Java (programming language)

Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming

language that is designed to have as few implementation Java
dependencies as possible. It is a general-purpose programming
language intended to let programmers write once, run anywhere
(WORA),[17] meaning that compiled Java code can run on all
platforms that support Java without the need to recompile.[18] Java
applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any
Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer
architecture. The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++, but has
fewer low-level facilities than either of them. The Java runtime
provides dynamic capabilities (such as reflection and runtime code
modification) that are typically not available in traditional compiled
languages. As of 2019, Java was one of the most popular
programming languages in use according to GitHub,[19][20]
particularly for client–server web applications, with a reported 9 Paradigm Multi-paradigm:
million developers.[21] generic, object-
oriented (class-
Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun based), functional,
Microsystems. It was released in May 1995 as a core component imperative,
of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The original and reference
reflective,
implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class
concurrent
libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary
licenses. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of Designed by James Gosling
the Java Community Process, Sun had relicensed most of its Java Developer Sun Microsystems
technologies under the GPL-2.0-only license. Oracle offers its own
HotSpot Java Virtual Machine, however the official reference First appeared May 23, 1995[1]
implementation is the OpenJDK JVM which is free open-source Stable release Java SE 18[2] 
/
software and used by most developers and is the default JVM for 22 March 2022
almost all Linux distributions.
Typing Static, strong,
As of March 2022, Java 18 is the latest version, while Java 17, 11 discipline safe, nominative,
and 8 are the current long-term support (LTS) versions. manifest
Filename .java, .class, .jar,
extensions .jmod
Contents Website oracle.com/java/
History (https://www.oracl
Principles e.com/java/),
Versions java.com (https://w
ww.java.com/en/)
Editions
Influenced by
Execution system
Java JVM and bytecode CLU,[3] Simula67,[3] Lisp,[3]
Performance Smalltalk,[3] Ada 83, C++,[4] C#,[5]
Eiffel,[6] Mesa,[7] Modula-3,[8]
Non-JVM
 Automatic memory management Oberon,[9] Objective-C,[10] UCSD
Pascal,[11][12] Object Pascal[13]
Syntax
Hello world example Influenced
Example with methods Ada 2005, BeanShell, C#,
Special classes Chapel,[14] Clojure, ECMAScript,
Applet Fantom, Gambas,[15] Groovy,
Servlet Hack,[16] Haxe, J#, Kotlin, PHP,
JavaServer Pages Python, Scala, Seed7, Vala,
Swing application JavaScript, JS++
JavaFX application Java Programming at Wikibooks
Generics
Criticism
Class libraries
Documentation
Implementations
Use outside the Java platform
Android
Controversy
See also
Comparison of Java with other languages
References
Works cited
External links

History
James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language
project in June 1991.[22] Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it
was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time.[23] The
language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office.
Later the project went by the name Green and was finally renamed Java, from Java
coffee, a type of coffee from Indonesia.[24] Gosling designed Java with a C/C++-
style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar.[25]

Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1996.[26] It
promised write once, run anywhere (WORA) functionality, providing no-cost run-
times on popular platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it Duke, the Java
allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated mascot
the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular.
The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly
with the Java 1.0 language specification.[27] With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in
December 1998  – 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms.
J2EE included technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run in server environments, while
J2ME featured APIs optimized for mobile applications. The desktop version was renamed J2SE. In 2006,
for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE, Java ME, and Java SE, respectively.
In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC 1
standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java,
but it soon withdrew from the process.[28][29][30] Java remains a de
facto standard, controlled through the Java Community Process.[31]
At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available
without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Sun
generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for
specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System.

On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual

machine (JVM) as free and open-source software (FOSS), under
the terms of the GPL-2.0-only license. On May 8, 2007, Sun
finished the process, making all of its JVM's core code available James Gosling, the creator of Java,
under free software/open-source distribution terms, aside from a in 2008
small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright.[32]

Sun's vice-president Rich Green said that Sun's ideal role with
regard to Java was as an evangelist.[33] Following Oracle
Corporation's acquisition of Sun Microsystems in 2009–10, Oracle
has described itself as the steward of Java technology with a
relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation
and transparency.[34] This did not prevent Oracle from filing a
lawsuit against Google shortly after that for using Java inside the The TIOBE programming language
Android SDK (see the Android section). popularity index graph from 2002 to
2018. Java was steadily on the top
On April 2, 2010, James Gosling resigned from Oracle.[35] from mid-2015 to early 2020.

In January 2016, Oracle announced that Java run-time

environments based on JDK 9 will discontinue the browser plugin.[36]

Java software runs on everything from laptops to data centers, game consoles to scientific
supercomputers.[37]

Oracle (and others) highly recommend uninstalling outdated and unsupported versions of Java, due to
unresolved security issues in older versions.[38]

Principles

There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language:[18]

1. It must be simple, object-oriented, and familiar.

2. It must be robust and secure.
3. It must be architecture-neutral and portable.
4. It must execute with high performance.
5. It must be interpreted, threaded, and dynamic.

Versions

As of September 2021, Java 8, 11 and 17 are supported as Long-Term Support (LTS) versions.[39]

Oracle released the last zero-cost public update for the legacy version Java 8 LTS in January 2019 for
commercial use, although it will otherwise still support Java  8 with public updates for personal use
indefinitely. Other vendors have begun to offer zero-cost builds of OpenJDK 18 and 8, 11 and 17 that are
still receiving security and other upgrades.

Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates:

Version Date
JDK Beta 1995

JDK 1.0 January 23, 1996[40]

JDK 1.1 February 19, 1997
J2SE 1.2 December 8, 1998
J2SE 1.3 May 8, 2000
J2SE 1.4 February 6, 2002
J2SE 5.0 September 30, 2004
Java SE 6 December 11, 2006
Java SE 7 July 28, 2011
Java SE 8 (LTS) March 18, 2014
Java SE 9 September 21, 2017
Java SE 10 March 20, 2018

Java SE 11 (LTS) September 25, 2018[41]

Java SE 12 March 19, 2019
Java SE 13 September 17, 2019
Java SE 14 March 17, 2020

Java SE 15 September 15, 2020[42]

Java SE 16 March 16, 2021
Java SE 17 (LTS) September 14, 2021
Java SE 18 March 22, 2022

Editions
Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting different application environments and
segmented many of its APIs so that they belong to one of the platforms. The platforms are:

Java Card for smart-cards.[43]

Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) – targeting environments with limited resources.[44]
Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) – targeting workstation environments.[45]
Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) – targeting large distributed enterprise or
Internet environments.[46]

The classes in the Java APIs are organized into separate groups called packages. Each package contains a
set of related interfaces, classes, subpackages and exceptions.
Sun also provided an edition called Personal Java that has been superseded by later, standards-based Java
ME configuration-profile pairings.

Execution system

Java JVM and bytecode

One design goal of Java is portability, which means that programs written for the Java platform must run
similarly on any combination of hardware and operating system with adequate run time support. This is
achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode,
instead of directly to architecture-specific machine code. Java bytecode instructions are analogous to
machine code, but they are intended to be executed by a virtual machine (VM) written specifically for the
host hardware. End-users commonly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their device for
standalone Java applications or a web browser for Java applets.

Standard libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as graphics, threading, and
networking.

The use of universal bytecode makes porting simple. However, the overhead of interpreting bytecode into
machine instructions made interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than native executables.
Just-in-time (JIT) compilers that compile byte-codes to machine code during runtime were introduced from
an early stage. Java's Hotspot compiler is actually two compilers in one; and with GraalVM (included in
e.g. Java 11, but removed as of Java 16) allowing tiered compilation.[47] Java itself is platform-independent
and is adapted to the particular platform it is to run on by a Java virtual machine (JVM) for it, which
translates the Java bytecode into the platform's machine language.[48]

Performance

Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written
in C++ .[49][50] However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly with the introduction of
just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1,[51] the addition of language features supporting better
code analysis (such as inner classes, the StringBuilder class, optional assertions, etc.), and optimizations in
the Java virtual machine, such as HotSpot becoming Sun's default JVM in 2000. With Java  1.5, the
performance was improved with the addition of the java.util.concurrent package, including lock-free
implementations of the ConcurrentMaps and other multi-core collections, and it was improved further with
Java 1.6.

Non-JVM

Some platforms offer direct hardware support for Java; there are micro controllers that can run Java
bytecode in hardware instead of a software Java virtual machine,[52] and some ARM-based processors
could have hardware support for executing Java bytecode through their Jazelle option, though support has
mostly been dropped in current implementations of ARM.

Automatic memory management

Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the object lifecycle. The programmer
determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once
objects are no longer in use. Once no references to an object remain, the unreachable memory becomes
eligible to be freed automatically by the garbage collector. Something similar to a memory leak may still
occur if a programmer's code holds a reference to an object that is no longer needed, typically when objects
that are no longer needed are stored in containers that are still in use. If methods for a non-existent object
are called, a null pointer exception is thrown.[53][54]

One of the ideas behind Java's automatic memory management model is that programmers can be spared
the burden of having to perform manual memory management. In some languages, memory for the creation
of objects is implicitly allocated on the stack or explicitly allocated and deallocated from the heap. In the
latter case, the responsibility of managing memory resides with the programmer. If the program does not
deallocate an object, a memory leak occurs. If the program attempts to access or deallocate memory that has
already been deallocated, the result is undefined and difficult to predict, and the program is likely to become
unstable or crash. This can be partially remedied by the use of smart pointers, but these add overhead and
complexity. Note that garbage collection does not prevent logical memory leaks, i.e. those where the
memory is still referenced but never used.

Garbage collection may happen at any time. Ideally, it will occur when a program is idle. It is guaranteed to
be triggered if there is insufficient free memory on the heap to allocate a new object; this can cause a
program to stall momentarily. Explicit memory management is not possible in Java.

Java does not support C/C++ style pointer arithmetic, where object addresses can be arithmetically
manipulated (e.g. by adding or subtracting an offset). This allows the garbage collector to relocate
referenced objects and ensures type safety and security.

As in C++ and some other object-oriented languages, variables of Java's primitive data types are either
stored directly in fields (for objects) or on the stack (for methods) rather than on the heap, as is commonly
true for non-primitive data types (but see escape analysis). This was a conscious decision by Java's
designers for performance reasons.

Java contains multiple types of garbage collectors. Since Java 9, HotSpot uses the Garbage First Garbage
Collector (G1GC) as the default.[55] However, there are also several other garbage collectors that can be
used to manage the heap. For most applications in Java, G1GC is sufficient. Previously, the Parallel
Garbage Collector (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/vm/gctuning/parallel.html) was
used in Java 8.

Having solved the memory management problem does not relieve the programmer of the burden of
handling properly other kinds of resources, like network or database connections, file handles, etc.,
especially in the presence of exceptions.

Syntax
The syntax of Java is largely influenced by C++ and C. Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for
structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-
oriented language.[18] All code is written inside classes, and every data item is an object, with the exception
of the primitive data types, (i.e. integers, floating-point numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are
not objects for performance reasons. Java reuses some popular aspects of C++ (such as the printf
method).

Unlike C++, Java does not support operator overloading[56] or multiple inheritance for classes, though
multiple inheritance is supported for interfaces.[57]
Java uses comments similar to those of C++. There are three different
styles of comments: a single line style marked with two slashes (//), a
multiple line style opened with /* and closed with */, and the
Javadoc commenting style opened with /** and closed with */. The
Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc
executable to create documentation for the program and can be read by
some integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse to
allow developers to access documentation within the IDE.

Hello world example

Dependency graph of the Java
The traditional Hello world program can be written in Java as:[58] Core classes (created with jdeps
and Gephi)
1 public class HelloWorldApp {

2 public static void main(String[] args) {

3 System.out.println("Hello World!"); // Prints

the string to the console.

4 }

5 }

All source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix .java, for
example, HelloWorldApp.java. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler,
producing a file with the .class suffix (HelloWorldApp.class, in this case). Only then can it be
executed or launched. The Java source file may only contain one public class, but it can contain multiple
classes with a non-public access modifier and any number of public inner classes. When the source file
contains multiple classes, it is necessary to make one class (introduced by the class keyword) public
(preceded by the public keyword) and name the source file with that public class name.

A class that is not declared public may be stored in any .java file. The compiler will generate a class file
for each class defined in the source file. The name of the class file is the name of the class, with .class
appended. For class file generation, anonymous classes are treated as if their name were the concatenation
of the name of their enclosing class, a $, and an integer.

The keyword public denotes that a method can be called from code in other classes, or that a class may
be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in
which the .java file is located. This is called an access level modifier. Other access level modifiers include
the keywords private (a method that can only be accessed in the same class) and protected (which
allows code from the same package to access). If a piece of code attempts to access private methods or
protected methods, the JVM will throw a SecurityException

The keyword static[19] in front of a method indicates a static method, which is associated only with the
class and not with any specific instance of that class. Only static methods can be invoked without a
reference to an object. Static methods cannot access any class members that are not also static. Methods that
are not designated static are instance methods and require a specific instance of a class to operate.

The keyword void indicates that the main method does not return any value to the caller. If a Java
program is to exit with an error code, it must call System.exit() explicitly.

The method name main is not a keyword in the Java language. It is simply the name of the method the
Java launcher calls to pass control to the program. Java classes that run in managed environments such as
applets and Enterprise JavaBeans do not use or need a main() method. A Java program may contain
multiple classes that have main methods, which means that the VM needs to be explicitly told which class
to launch from.

The main method must accept an array of String (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/1

0/docs/api/java/lang/String.html) objects. By convention, it is referenced as args
although any other legal identifier name can be used. Since Java 5, the main method can also use variable
arguments, in the form of public static void main(String... args), allowing the main
method to be invoked with an arbitrary number of String arguments. The effect of this alternate
declaration is semantically identical (to the args parameter which is still an array of String objects), but
it allows an alternative syntax for creating and passing the array.

The Java launcher launches Java by loading a given class (specified on the command line or as an attribute
in a JAR) and starting its public static void main(String[]) method. Stand-alone
programs must declare this method explicitly. The String[] args parameter is an array of String
objects containing any arguments passed to the class. The parameters to main are often passed by means
of a command line.

Printing is part of a Java standard library: The System (https://docs.oracle.com/javas

e/10/docs/api/java/lang/System.html) class defines a public static field called out (h
ttps://docs.oracle.com/javase/10/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#ou
t). The out object is an instance of the PrintStream (https://docs.oracle.com/java
se/10/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html) class and provides many methods for
printing data to standard out, including println(String) (https://docs.oracle.com/ja
vase/10/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#println(java.lang.Strin
g)) which also appends a new line to the passed string.

The string "Hello World!" is automatically converted to a String object by the compiler.

Example with methods

1 // This is an example of a single line comment using two slashes

3 /*

4 * This is an example of a multiple line comment using the slash and asterisk.

5 * This type of comment can be used to hold a lot of information or deactivate

6 * code, but it is very important to remember to close the comment.

7 */

9 package fibsandlies;

10

11 import java.util.Map;

12 import java.util.HashMap;

13

14 /**

15 * This is an example of a Javadoc comment; Javadoc can compile documentation

16 * from this text. Javadoc comments must immediately precede the class, method,

17 * or field being documented.

18 * @author Wikipedia Volunteers

19 */

20 public class FibCalculator extends Fibonacci implements Calculator {

21 private static Map<Integer, Integer> memoized = new HashMap<>();

22

23 /*

24 * The main method written as follows is used by the JVM as a starting point

25 * for the program.

26 */

27 public static void main(String[] args) {

28 memoized.put(1, 1);

 29 memoized.put(2, 1);

30 System.out.println(fibonacci(12)); // Get the 12th Fibonacci number and print to

console

31 }

32

33 /**

34 * An example of a method written in Java, wrapped in a class.

35 * Given a non-negative number FIBINDEX, returns

36 * the Nth Fibonacci number, where N equals FIBINDEX.

37 *

38 * @param fibIndex The index of the Fibonacci number

39 * @return the Fibonacci number

40 */

41 public static int fibonacci(int fibIndex) {

42 if (memoized.containsKey(fibIndex)) {

43 return memoized.get(fibIndex);

44 }

45

46 int answer = fibonacci(fibIndex - 1) + fibonacci(fibIndex - 2);

47 memoized.put(fibIndex, answer);

48 return answer;

49 }

50 }

Special classes

Applet

Java applets were programs that were embedded in other applications, typically in a Web page displayed in
a web browser. The Java applet API is now deprecated since Java 9 in 2017.[59][60]

Servlet

Java servlet technology provides Web developers with a simple, consistent mechanism for extending the
functionality of a Web server and for accessing existing business systems. Servlets are server-side Java EE
components that generate responses to requests from clients. Most of the time, this means generating
HTML pages in response to HTTP requests, although there are a number of other standard servlet classes
available, for example for WebSocket communication.

The Java servlet API has to some extent been superseded (but still used under the hood) by two standard
Java technologies for web services:

the Java API for RESTful Web Services (JAX-RS 2.0) useful for AJAX, JSON and REST
services, and
the Java API for XML Web Services (JAX-WS) useful for SOAP Web Services.

Typical implementations of these APIs on Application Servers or Servlet Containers use a standard servlet
for handling all interactions with the HTTP requests and responses that delegate to the web service methods
for the actual business logic.

JavaServer Pages

JavaServer Pages (JSP) are server-side Java EE components that generate responses, typically HTML
pages, to HTTP requests from clients. JSPs embed Java code in an HTML page by using the special
delimiters <% and %>. A JSP is compiled to a Java servlet, a Java application in its own right, the first time
it is accessed. After that, the generated servlet creates the response.[61]

Swing application

Swing is a graphical user interface library for the Java SE platform. It is possible to specify a different look
and feel through the pluggable look and feel system of Swing. Clones of Windows, GTK+, and Motif are
supplied by Sun. Apple also provides an Aqua look and feel for macOS. Where prior implementations of
these looks and feels may have been considered lacking, Swing in Java SE 6 addresses this problem by
using more native GUI widget drawing routines of the underlying platforms.[62]

JavaFX application

JavaFX is a software platform for creating and delivering desktop applications, as well as rich web
applications that can run across a wide variety of devices. JavaFX is intended to replace Swing as the
standard GUI library for Java SE, but since JDK 11 JavaFX has not been in the core JDK and instead in a
separate module.[63] JavaFX has support for desktop computers and web browsers on Microsoft Windows,
Linux, and macOS. JavaFX does not have support for native OS look and feels.[64]

Generics

In 2004, generics were added to the Java language, as part of J2SE 5.0. Prior to the introduction of
generics, each variable declaration had to be of a specific type. For container classes, for example, this is a
problem because there is no easy way to create a container that accepts only specific types of objects. Either
the container operates on all subtypes of a class or interface, usually Object, or a different container class
has to be created for each contained class. Generics allow compile-time type checking without having to
create many container classes, each containing almost identical code. In addition to enabling more efficient
code, certain runtime exceptions are prevented from occurring, by issuing compile-time errors. If Java
prevented all runtime type errors (ClassCastExceptions) from occurring, it would be type safe.

In 2016, the type system of Java was proven unsound.[65]

Criticism
Criticisms directed at Java include the implementation of generics,[66] speed,[67] the handling of unsigned
numbers,[68] the implementation of floating-point arithmetic,[69] and a history of security vulnerabilities in
the primary Java VM implementation HotSpot.[70]

Class libraries
The Java Class Library is the standard library, developed to support application development in Java. It is
controlled by Oracle in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program.[71]
Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the
APIs. This process has been a subject of controversy during the 2010s.[72] The class library contains
features such as:

The core libraries, which include:

IO/NIO (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/nio/package-summary.html)
 Networking (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/net/index.html)
(NOTE: new HTTP Client (https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.net.ht
tp/java/net/http/HttpClient.html) since Java 11)
Reflection
Concurrency
Generics
Scripting/Compiler
Functional programming (Lambda, Streaming)
Collection libraries that implement data structures such as lists, dictionaries, trees, sets,
queues and double-ended queue, or stacks[73]
XML Processing (Parsing, Transforming, Validating) libraries
Security[74]
Internationalization and localization libraries[75]
The integration libraries, which allow the application writer to communicate with external
systems. These libraries include:
The Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API for database access
Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) for lookup and discovery
RMI and CORBA for distributed application development
JMX for managing and monitoring applications
User interface libraries, which include:
The (heavyweight, or native) Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), which provides GUI
components, the means for laying out those components and the means for handling
events from those components
The (lightweight) Swing libraries, which are built on AWT but provide (non-native)
implementations of the AWT widgetry
APIs for audio capture, processing, and playback
JavaFX
A platform dependent implementation of the Java virtual machine that is the means by which
the bytecodes of the Java libraries and third party applications are executed
Plugins, which enable applets to be run in web browsers
Java Web Start, which allows Java applications to be efficiently distributed to end users
across the Internet
Licensing and documentation

Documentation
Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by Sun Microsystems. It provides developers
with an organized system for documenting their code. Javadoc comments have an extra asterisk at the
beginning, i.e. the delimiters are /** and */, whereas the normal multi-line comments in Java are
delimited by /* and */, and single-line comments start with //.[76]

Implementations
Oracle Corporation is the current owner of the official implementation of the Java SE platform, following
their acquisition of Sun Microsystems on January 27, 2010. This implementation is based on the original
implementation of Java by Sun. The Oracle implementation is available for Microsoft Windows (still works
for XP, while only later versions are currently officially supported), macOS, Linux, and Solaris. Because
Java lacks any formal standardization recognized by Ecma International, ISO/IEC, ANSI, or other third-
party standards organizations, the Oracle implementation is the de facto standard.

The Oracle implementation is packaged into two different distributions: The Java Runtime Environment
(JRE) which contains the parts of the Java SE platform required to run Java programs and is intended for
end users, and the Java Development Kit (JDK), which is intended for software developers and includes
development tools such as the Java compiler, Javadoc, Jar, and a debugger. Oracle has also released
GraalVM, a high performance Java dynamic compiler and interpreter.

OpenJDK is another notable Java SE implementation that is licensed under the GNU GPL. The
implementation started when Sun began releasing the Java source code under the GPL. As of Java SE 7,
OpenJDK is the official Java reference implementation.

The goal of Java is to make all implementations of Java compatible. Historically, Sun's trademark license
for usage of the Java brand insists that all implementations be compatible. This resulted in a legal dispute
with Microsoft after Sun claimed that the Microsoft implementation did not support RMI or JNI and had
added platform-specific features of their own. Sun sued in 1997, and, in 2001, won a settlement of
US$20  million, as well as a court order enforcing the terms of the license from Sun.[77] As a result,
Microsoft no longer ships Java with Windows.

Platform-independent Java is essential to Java EE, and an even more rigorous validation is required to
certify an implementation. This environment enables portable server-side applications.

Use outside the Java platform

The Java programming language requires the presence of a software platform in order for compiled
programs to be executed.

Oracle supplies the Java platform for use with Java. The Android SDK is an alternative software platform,
used primarily for developing Android applications with its own GUI system.

Android

The Java language is a key pillar in Android, an open source mobile operating system. Although Android,
built on the Linux kernel, is written largely in C, the Android SDK uses the Java language as the basis for
Android applications but does not use any of its standard GUI, SE, ME or other established Java
standards.[78] The bytecode language supported by the Android SDK is incompatible with Java bytecode
and runs on its own virtual machine, optimized for low-memory devices such as smartphones and tablet
computers. Depending on the Android version, the bytecode is either interpreted by the Dalvik virtual
machine or compiled into native code by the Android Runtime.

Android does not provide the full Java SE standard library, although the Android SDK does include an
independent implementation of a large subset of it. It supports Java 6 and some Java 7 features, offering an
implementation compatible with the standard library (Apache Harmony).

Controversy

The use of Java-related technology in Android led to a legal dispute between Oracle and Google. On May
7, 2012, a San Francisco jury found that if APIs could be copyrighted, then Google had infringed Oracle's
copyrights by the use of Java in Android devices.[79] District Judge William Alsup ruled on May 31, 2012,
that APIs cannot be copyrighted,[80] but this was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit in May 2014.[81] On May 26, 2016, the district court decided in favor of Google, ruling the
copyright infringement of the Java API in Android constitutes fair use.[82] In March 2018, this ruling was
overturned by the Appeals Court, which sent down the case of determining the damages to federal court in
San Francisco.[83]
Google filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court of the United States
in January 2019 to challenge the two rulings that were made by the Appeals Court in Oracle's favor.[84] On
April 5, 2021, the Court ruled 6-2 in Google's favor, that its use of Java APIs should be considered fair use.
However, the court refused to rule on the copyrightability of APIs, choosing instead to determine their
ruling by considering Java's API copyrightable "purely for argument’s sake."[85]

See also
C#
C++
Dalvik, used in old Android versions, replaced by non-JIT Android Runtime
Java Heterogeneous Distributed Computing
List of Java virtual machines
List of Java APIs
List of JVM languages

Comparison of Java with other languages

Comparison of C# and Java
Comparison of Java and C++
Comparison of programming languages

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External links
The dictionary definition of Java at Wiktionary
Media related to Java at Wikimedia Commons
Java Programming at Wikibooks
Learning materials related to Java at Wikiversity

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