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    Bab 7. Chapter 7 - Gravitation

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    Evi Nadilah
    Newton realized that the motion of a falling apple and the motion of the Moon were caused by the same force - gravity. Newton concluded that gravity is a universal force of attraction between any two masses, directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Recent satellite missions have found that Earth's gravity field is not uniform, with gravitational acceleration varying between 9.76 m/s^2 in the Indian Ocean and 9.83 m/s^2 at Mt. Everest, due to differences in Earth's internal mass distribution and composition.

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    Bab 7. Chapter 7 - Gravitation

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    Evi Nadilah
    12 views28 pages
    Newton realized that the motion of a falling apple and the motion of the Moon were caused by the same force - gravity. Newton concluded that gravity is a universal force of attraction between any two masses, directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Recent satellite missions have found that Earth's gravity field is not uniform, with gravitational acceleration varying between 9.76 m/s^2 in the Indian Ocean and 9.83 m/s^2 at Mt. Everest, due to differences in Earth's internal mass distribution and composition.

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    BAB 7. CHAPTER 7 - GRAVITATION

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    Newton realized that the motion of a falling apple and the motion of the Moon were caused by the same force - gravity. Newton concluded that gravity is a universal force of attraction between any two masses, directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Recent satellite missions have found that Earth's gravity field is not uniform, with gravitational acceleration varying between 9.76 m/s^2 in the Indian Ocean and 9.83 m/s^2 at Mt. Everest, due to differences in Earth's internal mass distribution and composition.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    12 views28 pages

    Bab 7. Chapter 7 - Gravitation

    Uploaded by

    Evi Nadilah
    Newton realized that the motion of a falling apple and the motion of the Moon were caused by the same force - gravity. Newton concluded that gravity is a universal force of attraction between any two masses, directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Recent satellite missions have found that Earth's gravity field is not uniform, with gravitational acceleration varying between 9.76 m/s^2 in the Indian Ocean and 9.83 m/s^2 at Mt. Everest, due to differences in Earth's internal mass distribution and composition.

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    of 28

    CHAPTER 7

    GRAVITATION

    LectureCh07-GuideBook
    By Ari Susanti, S.T., M.T.
    Outline

    1) Newton’s Law about Gravitation


    2) Field Strenght as The Gravitational
    Force
    Early Astronomy
     There were many early attempts both to describe
    and explain the motions of stars and planets in
    the sky.
     All were unsatisfactory, for one reason or another.
    The Earth-Centered Universe
     A geocentric (Earth-centered) solar system is often
    credited to Ptolemy, an Alexandrian Greek, although
    the idea is very old.

    Image from: http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec02.html


    Ptolemy’s Solar System
     Ptolemy’s solar system could be made to fit the
    observational data pretty well, but only by becoming very
    complicated.

    Image from: http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec02.html


    Copernicus’ Solar System
     The Polish cleric Copernicus proposed a heliocentric (Sun
    centered) solar system in the 1500’s.

    Image from: http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast123/lectures/lec02.html


    The Apple & The Moon
     Isaac Newton realized that the motion of a falling apple and the
    motion of the Moon were both actually the same motion,
    caused by the same force - the gravitational force.
    Universal Gravitation
     Newton’s idea was that gravity was a universal force acting
    between any two objects.
    At the Earth’s Surface

     Newton knew that the gravitational force on the apple equals


    the apple’s weight, mg, where g = 9.8 m/s2.

    W = mg
    Universal Gravitation
     Newton concluded that the gravitational force is:
     Directly proportional to the masses of both objects.
     Inversely proportional to the distance between the objects.

    m1m2
    F G 2
    r
     Where G is a constant of proportionality.
     G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2/kg2 (m3/kg.s2)
    Inverse Square Law

     Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation is often


    called an inverse square law, since the force is
    inversely proportional to the square of the
    distance.
    Thinking Proportionally About Newton's
    Equation
     The proportionalities expressed by Newton's universal law of
    gravitation are represented graphically by the following
    illustration. Observe how the force of gravity is directly
    proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely
    proportional to the square of the distance of separation.
    Let’s see
    Source : Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    Field on Point Mass
    Gravity Near The Earth’s Surface
    Is gravity the same all over Earth?

     There were two missions, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment


    (GRACE) and Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation
    Explorer (GOCE).
     The missions were to study and analyse the Earth’s gravity field. The
    results were staggering.
     The data extracted from the GRACE mission helped us construct a
    gravity map of the Earth. The figures represent the gravity field
    anomaly of the Earth compared to a gravity field of a uniform,
    featureless Earth surface. The unit of measurement is Gal (unit) , which
    is equivalent to 1 centimeter per second squared (gravitational
    acceleration)
    Here is the data from
    Gravity Recovery and
    Climate Experiment
    (GRACE)
    Here is the data from Gravity Recovery and
    Climate Experiment (GRACE)
    The main points :
     These that the Earth’s
    missions actually proved
    gravity is not the same everywhere
     This
    is due to the mass distribution of Earth and the rock
    composition.
     Thegravitational acceleration of Earth is 9.81 m/s2. The
    lowest acceleration (Indian Ocean) is approximately 9.76
    m/s2. The highest (Mt Everest) is 9.83 m/s2.
     Thus,one might feel very little difference. However,
    that doesn’t mean that there is no difference.
    Why the gravitational force is greater near the
    poles and less at equator?

     Gravitational field between two bodies, as expressed by Newtonian


    equation, is inversely proportional to square of distance between
    their center of gravity i.e. the higher the distance between the
    bodies the lower the gravitational field. The Earth is not a perfect
    sphere and its radius varies at poles and the equator, the radius
    being more at the equator than at the poles. This means that a body
    at the equator is farther away from the earth’s center than a body
    at the poles. Therefore, the gravitational field at the equator will
    be lesser than that at the poles.
    References :

     Halliday, D and R. Resnick. 2011. Fundamental of Physics, Extended, 9th


    ed. USA. John Wiley & Sons
     Sears, Zemansky. 1972. Fisika untuk Universitas I. Bandung Bina Cipta.
     Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Courses

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