இளனையில் கல் ! கூடிப் பிரியயல் !! நூல் பல கல் !!!

HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR

NAME :
CLASS : 11 SECTION:
SCHOOL :

EXAM NO :
முயற்சி திருவினை ஆக்கும் முயற்றின்னை
இன்னை புகுத்தி விடும்

. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
CUDDALORE DIST
MOBILE - 9940814079
 6. Define acceleration due to gravity. 15. Why do we have seasons on Earth?
UNIT - 6 • The acceleration experienced by the object near • The season’s in the Earth arise due to the rotation
1. State geocentric model of Solar system. the surface of the Earth due to its gravity is called of Earth around the Sun with 23.5° tilt.
• Ptolemy proposed geocentric model of Solar acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by “g” 16. Can angular momentum of planet change? Justify
system. 7. Define escape speed. your answer?
• According to the geocentric model, the Earth is at • The escape speed is defined as the minimum speed • The torque acting on the planet due to attractive
the center of the universe and all celestial objects required by an object to escape Earth’s force of Sun is zero. Since torque is the rate of
including the Sun, the Moon, and other planets gravitational field. (𝑣𝑒 = √2 𝑔 𝑅𝑒) change of angular momentum, we have
orbit the Earth. • For Earth, 𝒗𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐 𝒌𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 𝑑⃗⃗𝐿
𝜏= =0 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐿⃗ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2. State heliocentric model of Solar system. 8. Define orbital velocity of a satellite. 𝑑𝑡
• Nicholas Copernicus proposed a new model called • The minimum velocity required to place or maintain a • Hence angular momentum of planet about Sun will
the ‘Heliocentric model’ satellite in a given orbit is called orbital velocity. not change.
• According to the heliocentric model, the Sun was 9. Why is the energy of a satellite (or other planet) is • Also the duration of day and night will be equal
considered to be at the center of the solar system negative? throughout the year.
and all planets including the Earth orbited the Sun • The negative sign in the total energy implies that 17. A student was asked a question why are there are
in circular orbits. the satellite is bound to the Earth and it cannot summer and winter for us? He replied as since
3. State Newton’s universal law of gravitation. escape from the Earth Earth is orbiting in an elliptical orbit, when the
• Newton’s law of gravitation states that a particle of 10. What are geostationary satellites? Earth is very far away from the Sun (aphelion)
mass M1 attracts any other particle of mass M 2 in • The telecommunication satellites which placed at there will be winter, when the Earth is nearer to
the universe with an attractive force which is a height of 36000 km above the equatorial region the Sun (perihelion) there will be summer. Is this
directly proportional to the product of their of earth surface and appear to be stationary when answer is correct? If not, what is the correct
masses and is inversely proportional to the square seen from earth are called geostationary satellite. explanation for the occurrence of summer and
of the distance between them. 11. What are polar satellites? winter?
𝐺 𝑀1 𝑀2 • The satellite which placed at a distance of 500 km to 800 • The answer is not correct.
⃗⃗⃗ = −
𝐹
𝑟2 km from the surface of the Earth orbits the Earth from • Because the occurrence of summer and winter is
• Here,, 𝐺 − 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑁 𝑚2 𝐶 −2 −→ universal north pole to south pole is called polar satellite. due to Earth’s 23.5 tilt.
gravitational constant 12. Define weight. 18. Explain in detail the idea of weightlessness using lift
4. Define gravitational field (gravitational field • The weight (W) of an object is defined as the as an example.
intensity). downward force whose magnitude is equal to • When the object is fall freely, they are not in
• Gravitational field at a point is defined as the 𝑾 = 𝑵= 𝒎𝒈 contact with any surface and hence the normal
gravitational force experienced by unit mass 13. What is called “retrograde motion” of planets. force acting on the object is zero. Hence the
placed at that point. • When the motion of the planets are observed in the downward acceleration is equal to the
• Its unit is 𝑁 𝐶 −1 (or) 𝑚 𝑠 −1 night sky by naked eyes over a period of a few acceleration due to gravity of Earth (i.e) a = g and
5. Distinguish between gravitational field and months, it can be seen that the planets move the object is in state of weightlessness.
gravitational potential. eastwards and reverse their motion for a while Explanation :
Gravitational potential and return to eastward motion again. This is called • For example consider a man inside the elevator
Gravitational potential “retrograde motion” of planets. (or) lift. Here, 𝑵 = 𝒎 (𝒈 − 𝒂)
energy
14. Why is there no lunar eclipse and solar eclipse • When the lift wire cuts, it freely falls with
It is defined as the work
It is the work done to move every month? downward acceleration 𝑎 = 𝑔
done required to bring unit
a mass from a point near • Moon’s orbit is tilted 5° with respect to Earth’s • From the above equation, 𝑵 = 𝒎 (𝒈−𝒈)=𝟎
mass from infinity to the
another mass to infinity orbit. Due to this 5° tilt, only during certain • Thus the apparent weight becomes zero and the
point near another mass
𝑮 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑮𝒎 periods of the year, the Sun, Earth and Moon align person in the lift is in the state of weightlessness
𝑼(𝒓) = −
𝒓 𝑽 (𝒓) = − in straight line leading to either lunar eclipse or or free fall
𝒓 solar eclipse depending on the alignment.
Its unit is joule (J) its unit is J kg-1 •

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
19. Explain the weightlessness in satellites. 10. Define Rigidity modulus.
• There is a wrong notion that the astronauts in
UNIT - 7 • It is defined as the ratio of shearing stress to the
satellites experience no gravitational force 1. Define elasticity. shearing strain and it is denoted by “𝜂𝑅”
because they are far away from the Earth. • If a body regain it shape and size after the removal 11. Define compressibility.
• Actually the Earth satellites that orbit very close to of deforming force, it is said to be elastic and the • The reciprocal of bulk modulus is called
Earth experience only gravitational force. The property is called elasticity. (e.g.) Rubber, metals, compressibility. It is defined as the fractional
astronauts inside the satellite also experience the steel ropes change in volume per unit increase in pressure and
same gravitational force. 2. Define plasticity. it is denoted as “C”
• Because of this, they cannot exert any force on the • If a body does not regain its shape and size after 12. What is the importance of Young’s modulus.
floor of the satellite. removal of deforming force, it is said to be plastic • Lesser the strain, larger the Young’s modulus.
• Thus, the floor of the satellite also cannot exert any body and the property is called plasticity. (e.g.) • So Young’s modulus measures the resistance of
normal force on the astronaut. Glass solid to a change in its length.
• Therefore, the astronauts inside a satellite are in 3. Define stress. 13. What is the importance of Bulk modulus.
the state of weightlessness. Not only the • The restoring force per unit area is called stress • Bulk modulus measures the resistance of solids to
astronauts, but all the objects in the satellite will and it is denoted by “𝜎” change in their volume.
be in the state of weightlessness which is similar • Its S.I unit is N m-2 (or) pascal and its dimension • That is if bulk modulus is small, then the body is
to that of a free fall. is [ML-1 T-2] easily compressed.
20. Explain how geocentric theory is replaced by 4. Define strain. 14. What is the importance of Rigidity modulus.
heliocentric theory using the idea of retrograde • Strain is defined as the ratio of change in size to the • Rigidity modulus is inversely proportional to the
motion of planets original size and it is denoted by “𝜀” angle of shear, which implies that a material can be
• To explain the retrograde motion, Ptolemy • Strain measures the degree of deformation. easily twisted if it has small value of rigidity
retained the Earth centric idea of Aristotle and • It has no unit and it is dimensionless quantity modulus.
introduced the concept of “epicycle” on it 5. Define elastic limit. 15. Define Poisson’s ratio.
• But Ptolemy’s model became more and more • The maximum stress within which the body regains its • When we stretch a rubber band in one direction
complex as every planet was found to undergo original size and shape after the removal of deforming (elongation). it becomes thinner in perpendicular
retrograde motion. force is called the elastic limit. direction (contraction)
• In 15th century, Copernicus proposed the 6. State Hooke’s law. • The ratio of relative contraction (lateral strain) to
heliocentric theory to explain retrograde motion • Hooke’s law states that, within elastic limit the the relative elongation (lateral stress) is called
in simple manner. stress is directly proportional to the strain. (i.e.) Poisson’s ratio and it is denoted by “𝜇”
• According to this model, the Sun is at the centre of stress ∝ strain 16. A spring balance shows wrong readings after using
the solar system and all planets orbited the sun. 7. Define modulus of elasticity. for a long time. Why?
• The retrograde motion of planets with respect to • When deformation is very small, the ratio of stress • When a spring balance is used for long time, the
Earth is because of the relative motion of the to the strain is a constant which is called modulus spring in that balance undergoes elastic fatigue
planet with respect to Earth. of elasticity. and begins to loses its elastic property.
• The Earth orbits around the Sun faster than Mars. • Its S.I unit is N m-2 (or) pascal and its dimension is • So it does not regains its original dimension
Because of the relative motion between Mars and [ML-1 T-2] (length). Because of this, it shows wrong readings.
Earth, Mars appears to move backwards from July 8. Define Young’s modulus. 17. Give the applications of elasticity.
to October. In the same way the retrograde motion • It is defined as the ratio of tensile stress (or) • The elastic behavior of material decides the
of all other planets was successfully by the compressive stress to the tensile strain (or) structural design of the column and beams of a
Copernicus model. compressive strain and it is denoted by “Y” building.
9. Define Bulk modulus. • By knowing the modulus of elasticity, we can select
• It is defined as the ratio of volume stress a suitable materials for designing heavy duty
(pressure) to the volume strain and it is denoted machines and construction of buildings.
by “K”

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
18. Which one is more elastic? Rubber or Steel? • The hairs of the painting brush cling together • When detergents are added to hot water while
• The object which has higher Young’s modulus is when taken out of water because of surface washing clothes, the surface tension of water
more elastic. tension of water. reduces and the dirt get removed.
• If equal stress is applied to both steel and rubber, the • When a greased steel needle is gently place over • A fabric can be made water proof, by adding
steel produces less strain. So Young’s modulus is the water surface, it will float due to the surface suitable water proof material (wax). This
higher for steel than rubber. tension of water. increases angle of contact.
• Thus Steel is more elastic than rubber. 25. Define surface tension. 31. State Bernoulli’s theorem.
19. Define viscosity. • The surface tension (T) of a liquid is defined as the • According to Bernoulli’s theorem, the sum of pressure
• It is defined as the property of a fluid to oppose the energy per unit area of the surface of a liquid. energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit
relative motion between its layers. • Its S.I unit is 𝑵 𝒎 and its dimension is 𝑀 𝑇
−𝟏 −2 mass of an incompressible, non-viscous fluid in a
20. Define coefficient of viscosity. 26. Define angle of contact. streamlined flow remains a constant.
• Coefficient of viscosity is defined as the viscous force • The angle between the tangent to the liquid 32. Two streamlines cannot cross each other. Why?
acting tangentially between two layers of unit area surface at the point of contact and the solid surface • If two streamlines cross each other, the particles of
of cross section which has unit velocity gradient. It inside the liquid is known as the angle of contact liquid at the point of intersection will have two
is denoted by “𝜂” Its S.I unit is 𝑵 𝒔 𝒎−𝟐 and its 27. Give the practical application of angle of contact. different directions of flow, which will destroy the
dimension is 𝑴𝑳−𝟏𝑻−𝟏 • Soaps and detergents are wetting agents. When the steady nature of the liquid flow.
21. Define streamline flow. added to water, they try to minimize the angle of 33. What happens to the pressure inside a soap bubble
• When a liquid flows such that each particle of the contact and penetrate well in the cloths and remove when air is blown into it?
liquid passing through a point moves along the the dirt. • When air is blown in to the soap bubble, the radius
same path with the same velocity as its • When water proof paints are coated on the outer of the bubble is increased.
predecessor then the flow of liquid is said to be side of the building, it will enhance the angle of • So that the excess pressure inside it decreases.
streamline flow or steady flow or laminar flow. contact between the water and the painted surface 34. A drop of oil placed on the surface of water spreads
22. Define turbulent flow. during rainfall. out. But a drop of water place on oil contracts to a
• When the speed of the moving fluid exceeds the 28. Define capillarity. spherical shape. Why?
critical speed, the motion becomes turbulent. • When a capillary tube is dipped vertically in water, • A drop of oil placed on the surface of water spreads
• In this case, the velocity changes both in the level of water in the tube will rise. because the force of adhesion between water and
magnitude and direction from particle to particle • On the other hand, when it dipped in mercury, the oil molecules dominates the cohesive force of oil
and hence the individual particle do not move in a level of mercury in the tube will fall. molecules.
streamline path. Hence the path taken by the • The rise or fall of liquid in a narrow tube is called • But drop of water placed on the surface of oil
particle in turbulent flow becomes erratic and capillarity. contracts to a spherical shape because, the
whirlpool - like circles called eddy current or 29. Give the practical applications of capillarity. cohesive force of water molecules dominates the
eddies. • Oil rises in the cotton within the earthen lamp adhesive force between water and oil molecules.
23. Give the applications of viscosity. • Sap rises from the roots of a plant to its leaves and 35. Define Reynolds number. Give its importance.
• To select suitable lubricant for heavy machinery branches. • Reynolds number is a dimensionless number
parts. • Absorption of ink by a blotting paper. which decides whether the flow of a fluid through
• Highly viscous oils are used as brake oil in a cylindrical pipe is streamlined or turbulent and
• Draining of tear fluid constantly from eye
hydraulic brakes. denoted by “RC”
• Cotton dresses are preferred in summer, because 𝝆𝒗𝑫
• Blood circulation through arteries and veins it has fine pores which act as capillaries for sweat. 𝑹𝒄 = 𝜼
depends upon the viscosity of fluids. 30. Give the applications of surface tension.
• Millikan used the knowledge of viscosity of oil to • Mosquitoes lay their eggs on the surface of S.No Reynolds number Nature of flow
determine charge of electron. stagnant water. When oil is poured on the surface, 1 𝑹𝒄<1000 streamline
24. Give some examples for surface tension. the surface tension of water reduces which breaks 2 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎< 𝑹𝒄<2000 Unsteady
• Water bugs and water striders walk on the surface the elastic film and eggs are killed by drowning. 3 𝑹𝒄 > 2000 turbulent
of water due to the surface tension of water.

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
36. Distinguish between cohesive force and adhesive 39. Explain capillarity. 41. Why the roof of hut or house is blown off during
force. wind storm?
Cohesive force Adhesive force • In olden days, the roofs of huts or houses were
The force between the When the liquid is in designed with a slope.
like molecules which contact with a solid, the • During cyclonic condition, the roof is blown off
holds the liquid together molecules of these solid without damaging the other parts of the house.
is called ‘cohesive force’. and liquid will • The tube having a very small diameter (hair thin) • According to Bernoulli’s principle the high wind
experience an attractive is called a ‘capillary tube’. blowing over the roof creates a low pressure and
force which is called • When a glass capillary tube open at both ends is under the roof the pressure is greater.
‘adhesive force’. dipped vertically in water, the water in the tube • This pressure difference creates an up thrust and
(e.g.) force between (e.g.) water stick on the will rise above the level of water in the vessel. hence the roof alone blown off.
water molecules glass rod • In case of mercury, the liquid is depressed in the 42. What is the principle involved in the Aero foil lift.
37. Explain the various factors affecting the surface tube below the level of mercury in the vessel . • The wings of an airplane are so designed that its
tension of a liquid. • In a liquid whose angle of contact with solid is less upper surface is more curved than the lower
(1) The presence of any contamination or impurities than 90°, suffers capillary rise. On the other hand, surface and the front edge is broader than the real
(2) The presence of dissolved substances . in a liquid whose angle of contact is greater than edge.
(3) Electrification. 90°, suffers capillary fall. • As the aircraft moves, the air moves faster above
(4) Temperature . • The rise or fall of a liquid in a narrow tube is called the aero foil than at the bottom.
38. Explain surface energy. capillarity or capillary action • According to Bernoulli’s principle, the pressure of
• Consider a sample of liquid in a container. A 40. Obtain an equation of continuity for a flow of fluid air below is greater than above, which creates an
molecule inside the liquid is being pulled in all on the basis of conservation of mass up thrust called the dynamic lift to the aircraft.
direction by other molecules that surround it. 43. Write a note on Bunsen burner.
• However, near the surface, a molecule is pulled • In this device, the gas comes out of the nozzle with
down only by the molecules below it and there is a high velocity, hence the pressure in the stem
net downward force. decreases.
• As a result, the entire surface of the liquid is being • So outside air reaches into the burner through an
• Consider a pipe AB of varying cross sectional area.
pulled inward. The liquid surface thus tends to air vent and the mixture of air and gas gives a blue
• Let a non-viscous and incompressible liquid flows
have the least surface area. flame
steadily through the pipe.
• To increase the surface area, some molecules are
Density of the fluid =𝜌
brought from the interior to the surface. For this
• Assume that 𝑎1 > 𝑎2
reason, work has to be done against the forces of
• Let 𝑚1 be the mass of fluid flowing through section
attraction. The amount of work done is stored as
“A” in time Δ𝑡 ; 𝑚1 = 𝜌 𝑉1 = 𝜌 𝑎1 𝑣1 ∆𝑡
potential energy.
• Let 𝑚2 be the mass of fluid flowing through section
• Thus, the molecules lying on the surface possess
“B” in time Δ𝑡 ; 𝑚2 = 𝜌 𝑉2 = 𝜌 𝑎2 𝑣2 ∆𝑡
greater potential energy than other molecules.
• For an incompressible liquid, mass is conserved. so
• This excess energy per unit area of the free surface
𝑚1 = 𝑚2
of the liquid is called ‘surface energy’. In other
𝜌 𝑎1 𝑣1 ∆𝑡 = 𝜌 𝑎2 𝑣2 ∆𝑡
words, the work done in increasing the surface area
𝒂 𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒂 𝟐 𝒗 𝟐
per unit area of the liquid against the surface
(𝒐𝒓) 𝒂 𝒗 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
tension force is called the surface energy of the
𝑾 • (i.e.) the volume flux or flow rate remains constant
liquid. 𝑼 = Its unit is 𝑱 𝒎−𝟐 (𝒐𝒓) 𝑵 𝒎−𝟏 throughout the pipe. This is called equation of
∆𝑨
continuity
• Thus smaller the cross section, greater will be the
velocity of the fluid.
VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
 7. Define extensive and intensive variables with 12. Define one calorie (1 cal)
UNIT - 8 examples. • The heat energy required to raise the temperature
1. An object has more heat or less heat. Is this 1. Extensive variables : It depends on the size or mass of 1 gram of water by 1C is defined as
statement is correct or not? of the system. (e.g.) Volume, total mass, entropy, 1 calorie (1 cal) 1 cal = 4.186 J
internal energy, heat capacity 13. State first law of thermodynamics.
• This statement is meaningless. Because heat is not 2. Intensive variables : It do not depends on the size • First law of thermodynamics states that ‘change in
a quantity but it is an energy in transit. In other or mass of the system. (e.g.) Temperature, pressure, internal energy (Δ𝑈) of the system is equal to heat
word, heat is the energy in transit but not energy specific heat capacity, density, supplied to the system (Q) minus the work done by
stored in the body. 8. What are called process variables? the system (W) on the surroundings’.
2. State Prevost theory of heat exchange.
• Heat and work are not state variables and they are • That is, Δ𝑼=𝑸−𝑾
• Prevost theory states that all bodies emit thermal called process variables.
radiation at all temperatures above absolute zero • This law is the statement of law of conservation of
9. Define equation of state. Give example. energy.
irrespective of the nature of the surroundings. (i.e.)
• The equation which connects the state variables in 14. How the internal energy of a thermodynamic
all bodies radiates energy, but hot bodies radiates
a specific manner is called equation of state. system can be changed?
more heat than cooler bodies.
(e.g.) Ideal gas equation : 𝑷 𝑽=𝑵 𝒌 𝑻 Heat flows into the system Internal energy increases
3. State Stefan Boltzmann law .
10. State zeroth law of thermodynamics. Give its Heat flows out of the system Internal energy decrease
• Stefan Boltzmann law states that, the total amount application. Work is done on the system Internal energy increases
of heat radiated per second per unit area of a black
• The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if Work is done by the system Internal energy decreases
body is directly proportional to the fourth power of
two systems “A” and “B” are in thermal equilibrium 15. Give the sign convention for Q and W.
its absolute temperature.
with a third system “C” then “A” and “B” are in System gains heat Q is positive
𝑬 ∝ 𝑻𝟒 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑬 = 𝝈 𝑻𝟒 thermal equilibrium with each other. Zeroth law
Where 𝜎 = 5.67 𝑋 10 W m K
−8 −2 −4
−→ Stefan constant System loses heat Q is negative
enables us to determine the temperature.
4. Define emissivity of surface. Work done on the system W is negative
• For example, when a thermometer is kept in
• Emissivity (e) is defined as the ratio of the energy contact with a human body, it reaches thermal Work done by the system W is positive
radiated from a material’s surface to that radiated equilibrium with the body and hence the 16. What is called PV diagram?
from a perfectly black body at the same temperature of the thermometer will be same as • PV diagram is a graph between pressure P and
temperature and wavelength. the human body, so that we find the body volume V of the system.
5. State Wien’s displacement law. temperature. • In PV diagram, the area under the PV diagram will
• Wien’s law states that, the wavelength of maximum 11. What is called internal energy. give the work done during expansion or
intensity of emission of a black body radiation 𝜆𝑚 is • The energy due to molecular motion including compression.
inversely proportional to the absolute temperature translational, rotational and vibrational motion is 17. Define cyclic process.
(T) of the black body. called internal kinetic energy (𝐸𝐾) • The thermodynamic process in which the system
𝟏 𝒃
𝝀𝒎 ∝ (𝑜𝑟) 𝝀𝒎 = • The energy due to molecular interaction is called returns to its initial state after undergoing a series
𝑻 𝑻 internal potential energy (𝐸𝑝) of changes is called cyclic process.
Where, 𝑏 = 2.898 𝑋 10−3 m K −→ Wien’s constant • Hence the sum of the internal kinetic and potential • Since the system returns to its initial state, the
6. Define thermodynamic variables. Give its types. energies of all the molecules of the system with change in internal energy is zero.
• In thermodynamics, the state of a thermodynamic respect to the center of mass of the system is called 18.What is called reversible process?
system is represented by a set of variables called the internal energy (U) of a thermodynamic • A thermodynamic process can be considered
thermodynamic variables. (e.g.) Pressure, system. (i.e.) 𝑼= 𝑬𝑲+ 𝑬𝑷 reversible only if it possible to retrace the path in
temperature, volume, internal energy etc., • Internal energy is a state variable which depends the opposite direction in such a way that the
• There are two types of thermodynamic variables. only on the initial and final states of the system and surroundings pass through the same
(1) Extensive variables and thermodynamic system. states as in the initial, direct process.
(2) (2) Intensive variables • (e.g.) A quasi-static isothermal expansion of gas,
slow compression and expansion of the spring.

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
 19.What is called irreversible process? 25. Why does heat flow from a hot object to a cold 28. Explain Joule’s experiment of the mechanical
• The process occurs in only one direction is called object? equivalent of heat.
irreversible process. • Because entropy increases when heat flows from
• All natural process are irreversible . hot object to cold object.
• Irreversible process cannot be plotted in a PV • If heat were to flow from a cold to a hot object,
diagram. entropy will decrease leading to violation of
20.What are the conditions for reversible process? second law of thermodynamics.
• The process should proceed at an extremely slow 26. Describe the anomalous expansion of water. How is
rate. it helpful in our lives?
• The system should remain in mechanical. thermal • Normally liquids expand on heating and contract
and chemical equilibrium state at all the times on cooling at moderate temperature.
with the surroundings during the process. • The volume of the given amount of water
• No dissipative forces such as friction, viscosity, decreases (density increases) as it is cooled from
electrical resistance should be present. room temperature until it reaches 4°C. •
21.State Clausius form of second law of • Below 4°C, the volume increases and so the density James Prescott Joule showed that mechanical
thermodynamics. decreases. energy can be converted into internal energy and
• This means the water has a maximum density at vice versa.
• Heat always flows from hotter object to colder
object spontaneously. This is known as the 4°C. This behaviour of water is called anomalous • His experiment consists of two masses which are
Clausius form of second law of thermodynamics. expansion of water. attached with a rope and a paddle.
22.State Kelvin - Plank statement of second law of Use of anomalous expansion of water : • When the two masses fall through a distance “h”
thermodynamics. • In cold countries, during the winter season the due to gravity, both lose potential energy equal to
• It is impossible to construct a heat engine that surface of the lakes will be at lower temperature “2 mgh” and the paddle wheel turns.
operates in a cycle, whose sole effect is to convert than the bottom . • Due to this turning effect, frictional force comes in
the heat completely in to work. • Since the solid water (ice) has lower density than between the water and the paddle wheel which
• It implies that no heat engine in the universe can its liquid form, below 4°C, the frozen water will be caused a rise in temperature of the water.
have 100% efficiency. on the top surface above the liquid water (ice • That is the gravitational potential energy is
23. Define entropy. floats) converted in to internal energy of water.
• The quantity 𝑄𝑇 is called entropy. It is a very • This is due to the anomalous expansion of water. • Here the temperature of water increased due to
important thermodynamic property of a system. • As water in lakes and ponds freeze only at the top the work done by the masses .
Entropy is also called ‘measure of disorder’ the species living in the lakes will be safe at the • Joule found that to raise 1 gram of an object by
• All natural process occur such that the disorder bottom. 1 C, requires 1 cal (or) 4.186 J of energy. This is
should always increases. 27. State Wien’s displacement law. called Joule’s mechanical equivalent of heat.
24. Define second law of thermodynamics on the basis • Wien’s law states that, the wavelength of 29. Explain Quasi-static process.
of entropy. maximum intensity of emission of a black body • When the piston attached to the cylinder moves
• For all the processes that occur in nature radiation 𝜆𝑚 is inversely proportional to the outward the volume of the gas will change. As a
(irreversible process) the entropy always absolute temperature (T) of the black body. result the temperature and pressure will also
increases. For reversible process entropy will not 𝒃 change because all three variables P,T and V are
𝝀𝒎 = − − − − − − − (𝟏) related by the equation of state PV = NkT.
change. 𝑻
• Entropy determines the direction in which natural • Where, 𝑏=2.898 𝑋 10 m K −→ Wien’s constant
−3 • If a block of some mass is kept on the piston, it will
process should occur. suddenly push the piston downward.
• The pressure near the piston will be larger than
other parts of the system. It implies that the gas is
in non-equilibrium state. We cannot determine
pressure, temperature or internal energy of the
system until it reaches another equilibrium state.
VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
 • But if the piston is pushed very slowly such that at
UNIT - 9 7. Why odour from an open perfume bottle takes some
every stage it is still in equilibrium with time to reach us even if we are closer to the room?
surroundings, we can use the equation of state to 1. Why the Moon has no atmosphere? • The time delay is because the odour of the
calculate the internal energy, pressure or • The escape speed of gases on the surface of Moon molecules cannot travel straight to us as it
temperature. is much less than the root mean square speeds of undergoes a lot of collisions with the nearby air
• This kind of process is called quasi-static process. gases due to low gravity. molecules and moves in a zigzag path.
• A quasi-static process is an infinitely slow process • Due to this all the gases escape from the surface of 8. Increase the temperature of diatomic gas molecules
in which the system changes its variables (P,V,T) the Moon. by 1°C require more heat energy than mono atomic
so slowly such that it remains in thermal, molecules. Why?
2. Why there is no hydrogen in Earth’s atmosphere?
mechanical and chemical equilibrium with its • For mono atomic molecules,
• As the root mean square speed of hydrogen is
surroundings throughout. 𝟓 𝟑
much less than that of nitrogen, it easily escapes 𝑪𝑷 = 𝑹 & 𝑪𝑽 = 𝑹
• By this infinite slow variation, the system is always 𝟐 𝟐
from the earth’s atmosphere. • For diatomic molecules,
almost close to equilibrium state.
30. Define cyclic process. Explain the PV - diagram for
3. Give the degrees of freedom for mono atomic 𝟕 𝟓
𝑪𝑷 = 𝑹 & 𝑪𝑽 = 𝑹
cyclic process molecule. 𝟐 𝟐
Low High • Thus 𝑪𝑷 and𝑪𝑽 are higher for diatomic molecules
• This is a thermodynamic process in which the Type of molecule temperature temperature than the mono atomic molecules.
thermodynamic system returns to its initial state
Mono Translational 3 3 9. Why the smell of hot sizzling food reaches several
after undergoing a series of changes.
atomic Rotational 0 0 meter away than smell of cold food?
• Since the system comes back to the initial state, the
(He, Ne, Ar) Vibrational 0 0 • Because mean free path increases with increasing
change in the internal energy is zero (Δ𝑼=𝟎)
Total Degrees of freedom f=3 f=3 temperature (𝜆 ∝ 𝑇)
• In Cyclic process, heat can flow in to system ad
• As the temperature increases, the average speed
heat flow out of the system. 4. State law of equipartition of energy. of each molecule will increase.
• So from the first law of thermodynamics, the net • According to kinetic theory, the average kinetic
heat transferred to the system is equal to work energy of system of molecules in thermal
10. Obtain the internal energy of the gas.
done by the gas. equilibrium at temperature “T” is uniformly • By multiplying the total number of gas molecules
PV - diagram for a cyclic process : with average kinetic energy of each molecule, the
distributed by to all degrees of freedom (′𝑥′ or ′𝑦′
• In Cyclic process, or ′𝑧′ directions of motion). internal energy of the gas is obtained.
the gas returns to 𝟏 𝟑
• So that each degree of freedom will get " 𝒌 𝑻 " 𝑈 =𝑁 ∈= 𝑵𝒌𝑻
the initial stage 𝟐 𝟐
after an expansion of energy. This is called law of equipartition of • The internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on
and compression. energy. absolute temperature and is independent of
• Let 𝑊1 be the work 5. What is mean free path? pressure and volume.
done by the gas • According to kinetic theory, the molecules of a gas 11. Obtain the relation between pressure and mean
during expansion, are in random motion and they collide with each kinetic energy.
and it is equal to area under the curve “CBA” other. • Pressure in terms of mean kinetic energy density is
• Let 𝑊2 be the work done on the gas during • Between two successive collisions, a molecule 1 1
𝑃 = 𝑛 𝑚 ̅̅̅
𝑣2 = 𝜌 ̅̅̅
𝑣2
compression, and it is equal to area under the moves along a straight path with uniform velocity. 3 3
curve “ADC” • The average distance travelled by the molecule Where ρ = nm = mass density (Note n is number density)
• Total work done in the cyclic process between collision is called mean free path ( 𝝀) • Multiply and divide R.H.S of equation by 2, we get
= 𝑾𝟏− 𝑾𝟐=𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐 𝟏 ̅̅̅𝟐 𝟐
6. What are the factors affecting the mean free path? 𝑷 = [ 𝝆 𝒗 ] = ∈
• Thus the net work done during cyclic process is • Mean free path increases with increasing 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
not zero. It may be either positive or negative temperature.
• Mean free path increases with decreasing pressure
and diameter of the gas molecule

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
12. What is degree of freedom? Give examples UNIT - 10
7. Define displacement of the vibrating particle.
• The minimum number of independent coordinates • The distance travelled by the vibrating particle at
to specify the position and configuration of a 1. Differentiate periodic and non - periodic motion. any instant of time from its mean position is
thermodynamic system in space is called the Periodic motion Non -periodic motion known as displacement. 𝒚=𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝝎𝒕
degree of freedom of the system. Any motion which repeats Any motion which does 8. Define amplitude of the vibrating particle.
Examples for degree of freedom : itself in a fixed time not repeat itself after a • The maximum displacement from the mean
• A free particle moving along x - axis has one interval is known as regular interval of time is position is known as amplitude (A) of the vibrating
degree of freedom. periodic motion known as non - periodic particle.
• A particle moving over a plane (two dimension) motion 9. Define velocity.
has two degree of freedom. (e.g.) the revolution of the (e.g.) Occurrence of Earth • Velocity is defined as rate of change of
• A particle moving in space (three dimension) has earth around the Sun, quake, eruption of displacement.
three degree of freedom. waxing and waning of volcano etc., 𝑑𝑦
𝑣= = 𝑨 𝝎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 = 𝝎 √𝑨𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐
Note : Moon, hands in pendulum 𝑑𝑡
• If we have N number of gas molecules in the clock, swing of a cradle 10. Define acceleration.
container, then the total number of degrees of etc., • Acceleration is defined as rate of change of
freedom is ; 𝒇=𝟑 𝑵 2. Define oscillatory motion. velocity.
• If the system has “q” number of constraints, then • When an object or a particle moves back and forth 𝑑𝑣
𝑎= = − 𝝎𝟐 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 = − 𝝎𝟐 𝒚
the degrees of freedom is ; 𝒇=𝟑 𝑵−𝒒 repeatedly for some duration of time its motion is 𝑑𝑡
said to be oscillatory or vibratory motion. 11. Define time period.
13. Give the degrees of freedom for di- atomic molecule.
Low High • (e.g.) Heart beat, Pendulum clock, swinging • The time period (T) is defined as the time taken by a
Type of molecule particle to complete one oscillation.
temperature temperature motion of the wings of an insect.
𝟐𝝅
Diatomic Translational 3 3 3. All the oscillatory motions are periodic, whereas all 𝑻=
(H2, N2, Rotational 2 2 periodic motions need not be oscillatory. Explain. 𝝎
12. Define frequency.
O2 ) Vibrational 0 2 • The oscillatory motion of simple pendulum, heart
beat, etc., are periodic motion. • The number of oscillation produced by the particle
Total Degrees of
f=5 f=7 per second is called frequency (f). Its S.I. unit is s-1
freedom • But the periodic motions like motion of Earth
or hertz (Hz)
14. Give the degrees of freedom for tri- atomic around the Sun, waxing - waning of Moon etc., do
𝟏
molecule. not have to and fro motion (i.e.) oscillatory motion. 𝒇=
Low High 4. Define simple harmonic motion (SHM). 𝑻
13. Define angular frequency. Give its unit.
Type of molecule temperatur temperatur • SHM is a special type of oscillatory motion in which
e e • The number of cycles or revolutions per second is
the acceleration or force on the particle is directly
Translational called angular frequency (𝜔) Its S.I. unit is rad s
Linear 3 3 proportional to its displacement from a fixed point 𝟐𝝅
Tri Rotational and is always directed towards that fixed point 𝝎= = 𝟐𝝅𝒇
atomic
2 2 𝑻
Vibrational
5. Define force constant. 14. Define phase. Give its unit.
(CO2) 0 2 • Force constant is defined as force per unit length. • The phase (𝝋) of a vibrating particle at any instant
Total Degrees of
f=5 f=7 Its unit is N m-1 completely specifies the state of the particle. (i.e.)
freedom 6. What is the importance of Force - Displacement the position and direction of motion of the particle
Non Translational 3 3 graph? at that instant. 𝝋= 𝝎𝒕+𝝋𝒐
linear • The graph between cause (force) and effect
Rotational 3 3 • Its S.I. unit is radian (rad)
triatomi (displacement) is a straight line passing through
c (H2O, Vibrational 15. What is epoch.
0 0 second and fourth quadrant. • The phase of the vibrating particle at time t = 0 is
SO2)
• The slope of this graph gives 1𝑘 from which value called epoch or initial phase (𝝋𝒐). Its S.I. unit is
Total Degrees of of force constant “k” can be calculated.
freedom f=6 f=6 radian (rad)

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
16. What is phase difference? • Let “𝜔” be the angular velocity, then the angular
• Let two particles executing harmonic motions and displacement of the particle at any instant “t” is
their equations are, 𝜽= 𝝎 𝒕
𝑦1 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑1 ) • Let us project the position of the particle moving
𝑦2 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑2 ) on a circle, on to a line parallel to vertical diameter
• Then the phase difference is given by, or horizontal axis, the projection traces a straight
Δ𝜑 = 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑2 − 𝜔𝑡+ 𝜑1 = 𝝋𝟐− 𝝋𝟏 line motion which is simple harmonic in nature.
17. What is flexibility constant or compliance? Give its • The circle is known as reference circle of SHM.
unit. • Thus the SHM can also be defined as the motion of
• The reciprocal of stiffness constant (k) is called projection of a particle on an diameter of a circle of
flexibility constant or compliance. reference. 22. State and explains laws of simple pendulum
• Its unit is N-1 m 20. Define Displacement, velocity, acceleration in SHM 𝒍
• The net compliance, if “n” springs are connected obtain expression for it. • Time period of simple pendulum is 𝑻 = 𝟐 𝝅 √
𝒈
(𝒊) 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 ∶ 𝐶𝑠 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐶𝑖 Displacement : 1) Law of length :
1 1 • The distance travelled by the vibrating particle at
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍∶ = ∑𝑛 • For a given value of “g”, the time period of a
𝐶𝑠 𝑖=1 𝐶 any instant of time t from its mean position is
𝑖 simple pendulum is directly proportional to
18. If the spring is cut in to two pieces, what is the known as displacement. 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝒕
the square root of length “𝑙” the pendulum.
spring constant of that two pieces? Velocity :
2) Law of acceleration :
• The spring constant is inversely proportional to • The rate of change of displacement is velocity.
1 𝑑𝑦 • For a fixed “𝑙”, the time period of a simple
the length of the spring. (i.e.) 𝑘 ∝ 𝑣 = = 𝑨 𝝎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 == 𝝎 √𝑨 𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 pendulum is inversely proportional to the
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝑡 square root of acceleration due to gravity.
• If 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 be length of the two pieces respectively, • As displacement increases from zero to maximum,
then 𝑙1=𝑛 𝑙2 3) Law of mass of the bob :
the velocity decreases from maximum to zero.
• So the spring constant of first length is, Acceleration : • The time period of oscillation of simple
𝒌 (𝒏 + 𝟏) • The rate of change of velocity is acceleration. pendulum is independent of mass of the
𝒌𝟏 = simple pendulum.
𝒏 𝑑𝑣
• The spring constant of second length ; 𝑎= = − 𝝎𝟐 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 = − 𝝎𝟐 𝒚 4) Law of amplitude of oscillation:
𝑑𝑡
𝒌𝟐 = 𝒌 (𝒏 + 𝟏) 21. Show graphically the Variation of displacement, • For small angular displacement, the time
19. Describe simple harmonic motion as a projection of velocity and acceleration at different instant of time period of simple pendulum is independent of
uniform circular motion. during SHM. amplitude of the oscillation.
23. Explain the variation of time period of simple
Time 0 𝑻/𝟒 𝑻/𝟐 𝟑𝑻/𝟒 𝑻 pendulum due to change in temperature.
• If temperature changes, the length of suspension
𝝎𝒕 0 𝝅/𝟐 𝝅 𝟑𝝅/𝟐 𝟐𝝅
wire also changes (linear expansion)
Displacement • Let initial length of wire = 𝑙𝑜
0 A 0 A 0
𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔 𝑡 Initial time period of simple pendulum = 𝑇𝑜
Velocity Change in temperature = Δ𝑡
A𝜔 0 −𝐴𝜔 0 A𝜔
• Coefficient of linear expansion =𝛼
𝑣 = 𝐴 𝜔 c𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
Acceleration • Then the final length of wire due to increase in
2
0 − 𝐴𝜔2 0 𝐴𝜔2 0 temperature,
𝑎 = − 𝐴 𝜔 s𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡
𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜 (1 + 𝛼 ∆𝑡) − − − − − − − (1)
• Thus we obtain the following graph
• Consider a particle of mass “m” moving with • Initial time period of simple pendulum,
uniform speed “𝑣” along a circle of radius “r” in 𝑙𝑜
anti-clock wise direction. 𝑇𝑜 = 2 𝜋 √ − − − − − − − (2)
𝑔

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
 • The new time period due to change in 7. Define time period.
temperature,
UNIT - 11 • Time period (T) is defined as the time taken by one
1. Define wave or wave motion. wave to cross a point.
𝑙𝑜 (1 + 𝛼 ∆𝑡) 𝑙0
𝑇 =2𝜋√ = 2 𝜋 √ √(1 + 𝛼 ∆𝑡) • The disturbance which carries energy and • The S.I. unit of time period is second (s)
𝑔 𝑔 8. Define frequency.
momentum from one point in space to another
• Using equation (2) and simplifying we get, point in space without the transfer of the medium • Frequency (f)is defined as number of waves
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 1 ∆𝑇 1 is known as a wave. crossing a point per second.
= 𝛼 ∆𝑡 (𝑜𝑟) = 𝛼 ∆𝑡
𝑇𝑜 2 𝑇𝑜 2 2. What are the types of wave motion? Give example. • The S.I unit of frequency is hertz (Hz)
𝟏 1) Mechanical wave : 9. Define angular frequency.
∆𝑻 = 𝑻𝒐 [ 𝜶 ∆𝒕]
𝟐 • Waves which require a medium for propagation • The number of cycles or revolutions per second is
• Here “Δ𝑻” is the change in time period due to the are known as mechanical waves. (e.g.) sound called angular frequency (𝜔)
effect of temperature. waves, ripples formed on the surface of water, etc., • Its S.I unit is radian per second (rad/s)
24. Write short notes on the oscillations of liquid 2) Non mechanical wave : 10. Define wave number.
column in U-tube • Waves which do not require a medium for • The number of cycles (or) waves per unit distance
2𝜋
propagation are known as non mechanical waves. is called wave number [𝑘 = ]

(e.g.) light (electromagnetic wave)
• Its S.I unit is radian per metre (rad/m)
3. What is electromagnetic waves and Rayleigh
11. Give the relation between velocity (𝒗), angular
waves?
velocity (𝝎) and wave number (k)
• The linked electric and magnetic disturbances
• The wave velocity or phase velocity is given by,
which travel through vacuum having wave
𝟐𝝅𝒇 [𝟐 𝝅 𝒇] 𝝎
• Consider a U - shaped glass tube which consists of property is called electromagnetic waves. 𝒗= 𝒇 = = =
• The mixture of transverse and longitudinal waves 𝟐𝝅 [𝟐 𝝅/ ] 𝒌
two open arms.
is considered as Rayleigh waves 12. Define amplitude of the wave.
• Let us pour a non-viscous uniform incompressible
liquid of density “𝜌” in the U - tube to a 4. What is transverse wave? • An amplitude of the wave is defined as the
height “h” • In transverse wave motion, the constituents of the maximum displacement of the medium with
medium oscillate or vibrate about their mean respect to a reference axis and it is denoted by ‘A’
• If the liquid and the tube is not disturbed, the level
positions in a direction perpendicular to the 13. What is progressive wave (or) travelling wave?
of liquids in the two arms are equal and in
equilibrium position “O” direction of propagation of wave. (e.g.) light • If a wave that propagates in a medium is continuous
(electromagnetic wave) then it is known as progressive wave or travelling
• It means the pressure at any point on the liquid is
5. What is longitudinal wave? wave.
the same and also at the surface of the liquid
• In longitudinal wave motion, the constituents of 14. Define linear waves and non-linear waves.
surface on the arm.
the medium oscillate or vibrate about their mean • Waves whose amplitude is much smaller than their
• By blowing air in one arm, the level of liquid get
positions in a direction parallel to the direction of wavelength which obey the principle of
disturbed from equilibrium position “O” which
propagation of wave. (e.g.) sound waves superposition are called linear waves.
means the pressure at blown arm is higher than
the other arm. propagating in air • If the amplitude of the wave is not small then they
6. Define wavelength. are called non-linear waves. These violate the linear
• This creates difference in pressure which will
• For transverse waves, the distance between two superposition principle. (e.g.) Laser
cause the liquid to oscillate for a very short
neighbouring crests or troughs is known as the 15. Define principle of superposition.
duration of time about the equilibrium position
and finally comes to rest. wavelength (). For longitudinal waves. the • When two or more waves in a medium superpose,
distance between two neighbouring compressions their total displacement is the vector sum of the
• Time period of the oscillation is,
or rarefactions is known as the wavelength (). individual displacements. This is called principle of
𝒍 superposition
𝑻= 𝟐𝝅√ • The S.I. unit of wavelength is metre (m)
𝟐𝒈

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
16. Define interference. 22. Define intensity of sound. 28. Why is the roar of our national animal different
• Interference is a phenomenon in which two waves • The average sound energy emitted or transmitted from the sound of a mosquito?
superimpose in same direction to form a resultant per second is called sound power. • Roaring of our national animal (Lion) produces a
wave of greater, lower or the same amplitude • The intensity of sound is defined as the sound sound of low frequency and high intensity (or)
17. What is called constructive interference? power transmitted per unit area taken normal to loudness whereas mosquito produces sound of high
• When crest of one wave overlap with crest of the propagation of the sound wave. frequency and low intensity or loudness. So that
another wave (i.e.) waves superimpose in phase • Its S.I unit is 𝑾 𝒎−𝟐 their sounds different.
then their amplitudes will add up and hence the 23. Define inverse square law of sound intensity. 29. A sound source and listener are both stationary and
resultant wave has a larger amplitude than the • For a particular source, the sound intensity is a strong wind is blowing. Is there a Doppler Effect?
individual waves which produces maximum inversely proportional to the square of the distance • Yes. There is a Doppler Effect.
intensity. This phenomenon is called constructive from the source. This is known as inverse square • Because, Doppler effect happens not only due to
interference law of sound intensity. relative motion of source and observer, but also due
18. What is called destructive interference? 24. Define loudness of sound. to relative motion of the medium.
• When crest of one wave overlap with trough of • The loudness of sound is defined as the degree of 30. In an empty room why is it that a tone sounds louder
another wave (i.e.) waves superimpose out of phase sensation of sound produced in the ear or the than in the room having things like furniture etc?
then their amplitudes cancel each other hence the perception of sound by the listener. • In the empty room, sound energy is less absorbed
resultant amplitude is nearly zero which produces 25. State Weber-Fechner’s law. and well reflected by the wall whereas in the
minimum intensity. This phenomenon is called • Weber-Fechner law gives the relation between furnished room, sound energy is more absorbed by
destructive interference loudness and intensity of sound. the things.
19. Give the relation between phase difference and path • This law states that loudness (L) is proportional to • Therefore tone sound is louder in the empty room
difference. the logarithm of the actual intensity (I) measured than in the furnished room.
2𝜋 31. How do animals sense impending danger of
• 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 = × 𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐡 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 with an accurate non - human instrument.
𝜆 (i.e.) 𝑳 ∝ 𝒍𝒏 𝑰 (𝒐𝒓) 𝑳 = 𝒌 𝒍𝒏𝑰 hurricane?
2𝜋
𝚫𝝋 = 𝚫𝒓 26. Define harmonics and overtones. • Animal’s ears are very sensitive to low frequencies.
𝜆
20. What are called beats? • The lowest natural frequency is called the So they easily sense low frequencies produced by
• When two or more waves superimpose each other fundamental frequency. hurricane and prevent themselves.
with slightly different frequencies, then a sound of • If natural frequencies are written as integral 32. Is it possible to realize whether a vessel kept under
periodically varying amplitude (waxing and multiple of fundamental frequencies, then the the tap is about to fill with water?
waning) at a point is observed. This phenomenon is frequencies are called harmonics. • Yes. Here the vessel acts as a closed organ pipe.
known as beats. • The frequencies higher than fundamental • When the vessel is about to fill with water, decrease
• The number amplitude maxima per second is called frequencies are called overtones. of vibrating air column changes the frequency of
beat frequency (n) and it is equal to difference of 27. Why it is that transverse waves cannot be produced sound. Thus we can realize the sound of fill.
frequencies of superimposing waves. (i.e.) in a gas? Can the transverse waves can be produced 33. What are the properties of wave motion.
𝒏= 𝒇𝟏− 𝒇𝟐 in solids and liquids? • For the propagation of wave, the medium must
21. What are called stationary waves? • Transverse waves are produced only in rigid possess both inertia and elasticity.
• When two waves of same amplitude, same medium like solid medium. • In the given medium, the velocity of a wave is a
frequency and same velocity superimpose in • Liquid and gases medium are non - rigid medium, constant. But the constituent particles in that
opposite direction, a pattern of wave is formed and hence transverse waves are not produce in that medium move with different velocities at different
which are known as standing waves or stationary medium. positions. Velocity is maximum at their mean
waves. • Since Liquid surfaces behaves like a stretched position and zero at extreme positions.
membrane like rigid medium, transverse waves can • Waves undergo reflections, refraction,
produce on the surface of liquid. interference, diffraction and polarization.

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
34. Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal 37. Obtain equation of plane progressive waves. • If ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒚𝟏 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒚𝟑 ,….are the displacements of individual
𝒚𝟐 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗
waves. • We can represent the shape of the wave pulse waves, then the resultant displacement is,
Transverse waves Longitudinal waves mathematically as 𝒚(𝒙, 𝟎) = 𝒇(𝒙) at time t = 0 s. 𝒏

The direction of The direction of • After some time t, the pulse moving towards the ⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒚 𝒚𝟏 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒚𝟐 + … … . . + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒚𝒏 = ∑ 𝒚 ⃗𝒊
vibration of particles of vibration of particles of right and any point on it can be represented by x' 𝒊=𝟏
the medium is the medium is parallel to Then, 𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝒇(𝒙 ) = 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝒗 𝒕) • The principle of superposition explains,
perpendicular to the the direction of • Similarly, if the wave pulse moves towards left with 1) Interference (Space interference_
direction of propagation propagation of waves constant speed v, then 2) Beats (Time interference)
of waves 𝒚(𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝒇(𝒙 ) = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒗 𝒕) 3) Stationary waves
The disturbances are in The disturbances are in • Both waves will satisfy the following one 39. Explain an experiment to demonstrate the
the form of crests and the form of dimensional differential equation known as the interference of sound waves.
troughs compressions and wave equation Demonstration of interference of sound waves :
rarefactions 𝜕2𝑦 1 𝜕2𝑦 • A sound
= 2
Transverse waves are Longitudinal waves are 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑣 𝜕𝑡 2 wave from a
possible in elastic possible in all types of 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 loudspeaker
(𝑜𝑟) =
medium media (solid. Liquid and 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝒅𝒕𝟐 S is sent
gas) • Here, for simplicity, we focus only on the one through the
35. Obtain the relation between frequency and dimensional wave equation. tube P. This
wavelength. 38. Briefly explain the concept of superposition looks like a T-
• Frequency is inversely proportional to principle. shaped
wavelength. (i.e.) 𝑓 ∝
1
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑓  = constant • When a jerk is given to a stretched string which is junction.
 tied at one end, a wave pulse is produced and it • In this case,
• Using dimensional analysis, the constant can be travels along the string. half of the
determined as follows.
• Suppose the jerk is given at either ends sound energy
• The dimension of “f” = [𝑇 ] −1
simultaneously, then the two wave pulses move is sent in one
• The dimension of “” = [L] towards each other, meet at some point and move direction and the remaining half is sent in the
• Then the dimension of "𝑓 " = [𝐿 𝑇−1 ]=𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑦 away from each other with their original identity. opposite direction.
• Therefore 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒚 ; 𝒗= 𝒇 • Their behaviour is different only at the meeting • Therefore, the sound waves that reach the receiver
36. List the characteristics of progressive waves. point which depends on their shape. R can travel along either of two paths.
• Particles in medium vibrate about their mean • When the pulses have the same shape at the • The distance covered by the sound wave along any
positions with the same amplitude. meeting, the total displacement is the algebraic path from the speaker to receiver is called the path
• The phase of every particle ranges from “0” to “2 ” sum of their individual displacements and hence length . The difference in path length is known as
• No particle remains at rest permanently. During its net amplitude is higher than the amplitudes of path difference, ∆𝒓 = |𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟏 |
wave propagation, particles come to the rest the individual pulses. • Suppose the path difference is allowed to be either
position only twice at the extreme points. • Whereas if the two pulsed have same amplitude but zero or some integer (or integral) multiple of
• Transverse progressive waves are characterized by shapes are 180° out of phase at the meeting point, the wavelength λ. Mathematically, we have
crests and troughs where as longitudinal progressive net amplitude vanishes at that point and the pulses will ∆𝒓 = 𝒏 𝝀 [where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3,.... ]
waves are characterized by compression and recover their identities after crossing. Then the two waves arriving from the paths r1 and
rarefactions. • This property is called superposition of waves. r2 reach the receiver at any instant are in phase
• When the particles pass through the mean position • Then according to superposition principle, when (the phase difference is 0° or 2π) and interfere
they always move with same maximum velocity. to two or more waves in a medium move constructively
• The displacement, velocity and acceleration of simultaneously, when they overlap, the total Therefore, in this case, maximum sound intensity
particles separated from each other by “𝑛 𝜆” are the displacement is the vector sum of the individual is detected by the receiver.
same, where “𝑛" is an integer and “𝜆" is the displacements.
wavelength.
VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
 • If the path difference is some half-odd-integer (or 42. State the laws of transverse vibrations in a
half-integral) multiple of wavelength λ, stretched string.
mathematically, 1) Law of length :
𝝀 • For a given wire with fixed tension “T” and fixed
∆𝒓 = 𝒏 [𝑛 = 0, 1, 3, 5, … … . . ] mass per unit length “𝜇”, the frequency varies
𝟐
Then the two waves arriving from the paths r1 and r2 and inversely with the vibrating length. (i.e.)
reaching the receiver at any instant are out of phase
1 𝐶
𝑓 ∝ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑓=
(phase difference of π or 180°). They interfere 𝑙 𝑙
destructively. They will cancel each other. 2) Law of tension :
40. Write down the characteristics of stationary waves • For a fixed vibrating length “𝒍”, and fixed mass
• It is characterized by the confinement of wave per unit length “𝜇”, the frequency varies directly
disturbance between two rigid boundaries. (i.e.) with the square root of the tension (i.e.)
this wave does not move forward or backward in a 𝑓 ∝ √𝑇 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑓 = 𝐴 √𝑇
medium and remain steady at its place. Hence they 3) Law of mass :
are called standing waves or stationary waves. • For a fixed vibrating length “𝒍” and fixed tension
• In certain points the amplitude is maximum called “T”, the frequency varies inversely with the
as anti-nodes and certain points the amplitude is square root of the mass per unit length (i.e.)
minimum or zero called as nodes 1 𝐵
• The distance between two consecutive nodes (or) 𝑓 ∝ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑓 =
√𝜇 √𝜇
𝝀 43. Explain the relation between intensity and
anti-nodes is
𝟐 loudness .
• The distance between a node and its neighbouring
𝝀
• According to Weber-Fechner’s law,” loudness (L) is
anti-node Is proportional to the logarithm of the actual intensity
𝟒
• The transfer of energy along the standing wave is (I) measured with an accurate non - human
zero. instrument.
41. Briefly explain the difference between travelling 𝐿 ∝ ln I (𝑜𝑟) 𝐿 = 𝑘 ln I
waves and standing waves. • where k is a constant, which depends on the unit of
Travelling waves Standing waves measurement
(Progressive waves) (Stationary waves) • The difference between two loudnesses, L1 and L0
These waves are move These waves neither measures the relative loudness between two
forward or backward in move forward nor move precisely measured intensities and is called as
a medium (i.e.) they will backward in a medium sound intensity level. The sound intensity level is
advance in a medium (i.e.) they will not given by
with a definite velocity. advance in a medium 𝐼1
All particles in the Except at nodes, all ∆𝐿 = 𝐿1 − 𝐿𝑜 = 𝑘 ln I1 − 𝑘 ln Io = 𝑘 ln [ ]
𝐼𝑜
medium vibrate such particles vibrate with
• If k = 1 bel (or) k = 10 deci bel, then sound
that the amplitude of different amplitudes.
vibration for all particles The amplitude of intensity level is measured in bel, in honour of
is same vibration is zero at Alexander Graham Bell.
nodes and maximum at 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟏
∆𝑳 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 [ ] 𝒃𝒆𝒍 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 [ ] 𝒅𝑩
anti nodes. 𝑰𝒐 𝑰𝒐
These energy carry These waves do not
momentum and energy transport energy
while propagation
VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT