsi Krishna 45 Indian Institute of Santanu Paul
Technology, Calicut Technology Bombay

46 Indian Institute of Siba Kumar Patro 58 Indian Institute of Joel Jose

Technology Bombay Technology Bombay
47 Indian Institute of Aditya Nadkarni 59 Indian Institute of Hemantkumar
Technology Bombay Technology Bombay Goklani
48 Indian Institute of Kaustav Dey 60 Indian Institute of vinay chindu
49 Indian Institute of Santosh V Singh 61 Indian Institute of Gopakumar
50 Indian Institute of Kavita Kiran 62 Indian Institute of Patil Nikhil Suresh
Technology Bombay Prasad Technology Bombay
51 Indian Institute of Anees V P 63 Indian Institute of Pragati Gupta
52 Indian Institute of soumya Ranjan 64 Indian Institute of Suman Kumar
Technology Bombay mohapatra Technology Bombay Neogi
53 Indian Institute of Kevin Gajjar 65 Indian Institute of Ajith J
54 Indian Institute of Rohit Thute 66 Indian Institute of Makarand M Kane
55 Indian Institute of B. Sai Ram 67 Indian Institute of Annoy Kumar Das
56 Indian Institute of Minal Chougule 68 Manipal University Udayan Atreya
Technology Bombay Dahmi Kalan Jaipur
57 Indian Institute of Soumya Kanta
Technology Bombay Panda
CiGrE (india)
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the results of work performed by the CIGRE Study Committees and informs on the life of the Association.
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Four Group of CIGRE Study Committees
Study Committee
A : EQUIPMENT B : TECHNOLOGIES C: SYSTEM D: New Materials & IT
SC A1 SC B1 SC C1 SC D1
Rotating Electrical Machines Insulated Cables Power System Development Materials and Emerging Test
and Economics Techniques
SC A2 SC B2 SC C2 SC D2
Power Transformers and Overhead Lines Power System Operation Information Systems and
Reactors and Control Telecommunication
65
SC A3 SC B3 SC C3
Transmission & Distribution Substations and Electrical Power System
Equipment Installations Environmental Performance
SC B4 SC C4
DC Systems and Power Power System Technical
Electronics Performance
SC B5 SC C5
Protection and Automation Electricity Markets and
Regulation
SC C6
Active Distribution Systems
and Distributed Energy
Resources
FIElDS OF ACTIVITy OF CIGRE STUDy COMMITTEES

Study Scope
Committees No.
A1 Rotating Electrical Machines : The SC is focused on the development of new technologies and the international exchange
of information and knowledge in the field of rotating electrical machines, to add value to this information and knowledge
by means of synthesizing state-of-the-art practices and developing guidelines and recommendations.
A2 Power Transformers and Reactors : The scope of SC A2 covers the whole life cycle of all kind of power transformers,
including HVDC transformers, phase shifters, shunt reactors and all transformer components as bushing and tap-
changers.
A3 Transmission & Distribution Equipment : The scope of the SC A3 covers theory, design, construction and operation
for all devices for switching, interrupting and limiting currents, surges arresters, capacitors, busbars, equipment insulators
and instrument transformers used in transmission and distribution systems.
B1 Insulated Cables : The scope of SC B1 covers the whole Life Cycle of AC and DC Insulated cables for Land and Submarine
Power Transmission, which means theory, design, applications, manufacture, installation, testing, operation, maintenance,
upgrading and uprating, diagnostics techniques. It has been focused on HV & EHV applications for a long time. Nowadays
MV applications are more and more taken into consideration.
B2 Overhead lines : The scope of the Study Committee SC B2 covers all aspects of the design and refurbishment of overhead
power lines. The Study Committee’s strategic goals include: increased acceptance of overhead lines; increased utilization
of existing overhead lines; improved reliability and availability of overhead lines.
B3 Substations and Electrical Installations : The scope of work for SC B3 includes the design, construction, maintenance
and ongoing management of transmission and distribution substations, and the electrical installations in power stations,
but excluding generators.
B4 DC Systems and Power Electronics : The scope of SC B4 covers High Voltage Direct Current systems and Power
Electronics for AC networks and Power Quality improvement. Overhead lines or cables, which may be used in HVDC
systems are not included in the scope, but are the responsibility of SC B2 and SC B1 respectively. The members of B4
come from Manufacturers, Utilities, transmission system operators (TSOs), Consultants and Research Institutes. SC B4
is active in recruiting young engineers to participate in its activities.
B5 Protection and Automation : The scope of the Committee covers the principles, design, application and management
of power system protection, substation control, automation, monitoring, recording and metering – including associated
internal and external communications and interfacing for remote control and monitoring.
C1 Power System Development and Economics : The SC’s work includes issues, methods and tools related to the
development and economics of power systems, including the drivers to: invest in expanding power networks and sustaining
existing assets, increase power transfer capability, integrate distributed and renewable resources, manage increased
horizontal and vertical interconnection, and maintain acceptable reliability in a cost-efficient manner. The SC aims to
support planners to anticipate and manage change.
C2 Power System Operation and Control : The scope of the SC C2 covers the technical, human resource and institutional
aspects and conditions needed for a secure and economic operation of existing power systems under security requirements
against system disintegration, equipment damages and human injuries.
C3 Power System Environmental Performance : The scope of this Study Committee is focused on the identification and
assessment of electric power systems environmental impacts and the methods used for assessing and managing these
impacts during the all life cycle on the power system assets.
C4 Power System Technical Performance : The scope of SC C4 covers system technical performance phenomena that
range from nanoseconds to many hours. SC C4 has been engaged in the following topics: Power Quality, EMC/EMI,
Insulation Coordination, Lightning, and Power systems performance models and numerical analysis.
C5 Electricity Markets and Regulation : The scope of the Study Committee is “to analyze the different market approaches
and solutions and their impact on the electric supply industry in support of the traditional economists, planners and operators
within the industry as well as the new actors such as regulators, traders, technology innovators and Independent Power
producers.
C6 Active Distribution Systems and Distributed Energy Resources : SC C6 facilitates and promotes the progress of
engineering, and the international exchange of information and knowledge in the field of distributions systems and dispersed
generation. The experts contributes to the international exchange of information and knowledge by the rizing state of the
art practices and developing recommendations.
D1 Materials and Emerging Test Techniques : The scope of Study Committee D1 covers new and existing materials for
electrotechnology, diagnostic techniques and related knowledge rules, as well as emerging test techniques with expected
impact on power systems in the medium to long term.
D2 Information Systems and Telecommunication : The scope of this SC is focused on the fields of information systems and
telecommunications for power systems. SC D2 contributes to the international exchange of information and knowledge,
adding value by means of synthesizing state of the art practices and drafting recommendations.

Technical Data
hIGhlIGhTS OF POWER SECTOR
GroWtH oF iNstALLEd CAPACitY

(Figures in MW)
At the end of 12th Plan (March 2017) As on 30.11.2019

THERMAL 218330.00 229401.42
HYDRO 44478.00 45399.22
NUCLEAR 6780.00 6780.00
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 57244.00 84399.90
TOTAl 326832.00 365980.54
Source : CEA
ALL iNdiA rEGioN WisE iNstALLEd CAPACitY

As on 30-11-2019
(Figures in MW)
Region Thermal Nuclear hydro RES Total

Northern 58173.23 1620 19707.77 16392.62 95893.62
Western 85900.11 1840 7547.50 25085.15 120372.76
Southern 53089.34 3320 11774.83 41051.86 109236.03
Eastern 29616.87 0 4942.12 1488.68 36047.67
N. Eastern 2581.83 0 1427.00 363.41 4372.23
Islands 40.05 0 0.00 18.19 58.24
All India 229401.42 6780 45399.22 84399.90 365980.54
Percentage 62.68 01.85 12.40 23.06 100
Source : CEA
sECtor WisE iNstALLEd CAPACitY ANd GENErAtioN

As on 30-11-2019
Net Capacity
Installed Capacity (MW) added
Percentage
Sector
Thermal Nuclear hydro RES Total Share During
Nov. 2019
STATE 74506.21 0.00 26958.50 2350.43 103815.14 28.37

PRIVATE 86857.30 0.00 3394.00 80417.17 170668.47 46.63
0 MW
CENTRAL 68037.91 6780.00 15046.72 1632.30 91496.93 25.00
TOTAl 229401.42 6780.00 45399.22 84399.90 365980.54 100
Source : CEA

68 CIGRE India Data
Technical Journal
GroWtH oF trANsMissioN sECtor

Unit At the end of 12th As on Nov. Addition after 12th Plan
Plan (March 2017) 2019 (2017-22)
(up to Nov. 2019)
TRANSMISSION lINES
HVDC ckm 15556 15556
765 kV ckm 31240 42804 52639
400 kV ckm 157787 183304
220 kV ckm 163268 178826
Total Transmission lines ckm 367851 420490 52639
SUBSTATIONS
HVDC MW 19500 22500
765 kV MVA 167500 223500
209158
400 kV MVA 240807 335957
220 kV MVA 312958 366466
TOTAl MW/ 740765 949923 209158
MVA
rUrAL ELECtriFiCAtioN / PEr CAPitA CoNsUMPtioN
Total no. of Villages 597464
No. of Villages Electrified 597464
% of Villages Electrified 100.00
th
No. of Pump-sets Energized (At the end of 12
21212860
Plan)
Per Capita Consumption during 2018-19* 1181 kWh
*Provisional
rE sECtor iN iNdiA: PotENtiAL ANd ACHiEvEMENts

Sector Fy 2019-20 Cumulative Achievements
GRID-INTERACTIVE POWER Fy 2019-20
Achievement (MW)
(CAPACITIES in MWp) Target (MW)
(April-Oct. 2019) (as on 31.10.2019)
Wind 3000.00 1464.06 37090.02
Solar Power (SPV) 8500.00 3515.59 31696.24
Small Hydro (up to 25 MW) 50.00 53.95 4647.10
Bio Power (Biomass & Gasification 250.00 28.00 9806.31
and Bagasse Cogeneration)
Waste to Power 2.00 1.50 139.80
Total (Approx) 11802.00 5063.10 83379.47
OFF GRID/CAPTIVE POWER 411.00 34.57 1292.27
(CAPACITIES IN MWEQ)
Other Renewable Energy Systems 0.76 0.06 50.33
(Biogass plants) (capacity in
Nos.)
Source : MNRE
*progress upto June 2019

NEWS
POWER DISTRIBUTION SECTOR NEEDS DRASTIC
REFORMS: POWER SECy
Power secretary Subhash Chandra Garg on said there is
a need to bring in drastic reforms in the power distribution
sector after the failure of the first version of Ujwal Discom
Assurance Yojna (UDAY) and unable to fully address
industry woes.
Addressing an event here organised by IEEMA, Garg
said the government is working on the revised version of
the scheme, where it will also cater to separating carriage
and content in the distribution sector.
“Electricity distribution is an area of concern. There
have been various initiatives taken by the government,
including the UDAY scheme to revive the distribution
sector, but it has not proved to be effective. It is necessary
that we take drastic reforms in the sector,” Garg said.
He further said the government is currently working on India has targeted a total hydel power generation capacity
bringing in the revised version of the scheme UDAY addition of 1,190 MW during the year. If achieved, India’s
2 which seeks to address most of the issues of the hydel capacity will cross 50 GW and touch 51.18 GW this
sector. year. At present large hydel capacity stands at around
45,399 MW while small hydel is around 4594 MW totaling
“The aim of the UDAY scheme was to make sure that 49.99 GW. Last year the government had targeted hydel
power is paid for. I am of the view that is discoms are capacity addition of 840 MW but it managed to achieve
buying power, they should pay. Under the UDAY scheme, only 140 MW.
states have to bear the burden of the losses of discoms. If
this time the power sector digs deep holes in the finances According to plans, this year central sector NEEPCO
of the state, then Centre will have to take the burden as will be adding the highest capacity of 600 MW at
the discoms will not be able to do it,” Garg added. Kameng Hydel Power project in Arunachal Pradesh.
State government of Himachal Pradesh will be adding
He also noted that the private sector will play a key another 211 MW in the state. These would include three
role in the transformation journey of the Indian power units of 33.33 MW by state government-owned BVPCL
industry. and three units of 37 MW by Himachal Pradesh Power
Source : PTI, Sep 17, 2019 Corporation Ltd.
INDIA hAS TARGETED A TOTAl hyDEl POWER Three private sector companies are also scheduled to
GENERATION CAPACITy ADDITION OF 1,190 MW add around 379 MW. These are GMR’s Bajoli Holi project
DURING ThE yEAR in Himachal Pradesh with a total capacity of 3 x 60 MW,
India has emerged the top country in the Asia-Pacific L&T’s Singoli Bhatwari project in Uttarakhand with a total
region for hydro technology tenders recorded during the capacity of 2 x 33 MW and Sorang hydel project with
quarter ended June 2019, with 24 tenders and a 42.9% proposed capacity of 2 x 50 MW at Uttarakhand.
share followed by Nepal at 18 tenders and a 32.1% share. According to the schedule prepared by Central Electricity
During the period 56 tenders were announced marking Authority, the country is likely to cross the 50 GW
a drop of 34% over the last four-quarter, against an installed capacity mark this month if NEEPCO manages
average of 85, according to GlobalData’s power industry to commission its proposed unit 1 and 2 of the Kameng
tenders database. project. These are to have a generation capacity of
Supply & erection tenders were 20 in number with a 150 MW each and are scheduled to be commissioned
35.7% share, while repair, maintenance & upgrade were this month. It is slated to start commercial operation in
15 in number with a 26.8% share in the total number of August.
tenders in the Asia-Pacific region. Consulting & similar Last year, hydel power plants achieved a 7% year-on-
services saw 15 tenders issued during the quarter which year growth in power generation at 135 billion units. It
comprised 26.8% share. Project implementation tenders contributed 10% of the total power generation for the year
were six in number with a 10.7% share. among conventional power generation sources.

70 CIGRE News
India Journal
At present, the largest hydel generation capacity is in

north India at 19.7 GW followed by South at 11.77 GW.
Western India has a total installed capacity of around
7.55 GW followed by East at 4.94 GW.
Source : ET Bureau, Sep 25, 2019
CESC DROPS PlANS TO SEPARATE DISTRIBUTION

AND GENERATION BIZ
In the filing, CESC said that in continuation of its intimation
dated 12 October 2018, informing shareholders that the
scheme was made effective from 1 October 2017, except
demerger of the generation undertaking of the company
into Haldia Energy L...
Kolkata-based power generation and distribution
company CESCNSE 0.28% will no longer pursue
its plan to separate generation and distribution
businesses, it has informed in a stock market filing. In
the filing, CESC said that in continuation of its intimation
dated 12 October 2018, informing shareholders that
the scheme was made effective from 1 October 2017,
except demerger of the generation undertaking of
the company into Haldia Energy Ltd, a wholly-owned assets was an issue. Eventually, CESC abandoned the
CESC subsidiary. plan which it announced on Thursday after its board
“The Board of Directors, at its meeting held on Thursday, meeting.
inter alia, discussed the present status of the demerger Source : ET Bureau, Nov 14, 2019
and decided that it would be prudent and in the best
INDIA, BANGlADESh GIVES IMPETUS TO CROSS-
interest of the company, its shareholders and other
BORDER ENERGy CORRIDOR
stakeholders to no longer pursue the said Demerger.
The company will make the necessary application to the The 2nd Project Review Monitoring Committee (PRMC)
Kolkata bench of the National Company Law Tribunal in meeting for the India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline
this regard. We request you to kindly take this on record,” project was successfully held between both the countries
CESC said in its filings to the exchange. here on Thursday in what can be viewed as a concrete
step in cross border connectivity corridor.
Last year, the company had announced that CESC would
be demerged into three entities. Power and retail would The meeting was held in the atmosphere of great
be separate companies while IT, FMCG and Quest Mall cordiality and warmth notwithstanding recent controversy
will be brought under another company. The plan was over Citizenship Amendment Bill, officials said.
to demerge distribution and generation of CESC at a Both countries reiterated the strong commitment and
later stage. It had applied West Bengal power regulators’ high priority attached to this bilateral relationship, and
permission for demerging these two companies and agreed to extend full cooperation on this project, in view
signing of a power purchase agreement between the of the centrality of cross-border energy cooperation in
two. Other power business like Haldia Energy Ltd and our bilateral partnership, according to officials.
Dhariwal Infrastructure, it’s solar, hydel and power
distribution businesses in other states continued to The Rs. 346 crore, 130-kilometre India-Bangladesh
remain subsidiaries of CESC. Friendship Pipeline Project is a landmark project being
undertaken under the grant assistance from India to
CESC had already received NCLT’s order for four-way Bangladesh.
demerger. However, it divided the company into three as
it needed state power regulator’s approval for separating The pipeline will connect Siliguri in West Bengal in India
its power distribution and generation business. According and Parbatipur in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. The
to sources, the West Bengal Power Regulator had oil pipeline will supply high speed diesel to Bangladesh
reservations with respect to the demerger of distribution from Numaligarh refinery.
and the generation business since the division of Source : ET Bureau, Dec 19, 2019

71
SINGAPORE’S SEMBCORP TO BUyOUT BAlANCE Developers are having difficulty finding affordable land,
STAKE IN INDIA JV FOR RS 406 CRORE FROM getting financing and connecting to grids after accepting
GAyATRI PROJECTS some of the world’s lowest green energy tariffs over
Singapore-headquartered Sembcorp Industries is in pact the past two and a half years. On top of that hangs the
to buyout its Indian partner, Gayatri ProjectsNSE 0.06 %’ uncertainty whether they will be paid on time by power
5.95% stake in Sembcorp Energy India (SEIL) for Rs 406 distribution companies, known locally as discoms.
crore, the two companies said on Wednesday. “With such low tariffs, projects can be viable only if
On completion of this transaction, Sembcorp Energy they have access to low-cost funds, cheap land and
India will become a wholly owned subsidiary of the inexpensive transmission infrastructure. Unfortunately
parent. all these three are found wanting for most wind projects,”
said Prashant Khankhoje, a director at India Electron
“The proposed acquisition will allow Sembcorp to have Exchange, a New Delhi-based power consulting firm.
the flexibility as sole owner to evaluate and pursue a full “The risk of delayed payments from discoms is another
range of growth opportunities in the renewables segment, big issue, which makes lenders scared to lend to wind
while at the same time seeking the right equity window to projects.”
list its India business or to pursue other capital recycling
options,” the company said. Adani Green EnergyNSE 0.63 % Ltd., Torrent PowerNSE
3.81 % Ltd. and Renew Power Ltd. are among companies
In a separate statement, the debt-laden Gayatri Projects, that have missed the targets. The three companies and
which has been struggling to meet its debt obligations, the Renewable Energy Ministry didn’t respond to emails
said, “The proceeds of the stake sale will be utilised for seeking comment.
reduction of the debt, general corporate purposes and
working capital.” India started auctioning wind projects in 2017, ditching a
previous system that had feed-in tariffs for developers.
The proposed acquisition is expected to be completed by The auctions saw aggressive bidding from developers,
the end of the year, subject to the satisfaction of certain which led to a drop in prices.
conditions precedent, including shareholders’ approval
of Gayatri Projects. The need to keep costs down amid the increasing
competition also led to financial difficulties at some
As per the deal, there is also potential future earn-outs turbine makers, such as SuzlonNSE 0.00 % Energy Ltd.,
for Gayatri Projects on achievement of certain milestones impeding their ability to execute projects on time.
by SEIL. Sembcorp said it will fund the deal through a
mix of internal funds and borrowings. “Today we’re left with a handful of equipment suppliers,
which has turned the industry from a buyers’ market to a
SEIL, is an independent power producer which has a sellers’ market,” said Vinay Rustagi, managing director at
diversified portfolio of thermal and renewable energy Bridge To India, a consultant to the renewables industry.
assets of more than 4,300 megawatts (mw). “Developers have lost the bargaining leverage they need
Source : ET Bureau, Dec 05, 2019 to make the project viable.”
WIND WOES INCREASE IN INDIA, WORlD’S Prime Minister Narendra Modi set a target in 2014 to
C h E A P E S T M A R K E T, A S D E l Ay S P I l E U P install 175 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by
ThREATENING NATION’S RENEWABlE-ENERGy 2022. As the nation approaches that goal, Modi this year
AMBITIONS announced a longer-term plan to install 450 gigawatts
About 2 gigawatts of wind power generation auctioned of renewable capacity as part of the country’s efforts to
by the federal government since February 2017 is reduce the emissions intensity of its economy.
running behind schedule, according to BloombergNEF. “That target looks extremely, extremely ambitious,” said
That number has more than quadrupled since February, Rustagi. “Until core issues of site availability, adherence
threatening to derail the nation’s renewable-energy to contracts and timely payments by discoms are
ambitions. resolved, developers would be wary of investing.”

International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRE)
International headquarters:
International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRE), 21 Rue d’Artois, 75008 Paris, France
Tel: +33 1 53 89 12 90; Fax: +33 1 53 89 12 99
Email of Secretary General: philippe.adam@cigre.org
Date of inception : CIGRE was founded in 1921 with its HQ at PARIS
Aims and Objectives:
CIGRE (International Council on Large Electric Systems) is one of the leading worldwide Organizations on Electric
Power Systems, covering their technical, economic, environmental, organisational and regulatory aspects.
A permanent, non-governmental and non-profit International Association, based in France, CIGRE was founded in
1921 and aims to:
• Facilitate the exchange of information between engineering personnel and specialists in all countries and
develop knowledge in power systems.
• Add value to the knowledge and information exchanged by synthesizing state-of-the-art world practices.
• Make managers, decision-makers and regulators aware of the synthesis of CIGRE’s work, in the area of
electric power.
More specifically, issues related to planning and operation of power systems, as well as design, construction,
maintenance and disposal of HV equipment and plants are at the core of CIGRE’s mission. Problems related to
protection of power systems, telecontrol, telecommunication equipment and information systems are also part of
CIGRE’s area of concern.
Establishment of Indian Chapters:
CIGRE India was set up as society on 24.07.91 with CBIP as secretariat.
Membership:
(I) Collective Members (I) - (companies of industrial and commercial nature)
(II) Collective Members (II) - (Universities, Engineering Colleges,Technical Institutes and regulatory
commission)
(III) Individual Members -
(In the engineering, teaching or research professions as well as of other professions involved in the industry
(Lawyers, economists, regulators...)
(IV) Young Members (Below 35 Years of Age) -
(In the engineering, teaching or research professions as well as of other professions involved in the industry
(Lawyers, economists, regulators...)
CIGRE - hQ
President Chairman TC Treasurer Secretary General
Rob STEPHEN (SA) Marcio SZECHTMAN (BR) Michel AUGONNET (FR) Philippe ADAM (FR)

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Full Address Full Address Full Address
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S.no Category Fees Fee incuding GST

18% to be paid Vender Name THE COMMITTEE FOR THE INTL CONF ON LHVES฀
1 Collective I Rs. 65,000/- Rs. 76,700/- Bank Name & Canara Bank/Delhi Diplomate Enclave
2 Collective II Rs. 25,000/- Rs. 29,500/- Branch
(Universities & Branch Address 16/48, Malcha Marg Shopping Centre, Chankyapuri, New Delhi -110021.
Regulatory Com.) Ph.No.41680133-34-35
3 Individual Rs. 7,500/- Rs. 8,850/-
IFSC code of ICIC0000346 MICR No. : 110229052 Account No. : 034601001054
4 Young - below 35 Rs. 3,750/- Rs. 4,425/-
branch
years of age
Type of account Special Saving Account PAN No. : AAAAZ0260A
Fee can be paid through cheque/ DD in favour of CIGRE India or GSTIN : 07AAAAZ0260A1Z1
through bank transfer
For information pl contact – Vishan Dutt, CIGRE India, CBIP Building, Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri, New delhi – 110 021 : Mobile – 9811431554 ; vishandutt@cbip.org

Inadequate Earthing Grounding in Distrib

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ISSN : 2250-0081 (Print)

ISSN : 2250-009X (Online)

Wish you a Very Happy & Prosperous New Year 2020

Chairpersons of CIGRE - India

Seema Gupta B.B. Chauhan K.V.S. Baba Subir Sen

Jithin Sunder P.K. Aggarwal R.K. Chauhan R.K. Tyagi

B.N. De Bhomick Anish Anand Ashok Pal Rajil Srivastava

N.S. Sodha D.K. Chaturvedi Subhas Thakur Lalit Sharma

Editorial Advisory Board • Dr. Konstantin O. Papailiou, CEO, PFISTERER Holding

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020 2

Dr. Rajesh Kumar Arora

3 Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

3. IMPORTANCE / PURPOSE OF EARThING

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

Fig. 6 : Earthing Layout of Distribution Transformer

4.2 Equipment Earthing

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

5.1 Disadvantage of Ungrounded Neutral Earthing 6. EARThING SySTEM FOR lV NETWORK

6.1.1 TN-C Earthing System

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

6.1.2 TN-S Earthing System

Advantages of TN-C-S Earthing System

Disadvantages of the TN-C-S Earthing System

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

6.2 TT Earthing System

Fig. 14 (a) : IT Earthing System

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

Table 1 : Comparison of all Earthing Systems

Fig. 15 : Protection Tripping in Different Earthing Systems

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

Fig. 18 : Illustrations of Step & Touch Potential

Fig. 17 : Concept of ESP and Danger of Touch &

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

1. The creation of an equipotential zone will protect a

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

save one unit a day

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

13 Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

OIP BUShINGS Direct Moulding of Silicon Sheds on Higher kV Class

RIP / RIS BUShINGS 100%

RIP Bushing usage for Transformer Application is now

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

of Grading Foils in RIP/RIS Bushings is due to fact that used in RIS.

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

graph given below;

Temperatures 60 to 90 Deg. Cent. and can result into 0.007

RIP : Typical Tan Delta vs Temperature

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

INSUlATION DEGRADATION IN SERVICE • Adverse Effects of Surface Contaminations on

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020 18

1. INTRODUCTION iii. Rapid Voltage Changes

19 Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

rms of + ve Sequence gives rise in flickers values especially in Psti. Please

Following are the salient reasons and effect of voltage

effect have been summarized below. sL Parameter

Volume 9 v No. 1 v January 2020

Parameters standards 3. VOlTAGE EVENTS

≤ As per Table for 95% of 01 fig 3 for

Voltage ≤ As per 100% of